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  • Articles  (16)
  • 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects  (4)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology  (3)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring  (3)
  • earthquakes  (3)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
  • Additives
  • Pollution
  • AGU  (12)
  • American Chemical Society  (2)
  • BioMed Central
  • Nature Publishing Group
  • 2020-2023  (2)
  • 2010-2014  (14)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1945-1949
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  • Articles  (16)
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  • 1
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    The 1974 flank eruption of Mount Etna: An archetype for deep dike-fed eruptions at basaltic volcanoes and a milestone in Etna's recent history (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-25
    Description: The 1974 western flank eruption of Mount Etna produced a rare, nearly aphyric and plagioclase-free trachybasalt that could not be derived from the central volcano conduits and was more alkaline and more radiogenic than all previous historical lavas. New results for the petrochemistry and volatile content of its products, combined with contemporaneous seismic and volcanological observations, allow us to reinterpret the origin and significance of this event. We show that the eruption was most likely triggered by deep tectonic fracturing that allowed a dike-like intrusion to propagate in 9 days from 11 km depth up to the surface, bypassing the central conduits. Relatively fast, closed system decompression of the volatile-rich magma initially led to lava fountaining and the rapid growth of two pyroclastic cones (Mounts De Fiore), followed by Strombolian activity and the extrusion of viscous lava flows when gas-melt separation developed in the upper portion of the feeding fracture. The 1974 trachybasalt geochemistry indicates its derivation by mixing 25% of preexisting K-poor magma (best represented by 1763 La Montagnola eruption’s products) and 75% of a new K-rich feeding magma that was gradually invading Mount Etna’s plumbing system and became directly extruded during two violent flank eruptions in 2001–2003. We propose to classify 1974-type so-called ‘‘eccentric’’ eruptions on Etna as deep dike-fed (DDF) eruptions, as opposed to more common central conduit-fed flank eruptions, in order to highlight their actual origin rather than their topographic location. We ultimately discuss the possible precursors of such DDF eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: B07204
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: 1974 deep dike-fed eruption ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Movements of the Sciara del Fuoco (2012)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-27
    Description: The Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) landslides that occurred at the end of December 2002 prompted researchers to install geodetic networks to monitor deformations related to potential new slope failures. With this aim, an integrated multiparametric monitoring system was designed and deployed. In particular, this complex monitoring system is composed of four single systems: an electronic distance measurement network, installed immediately after the landslide events, a realtime GPS network, a ground-based interferometric linear synthetic aperture radar (GB-InSAR), and an automated topographic monitoring system (named Theodolite Robotic Observatory of Stromboli, or THEODOROS); the three last systems provided a continuous monitoring of selected points or sectors of the SdF. Data acquired from different systems have been jointly analyzed to reach a better understanding of the SdF dynamics. Displacement data obtained from the topographic systems are compared with those obtained from GB-InSAR, and the results of the comparison are analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, in this chapter, an example of a warning system that can detect slope instability precursors on the SdF based on a statistical analysis of the data collected by the THEODOROS system is reported.
    Description: Published
    Description: 183-199
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Flank instability ; Slope failure ; Terrestrial geodesy ; Ground Based InSAR ; Continuous GPS ; Landslide monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
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    Seismic attenuation and mantle wedge temperature in the northern Apennine subtuction zone (Italy) from teleseismic body wave spectra. (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: An edited version of this paper was published by AGU. Copyright (2010) American Geophysical Union.
