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  • Articles  (814)
  • kinetics  (286)
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  • Oxford University Press
  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (814)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 2
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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  • 3
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    Empirical economics 24 (1999), S. 23-44 
    ISSN: 1435-8921
    Keywords: Key words: Cointegration ; convergence ; growth ; Kalman filter ; JEL classifications: C22 ; O47 ; O57
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Kalman filter convergence tests are applied to annual GDPs per head to 16 industrialised countries from 1890 to 1989. Results favour convergence towards the US with a structural break following the Second World War. Estimates suggest that steady-states were higher after the war and that speeds of convergence are different across countries. The Kalman filter method dismissed the no convergence hypothesis more often than its ADF counterpart. This could explain the apparent contradiction in earlier empirical work on similar data sets (cross-section methods tended to favour convergence while time series methods were unable to dismiss the no convergence hypothesis.)
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  • 4
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 141-144 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Polygonia c-album ; Nymphalidae ; host-plant selection ; growth ; size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: amylase inhibitor ; red kidney bean ; hard red winter wheat ; growth ; insects ; beetles ; plant resistance ; stored products ; protease inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insect α-amylase inhibiting and/or growth inhibiting activities of proteinaceous inhibitors from red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) were examined. The bean inhibitor was most effectivein vitro against α-amylases from the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and the confused flour beetle (T. confusum), followed by those from the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) and yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor). The insect enzymes were from two- to 50-fold more susceptible than human salivary α-amylase. When the inhibitors were added at a 1% level to a wheat flour plus germ diet, the growth of red flour beetle larvae was slowed relative to that of the control group of larvae, with the bean inhibitor being more effective than the wheat inhibitor. Development of both the red flour beetle and flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus) was delayed by 1% bean inhibitor, but development of the sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) and lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) was not affected by either the bean or wheat inhibitor at the 1% level. Rice weevil adults fed a diet containing 1% bean or wheat inhibitor exhibited more mortality than weevils fed the control diet. When the wheat amylase inhibitor was combined with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, and fed to red flour beetle larvae, a reduction in the growth rate and an increase in the time required for adult eclosion occurred relative to larvae fed either of the inhibitors separately. The bean inhibitor was just as effective alone as when it was combined with the protease inhibitor. These results demonstrate that plant inhibitors of insect digestive enzymes act as growth inhibitors of insects and possibly as plant defense proteins, and open the way to the use of the genes of these inhibitors for genetically improving the resistance of cereals to storage pests.
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  • 6
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 79 (1996), S. 335-344 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: alkaloid ; developmental time ; early instars ; growth ; Manduca sexta ; molting duration ; phenolics ; plant-herbivore interactions ; thermal regime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To understand the mechanisms underlying plant-insect herbivore interactions, it is necessary to examine the simultaneous effects of temperature, food quality and larval age. We examined the simultaneous effects of three allelochemicals (tomatine, rutin and chlorogenic acid) on the performance of first and second instar Manduca sexta larvae under two representative thermal regimes 21 : 10°C and 26 : 15°C for spring and summer, respectively. Thermal regime and allelochemicals interacted to influence the time from egg hatch to ecdysis to the third instar. On average, it took about half as much time to reach the third instar at 26 : 15°C as it did at 21 : 10°C. Separately, tomatine and rutin had a negative effect on developmental time from egg hatch to the third instar, but their simutaneous effects were not additive. Chlorogenic acid significantly reduced the negative effect of tomatine. The magnitude of the allelochemical effect was larger at the cooler thermal regime compared to the warmer regime. For instance, chlorogenic acid by itself had no effect at the 26 : 15°C regime, but at the 21 : 10°C regime it significantly shortened total developmental time. The effect of chlorogenic acid on stadium duration was distinctly different for the two instars. Chlorogenic acid shortened stadium duration of first instar larvae. However, depending on thermal regime and the presence of tomatine, chlorogenic acid had a negative, positive or neutral effect on stadium duration of second instar larvae. Molting duration of second instar larvae was shortened by a half day at the warmer thermal regime but was not affected by the allelochemicals. Final larval weight was influenced by rutin and chlorogenic acid. Caterpillars fed diets containing 20 μmoles of rutin were on average 10% lighter than those fed plain diet, whereas those fed diets containing 20 μmoles of chlorogenic adic were on average 7% heavier. However, the effect of chlorogenic acid depended on thermal regime. Overall, our results indicated that: 1) temperature and food quality can interact to influence insect performance and 2) these effects are influenced by larval age.
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  • 7
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 443-451 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: beta-carboline alkaloid ; Trichoplusia ni ; harmane ; harmaline ; amitriptyline ; imipramine ; monoamine oxidase inhibitor ; tricyclics ; growth ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we investigated the effects of two naturally occurring beta-carboline alkaloids and two synthetic tricyclic antidepressants on the growth and food consumption of fifth instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In artificial diets at high concentrations (3,000 ppm), harmane, amitriptyline, and imipramine reduce growth and feeding; harmane reduced feeding consistently at a lower concentration (200 ppm). In animals other than insects, beta-carboline alkaloids inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and thus affect rates of disposition of serotonin and other monoamine neurotransmitters. Because brain serotonin levels are associated with variation in rates of carbohydrate and protein intake in insects, the effects of beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion on dietary self-selection behavior were examined. Choosing between diets lacking carbohydrate but containing protein and diets lacking protein but containing carbohydrate, larvae consumed a greater proportion of diet containing protein but lacking carbohydrate in the presence of harmane than in its absence. These results are consistent with beta-carboline alkaloid-mediated persistence of serotonin in the brain due to MAO inhibition. Alternatively, these results could reflect alkaloid-mediated peripheral inhibition of sucrose taste receptors influencing ingestive behaviors. That beta-carboline alkaloid ingestion is associated with changes in feeding behavior is consistent with a possible defensive role for these compounds in plant foliage.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect endocrinology ; ecdysone ; juvenile hormone ; reproduction ; growth ; inhibin ; oostatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The first insect folliculostatic peptide was isolated from vitellogenic ovaries of the mosquitoAedes aegypti. This decapeptide directly inhibits trypsin biosynthesis in the gut, and indirectly ovarian development. The factor was named Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor or TMOF by its discoverers. From the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata 2 folliculostatins have been isolated, the hexapeptide Neb-TMOF and the 19-mer Neb-colloostatin. The available data suggest that at least 2 of the 3 folliculostatins originate from matrix (like) proteins present in the ovary, a hitherto unknown source of hormones. Furthermore, one of the folliculostatins (Neb-TMOF) is a potent inhibitor of ecdysone biosynthesis by larval ring glands of fleshflies. The discovery of the dipteran folliculostatins, which do not show any resemblance to inhibins of vertebrates, may significantly contribute to a better understanding of the hormonal control of growth in insects and perhaps, in other animals as well. None of the 3 folliculostatins is blocked at its N- or C-terminus. This, in combination with the pleiotropy of their effects and the narrow species specificity make such peptides prime candidates for, testing their potential in insect pest control by means of molecular biological methods.
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  • 9
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    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: cyclic redox reaction ; dissolution ; kinetics ; manganese dioxide ; mechanism ; pyrite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a study of the kinetics and mechanism of MnO2 dissolution in H2SO4 in the presence of pyrite through leaching and electrochemical parameters. Manganese(iv) was found to dissolve mainly through reduction by the ferrous ion generated during oxidation of pyrite by the ferric ion. The oxidation which is slower and rate controlling may proceed through two different reactions, one producing S0 and the other SO42−. Manganese dissolution runs at the same rate as that of pyrite oxidation by maintaining ferrous ion concentration at a much lower level than that of ferric. Kinetic equations based on corrosion coupling principles are developed to explain the observed leaching behaviour.
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  • 10
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    Journal of chemical crystallography 28 (1998), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Co(III) complex ; crystal structure ; kinetics ; steric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a = 7.9209(5), b = 9.818(1), c = 16.867(2) Å, and Z = 4. The structure was solved employing 1864 independent x-ray reflections with I〉2σ(I) by Patterson and difference Fourier techniques and refined by full-matrix least-squares to R = 0.036. The trans-[CO(NH3)4(NH2CH3)Cl](ClO4)2 molecule is on a crystallographic mirror plane. The cobalt ion is in an elongated octahedral coordination with four equatorial ammonia ligands [average Co–N distance equal to 1.966(2) Å], an axial methylamine [Co–N=1.965(3)Å], and an axial chlorine ion [Co–Cl=2.2771(9)Å]. Kinetic steric effects of the complex are interpreted in terms of structural results.
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  • 11
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    Adsorption 1 (1995), S. 133-151 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: PSA process ; sensitivity ; equilibria ; kinetics ; heats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Mathematical models for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) processes essentially require the simultaneous solutions of mass, heat and momentum balance equations for each step of the process using appropriate boundary conditions for the steps. The key model input variables needed for estimating the separation performance of the process are the multicomponent adsorption equilibria, kinetics and heats of adsorption for the system of interest. A very detailed model of an adiabatic Skarstrom PSA cycle for production of high purity methane from a ethylene-methane bulk mixture is developed to study the sensitivity of the process performance to the input variables. The adsorption equilibria are described by the heterogeneous Toth model which accounts for variations of isosteric heats of adsorption of the components with adsorbate loading. A linear driving force model is used to describe the kinetics. The study shows that small errors in the heats of adsorption of the components can severely alter the overall performance of the process (methane recovery and productivity). The adsorptive mass transfer coefficients of the components also must be known fairly accurately in order to obtain precise separation performance.
