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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Mathematical programming 32 (1985), S. 249-277 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Minisum Locations ; Location-Allocation ; Network Location ; Dynamic Location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we consider multiperiod minisum location problems on networks in which demands can occur continuously on links according to a uniform probability density function. In addition, demands may change dynamically over time periods and at most one facility can be located per time period. Two types of networks are considered in conjunction with three behavioral strategies. The first type of network discussed is a chain graph. A myopic strategy and long-range strategy for locatingp-facilities are considered, as is a discounted present worth strategy for locating two facilities. Although these problems are generally nonconvex, effective methods are developed to readily identify all local and global minima. This analysis forms the basis for similar problems on tree graphs. In particular, we construct algorithms for the 3-facility myopic problem and the 2-facility long-range and discounted cost problems on a tree graph. Extensions and suggestions for further research on problems involving more general networks are provided.
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  • 2
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    Mathematical programming 32 (1985), S. 366-370 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Cores ; Dual Prices ; Linear Production Games
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Consider a game in which resources may be combined to produce products of known values. For linear production processes, the game may be characterized by a family of linear programs. It is shown that appropriately defined market prices for the resources coincide with the set of optimal dual solutions to one of these linear programs. This result generalizes and unifies the known cases in game theory, in which the core of a game coincides with the set of dual optimal solutions to a corresponding master linear programming problem.
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  • 3
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Conjugate Gradient Methods ; Global Convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines a method of implementing an angle test for determining when to restart conjugate gradient methods in a steepest descent direction. The test is based on guaranteeing that the cosine of the angle between the search direction and the negative gradient is within a constant multiple of the cosine of the angle between the Fletcher-Reeves search direction and the negative gradient. This guarantees convergence, for the Fletcher-Reeves method is known to converge. Numerical results indicate little, if anything, is lost in efficiency, and indicate gains may well be possible for large problems.
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  • 4
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 120-121 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 5
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 93-114 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear Optimization ; Pairwise Comparison ; Priority Theory ; Fuzzy Sets ; Triangular Membership Functions ; Performance Evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we extend the deterministic performance evaluation of nonlinear optimization methods: we carry out a pairwise comparison using fuzzy estimates of the performance ratios to obtain fuzzy final scores of the methods under consideration. The key instrument is the concept of fuzzy numbers with triangular membership functions. The algebraic operations on them are simple extensions of the operations on real numbers; they are exact in the parameters (lower, modal, and upper values), not necessarily exact in the shape of the membership function. We illustrate the fuzzy performance evaluation by the ranking and rating of five methods (geometric programming and four general methods) for solving geometric-programming problems, using the results of recent computational studies. Some general methods appear to be leading, an outcome which is not only due to their performance under subjective criteria like domain of applications and conceptual simplicity of use; they also score higher under more objective criteria like robustness and efficiency.
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  • 6
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    Mathematical programming 35 (1986), S. 110-119 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Convex programming ; Frank-Wolfe algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We give a detailed proof, under slightly weaker conditions on the objective function, that a modified Frank-Wolfe algorithm based on Wolfe's ‘away step’ strategy can achieve geometric convergence, provided a strict complementarity assumption holds.
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  • 7
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    Mathematical programming 35 (1986), S. 125-125 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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  • 8
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    Mathematical programming 35 (1986), S. 140-172 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Probabilistic analysis ; self-dual simplex ; spherical symmetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we analyze the average number of steps performed by the self-dual simplex algorithm for linear programming, under the probabilistic model of spherical symmetry. The model was proposed by Smale. Consider a problem ofn variables withm constraints. Smale established that for every number of constraintsm, there is a constantc(m) such that the number of pivot steps of the self-dual algorithm,ρ(m, n), is less thanc(m)(lnn) m(m+1) . We improve upon this estimate by showing thatρ(m, n) is bounded by a function ofm only. The symmetry of the function inm andn implies thatρ(m, n) is in fact bounded by a function of the smaller ofm andn.
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  • 9
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 363-374 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Newton method ; parallel algorithms ; superlinear convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A parallel Newton method is described for the minimization of a twice continuously differentiable uniformly convex functionF(x). The algorithm generates a sequence {x j } which converges superlinearly to the global minimizer ofF(x).