    Description: We analyze P and S wave spectra from moderate‐ to deep‐focus teleseisms recorded at the Retreating‐Trench, Extension, and Accretion Tectonics (RETREAT) temporary broadband seismic network to assess the variations of the Earth mantle attenuation in the northern Apennines region (Italy). For each earthquake, we compute the ratio between the spectrum at each station and the average spectrum, in order to estimate t* residuals (Δt*) from the spectral ratio decay. The number and distribution of the teleseisms useable for the P wave t* calculation allow for a gross azimuthal analysis; although the (Δt*) values at single station display, in most cases, azimuthal‐dependent fluctuations, their overall distribution shows a partition of the study region into two main areas, whose gross features remain almost unchanged over the whole azimuthal range. This partition is confirmed by the S wave t* mean values, computed for each station over the set of useable events. We distinguish a relatively high attenuation area on the western, Tyrrhenian side and a relatively low attenuation area on the eastern, Adriatic side. By correlating our Δt* estimates and the velocity structure derived from the existing tomographic models, we compute the ranges of possible P and S wave Q values in the mantle wedge above the Apennines slab (on the Tyrrhenian side) and in the asthenosphere below the Adriatic region. Furthermore, the determined attenuation properties are used to draw some inferences on the thermal state of the uppermost mantle and on the physical properties of the tectonic elements, which constitute the subduction system in the region.
    Description: Published
    Description: B09309
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Northern Apennine ; Slab ; RETREAT ; attenuation ; mantle ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Static stress drop associated with brittle slip events on exhumed faults. (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We estimate the static stress drop on small exhumed strike-slip faults in the Lake Edison granodiorite of the central Sierra Nevada (California). The subvertical strike-slip faults were exhumed from 4 to 15 km depth and were chosen because they are exposed in outcrop along their entire tip-to-tip lengths of 8–12 m. Slip nucleated on joints and accumulated by crystal-plastic shearing (forming quartz mylonites from early quartz vein filling in joints) and successive brittle faulting (forming epidote-bearing cataclasites). The occurrence of thin, 300 mm wide, pseudotachylytes along some small faults throughout the study area suggests that some, if not all, of the brittle slip on the study area faults may have been seismic. We suggest that the contribution of brittle, cataclastic slip to the total slip along the studied cataclasite-bearing small faults may be estimated by the length of epidote-filled, rhombohedral dilatational jogs (rhombochasms) distributed quasi-periodically along the length of the faults. The interpretation that slip recorded by rhombochasms occurred in single events is based on evidence that (1) epidote crystals are randomly oriented and undeformed within the rhombochasm; (2) cataclasite in principal slip zones does not include clasts of previous cataclasite, and (3) rhombochasm lengths vary systematically along the length of the faults with slip maximum occurring near the fault center, tapering to the fault tips. We thereby constrain both the rupture length and slip. On the basis of these measurements, we calculate stress drops ranging over 90–250 MPa, i.e., one to two orders of magnitude larger than typical seismological estimates for earthquakes, but similar in magnitude to seismological estimates of small (〈M2) earthquakes from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The slip events described in the present study occurred along small, deep-seated faults, and, given the calculated stress drops and observations that brittle faults exploited joints sealed by quartz-bearing mylonite, we conclude that these were ‘‘strong’’ faults.
    Description: Published
    Description: B02402
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: earthquakes ; stress drops ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Volcanic ash and SO2 in the 2008 Kasatochi eruption: Retrievals comparison from different IR satellite sensors (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: The Kasatochi 2008 eruption was detected by several infrared satellite sensors including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). In this work a comparison between the volcanic cloud SO2 and ash retrievals derived from these instruments has been undertaken. The SO2 retrieval is carried out by using both the 7.3 and 8.7 micron absorption features while ash retrieval exploits the 10–12 micron atmospheric window. A radiative transfer scheme is also used to correct the volcanic ash effect on the 8.7 micron SO2 signature. As test cases, three near‐contemporary images for each sensor, collected during the first days of the eruption, have been analyzed. The results show that the volcanic SO2 and ash are simultaneously present and generally collocated. The MODIS and AVHRR total ash mass loadings are in good agreement and estimated to be about 0.5 Tg, while the AIRS retrievals are slightly lower and equal to about 0.3 Tg. The AIRS and MODIS 7.3 micron SO2 mass loadings are also in good agreement and vary between 0.3 and 1.2 Tg, while the MODIS ash corrected 8.7 micron SO2 masses vary between 0.4 and 2.7 Tg. The mass increase with time confirms the continuous SO2 injection in the atmosphere after the main explosive episodes. Moreover the difference between the 7.3 and 8.7 micron retrievals suggests a vertical stratification of the volcanic cloud. The results also confirm the importance of the ash correction; the corrected 8.7 micron SO2 total masses are less than 30–40% of the uncorrected values.