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  • 12
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    Adsorption 2 (1996), S. 265-277 
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: frequency response ; diffusion cell ; kinetics ; diffusion ; heat effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with frequency response (FR) analysis of a closed diffusion cell system with two resonators, that is both the LHS and RHS volumes are modulated. The analysis is made for a homogeneous particle described by a single effective diffusivity as well as a biporous pellet described by macropore and micropore diffusions. It is shown that if the perturbation of the volume of the reservoir #2 is lagged behind that of the reservoir #1 by 3π/2, the pressure response in reservoir #1 is significantly enhanced with larger amplitude as well as phase angle. When the perturbations of the two reservoirs are out of phase, the heat effect is reduced and can become insignificant when the two perturbations are completely out of phase (ψ = π). Under such a condition, the pressure difference between the two reservoirs could be doubled. In the case of biporous pellets, it is shown that the FR behaviours obtained for micropore diffusion control and macropore diffusion control are well distinguished. In the former case, the FR system reduces to a traditional batch adsorber one while in the latter case, the FR behaviour is the same as for a two resonator system with homogeneous particles. This difference can be used for the discrimination of micropore and macropore diffusion processes.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: characterisation ; equilibria ; kinetics ; micropore size distribution ; n-butane ; nutshell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Adsorption equilibria and dynamics ofn-butane on two activated carbon samples prepared from the physical activation of nutshell are studied in this paper. The micropore size distribution (MPSD) is considered as the main source of solid heterogeneity. Lennard-Jones' potential theory and Dubinin's theory (TVFM) are used in the equilibria data to derive the MPSD, which is well fitted by a Gamma distribution function. The adsorption energy distribution derived from the MPSD is very asymmetric for both the samples studied, and this energy distribution used in the HMSD/HMSMD kinetics models for the study of adsorption dynamics ofn-butane.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: acidophilic ; strain ; oxidation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Recovery of metal values from sulfide ores by use of acidophilic microorganisms is gaining importance. A number of commercial/pilot plants are setup to find out the techno-economic feasibility of the overall process. The main drawback in the process is the slow kinetics of dissolution of metal values from the sulfide ores. To make the technology e attractive the kinetics should be improved considerably. There are various factors which determine the overall kinetics such as bacterial activity and concentration, iron and sulfur oxidation, oxygen consumption, reactor design and nature of ore. A brief review has been made dealing with the above parameters
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  • 15
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    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 167-172 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: dissociation ; kinetics ; Co-Mo sulphide ; H2S
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, a high surface area 4Co∶6Mo∶100γ-Al2O3 sulphide prepared using precipitation from homogeneous solution (PFHS) has been used for the catalytic splitting of hydrogen sulphide into H2 and elemental sulphur. The activity of this new formulation was significantly better than previously reported recipes. Kinetic data collected over a wide range of H2S partial pressures between 883 and 983 K revealed that, although the decomposition followed a first-order law, a mechanism involving H2S adsorption on co-ordinative unsaturation sites of the Co-Mo sulphide catalyst gave a Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression that yielded satisfactory model parameters. In particular, the scission of the surface H-S bond appeared to be the rate determining step.
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  • 16
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    Catalysis letters 37 (1996), S. 173-179 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ammonia synthesis ; iron catalysts ; potassium promotion ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements were performed of reaction rate in the process of ammonia synthesis (T=370–470°C) on doubly promoted (DP) (Al2O3, CaO) and triply promoted (TP) (K2O, Al2O3, CaO) iron catalysts. The latter were obtained by impregnation of the reduced and subsequently passivated DP precursors with alcoholic solution of KOH. The studies were carried out under high total pressure (10 MPa) in a wide range of ammonia partial pressure in the gas phase: from 0.25 to about 7 bar. The results are shown to be authoritative for the so-called kinetic regime. The effect of the presence of K+ cations in the catalyst was the stronger, as the temperature of the reaction was the lower and, in particular, the ammonia pressure in the gas phase the higher. The obtained results are in good accordance with the results of Somorjai's studies on activity of iron single crystal surfaces both clean and covered with (K+O) adlayer.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: accelerated tests ; aging tests ; cellulose degradation ; durability ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Accelerated aging tests are credible and useful to predict paper permanence only if such tests can be shown to correlate with natural aging. In the first part of this study, a kinetic model was developed based on the accelerated aging results. In this report, we have shown that this kinetic model can indeed predict the natural aging results of lignin-free sheets with a statistical confidence. This is the first quantitative comparison of accelerated aging with natural aging.
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  • 18
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    Journal of solution chemistry 27 (1998), S. 1123-1138 
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Sol–gel processing ; hydrolysis ; condensation ; kinetics ; methoxydimethyloctylsilane ; copper nitrate hydrate ; phase diagram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction rate was determined for copper nitrate hydrate with methoxydimethyloctylsilane (MDOS) in methanol. The rate constants of hydrolysis and condensation were established by quantitative measurement of the product and Karl Fischer water determination. The reaction with the hydrated copper salt resulted in the phase separation of an insoluble product from the reaction mixture. The structure of the product was determined, by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to be a dimer of the MDOS. The results showed the alcohol, producing condensation reaction was negligible in the formation of the dimer. contrary to the case for the well-known reaction by trialkoxysilanes and tetraalkoxysilanes.
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  • 19
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    Cellulose 4 (1997), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: paper ; degradation ; ageing ; kinetics ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 20
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    Cellulose 3 (1996), S. 243-267 
    ISSN: 1572-882X
    Keywords: aging tests ; cellulose degradation ; durability ; kinetics ; paper properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The validity of accelerated aging tests to predict and rank papers on their permanence has been under question, preventing the development of performance-based standards for permanent paper. We conducted a general kinetic analysis to investigate the aging process of paper. A general kinetic model is proposed to describe the depolymerization of cellulose. Experimentally it was shown that in the case of aging, cellulose degradation follows classic first-order kinetics as a special case of our general kinetic model. The Arrhenius equation was critically re-examined for the case of a multiple reaction system. It was shown analytically that the Arrhenius equation is still applicable when certain conditions are met. This was convincingly supported by experimental results. We also analysed the dependence of the degradation rate on the moisture content and hydrogen ion concentration. By conducting systematic experiments on these two factors, a general and quantitative relationship was established to explain the contribution of each factor and their interactions. Finally, based on this kinetic analysis, the effects of storage conditions on the life expectancy of paper were estimated.
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  • 21
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    Journal of inorganic and organometallic polymers and materials 8 (1998), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1572-8870
    Keywords: Organosiloxane ; kinetics ; poly(phenylmethylsiloxane) ; catalyst ; anionic ; ring-opening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is well known that the rate of polymerization for an anionic mechanism is dependent on the ability of the bulk material or solvent system to disassociate the ion pair at the propagating chain end. In the anionic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic organosiloxanes in particular, the larger and softer the counter ion, the more rapidly the reaction proceeds. A recently developed phosphazene initiator system provides a large, soft counter ion relative to other traditional initiators used for the polymerization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This novel initiator system was used in this investigation for the ring-opening polymerization of tetraphenyltetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (P4) and the reaction kinetics under bulk and solution conditions were investigated. The new initiator system showed a dramatic increase in the rate of polymerization over the conventional potassium hydroxide-catalyzed system. Furthermore, this initiator was sufficiently reactive to be useful for the ring-opening polymerization of P4 at 293 K.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Cellulose ; alkaline degradation ; peeling off ; degree of polymerization ; kinetics ; (gluco)isosaccharinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The degradation of cellulosic materials, differing mainly in the degree of polymerization and the number of reducing end groups, was studied under the alkaline conditions similar to those existing in a cementitious repository for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (pH 13.3, T = 25°C). The kinetics of alkaline degradation (peeling-off reaction) were studied and the data analyzed by the model of Haas et al. [13]. The observed kinetic parameters for the propagation reaction and overall stopping reaction were compared with literature data. Although measured under different experimental conditions, literature data and data from this study show a consistent picture. Differences in the extent of degradation observed for the different cellulosic materials could be satisfactorily explained by differences in reducing end group content and, consequently, by differences in the degrees of polymerization. Besides the number of reducing end groups, the degree of amorphousness also plays an important role. The main degradation products formed under the experimental conditions used are α- and β-(gluco)isosaccharinic acid. This is in agreement with many other studies on alkaline degradation of cellulose. The two isomers are formed in roughly equal amounts.
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  • 23
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    Topics in catalysis 5 (1998), S. 133-147 
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: NMR ; catalysis ; high pressure ; dynamic equilibria ; magnetization transfer ; sapphire tube ; gas phase ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract High resolution NMR techniques are applicable to a variety of aspects of catalysis. Methods for studying homogeneously-catalyzed systems under high gas pressure are described along with approaches for obtaining mechanistic and dynamic information. Many of the same techniques may be applied to heterogeneous catalysis by following the reaction chemistry by gas phase NMR.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-9028
    Keywords: nonlinear temperature behavior ; Eyring plot ; modified Eyring plot ; selectivity ; selection process ; enantioselectivity ; selection level ; isoinversion principle ; isoinversion temperature ; inversion temperature ; kinetics ; catalysis ; asymmetric hydrogenation ; dihydroxylation ; cocyclization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the temperature on selectivity is described under special consideration of nonlinearities in the corresponding modified Eyring plots. Reasons for the experimentally well-known behavior are discussed. Furthermore, the conditions for nonlinear temperature behavior are quantified and a concept is described which allows the determination of the temperature dependence of a single reaction pathway in a selection process.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: micropore size distribution ; activated carbon ; adsorption ; desorption ; equilibrium ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with the prediction of adsorption equilibrium and kinetics of hydrocarbons onto activated carbon samples having different micropore size distribution (MPSD). The microporous structure of activated carbon is characterised by the distribution of slit-shaped micropores, which is assumed to be the sole source of surface heterogeneity. The interaction between adsorbate molecule and pore walls is described by the Lennard-Jones potential theory. Different adsorbates have access to different pore size range of activated carbon due to the size exclusion, a phenomenon could have a significant influence on both multicomponent equilibria and kinetics. Activated carbons with three different MPSDs are studied with ethane and propane as the two model adsorbates. The Heterogeneous Macropore Surface Diffusion model (HMSD) is employed to simulate adsorption kinetics. The simulation results show that the MPSD is an important factor affecting both the multicomponent equilibria and kinetics.