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  • 10
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 489-563 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Polyhedra related to matroids and sub- or supermodular functions play a central role in combinatorial optimization. The purpose of this paper is to present a unified treatment of the subject. The structure of generalized polymatroids and submodular flow systems is discussed in detail along with their close interrelation. In addition to providing several applications, we summarize many known results within this general framework.
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  • 11
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    Mathematical programming 43 (1989), S. 31-44 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Affine-scaling ; Karmarkar's algorithm ; dual algorithm ; feasibility algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The affine-scaling modification of Karmarkar's algorithm is extended to solve problems with free variables. This extended primal algorithm is used to prove two important results. First the geometrically elegant feasibility algorithm proposed by Chandru and Kochar is the same algorithm as the one obtained by appending a single column of residuals to the constraint matrix. Second the dual algorithm as first described by Adler et al., is the same as the extended primal algorithm applied to the dual.
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  • 12
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Computational Complexity ; NP-Complete ; Linear Program ; Polyhedron ; Cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A nonempty closed convex polyhedronX can be represented either asX = {x: Ax ⩽b}, where (A, b) are given, in which caseX is called anH-cell, or in the formX = {x: x = Uλ + Vμ, Σλ j = 1,λ ⩾ 0,μ ⩾ 0}, where (U, V) are given, in which caseX is called aW-cell. This note discusses the computational complexity of certain set containment problems. The problems of determining if $$X \nsubseteq Y$$ , where (i)X is anH-cell andY is a closed solid ball, (ii)X is anH-cell andY is aW-cell, or (iii)X is a closed solid ball andY is aW-cell, are all shown to be NP-complete, essentially verifying a conjecture of Eaves and Freund. Furthermore, the problem of determining whether there exists an integer point in aW-cell is shown to be NP-complete, demonstrating that regardless of the representation ofX as anH-cell orW-cell, this integer containment problem is NP-complete.
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  • 13
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Set Packing ; Integer Programming ; Linear Programming ; Simplex Method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers the set packing problem max{wx: Ax ⩽ b, x ⩾ 0 and integral}, whereA is anm × n 0–1 matrix,w is a 1 ×n weight vector of real numbers andb is anm × 1 vector of ones. In equality form, its linear programming relaxation is max{wx: (x, y) ∈P(A)} whereP(A) = {(x, y):Ax +I m y =b, x⩾0,y⩾0}. Letx 1 be any feasible solution to the set packing problem that is not optimal and lety 1 =b − Ax 1; then (x 1,y 1) is an integral extreme point ofP(A). We show that there exists a sequence of simplex pivots from (x 1,y 1) to (x*,y*), wherex* is an optimal solution to the set packing problem andy* =b − Ax*, that satisfies the following properties. Each pivot column has positive reduced weight and each pivot element equals plus one. The number of pivots equals the number of components ofx* that are nonbasic in (x 1,y 1).
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  • 14
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    Mathematical programming 45 (1989), S. 35-47 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Facets ; ternary ; covering ; packing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider ternary matrices, i.e., integer matrices having all entries 0, 1 or 2. Three associated problems—the group problem, covering, and packing—are studied. General classes of vertices and facets are discussed in each case. Certain lifting procedures are also described. For all three problems techniques used are natural extensions of those used in the binary case.
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  • 15
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Traveling Salesman Problem ; Integer Polyhedron ; Facet ; Graph ; Series-Parallel Graph ; Steiner Tree ; Polynomial Algorithm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Given a graphG = (N, E) and a length functionl: E → ℝ, the Graphical Traveling Salesman Problem is that of finding a minimum length cycle goingat least once through each node ofG. This formulation has advantages over the traditional formulation where each node must be visited exactly once. We give some facet inducing inequalities of the convex hull of the solutions to that problem. In particular, the so-called comb inequalities of Grötschel and Padberg are generalized. Some related integer polyhedra are also investigated. Finally, an efficient algorithm is given whenG is a series-parallel graph.
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  • 16
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 146-161 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Infinite Linear Programming ; Ordered Fields ; Extreme Points ; Extreme Directions ; Opposite Sign Property ; Nonlinear Equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper provides a characterization of extreme points and extreme directions of the subsets of the space of generalized finite sequences occurring as the constraint sets of semi-infinite or infinite linear programs. The main result is that these sets are generated by (possibly infinitely many) extreme points and extreme directions. All results are valid over arbitrary ordered fields.