    Description: Published
    Description: D00L21
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Remote sensing ; ash retrieval ; SO2 retrieval ; multispectral satellite instruments ; MODIS ; AVHRR ; AIRS ; hyperspectral satellite instruments ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.08. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Rough Faults, Distributed Weakening, and Off-Fault Deformation (2010)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report systematic spatial variations of fault rocks along non-planar strike-slip faults 11 cross-cutting the Lake Edison Granodiorite, Sierra Nevada, California (Sierran wavy fault) and 12 Lobbia outcrops of the Adamello Batholith in the Italian Alps (Lobbia wavy fault). In the case of 13 the Sierran fault, pseudotachylyte formed at contractional fault bends, where it is found as thin 14 (1-2 mm) fault-parallel veins. Epidote and chlorite developed in the same seismic context as the 15 pseudotachylyte and are especially abundant in extensional fault bends. We argue that the 16 presence of fluids, as illustrated by this example, does not necessarily preclude the development 17 of frictional melt. In the case of the Lobbia fault, pseudotachylyte thickness varies along the 18 length of the fault, but the pseudotachylyte veins thicken and pool in extensional bends. We 19 conduct a quantitative analysis of fault roughness, microcrack distribution, stress, and friction 20 along the Lobbia fault. 21 Numerical modeling results show that opening in extensional bends and localized thermal 22 weakening in contractional bends counteract resistance encountered by fault waviness, resulting 23 in an overall weaker fault than suggested by the corresponding static friction coefficient. The 24 models also predict static stress redistribution around bends in the faults which are consistent 25 with distributions of microcracks, indicating significant elastic and inelastic strain energy is 26 dissipated into the wall rocks due to non-planar fault geometry. Together these observations suggest that damage and energy dissipation occurs along the entire non-planar fault during slip, 28 rather than being confined to the region close to the dynamically propagating crack tip.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: earthquakes ; rutpure ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    A model for wet aggregation of ash particles in volcanic plumes and clouds: 2. Model application (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The occurrence of particle aggregation has a dramatic effect on the transport and sedimentation of volcanic ash. The aggregation process is complex and can occur under different conditions and in multiple regions of the plume and in the ash cloud. In the companion paper, Costa et al. develop an aggregation model based on a fractal relationship to describe the rate particles are incorporated into ash aggregates. The model includes the effects of both magmatic and atmospheric water present in the volcanic cloud and demonstrates that the rate of aggregation depends on the characteristics of the initial particle size distribution. The aggregation model includes two parameters, the fractal exponent Df, which describes the efficiency of the aggregation process, and the aggregate settling velocity correction factor ye, which influences the distance at which distal mass deposition maxima form. Both parameters are adjusted using features of the observed deposits. Here this aggregation model is implemented in the FALL3D volcanic ash transport model and applied to the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens and the 17–18 September 1992 Crater Peak eruptions. For both eruptions, the optimized values for Df (2.96–3.00) and ye (0.27–0.33) indicate that the ash aggregates had a bulk density of 700–800 kg m−3. The model provides a higher degree of agreement than previous fully empirical aggregation models and successfully reproduces the depositional characteristics of the deposits investigated over a large range of scales, including the position and thickness of the secondary maxima.