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  • 26
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    Catalysis letters 60 (1999), S. 51-57 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: furfural hydrogenation ; Cu/carbon catalysts ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Furfural hydrogenation over copper dispersed on three forms of carbon – activated carbon, diamond and graphitized fibers – were studied. Only hydrogenation of the C=O bond to form either furfuryl alcohol or 2‐methyl furan occurred at temperatures from 473 to 573 K. Reduction at 573 K gave the most active catalysts, all three catalysts had activation energies of 16 kcal/mol, and turnover frequencies were 0.018–0.032 s-1 based on the number of Cu0 + Cu+ sites, which were counted by N2O adsorption at 363 K and CO adsorption at 300 K, respectively. The Cu/activated carbon catalyst showed no deactivation during 10 h on stream, in contrast to the other two catalysts. A simple Langmuir–Hinshelwood model invoking two types of sites was able to fit all kinetic data quite satisfactorily, thus it was consistent with the presence of both Cu0 and Cu+ sites.
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  • 27
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    Catalysis letters 60 (1999), S. 167-171 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ammonia decomposition ; iron catalyst ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition of ammonia is a reaction associated with the process of the nitriding of metals. The kinetics of the ammonia decomposition on iron catalysts has been studied using a differential reactor with internal mixing. The balance between the inlet and outlet ammonia quantity has been used to determine the degree of conversion. The rate of ammonia decomposition could be described by the following expression: r = k0 exp (Ea/RT)pNH3. The activation energy of the ammonia decomposition process has been found for samples with potassium as E a= 96 kJ/mol, for samples without potassium as E a= 87 kJ/mol.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1572-8757
    Keywords: kinetics ; isotope-exchange ; nitrogen ; adsorption ; methane ; zeolite ; equilibria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Isotope Exchange Technique (IET) was used to simultaneously measure pure and binary gas adsorption equilibria and kinetics (self-diffusivities) of CH4 and N2 on pelletized 4A zeolite. The experiment was carried out isothermally without disturbing the adsorbed phase. CH4 was selectively adsorbed over N2 by the zeolite because of its higher polarizability. The multi-site Langmuir model described the pure gas and binary adsorption equilibria fairly well at three different temperatures. The selectivity of adsorption of CH4 over N2 increased with increasing pressure at constant gas phase composition and temperature. This curious behavior was caused by the differences in the sizes of the adsorbates. The diffusion of CH4 and N2 into the zeolite was an activated process and the Fickian diffusion model described the uptake of both pure gases and their mixtures. The self-diffusivity of N2 was an order of magnitude larger than that for CH4. The pure gas self-diffusivities for both components were constants over a large range of surface coverages (0 〈 θ 〈 0.5). The self-diffusivities of CH4 and N2 from their binary mixtures were not affected by the presence of each other, compared to their pure gas self-diffusivities at identical surface coverages.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: aromatic donor molecules ; horseradish peroxidase ; kinetics ; lactoperoxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Based on kinetic evidence, it has been shown for the first time that the mode of binding of aromatic donor molecules is similar in horseradish peroxidase and lactoperoxidase; also that the nature of the heme plays an important role in the reaction with hydrogen peroxide, and has no effect on the reaction of the intermediate compound II with aromatic substrates.
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  • 30
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    Catalysis letters 31 (1995), S. 431-438 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: partial hydrogenation of benzene ; production of cyclohexene ; kinetics ; reaction mechanism ; ruthenium catalyst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A method has been developed for direct measurement of reaction rates in a continuously operated slurry (CST-) reactor. In contrast to the usual procedure in a two-liquid-phase system the reactor contains only one liquid phase, an aqueous zinc chloride solution in which a ruthenium lanthanoxide catalyst is suspended. The selectivity of benzene hydrogenation with respect to cyclohexene is higher when the new one-liquid-phase procedure is applied. With decreasing degree of benzene conversion the selectivity with respect to cyclohexene approaches 100%. The conclusion is that cyclohexane is formed only by consecutive hydrogenation of cyclohexene.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: non-uniform surface ; kinetics ; ethanol ; oxidation ; molybdenum oxide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Temkin's theory of rates of catalytic reactions on non-uniform surfaces is extended to the MoO3-catalyzed oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. Two types of sites are assumed to be present, an oxygen atom site that can be modeled with uniform properties and a metal atom site characterized by non-uniform properties both for ethanol chemisorption to an ethoxide intermediate and the conversion of this intermediate to acetaldehyde. The rate-limiting step is the cleavage of a C-H bond in the absorbed ethoxide intermediate. Non-uniform surface kinetics leads to a kinetic rate expression of the form $$v = kP_{C_2 H_5 OH}^{1 - m} P_{O_2 }^{(1 - m)/4} P_{H_2 O}^{ - (1 - m)/2} $$ . Such a rate expression, withm=0.14, is shown to provide a good fit to kinetic data for the selective oxidation of ethanol on a silica supported molybdenum oxide catalyst.
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  • 32
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    Catalysis letters 36 (1996), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: ethanol ; kinetics ; oxidation ; oxydehydrogenation ; platinum ; structure sensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the platinum particle size was investigated for the catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of aqueous ethanol to ethanal at a temperature of 303 K, an ethanol concentration of 260 mol m−3, a partial oxygen pressure 60 kPa, a pH of 9, and an ethanal and ethanoate concentration of 20 mol m−3. A particle size effect on the turnover frequency was observed but only for particle sizes smaller than 2 nm. Hence, the reaction shows a limited structure sensitivity.
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  • 33
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    Catalysis letters 55 (1998), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: enantioselectivity ; hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate ; Pt/alumina catalyst ; solvent effects ; kinetics ; solvent polarity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of solvent on the kinetics of enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate by Pt/Al2O3/dihydrocinchonidine is reported. In a non‐polar solvent, toluene, the reaction is approximately zero order in substrate at constant hydrogen pressure, while under the same conditions and at the same substrate concentration, in the polar solvents ethanol and propylene carbonate the reaction shows a first‐order substrate concentration dependence. Fits to a Michaelis–Menten rate expression show that these differences are the expression of the relative magnitudes of the adsorption term in the rate expression, which in turn reflects the influence of the solvent on the adsorption–desorption processes which take place at the catalyst surface.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-879X
    Keywords: hydrogen ; desorption ; copper ; activation energy ; kinetics ; order of desorption
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of desorption of hydrogen from the copper component of an alumina-supported polycrystalline copper catalyst has been studied in detail by temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). Line-shape analysis of the hydrogen TPD spectra shows: (i) that the desorption is second order, (ii) that the desorption activation energy is in the range 64–68 kJ mol−1 in the coverage range 7–44% of a monolayer, and (iii) that the desorption pre-exponential term has a value ∼10−5 cm2 s−1 atom−1 consistent with the desorption being second order, involving mobile adsorbates and a mobile desorption transition state.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words PCR ; RFLP ; ITS sequence analysis ; Ectomycorrhizal fungi ; Cortinarius taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ability of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region to discriminate 10 co-occurring Cortinarius and Dermocybe species at a southeastern Australian sclerophyll forest site was assessed. Using the basidiomycete-specific primers ITS1F and ITS4B, some taxa were separated on the basis of individual RFLP patterns derived using the restriction endonucleases Hae III or Hinf I. Combined data from both endonucleases were, however, required to separate all taxa [Dermocybe austro-veneta Clel. (Moser & Horak), C. rotundisporus Clel. & Cheel, C. archeri Berk., C. sinapicolor Clel., C. violaceus (L.: Fr.) S.F.Gray, C. radicatus Clel. and four morphologically-distinct, but unidentified Cortinarius spp.]. ITS sequence comparisons confirmed that D. austro-veneta belongs in Dermocybe, that C. rotundisporus is correctly placed in subgenus Phlegmacium, and suggest that Australian C. violaceus collections are not conspecific with northern hemisphere C. violaceus.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Escherichia coli ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Clonal theory ; Recombination
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the Escherichia coli population by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) has established its clonal organization, but there is increasing evidence that horizontal DNA transfer occurs in E. coli. We have assessed the genetic structure of the species E. coli and determined the extent to which recombination can affect the clonal structure of bacteria. A panel of 72 E. coli strains from the ECOR collection was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and restriction-fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP) of the ribosomal RNA gene (rrn) regions. These strains have been characterized by MLEE and are assumed to reflect the range of genotypic variation in the species as a whole. Statistical analysis, including factorial analysis of correspondence (FAC) and hierarchical classifications, established that the data obtained with the three genetic markers are mutually corroborative, thus providing compelling evidence that horizontal transfer does not disrupt the clonal organization of the population. However, there is a gradient of correlation between the different classifications which ranges from the highly clonal structure of 132 group strains causing extraintestinal infections in humans to the less-stringent structure of B1 group strains that came mainly from nonprimate mammals. This group (B1) appears to be the framework from which the remaining non-A group strains have emerged. These results indicate that RAPD analysis is well suited to intraspecies characterization of E. coli. Lastly, treating the RAPD data by FAC allowed description of subgroup-specific DNA fragments which can be used, in a strategy comparable to positional cloning, to isolate virulence genes.