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  • 17
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 204-233 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear Programming ; Simplex Methods ; Piecewise-Linear Programming ; Nondifferentiable Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The simplex method for linear programming can be extended to permit the minimization of any convex separable piecewise-linear objective, subject to linear constraints. This three-part paper develops and analyzes a general, computationally practical simplex algorithm for piecewiselinear programming. Part I derives and justifies the essential steps of the algorithm, by extension from the simplex method for linear programming in bounded variables. The proof employs familiar finite-termination arguments and established piecewise-linear duality theory. Part II considers the relaxation of technical assumptions pertaining to finiteness, feasibility and nondegeneracy of piecewise-linear programs. Degeneracy is found to have broader consequences than in the linear case, and the standard techniques for prevention of cycling are extended accordingly. Part III analyzes the computational requirements of piecewise-linear programming. The direct approach embodied in the piecewise-linear simplex algorithm is shown to be inherently more efficient than indirect approaches that rely on transformation of piecewise-linear programs to equivalent linear programs. A concluding section surveys the many applications of piecewise-linear programming in linear programming,l 1 estimation, goal programming, interval programming, and nonlinear optimization.
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  • 18
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    Mathematical programming 33 (1985), S. 339-351 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Variational Inequality ; Nondifferentiable Optimization ; Nonconvex Programming ; Network Optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The variational inequality problem in Euclidian space is formulated as a nonconvex, nondifferentiable optimization problem. We show that any stationary point is optimal, and we propose a solution algorithm that decreases the nondifferential objective monotonically. Application to the asymmetric traffic assignment problem is considered.
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  • 19
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    Mathematical programming 35 (1986), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear complementarity problem ; K-matrix ; Q 0-matrix ; finite characterization ; Q-matrix
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The class of realn × n matricesM, known asK-matrices, for which the linear complementarity problemw − Mz = q, w ≥ 0, z ≥ 0, w T z =0 has a solution wheneverw − Mz =q, w ≥ 0, z ≥ 0 has a solution is characterized for dimensionsn 〈4. The characterization is finite and ‘practical’. Several necessary conditions, sufficient conditions, and counterexamples pertaining toK-matrices are also given. A finite characterization of completelyK-matrices (K-matrices all of whose principal submatrices are alsoK-matrices) is proved for dimensions 〈4.
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  • 20
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 113-123 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Scheduling ; large-scale 0–1 model ; variable fixing ; coefficient reduction ; special ordered sets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this work an extension of the Beale-Tomlin special ordered sets is introduced that has proved to be efficient for solving certain types of open shop scheduling problems. Besides their usual characteristics, exclusivity constraints in the jobs are allowed, more general than tree-like precedence structures are considered, and semi-active schedules that cannot be labeled as non-optimal solutions may occur. The problem is formulated as a large-scale 0–1 model. Computational experience on some real-life problems is reported.
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  • 21
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 181-187 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Branch and bound ; bus crew scheduling ; integer programming ; scheduling ; set covering
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  • 22
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 203-243 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Network flows ; relaxation ; distributed algorithms ; complexity ; asynchronous algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We review a class of recently-proposed linear-cost network flow methods which are amenable to distributed implementation. All the methods in the class use the notion ofε-complementary slackness, and most do not explicitly manipulate any “global” objects such as paths, trees, or cuts. Interestingly, these methods have stimulated a large number of newserial computational complexity results. We develop the basic theory of these methods and present two specific methods, theε-relaxation algorithm for the minimum-cost flow problem, and theauction algorithm for the assignment problem. We show how to implement these methods with serial complexities of O(N 3 logNC) and O(NA logNC), respectively. We also discuss practical implementation issues and computational experience to date. Finally, we show how to implementε-relaxation in a completely asynchronous, “chaotic” environment in which some processors compute faster than others, some processors communicate faster than others, and there can be arbitrarily large communication delays.
