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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The changing geography of morbidity and mortality in post-communist Poland (2000)
    Springer
    GeoJournal 50 (2000), S. 97-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9893
    Keywords: disease ; health ; morbidity ; mortality ; pollution ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography
    Notes: Abstract In general, the health of Poles improved markedly in the thirty years after the Second World War, but there was some deterioration after 1989 before improvement resumed. Only in the case of cancer is there an upward trend and so Poles are now healthier than they have been at any time in the past. However there are sharp regional variations well exemplified by the incidence of tuberculosis, where there appears to be some correlation with poorer housing and atmospheric pollution. High death rates in Lodz (consistently the highest in the country at the voivodship level between 1989 and 1996), may also be linked with environmental pollution as well as the ageing of the population. Variations between town and country are small, but Poland shows up in a poor light when compared with other European countries. These are important issues for the administration and financing of the welfare services.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007127431508
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress in seabirds: causes, consequences and diagnostic value (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 7 (2000), S. 91-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: climate change ; industrial fisheries ; marine monitors ; pollution ; Seabirds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a range of anthropogenic stressors thatimpact seabirds, review the effects of these stressorson individuals and populations and discuss the roleand value of seabirds as monitors of marine ecosystemhealth. Stressors described are restricted to thosewhich affect seabirds directly or indirectly throughthe marine environment; we have not dealt withterrestrially based stressors such as introducedmammalian predators or loss of habitat, which canpotentially affect seabirds whilst breeding. Wediscuss three broad categories of stress in seabirds.Marine pollutants (including biologicallynon-essential heavy metals, oil, organic pesticidesand polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and plastics),industrial fisheries (further divided into the effectsof depletion of prey stocks and direct mortality), andclimate change. Additionally we highlight the role ofseabirds as monitors of marine ecosystem health,taking the example of long-term mercury contaminationas a case study. We conclude that seabirds are exposedto an increasing array of potential stressors, andthat the impact of a particular source of stress onseabirds varies markedly between species in relationto foraging and breeding ecology. The most seriousthreat to seabirds is direct mortality of adultsresulting from industrial and commercial fishingactivities. In some cases this is a significant threatto individual populations or even entire species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009975514964
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of anthropogenic stress on rocky intertidal communities (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of aquatic ecosystem stress and recovery 7 (2000), S. 273-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5141
    Keywords: anthropogenic stress ; community ; harvesting ; human impact ; introduced species ; pollution ; rocky shore ; siltation ; trampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rocky shores provide a harsh environment for marine organisms andwe briefly discuss natural sources of variation in community structure beforeconsidering anthropogenic impacts in detail. We review impacts caused by (a) acutedisturbances: oil spills, toxic algal blooms and (b) chronic disturbances: nutrient pollution,oil, heavy metals, pesticides, antifouling paints, collecting, trampling/habitatdegradation, siltation and introduced species. Community level effects are emphasisedthroughout and illustrative examples are drawn from field-based case studies. Particularattention is given to the lessons learned from oil spills and the effect of chronicpollution by tributyltin on dogwhelks, the impacts of which ranged from the biochemical tocommunity levels of organisation. Impacts are placed in a global and historicalperspective and the potential for the recovery of shores under appropriate management isdiscussed. Finally we consider the relative merits of the multivariate and univariateapproaches to studying impacted communities and suggest priorities for future research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009911928100
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal moments analysis of preferential solute transport in soils (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental modeling and assessment 5 (2000), S. 229-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2967
    Keywords: solute transport ; temporal moments ; nutrients ; nitrate ; chloride ; phosphate ; pollution ; advective-dispersion equation ; mobile-immobile water ; preferential flow ; numerical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Temporal moments analysis of solute breakthrough curves is used to investigate the preferential leaching of chloride, nitrate and phosphate through an Australian soil. Recent studies have shown that current models and methods do not adequately describe the leaching of nutrients through soil, often underestimating the risk of groundwater contamination by surface-applied chemicals, and overestimating the concentration of resident solutes. This inaccuracy results primarily from ignoring soil structure and non-equilibrium between soil constituents, water and solutes. Therefore simple models are required to accurately characterise solute transport in natural and agricultural soils under non-equilibrium conditions. A multiple sample percolation system, consisting of 25 individual collection wells was constructed to study the effects of localised soil heterogeneities on the transport of nutrients (NO3 −, Cl−, PO4 3 −) in the vadose zone of an agricultural soil predominantly dominated by clay. Using data collected from the multiple sample percolation experiments, this paper compares and contrasts the performance of temporal moments analysis with two mathematical models for predicting solute transport, the advective-dispersion model with a reaction term (ADR) and a two-region preferential flow model (TRM) suitable for modelling preferential transport. The values for solute transport parameters predicted by temporal moments analysis were in excellent agreement with experimental data and results from ADR and TRM. It is concluded that temporal moments analysis when applied with other physical models such as the ADR and TRM, provide an excellent means of obtaining values for important solute transport parameters and gaining insight of preferential flow. These results have significant ramifications for modelling solute transport and predicting nutrient loadings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011556701668
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 381-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: Candida sp ; effluents ; Endomycopsis sp ; hydrocarbon ; petroleum ; pollution ; ultisol ; yeast-isolates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006285526313