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  • 37
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    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: kinetics ; rates ; integrating ratemeter ; optimization ; first-order
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The integrating ratemeter is used in concert with the two-rate parameter to form the integrating ratemeter two-rate parameter. Propagation of error theory is applied to the integrating ratemeter two-rate parameter to yield expressions for the precision of rates calculated from the integrating ratemeter two-rate parameter in terms of the precision of the rates measured with the integrating ratemeter. Simulations and experimental results show that in cases where the standard deviation of the rate is relatively constant, the optimum time to make a rate measurement using the integrating ratemeter is also the optimum time to measure either of the rates in the two-rate parameter. If either of the two rates comprising the two-rate parameter is measured at the optimum time, then the precision and accuracy of concentrations measured with this technique are optimized.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: cpDNA ; DNA extraction ; fingerprinting ; forest trees ; M13 fingerprinting ; method ; PCR ; rDNA ; RFLP ; rhododendron ; plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four DNA extraction protocols were compared for ability to produce DNA from the leaves or needles of several species: oak, elm, pine, fir, poplar and maize (fresh materials) and rhododendron (silica dried or frozen material). With the exception of maize and poplar, the species are known to be difficult for DNA extraction. Two protocols represented classical procedures for lysis and purification, and the other two were a combination of classical lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography. The DNA obtained from all procedures was quantified and tested by PCR and Southern hybridisation.Test results indicated superiority of one of the four protocols; a combination of CTAB lysis followed by anion exchange chromatography which enabled DNA extraction from all seven species. A second protocol also produced DNA from leaves or needles of all species investigated and was well suited for PCR applications but not Southern hybridisations. The remaining protocols produced DNA from some but not all species tested. Abbreviations: CTAB, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide; EtOH, Ethanol; TBE, tris-borate-EDTA.
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  • 41
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    Journal of productivity analysis 8 (1997), S. 293-310 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: growth ; USagriculture ; externalities ; spill-overs ; public R and D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Growth in U.S. agriculture is linked to the non-farm economy through domestic terms of trade and factor market adjustments. With almost stable input growth, the relatively large contributions from growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) are passed on to intermediate and final consumers in the form of declining real prices for primary farm products. The resulting net growth in the real value of farm output (GDP) is relatively low (0.25% per annum). The decomposition of TFP suggests that public agricultural stock of knowledge and infrastructure are “robustly” associated with TFP growth, while spill-overs from private agricultural and economy wide research and development (R and D) are positive but, relatively small.
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  • 42
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 209-215 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Desorption ; kinetics ; microbial transformation ; phosphate ; soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The improvement of P management in agriculture and environment requires a good understanding of residual effect of applied P in soils. The specific adsorption of P on variable charge minerals has been considered as the major mechanism that leads to a very low utilization of P fertilizer by crops within a growing season in Chinese red soils. Soil incubation and isotope tracing analysis were carried out to examine the transformation kinetics and potential availability of added specifically sorbed 32P in two pH contrasting light textured soils. The 32P recovered by 0.5 M NaHCO3 extraction and microbial biomass-P measurement from the added specifically sorbed 32P in the soils was well described by a first-order reaction and a Langmuir-type kinetic model, with correlation coefficients (R) being, on average, 0.938 and 0.959, respectively. The half-life (t1/2, from the first-order model) of the four tested mineral-P complexes ranged from 29 to 47 d in the acid sandy soil and 33 to 105 d in the neutral silty soil. Goethite-P was the most stable among the four tested mineral-P complexes. The potential availability of the mineral complex P (q m , in percent of total 32P added) obtained from the Langmuir equation ranged from 43.7 to 90.9% for the four mineral-P complexes, and decreased in the order: Al oxide-P (90.9%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (86.2%) 〉 kaolinite-P (77.5%) 〉 goethite-P (60.2%) in the acid sandy soil, whereas the order was Al oxide-P (89.3%) 〉 kaolinite-P (86.2%) 〉 montmorillonite-P (82.6%) 〉 goethite-P (43.7%) in the neutral silty soil. Based on the release rate and potential availability, kaolinite-P and Al oxide-P could be important sources for residual effect of applied P in variable-charge soils. The goethite-P has the lowest release rate and potential availability among the mineral-P complexes, implying that iron oxides may be the most important variable-charge mineral responsible for P fixation in the Chinese red soils.
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  • 43
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    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 23-43 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: model alloy ; Monte Carlo ; elastic interactions ; phase separation ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study via Monte Carlo simulations the influence of elastic interactions on the ordering and decomposition of a two-dimensional model binary alloy with antiferromagnetic nearest and ferromagnetic next nearest neighbor type interactions following a quench into the coexistence region. The elastic interaction leads to the development of a platelet morphology for the segregated ordered and disordered regions. A length scale characterizing the coarsening process follows a law of the type R=a+bt 1/3 with the growth b decreasing with the amount of ordered phase; this appears to be due to the presence of anti-phase boundaries between neighboring domains ordered on different sublattices which are difficult to eliminate. The application of uniaxial external stress results in “rafting” of the domains. Many of the simulation results are in agreement with experimentally observed effects in nickel-base superalloys.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioavailability ; builders ; detergents ; kinetics ; mineralization ; sewage sludge ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tetradecenyl succinic acid (TSA) is the major component of a detergent builder (C12-C14 alkenyl succinic acid), which is inherently biodegradable. 14C-TSA was dosed as a component of sewage sludge into a soil with a history of sludge amendment at final added concentrations of 1.5 and 30 mg (kg soil)-1. In addition, it was dosed to the soil in an aqueous solution to a final added concentration of 30 mg (kg soil)-1. Dose and form were found to have a pronouced effect on the mineralization kinetics. When dosed in a realistic form and concentration (i.e. 1.5 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge), TSA was mineralized at its highest rate and to its greatest extent, and the mineralization half-life was 2.4 days. When dosed at 30 mg (kg soil)-1 as a component of sludge, mineralization began immediately, and the half-life was 23 days. In contrast, when dosed at this concentration in aqueous solution, the onset of mineralization was preceded by a 13 day lag period and the mineralization half-life was 69 days. Primary biodegradation and mineralization rates of TSA were very similar. Approximately, half the radioactivity was evolved as 14CO2, while the remaining radioactivity became non-extractable, having presumably been incorporated into biomass or natural soil organic matter (humics). This study demonstrated that TSA is effectively removed from sludge-amended soils as a result of biodegradation. Furthermore, it showed the effect that dose form and concentration have on the biodegradation kinetics and the importance of dosing a chemical not only at a relevant concentration but also in the environmental form in which it enters the soil environment.
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  • 45
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    Plant molecular biology reporter 16 (1998), S. 90-90 
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: DNA extration ; DNA fingerprint ; half seed ; PCR ; RFLP ; target gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A single-seed DNA extraction method was developed for rapid identification of plant genotype. The method was applied to 12 plant species, including the oil seeds sesame and soybean. The results were comparable to those obtained for oil-less seeds such as rice. This method will be useful for genotypic selection which requires rapid screening of large populations. It can also be used to identify varietal purity of seed stocks by PCR and RFLP analysis. The method includes two major steps, (i) treatment by proteinase K in an SDS extraction buffer, and (ii) grinding of a single half seed in the buffer after incubation. About 1.5–2 µg of DNA per half seed (the endosperm part) of rice was obtained and more than 200 half seed samples could be handled by one person in a day. The DNA could be used for fingerprinting and detection of target genes in a transgenic plant by PCR. The amplified PCR products from the half seed DNA exhibited the same banding patterns as those from leaf DNA. Yield and quality of DNA extracted from half seeds of rice was also sufficient for RFLP analysis. The remnant half seeds containing the embryo can be maintained for later germination of selected genotypes.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bacteria ; degradation ; denitrification ; kinetics ; stoichiometry ; toluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Batch experiments were carried out to investigate the stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial degradation of toluene under denitrifying conditions. The inoculum originated from a mixture of sludges from sewage treatment plants with alternating nitrification and denitrification. The culture was able to degrade toluene under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide, or nitrous oxide. No degradation occurred in the absence of Noxides. The culture was also able to use oxygen, but ferric iron could not be used as an electron acceptor. In experiments with14C-labeled toluene, 34%±8% of the carbon was incorporated into the biomass, while 53%±10% was recovered as14CO2, and 6%±2% remained in the medium as nonvolatile water soluble products. The average consumption of nitrate in experiments, where all the reduced nitrate was recovered as nitrite, was 1.3±0.2 mg of nitrate-N per mg of toluene. This nitrate reduction accounted for 70% of the electrons donated during the oxidation of toluene. When nitrate was reduced to nitrogen gas, the consumption was 0.7±0.2 mg per mg of toluene, accounting for 97% of the donated electrons. Since the ammonia concentration decreased during degradation, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonia was not the reductive process. The degradation of toluene was modelled by classical Monod kinetics. The maximum specific rate of degradation, k, was estimated to be 0.71 mg toluene per mg of protein per hour, and the Monod saturation constant, K s , to be 0.2 mg toluene/l. The maximum specific growth rate, μ max , was estimated to be 0.1 per hour, and the yield coefficient, Y, was 0.14 mg protein per mg toluene.
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  • 47
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    Biodegradation 7 (1996), S. 73-81 
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: diesel oil ; biodegradation ; CSTR ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In batch culture diesel oil was degraded rapidly, with a maximum growth rate (for a consortium of microorganisms) of 0.55 h-1. The corresponding yield Y SX was 0.1 Cmol/Cmol. In a continuous stirred tank reactor the maximum dilution rate was about 0.25 h-1, with a yield of 0.3 Cmol/Cmol. With a residence time of 1 day 82% of the influent oil was degraded. In the batch reactor, of the mixture of linear and branched alkanes the linear alkanes were degraded fastest and with the highest yield. Only after most of the linear alkanes had disappeared were the branched alkanes consumed. In a CSTR a large part of the branched alkanes was not degraded.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: Avicennia alba ; growth ; internodal sequences ; mangrove age determination ; Rhizophora apiculata ; Sonneratia caseolaris ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The occurrence of periodic changes in the length of the internodes of the seedlings of SE Asian mangrove species (Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, and Sonneratia caseolaris) growing in the Pak Phanang estuary (Nakhon Si Thammarat, SE Thailand) was confirmed. The annual nature of these periodic changes was verified through comparisons with the observed average number of internodes produced by plants tagged for one year. The cycles in the sequence of internodal length of the seedlings had an average (± SE) period of 16.0 ± 0.78 internodes for Avicennia alba, 25.0 ± 1.2 internodes for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.29 ± 0.40 internodes for Rhizophora apiculata. These values are remarkably close to, and not significantly different (t‐test, P 〉 0.05) from the average (± SE) annual number of internodes of 17.6 ± 0.8 for Avicennia alba, 28.8 ± 2.1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 8.03 ± 0.36 for Rhizophora apiculata produced in a year by tagged plants. In addition, the average (± SE) growth of the tagged plants was 0.39 ± 0.018 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.24 ± 0.015 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.091 ± 0.0036 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata. These estimates were very close to those (0.45 ± 0.06 cm day-1 for Avicennia alba, 0.32 ± 0.01 cm day-1 for Sonneratia caseolaris, and 0.13 ± 0.005 cm day-1 for Rhizophora apiculata) derived as the product of the mean number of internodes produced per day, calculated from the inferred number of internodes produced per year, and the mean length of the internodes of the plants. These findings indicate that the use of regular, annual changes in the length of the internodes of mangrove seedlings can be used reliably to determine their age and to estimate their growth rate.