    Description: Published
    Description: B09202
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: volcanic ash ; particle aggregation ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Hydrogen in the gas plume of an open‐vent volcano, Mount Etna, Italy (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We report here on the first hydrogen determinations in the volcanic gas plume of Mount Etna, in Italy, which we obtained during periodic field surveys on the volcano’s summit area with an upgraded MultiGAS. Using a specific (EZT3HYT) electrochemical sensor, we resolved H2 concentrations in the plume of 1–3 ppm above ambient (background) atmosphere and derived H2‐SO2 and H2‐H2O plume molar ratios of 0.002–0.044 (mean 0.013) and 0.0001–0.0042 (mean 0.0018), respectively. Taking the above H2‐SO2 ratios in combination with a time‐averaged SO2 flux of 1600 Gg yr−1, we evaluate that Etna contributes a time‐averaged H2 flux of ∼0.65 Gg yr−1, suggesting that the volcanogenic contribution to the global atmospheric H2 budget (70,000–100,000 Gg yr−1) is marginal. We also use our observed H2‐H2O ratios to propose that Etna’s passive plume composition is (at least partially) representative of a quenched (temperatures between 750°C and 950°C) equilibrium in the gas‐magma system, at redox conditions close to the nickel‐nickel oxide (NNO) mineral buffer. The positive dependence between H2‐SO2, H2‐H2O, and CO2‐SO2 ratios suggests that H2 is likely supplied (at least in part) by deeply rising CO2‐rich gas bubbles, fluxing through a CO2‐depleted shallow conduit magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: B10204
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Hydrogen ; Mount Etna ; Open-vent volcano ; plume ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
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    Leachate analyses of volcanic ashes from Stromboli volcano: A proxy for the volcanic gas plume composition? (2011)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Many volcanoes show a change in chemical composition of the gas phase prior to periods of eruptive activity. Fine‐grained tephra erupted from active vents and transported through volcanic plumes can adsorb, and therefore rapidly scavenge, volatile elements such as sulfur, halogens, and metal species in the form of soluble salts adhering to ash surfaces. Analysis of such water‐soluble surface materials is a suitable supplement for remote monitoring of volcanic gases at inaccessible volcanoes. In this work, ash samples of the 2004 to 2009 eruptive activity of Stromboli volcano were sampled, leached, and analyzed for major and trace elements. Data analysis and interpretation was focused on determining the relationship between chemical composition of water‐soluble components adhering to volcanic ash and the volcano’s activity state. First results show significant temporal variations in ash leachate compositions, reflecting changes in the eruptive style of the volcano. In particular, we reveal that ash leachates S/F and Mg/Na ratios showed marked increases prior to a large‐scale explosion on 15 March 2007.
    Description: Published
    Description: D17204
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Leachate analyses of volcanic ashes ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    Twelve Years of Ground Deformation Studies on Mt. Etna Volcano Based on GPS Surveys (2012)
    AGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: GPS (Global Positioning System) monitoring has been performed on Etna volcano since 1988, making this volcano one of those with the longest records of GPS data. The first order network, measured at least once every year in accurate static mode, was progressively augmented from 9 benchmarks in 1988 to ~70 benchmarks. The whole network is subdivided into seven sub-networks that are surveyed in static, quick-static or kinematic mode, according to the accuracy and density needed, with respect to the volcanic activity. This network provides key constraints to locate the deformation sources inside the volcano (reservoirs, dykes, faults) and track their evolution. Etna has proved an optimum testing ground of new surveying approaches in order to optimize geodetic fieldwork. Several methodological developments related to kinematic surveys and to the correction of tropospheric delays were made on Etna. Here, we discuss the overall picture of the entire data set up to 1999. The results show large scale displacements related to the activity of the volcano during the last twelve years. They are used to infer the location of magma reservoirs acting in this period, identifying a pressure zone beneath the western flank at a depth ranging from 2 to 9 km, several shallow intrusion following the regional NNW-SSE trend, and to quantify the eastward movement of the eastern flank of Mt. Etna, modeling two detachment surfaces beneath the eastern and southern flanks. At a local scale (e.g. in the summit areas and across the Pernicana fault), displacements are also identified and discussed.
    Description: Published
    Description: 321-341
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ground deformation ; Geodesy ; Monitoring ; Geodetic networks ; Geodetic surveys ; GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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