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water Quality and Pollution in the Hunchun Basin, China (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 22 (2000), S. 1-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: cadmium ; fluoride ; Hunchun basin ; pollution ; water quality ; water resource
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Chemical properties and pollution of water resources were studied in the Hunchun basin, which is located in northeast China and borders directly North Korea and Russia along the Tumen river. Water quality was characterised according to its major constituents and geological features. Ground waters could generally be grouped into (Ca+Mg)-HCO3 type and (Ca+Mg)-(SO3+Cl) type in first and the second terrace areas, respectively. The mixing of these two types depends on the local conditions, such as pumping or permeability variations. Hunchun city is a pollution source for local water resources due to its uncontrolled sewage and urban discharge. In a previous study of the southwestern part of the Hunchun basin, groundwater contamination by Fe, Mn and NO3-N was reported. In addition, this study identified Cd and F as prevailing contaminants in the water resources. Pollution of water resources by these contaminants appeared to be affected by the application of fertilisers, irrigation practice, variation of aquifer characteristics, solubility of mineral phases, and discharge of domestic sewage. Wide distribution and high levels of Cd and F in surface- and ground waters could pose significant problems if they are utilised as major water supply sources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006639920429
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tracking the metal distribution in the tropical Valencia lake catchment: Soil, rivers and lake (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 22 (2000), S. 131-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: heavy metals ; pollution ; sediment ; trace metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In tropical areas, the relations between soil, rivers, and lakes are poorly understood as regard to the physicochemical transformation that occurs when solid materials are transferred among them. In order to ascertain the natural dynamics of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co, as well as the perturbations by human activity, soils and sediments from a tropical catchment were studied. To accomplish the above mentioned objective, the Valencia Lake catchment was subdivided into three systems, i.e. soils, rivers and lakes. Original data and those previously published by Mogolló;n and Bifano (1994), and Mogolló;n et al. (1995, 1996) were used to establish the numerical relation between the average concentration in the three systems. The percentage labile fraction and metal distribution in different particle size fractions were studied in selected samples. A total of 410 samples was analysed. Lithology and topography are the main factors that differentiate the physicochemical characteristics of soils and sediments. Processes coupled with solid material transport from the upland to lowland area cause the increase of the HNO3 (1 M) extractable metal concentration, and of the percentage labile fraction, metal redistribution towards fine particle fraction. In spite of the tropical climate, the pedogenesis of exposed sediments and the transport along the river courses, have very low influence. Most of the transformations seem to occur during the soils – river transfer of materials. The carbonate precipitation in the lake causes further increase of metal concentration and the percentage labile fraction. The pollutant input increases metal concentration, the percentage labile fraction and the trend of accumulation toward fine particles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006754807724
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lead in particulate deposits and in leaves of roadside plants, Karachi, Pakistan (2000)
    Springer
    The environmentalist 20 (2000), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2991
    Keywords: lead ; pollution ; deposits ; plants ; Karachi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Lead concentrations were determined for particulates which were deposited during one year on the leaves of roadside plants in Karachi. The particulates were collected from the leaves at a height of one metre. The lead accumulated by the leaves of different species was also measured. A statistically significant correlation was found between the number of passing petrol driven vehicles and the lead concentration in the deposits at different designated sites. However, no significant correlation was found between the concentration in the deposits and the lead accumulated by the leaves. A lead concentration of 30.00±6.6 ppm was recorded as the highest concentration in the particulate deposits, while maximum lead accumulated by the leaves was noted as 3.12±1.09 ppm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006608128242
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen and Sulphur Isotope Dynamics in the SO42- of an Urban Precipitation (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 117 (2000), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acid rain ; isotopes ; oxygen ; pollution ; sulphate ; sulphur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Two years monitoring of acid rain sulphate (25 samples) in downtown Wrocław (SW Poland) was carried out. A significant increase in δ34S (SO4 2-) corresponded to a negligible increase in δ18O (SO4 2-) and decrease in concentration of sulphate, respectively. Two periods, before and after June 1994, corresponding respectively to low and high δ34S (SO4 2-) values have been observed. These patterns may result dominantly from a significant reduction in the emission of34 S-depleted SO2 due to: (i) new installations in the neighbouring heating plant and/or in the Głogów sulphide-based copper smelting works, as well as (ii) the fact that a brown-coal power plant has been phased out in Eastern Germany. The results obtained together with possible subsequent observations (several years) could be an important basis to calibrate a new toll for reconstruction of anthropogenic impact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005199521493
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Expert Support Model for In Situ Soil Remediation (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 118 (2000), S. 357-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: decision model ; expert support ; in situ remediation ; pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article presents an expert support model for in situ soil remediation. It combines knowledge andexperiences obtained from previous in situ soilremediations. The aim of this model is to optimiseknowledge transfer among the various parties involvedin contaminated site management. Structured KnowledgeEngineering (SKE) has been used as a framework formodel development. This approach requires scrutinisingall relevant data to answer questions related to anin situ soil remediation operation. Moreover, itclarifies the roles of the different involved parties.The approach was applied to a chlorinated hydrocarbonpollution at a dry cleaner's. Use of the expertsupport model resulted in the development andselection of a new remediation technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005116025073
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