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  • 49
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    Pure and applied geophysics 147 (1996), S. 367-375 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Induced seismicity ; kinetics ; rock fracture ; rockburst ; earthquake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Powerful seismic events, such as earthquakes and rockbursts, are caused by the accumulation of energy in rocks and loss of rock mass stability. Usually methods of their forecasting are based on the registration of anomalous behavior of geophysical fields. However an efficiency of this approach is low. The present paper proposes a kinetic approach to the description of rock fracture process, which can be used for the forecasting of seismic events and an investigation of structure and energy distributions in rock. 3-D and 1-D kinetic equations describing a process of cluster formation in rock were obtained. The equations are invariant to deformation conditions and to the scale level of events. They showed a good agreement with the results of field observations and laboratory experiments. It was also shown that these equations well describe the processes of earthquake, rockburst and rock sample failure preparation. Catalogues of rockbursts in mines were analyzed with the use of the kinetic equations to find out evidence of induced seismic events. The proposed approach makes it possible to reveal trends in rock behavior and thus predict the rock failure at different scale levels.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Alternating high magnetic fields ; eddy current ; magnetic flux concentration ; Caenorhabditis elegans ; growth ; reproduction ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Here we describe a device for testing possible influences of high magnetic fields on biological processes, by which alternating-current magnetic stimuli as high as 1.7 T can be administered. Experiments with a simple multicellular organism, the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, revealed that intermittent exposure to the magnetic fields modestly inhibited the animal's reproduction as well as its post-embryonic development, and caused a marked but transient derangement in its locomotory behavior. Available evidence indicates that alternating high magnetic fields can elicit both chronic and acute biological effects, but that the effects may be well tolerated or compensated for by the living organism.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Interleukin (IL)-4 ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP ; Linkage disequilibrium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words IL-5Rα ; Promoter ; Polymorphism ; RFLP
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Agrostis canina ; CO2 vents ; photosynthesis ; lignification ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to characterise growth and photosynthetic capacity in plants adapted to long-term contrasting atmospheric CO2 concentrations (C a). Seeds of Agrostis canina L. ssp. monteluccii were collected from a natural CO2 transect in central-western Italy and plants grown in controlled environment chambers at both ambient and elevated CO2 (350 and 700 μmol mol−1) in nutrient-rich soil. Seasonal mean C a at the source of the plant material ranged from 610 to 451 μmol CO2 mol−1, derived from C4 leaf stable carbon isotope discrimination (δ13C). Under chamber conditions, CO2 enrichment stimulated the growth of all populations. However, plants originating from elevated C a exhibited higher initial relative growth rates (RGRs) irrespective of chamber CO2 concentrations and a positive relationship was found between RGR and C a at the seed source. Seed weight was positively correlated with C a, but differences in seed weight were found to explain no more than 34% of the variation in RGRs at elevated CO2. Longer-term experiments (over 98 days) on two populations originating from the extremes of the transect (451 and 610 μmol CO2 mol−1) indicated that differences in growth between populations were maintained when plants were grown at both 350 and 700 μmol CO2 mol−1. Analysis of leaf material revealed an increase in the cell wall fraction (CWF) in plants grown at elevated CO2, with plants originating from high C a exhibiting constitutively lower levels but a variable response in terms of the degree of lignification. In vivo gas exchange measurements revealed no significant differences in light and CO2 saturated rates of photosynthesis and carboxylation efficiency between populations or with CO2 treatment. Moreover, SDS-PAGE/ LISA quantification of leaf ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) showed no difference in Rubisco content between populations or CO2 treatments. These findings suggest that long-term adaptation to growth at elevated CO2 may be associated with a potential for increased growth, but this does not appear to be linked with differences in the intrinsic capacity for photosynthesis.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Key words Abies ; Egg cell ; Plastid inheritance ; RFLP ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The ultrastructure of egg cells in Abies alba was examined to elucidate the lack of maternal inheritance of plastids. Before fertilization, maternal plastids are absent in the perinuclar zone containing mainly mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. During egg cell development the maternal plastids are transformed into large inclusions which are situated mostly towards the periphery of the egg cell, and finally disintegrate. As a consequence, they do not participate in zygote formation. RFLP analysis of cpDNA of parental trees and their F1 interspecific hybrids (A. alba×A. numidica, A. alba×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. Alba) using HindIII and BamHI showed a paternal mode of cpDNA inheritance. Paternal inheritance has also been found with PCR/RFLP analysis of cpDNA from parental trees and their hybrids (A. alba×A. pinsapo, A. pinsapo×A. alba, A. pinsapo×A. numidica) using ApaI and HaeIII digests, as well as in the crosses of A. cephalonica×A. nordmanniana, A. nordmanniana×A. cephalonica, A. cephalonica×A. numidica using TagI digests.
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  • 55
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    European journal of clinical pharmacology 52 (1997), S. 505-506 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Ibuprofen; effervescent tablets ; kinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross inUromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91 % of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mixed aeciospore isolates ofCronartium flaccidum andPeridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS 1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar betweenC. flaccidum andP. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGSI) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms ofC. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual formC. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious formP. pini.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words  Cronartium flaccidum ; Pine blister rusts ; Ribosomal intergenic region polymorphism ; RFLP ; HPA analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Mixed aeciospore isolates of Cronartium flaccidum and Peridermium pini were obtained from single-tree infections in Britain, Italy and Greece. The 5.8s ribosomal RNA gene and flanking intergenic transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 were found to be highly similar between C. flaccidum and P. pini. Within samples heterogeneity was detected at three nucleotide loci in the ITS1 and at four loci in the ITS2 suggesting that several fungal genotypes may occur at a single infection court. The heterogeneity was confirmed by heteroduplex polymorphism analysis of mixed aeciospore products. RFLP of the ribosomal intergenic spacer region 1 (IGS1) amplified from the same templates indicated limited sequence polymorphism in some copies of this repeated locus. Both the sexual and asexual forms of C. flaccidum show evidence of sequence polymorphism in two independent, non-coding regions of the ribosomal gene array. Variation appears to be greater in the sexual form C. flaccidum, than in the monoaecious form P. pini.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Diphemanil methylsulphate ; Neonate; antimuscarinic agent ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Key words Genetic linkage mapping ; Segregation distortion ; RAPD ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The inheritance of DNA markers was investigated in 27 F2 progeny from a single F1 hybrid derived from a wide cross in Uromyces appendiculatus. This cross was unusual because asexual spores were used to fertilize sexual fruiting structures. Sixty percent of the DNA markers failed to segregate according to simple Mendelian ratios. Segregation bias was evident, in that F2 progeny inherited on average 91% of maternal bands and 52% of paternal bands, which deviates significantly from the expected value for each of 75% for dominant markers. Because of these distortions, linkage mapping was not possible with this population. Evaluation of two F1s from a second wide cross, reciprocals obtained by normal fertilization, also showed non-Mendelian inheritance of one of three co-dominant RFLPs and five of six isozyme markers, indicating that the method of crossing was probably not responsible for the abnormal segregation patterns in the first cross. Either genetic incompatibility, similar to that of an interspecific cross, or selection of particular genotypes could explain the genetic anomalies reported here.
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  • 61
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: H42 ; J 13 ; O 11 ; Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome.
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  • 62
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 273-291 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: JEL classification: F22 ; O3 ; J61 ; Key words: Immigration ; assimilation ; growth ; diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper analyzes the welfare effects of immigration and its subsequent effect on ethnic diversity in a model featuring human capital spillovers which depend on the degree of ethnic heterogeneity, variation rates of time preference across individuals and endogenous levels of immigration and assimilation. In the model, an increase in ethnic diversity reduces the spillovers effect for the majority. Nonetheless, immigration can be welfare improving for the majority ethnic group even if it increases the degree of diversity as long as it raises the average human capital level and/or growth rate by increasing the proportion of people with low rates of time preference. However, if an economy is too homogenous, it will not be able to attract immigrants. Finally, if the level of immigration is not too high, then immigration also raises the net benefits to assimilation which leads to a more homogenous economy.
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  • 63
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    Journal of population economics 11 (1998), S. 517-534 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; mortality ; growth ; JEL classification: J13 ; O41
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. Economic and demographic outcomes are determined jointly in a choice-theoretic model of fertility, mortality and capital accumulation. There is an endogenous population of reproductive agents who belong to dynastic families of overlapping generations connected through altruism. In addition to choosing savings and births, parents may reduce (infant) deaths by incurring expenditures on health-care which is also provided by the government. A generalised production technology accounts for long-run endogenous growth with short-run transitional dynamics. The analysis yields testable time series and cross-section implications which accord with the empirical evidence on the relationship between demography and development.
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  • 64
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    Journal of population economics 9 (1996), S. 415-428 
    ISSN: 1432-1475
    Keywords: Key words: Fertility ; growth ; public education and health
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Sociology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract. This paper considers the implications of the financing of government services to children when fertility decisions are endogenously determined. In particular, it is shown that when the services are financed by taxation, the equilibrium outcome is biased away from the socially preferred result. The bias results in higher fertility rates and lower economic growth rates than the efficient social optimum. This arises because each household internalizes the benefits, but not the costs of the tax-financed services. We consider alternative methods of financing the public provision of services and find that a combination of taxation and vouchers can eliminate the bias in the equilibrium outcome. JEL classification: H42, J13, O11
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Protein phosphorylation ; ATP-Pi exchange ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Reaction center ; Photosynthesis ; Photomorphogenesis ; Membrane ; growth ; Polypeptide insertion ; Phospho-amino esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Membranes of Rhodobacter capsulatus strain U43 (pTX35) showed qualitatively very similar phosphorylation patterns under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro, it was irrelevant whether the phosphate source was orthophosphate or ATP. Inhibitors of electron transport did not inhibit light-harvesting complex I (LHIα) (B870) polypeptide phosphorylation, except for o-phenanthroline, which was strongly inhibitory. Redox conditions regulated the amount of protein phosphorylated; external redox potentials between +200 and +300 mV promoted the reaction. Phosphorylation was inhibited by uncouplers such as carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and nigericin plus valinomycin plus potassium ions. Inhibitors of the H+-ATPase were also inhibitory when the phosphate source was [32P]Pi or [γ-32P]ATP. From these results, it was concluded that an operative reaction center, a coupled membrane, and external redox potentials higher than +200 mV are required for optimum LHIα phosphorylation. We also demonstrated that phosphorylation of LHIα polypeptide occurs before insertion into the membrane and that phosphate is preferentially incorporated into specific domains within the cytoplasmic membrane. Intracytoplasmic membranes, identified here as light membranes, were found to contain a dephosphorylated LHIα polypeptide.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Auxostat ; Batch culture ; Chemostat ; Continuous culture ; Fermentation control ; Inhibition ; kinetics ; Nutristat ; On-line measurement ; Pentachlorophenol ; Pollutant ; Sphingomonas ; Steady-state conditions ; Toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bacterium degrading pentachlorophenol (PCP) as the only source of carbon and energy was grown in a “nutristat”, i.e., a continuous culture with on-line measurement and control of the substrate concentration. We improved the PCP nutristat by incorporation of a personal computer with a proportional integral derivative (PID) algorithm for controlling the medium feed pump. The controlled value deviated from the average (set-point) value by 1% maximally. In the PCP nutristat (30°C), the steady-state dilution rate, and hence, specific growth rate, showed a maximum value of 0.142 ± 0.004 h–1 at set-point PCP concentrations between 37 and 168 μM. At PCP concentrations above 168 μM, the steady-state growth rate decreased because of inhibition. The growth yield coefficient was not seriously affected by the PCP concentration, suggesting that uncoupling was not the inhibitory mechanism. It was concluded that the PCP nutristat is very useful for establishing steady-state conditions that maintain growth-inhibitory PCP concentrations and high cell concentrations, conditions for which the chemostat is not suitable.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Cyanobacteria ; Planktonic ; Total protein ; SDS-PAGE ; PCR ; RFLP ; 16S rRNA ; UPGMA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Planktonic, filamentous cyanobacterial strains from different genera, both toxic and nontoxic strains, were characterized by SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins and PCR/RFLP of the 16S rRNA gene. Total protein pattern analysis revealed the mutual relationships at the genus level. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 16S rRNA gene with reference strains proved to be a good method for the cyanobacterial taxonomy. The nonheterocystous strains outgrouped from the nitrogen-fixing ones. With both methods, Aphanizomenon clustered with Anabaena, and Nodularia with Nostoc. In the RFLP study of Anabaena, the neurotoxic strains were identical, but the hepatotoxic ones formed a heterogeneous group. Genetic distances found in the RFLP study were short, confirming that close genotypic relationships underlie considerable diversity among cyanobacterial genera.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Thermus oshimai ; Megaplasmids ; Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ; RFLP ; Southern ; hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Megaplasmid DNA was detected in ten isolates belonging to the recently described thermophilic eubacterial species Thermus oshimai and isolated from hot springs in Portugal (eight isolates) and Iceland (two isolates). The estimated size of the large plasmids purified from T. oshimai SPS-18 from S. Pedro do Sul, Portugal, and from isolate JK-91 from Hveragerdhi-Hengill, Iceland, was 214 and 275 kb, respectively. No sequence homologous to isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid is present in chromosomal DNA as indicated by Southern hybridization analysis. Overall examination of the HindIII fragment profiles of megaplasmid DNAs purified from isolates from the same geographical area gave similar but not always identical restriction profiles on agarose gels. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was higher for megaplasmids present in isolates purified from the Portuguese and Icelandic isolates than for megaplasmids from the same hot spring. Megaplasmid RFLP correlated with previous results obtained on the polymorphism of macrorestriction patterns of whole genomic DNA and with the RFLP of co-resident small plasmid DNA that was found in one half of the isolates examined. The 16-kb HindIII–HindIII fragment from isolate SPS-18 megaplasmid showed DNA–DNA homology with restriction fragments of similar size generated by the large plasmids present in all the other isolates, even in those from hot springs of widely separated geographical areas. This suggests a high degree of sequence conservation in T. oshimai megaplasmids.
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  • 69
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    Invertebrate neuroscience 1 (1995), S. 199-206 
    ISSN: 1439-1104
    Keywords: phospholipase C ; inositol phosphate ; invertebrate vision ; olfaction ; growth ; differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: abstract Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PLC) is a family of enzymes that occupy a pivotal role in one of the largest classes of cellular signaling pathways known. Mammalian PLC enzymes have been divided into four major classes and a variety of subclasses based on their structural characteristics and immunological differences. There have been five invertebrate PLC-encoding genes cloned thus far and these fall within three of the four major classes used in categorizing mammalian PLC. Four of these invertebrate genes have been cloned fromDrosophila melanogaster and one is fromArtemia, a brine shrimp. Structural characteristics of the invertebrate enzymes include the presence of highly conserved Box X and Box Y domains found in major types of mammalian PLC as well as novel features. Two of the invertebrate PLC genes encode multiple splice-variant subtypes which is a newly emerging level of diversity observed in mammalian enzymes. Studies of the invertebrate PLCs have contributed to the identification of the physiological functions of individual isozymes. These identified roles include cellular processes such as phototransduction, olfaction, cell growth and differentiation.
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  • 70
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 35-49 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bone cement ; DSC ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bone cements are widely used for the fixation of metallic prostheses in orthopaedics and to form replacements for skull defects in neurosurgery. Acrylic bone cements are based on a mixture of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and a fine powder of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The polymerization of the bone cement occurs in contact with the bone and the prosthesis which act as the boundaries of a bulk polymerization reactor. The kinetic behaviour of the bone cement plays a fundamental role for the final performance of the implant. In this paper, the isothermal and non-isothermal polymerization behaviour of a commercial bone cement is described. A simple phenomenological model, accounting for the autoacceleration ffect, for a diffusion controlled termination mechanism and for the reaction between inhibitor and initiator, is proposed. The reaction kinetics is analysed by DSC. DSC data are used for the determination of the rates of polymerization under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The experimental data are processed to calculate the parameters of the proposed phenomenological kinetic model. The analytical and numerical details related to the integration of the model are discussed.
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  • 71
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 543-557 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: compensation effect ; DSC ; kinetics ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Four computer programs as well as one demo-version for non-linear evaluation of kinetic data in thermal analysis and calorimetry, were presented. The multi-task program TA-kin meets all mathematical requirements for solving the numerical assignments. It is shown that the so-called compensation effect is due to the mathematical structure of the Arrhenius equation. Several applications of TA-kin to a lot of DSC- and TG-measurements and isoperibolic batch experiments as well as adiabatic semi batch experiments realized by precision calorimetry have been discussed.
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  • 72
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 569-575 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: Bi2O3 ; CaCO3 decomposition ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Former studies concerning the formation of the compounds in the pseudobinary systems of Bi2O3-MO type (M =Ca, Sr, Ca+Sr) have shown that the reaction which occurs with the highest rate is that between Bi2O3 and CaO. In the present work CaCO3 was used as CaO source. We carried out an investigation of the thermal decomposition of CaCO3 in the presence of Bi2O3 in comparison with the decomposition of pure CaCO3. The presence of Bi2O3 exerts a complex influence on the CaCO3 decomposition acting on the nucleation as well as on the diffusion of CO2. The decomposition of the samples with low Bi2O3 content follows the mechanism of a contracting sphere. A change from surface nucleation to bulk nucleation is recorded for higher amounts of Bi2O3.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 1437-1450 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: browning ; crystallization ; glass transition ; kinetics ; milk powder ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An exotherm, observed in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scans of amorphous food materials above their glass transition temperature,T g, may occur due to sugar crystallization, nonenzymatic browning, or both. In the present study, this exothermal phenomenon in initially anhydrous skim milk and lactose-hydrolyzed skim milk was considered to occur due to browning during isothermal holding at various temperatures above the initialT g. The nonenzymatic, Maillard browning reaction produces water that in amorphous foods, may plasticize the material and reduceT g. The assumption was that quantification of formation of water from theT g depression, which should not be observed as a result of crystallization under anhydrous conditions, can be used to determine kinetics of the nonenzymatic browning reaction. The formation of water was found to be substantial, and the amount formed could be quantified from theT g measured after isothermal treatment at various temperatures using DSC. The rate of water formation followed zero-order kinetics, and its temperature dependence well aboveT g was Arrhenius-type. Although water plasticization of the material occurred during the reaction, and there was a dynamic change in the temperature differenceT−T g, the browning reaction was probably diffusioncontrolled in anhydrous skim milk in the vicinity of theT g of lactose. This could be observed from a significant increase in activation energy. The kinetics and temperature dependence of the Maillard reaction in skim milk and lactose-hydrolyzed skim milk were of similar type well above the initialT g. The difference in temperature dependence in theT g region of lactose, but above that of lactose-hydrolyzed skim milk, became significant, as the rate in skim milk, but not in lactose-hydrolyzed skim milk, became diffusion-controlled. The results showed that rates of diffusion-controlled reactions may follow the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation, as kinetic restrictions become apparent within amorphous materials in reactions exhibiting high rates at the same temperature under non-diffusion-controlled conditions.
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  • 74
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 917-923 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: copper compound ; coupled technique ; kinetics ; macrocyclic complex ; non-isothermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The thermal decomposition process of the complex [Cu(NBOCTB)][Cu(NO3)4] H2O has been studied by TG and DTG technique, and possible intermediates of the thermal decomposition have also been conjectured from the TG and DTG curves. The results suggest that the decomposition of the complex involves five steps: The non-isothermal kinetics of steps 1, 2 and 3 have been studied by means of the Achar and Coats-Redfern method based on TG and DTG curves. Step 1 is a ‘Coring and Growth’ mechanism (n= 1), its kinetic equation may be expressed as: dα/dt=Ae−E/RT(1−α). Steps 2 and 3 are both ‘two order chemical reaction’ mechanisms, their kinetic equations can be expressed as: dα/dt=Ae−E/RT(1−α)2.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; poly(di-propyl itaconates) ; polymer structure ; thermal degradation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Non-isothermal thermogravimetry was performed in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere, on a series of poly(di-n-propyl itaconates) (PDnPI) and poly(di-iso-propyl itaconates) (PDiPI) which had been prepared in the presence of various amounts of the chain transfer agentn-dodecyl mercaptan (DDM). Differential thermogravimetry (DTG) showed that both polymers degraded in two stages. The DTG curve of PDnPI had a large first peak followed by a smaller shoulder, whereas the DTG curve of PDiPI was composed of two peaks of almost equal heights. The addition of DDM during the polymerisations in both cases resulted in a similar decrease in the relative area of the first peak.
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  • 76
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 183-191 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; thermooxidative degradation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The results of non-isothermal kinetic analysis of the thermooxidative degradation in air and oxygen of an unsaturated polyester resin are presented. It has been shown that the thermooxidative degradation in oxygen occurs at lower temperatures than the thermooxidative degradation in air. The kinetic parameters of the thermooxidative degradation depend on the heating rate and the oxygen pressure. Two straight lines of InAvs. E (A is the preexponential factor andE is the activation energy), characteristic for the compensation effect, have been obtained for the thermooxidative degradation in air and in oxygen respectively. The difference between the intercepts of these straight lines can be explained by dependence of the pre-exponential factor on the oxygen pressure.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 46 (1996), S. 795-808 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: DSC ; kinetics ; liquid crystalline polymer ; optical transmittance ; polycarbosilane ; side-chain mesogen ; transition parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with an analysis of the thermodynamics and kinetics of mesophase formation by cooling from the isotropic state of side-chain liquid crystalline polycarbosilanes containing spacers in the range from 3 to 11 CH2-groups. The polymers are characterized by their thermotropic behaviour as far as temperature, enthalpy and entropy of the transitions are concerned. The kinetics was followed by optical and calorimetric methods. Longer spacer length leads to more perfect ordering in the mesophase, higher isotropization temperatures, and lower glass transition temperatures. The Avrami and Ozawa formalism to describe the transition kinetics to the mesophase from the isotropic state cannot be interpreted as the nucleation and growth mechanism known from crystallization.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 857-862 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: analytical methods ; kinetics ; powder milk ; temperature
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This work present comparative results on powder milk storage quality, obtained from analytical methods. Protein content was determined conventional (Kjeldahl) and colorimetric with biuret reagent at 540 nm and integral quality by thermogravimetric and biological methods. A method was developed for the protein separation of powder milk. Powder milk was submitted to degradation processes at 45, 60 and 80°C for 20 days. The results indicated that protein content values were inconsistent if determinations by Kjeldahl and colorimetric methods and biological tests were compared. There is evidence of thermal decomposition of powder milk as detected by biological and thermogravimetric methods.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 937-941 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; mebendazole ; quality control ; technology
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A study was made of the thermal behavior of the starting materials, their mixtures and the resulting mebendazole tablets. The thermal curves were obtained with a Shimadzu thermobalance, model TGA-50, using an air flow of 50 mL min−1 and a heating rate of 10°C min−1 in the temperature interval 30–900°C. The reaction constant velocities for the mebendazole salt and tablets were determined isothermally, using the Arrhenius expression. The thermal stability of mebendazole tablets is lower than that of the mebendazole salt, due to the presence of starch and lactose in the composition. Analysis of the data reveals that thermogravimetry is a powerful tool in pharmaceutical technology and quality control.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 47 (1996), S. 1081-1091 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; thermal degradation
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic study of thermal degradation takes into account the validity of the Arrhenius equation. From TG data, the activation energy,E a and pre-exponential factor,A, are evaluated. These results are interpreted by using the ‘kinetic compensation effect’ as basis. A linear correlation between In(A) andE a is obtained in all cases studied. However, in a plot of the logarithm of the rate constant as a function of reciprocal temperature for the same series of reactions, the thermal oxidative degradations of Nylon-6 and PVC display a point of concurrence and one isokinetic temperature, whereas those of HIPS and PC do not. Therefore, in the thermal oxidative degradations of Nylon-6 and PVC a ‘true’ compensation effect occurs, which could be related to the bulk properties of metal oxides, such as different valence states, whereas for other polymers it displays only an ‘apparent’ compensation effect. This means that degradation is largely independent of the bulk properties of oxides, but may be related to the distribution of different kinds of active links in the polymer surface having different activation energies.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 343-348 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; combustion ; crude oil ; differential scanning calorimetry ; kinetics ; thermogravimetric analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A weighted mean activation energy method was applied to describe the reactivity and combustibility of crude oils via simultaneous TG/DTG. Thermal experiments were conducted with a non-isothermal method at a heating rate of 10
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: dehydration and decomposition ; kinetics ; Fe(III) chloride
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fe(III) chloride hydrate (FeCl3·xH2O) undergoes simultaneous dehydration and dehydrochlorination from its molten phase in the temperature range 100–200
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 413-425 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: alcoholic fermentation ; kinetics
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The control of alcoholic fermentation is necessary to obtain a quality wine. The overall dynamic and phenomenological modelling already applied to the simulation of this type of reaction enables us to suggest, in this study, a simple model (of which two variants), are relatively satisfactory. The first variant does not take into account the variation of the ambient temperature; the model translates exactly the first phase of the experimental curve or the moment when highest temperatures are measured. The relaxation phase is less well described because of influence of variation of the ambient temperature is relatively important. The second one considers the system depending on the ambient temperature, the model is correct for the relaxation phase too (the reaction temperature decreases, it nears the ambient temperature). The advantage of this model: It permits one to determine the reaction enthalpy and the kinetic parameters.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 623-634 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bismalleimide/carbon fiber composite ; DMA ; kinetics ; TSC
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The correlation between structure/microstructure and thermomechanical properties has been investigated by the Thermally Stimulated Creep (TSC) technique in a high performance thermostable thermoset matrix composite. The high resolving power of this technique allows us to analyse the α retardation mode. The kinetics of molecular movements liberated at the glass transition has been investigated by the technique of fractional loading: the analysis of each elementary process gives the real compliance and the retardation time as a function of temperature. The values of the activation parameters show the existence of a compensation phenomenon which characterizes the microstructure. It also gives access to the loss compliance of the composite material as a function of temperature and frequency. The predictive calculation of loss compliance has been validated by the results obtained by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 48 (1997), S. 769-782 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; non-linear optimization ; reactor time constants ; software ; time constants of sensors
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract All temperature sensors have a finitely time constant. The influence of the sensor time constant gts on the results of kinetic evaluation is demonstrated at four reaction types. The ignorance of the sensor indolence gives incorrect activation parameters. Therefore the determination of Τs is necessary. For the estimation of parameters the nonlinear evaluation program TA-kin was used. With its help it is possible to find the real parameters, also when Τs=32 s, if the real Τs-value was entered.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1517-1525 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; cinnamyl alcohol ; kinetics ; thermal analysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of β-cyclodextrin-cinnamyl alcohol inclusion complex (β-CD·C9H10·8H2O) was investigated using TG and DSC. The mass loss took place in three stages: the dehydration occurred between 50–120°C; the dissociation of β-CD·C9H10O occurred in the range of 210–260°C; and the decomposition of β-CD began at 280°C. The dissociation of β-CD·C9H10O was studied by means of thermogravimetry, and the results showed: the dissociation of β-CD·C9H10O was dominated by a two-dimensional diffusion process (D2). The activation energyE was 161.2 kJ mol−1, the pre-exponential factorA was 4.5×1013 min−1. Cyclodextrin is able to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of guest molecules, and the interesting of studies focussed on the energy binding cyclodextrin and the guest molecule. In this paper, β-cyclodextrin-cinnamyl alcohol inclusion complex was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy, and the results show: the stable energy of inclusion complexes of β-CD with weakly polar guest molecules consists mainly of Van der Waals interaction.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1553-1564 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: deconvolution ; differential scanning calorimetry ; feedforward neural networks ; kinetics ; signal filtering ; simulations ; thermal analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Feedforward neural networks have been used for kinetic parameters determination and signal filtering in differential scanning calorimetry. The proper learning function was chosen and the network topology was optimized, using an empiric procedure. The learning process was achieved using simulated thermoanalytical curves. The resilient-propagation algorithm have led to the best minimization of the error computed over all the patterns. Relative errors on the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were evaluated and compared to those obtained with the usual thermal analysis methods (single scan methods). The errors are much lower, especially in presence of noisy signals. Then, our program was adapted to simulate thermal effects with known thermodynamic and kinetic parameters, generated electrically, using a PC computer and an electronic interface on the serial port. These thermal effects have been generated by using an inconel thread.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 49 (1997), S. 1467-1475 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: CRTA ; DSC ; kinetics ; synthetic brochantite ; TG-DTA ; thermal decomposition
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction pathway of the thermal decomposition of synthetic brochantite, Cu4(OH)6SO4, to copper(II) oxide was investigated through the detailed kinetic characterization of the thermal dehydration and desulferation processes. The dehydration process was characterized by dividing into two overlapped kinetic processes with a possible formation of an intermediate compound, Cu4O(OH)4SO4. The dehydrated sample, Cu4O3SO4, was found first to be amorphous by means of XRD, followed by the crystallization to a mixture of CuO and CuO-CuSO4 at around 776 K. The specific surface area and the crystallization behaviour of the amorphous dehydrated compound depend largely on the dehydration conditions. The thermal desulferation process is influenced by the gross diffusion of the gaseous product SO3, which is governed by the advancement of the overall reaction interface from the top surface of the sample particle assemblage to the bottom.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 455-462 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: kinetics ; statistical analysis
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A statistical technique based on the Wilcockson criterion is suggested for estimation of the reproducibility of thermoanalytical experiments. Reduction of the whole physicochemical process to a quasi-one-stage process is described.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 50 (1997), S. 425-430 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: decomposition ; kinetics ; non-isothermal
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The authors present the results concerning the thermal behaviour of three polynuclear coordination compounds of Nd(III) and Co(II) or Fe(III) with triptophan. For the dehydration steps the values of the non-isothermal kinetic parameters have been determined.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 52 (1998), S. 569-579 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: bromomethylated polysulfone ; carboxylated polysulfone ; kinetics ; polysulfone ; thermoxidative decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Kinetic aspects of the first step of thermoxidative decomposition, under dynamic conditions of heating, of some polysulfones have been studied. The dependence of the kinetic parameters on the heating rate and conversion degree has been established. The compensation effect and conversion function have also been discussed. Polysulfone decomposes by the breaking of the main chain, a process involving very high activation energy. Chemically modified polysulfones show the first step of thermoxidative decomposition at relatively low temperatures. This step corresponds to the elimination of functional side - groups for the bromomethylated polysulfone while in the case of the carboxylated polysolfone, the loss of the carboxyl group is probably accompanied by a crosslinking reaction.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 53 (1998), S. 397-410 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: barium oxalate ; kinetics ; non-isothermal thermogravimetry ; stepwise isothermal analysis ; thermal decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thermal decomposition of BaC2O4·0.5H2O in air was studied by a combination of stepwise isothermal analysis (SIA) and non-isothermal thermogravimetry. The results from both techniques show that the crystal water is released in one step and that anhydrous barium oxalate is decomposed in one step, while BaCO3 decomposes in three steps to BaO, forming two intermediate compounds with the formulas of BaCO3·(BaO)2 and (BaCO3)0.5·(BaO)2.5. Reaction mechanism analyses using the data from SIA measurements show that the controlling mechanism for all the five decomposition steps in isothermal conditions is a two-dimensional phase-boundary controlled process. Kinetic parameters are obtained for the five decomposition steps from the non-isothermal thermogravimetric data.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 54 (1998), S. 695-704 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: activation energy ; decomposition ; kinetics ; modulated temperature ; thermogravimetry ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new technique, called modulated thermogravimetry, is introduced as a tool for obtaining continuous kinetic information for decomposition and volatilization reactions. The approach makes use of an oscillatory temperature program to obtain kinetic parameters during a mass loss. MTGA™ may be used under quasi-isothermal conditions to observe a single mass loss or may be combined with linear heating rate or Hi-Res™ controlled rate thermogravimetry to scan from one mass loss region to another. Results obtained are in agreement with those obtained by other kinetic methods.
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  • 94
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    Keywords: β-cyclodextrin ; ethyl benzoate ; inclusion complex ; kinetics ; thermal decomposition
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The stability of β-cyclodextrin·ethyl benzoate·6H2O(β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5·6H2O) was investigated by TG and DSC. The mass loss takes place in three stages: the dehydration occurs at 50-120°C; the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5occurs at 200-260°C; the decomposition of β-CD begins at 280°C. The kinetics of the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5in a dry nitrogen flow was studied by means of thermogravimetry both at constant temperature and linearly increasing temperature. The results show that the dissociation of β-CD·C6H5COOC2H5is dominated by a three-dimensional diffusion process (D3). The activation energy E is 116.19 kJ mol-1and the pre-exponential factor A 6.5358·109min-1. Cyclodextrin is able to form inclusion complexes with a great variety of guest molecules, and the studies focus on the energy of binding between cyclodextrin and the guest molecule. In this paper, the β-cyclodextrin·ethyl benzoate inclusion complex was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and infrared absorption spectroscopy, and the results show that the stable energy of inclusion complexes of β-CD with weakly polar guest molecules consists mainly of van der Waals interaction.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 9-19 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: ARC ; DSC ; HFC ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isopropylnitrate (IPN) is described as a detonable material used in propellants and explosives. While there is considerable information available on its sensitivity and compatibility with other materials, very little is known about its thermochemical properties. This paper will describe the results obtained from some DSC, heat flux calorimetry (HFC) and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC) measurements. The ASTM DSC method using a hermetic aluminum pan having a lid with a laser-produced pin hole was used to determine the vapour pressure of IPN1. Results calculated from an Antoine equation are in substantial agreement with those determined from DSC measurements. From the latter measurements, the enthalpy of vaporization was determined to be 35.32±0.62 kJ mol−1. Attempts to determine vapour pressures above about 0.8 MPa resulted in significant decomposition of IPNg. The enthalpy change for decomposition in sealed glass systems was found to be -3.43±0.09 kJ g−1 and -3.85±0.03 kJ g−1, respectively from DSC and HFC measurements on IPN1 samples loaded in air. Slightly larger exotherms were observed for the HFC results in air than those in inert gas, suggesting some oxidation occurs. In contrast, no significant difference in the observed onset temperature of about 150°C was observed for both the HFC and ARC results. From DSC measurements, an Arrhenius activation energy for decomposition of 126±4 kJ mol−1 was found. These measurements were also conducted in sealed glass systems and decomposition appeared to proceed primarily from the liquid phase.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cadmium(II) atom ; kinetics ; non-isothermal decomposition ; Schiff-base compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal C81H78N12O6Cd3 was synthesized and its structure was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The complex crystallizes in the monoclinic system space group P21/n with cell parameters, a=15.959(4) Å, b=26.222(3) Å, c=25.907(6) Å, β=101.60(2)°. The non-isothermal kinetics of the crystal was studied by use of non-isothermal TG and DTG curves. The kinetic parameters were analyzed by means of integral and differential methods, and mechanism functions of the thermal decomposition reaction for its second step were proposed. The kinetic equation of thermal decomposition is expressed as: dα/dt=Aexp(-E/RT)1.5(1-α)4/3[1/(1-α)1/3-1]−1. The average values of E(kJ mol−1) and lnA/s−1 are 339.25, 43.95, respectively.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 301-309 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: dehydroxylation ; goethite ; kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of thermal dehydroxylation of aluminuous goethites [1] synthesised from a ferrous salt has been re-examined using the general reaction order kinetic law. The utilised data processing was based on the procedures employed by dissolution kinetics. Recalculation of the activation energies EA of the dehydroxylation yielded the values 130, 132, 128, and 123 kJ mol−1 for pure goethite, goethite with 10, 20, and 30 mol% Al substitution, respectively. The values of EA are in a good agreement with those given for goethite in literature. The EA values are linearly related with the chemically bound excess H2O/OH− in the crystal lattice that is apparently influenced by Al substitution.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 841-849 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: cobalt(II)-dothiepin ; kinetics ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The complexes of cobalt(II) with dothiepin (DOT) hydrochloride have been studied for kinetics of thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and derivative thermogravimetric studies (DTG) in a static nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10° C min−1. A general mechanism of thermal decomposition is advanced involving dehydration and decomposition process for both organic and inorganic ligands. The thermal degradation reactions were found to proceed in three steps having an activation energy in the range 6.75–170 kJ mol−1. Thermal decomposition kinetics parameters were computed on the basis of thermal decomposition data.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 297-303 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: β-zeolite ; coke ; cumene ; kinetics ; regeneration ; TG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An accurate description of coke burn off is obtained from a catalyst based on β-zeolite and used for benzene alkylation with propylene giving cumene by using the thermogravimetric technique. A simple empirical kinetic model was successfully applied to interpolate the data of thermogravimetric analysis performed on samples after partial burn off. Different temperatures, partial pressures of oxygen and gas flow rates were the variables studied in order to calculate the apparent rates and the activation energy for the coke oxidation reaction and to outline the best conditions for the industrial regeneration procedure of our proprietary catalyst PBE-1 for cumene synthesis. Combining the unusually long lifetime per reaction cycle with the optimized regeneration procedure leads to an outstanding overall catalyst life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 953-958 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: differential scanning calorimeter ; kinetics ; oil shale ; pyrolysis ; thermogravimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this research, non-isothermal pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of three oil shales were studied by thermal analysis methods. All the thermal effects were endothermic and no exothermic region was observed in DSC curves. When oil shales are heated in nitrogen atmosphere in TG/DTG, two different mechanisms causing loss of mass were observed. The region between ambient temperature and 500 K was distillation. The second mechanism was visbreaking and cracking and it was observed between the region 500 and 800 K. Kinetic parameters of all the samples are determined by Coats and Redfern method and the results are discussed with regard to their accuracy and the ease of interpretation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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