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  • 23
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 307-325 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Full discretization ; computerized tomography ; image reconstruction ; radiotherapy treatment planning ; block-iterative algorithms ; parallel computations ; Cimmino's algorithm ; entropy maximization ; classification of algorithms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Some row-action algorithms which exploit special objective function and constraints structure have proven advantageous for solving huge and sparse feasibility or optimization problems. Recently developed block-iterative versions of such special-purpose methods enable parallel computation when the underlying problem is appropriately decomposed. This opens the door for parallel computation in image reconstruction problems of computerized tomography and in the inverse problem of radiation therapy treatment planning, all in their fully discretized modelling approach. Since there is more than one way of deriving block-iterative versions of any row-action method, the choice has to be made with reference to the underlying real-world problem.
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  • 24
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 391-405 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Linear programming ; large-scale-systems ; decomposition ; parallel computing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes DECOMPAR: an implementation of the Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition algorithm for block-angular linear programs using parallel processing of the subproblems. The software is based on a robust experimental code for LP decomposition and runs on the CRYSTAL multicomputer at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Initial computational experience is reported. Promising directions in future development of this approach are discussed.
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    Mathematical programming 42 (1988), S. 471-487 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
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    Notes: Abstract We address the problem of finding a minimum weight baseB of a matroid when, in addition, each element of the matroid is colored with one ofm colors and there are upper and lower bound restrictions on the number of elements ofB with colori, fori = 1, 2,⋯,m. This problem is a special case of matroid intersection. We present an algorithm that exploits the special structure, and we apply it to two optimization problems on graphs. When applied to the weighted bipartite matching problem, our algorithm has complexity O(|E∥V|+|V| 2log|V|). HereV denotes the node set of the underlying bipartite graph, andE denotes its edge set. The second application is defined on a general connected graphG = (V,E) whose edges have a weight and a color. One seeks a minimum weight spanning tree with upper and lower bound restrictions on the number of edges with colori in the tree, for eachi. Our algorithm for this problem has complexity O(|E∥V|+m 2 |V|+ m|V| 2). A special case of this constrained spanning tree problem occurs whenV * is a set of pairwise nonadjacent nodes ofG. One must find a minimum weight spanning tree with upper and lower bound restrictions on the degree of each node ofV *. Then the complexity of our algorithm is O(|V∥E|+|V * ∥V| 2). Finally, we discuss a new relaxation of the traveling salesman problem.
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  • 26
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    Mathematical programming 45 (1989), S. 407-435 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: 49D05 ; 65K05 ; Conjugate gradient ; diagonal updates ; Hilbert spaces ; large-scale problems ; limited memory ; numerical experiments ; unconstrained optimization ; variable-metric algorithms ; variablestorage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract This paper describes some numerical experiments with variable-storage quasi-Newton methods for the optimization of some large-scale models (coming from fluid mechanics and molecular biology). In addition to assessing these kinds of methods in real-life situations, we compare an algorithm of A. Buckley with a proposal by J. Nocedal. The latter seems generally superior, provided that careful attention is given to some nontrivial implementation aspects, which concern the general question of properly initializing a quasi-Newton matrix. In this context, we find it appropriate to use a diagonal matrix, generated by an update of the identity matrix, so as to fit the Rayleigh ellipsoid of the local Hessian in the direction of the change in the gradient. Also, a variational derivation of some rank one and rank two updates in Hilbert spaces is given.
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  • 27
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    Mathematical programming 45 (1989), S. 529-546 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Nonlinear optimization ; parallel computing ; block iterative methods ; truncated-Newton methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Truncated-Newton methods are a class of optimization methods suitable for large scale problems. At each iteration, a search direction is obtained by approximately solving the Newton equations using an iterative method. In this way, matrix costs and second-derivative calculations are avoided, hence removing the major drawbacks of Newton's method. In this form, the algorithms are well-suited for vectorization. Further improvements in performance are sought by using block iterative methods for computing the search direction. In particular, conjugate-gradient-type methods are considered. Computational experience on a hypercube computer is reported, indicating that on some problems the improvements in performance can be better than that attributable to parallelism alone.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 1-33 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Polyhedra ; Chinese Postman ; Binary Group Problems ; Binary Matroids ; Blocking Clutters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract A new proof of the characterization of the Chinese postman polyhedra is given. In developing this proof, a theorem of Gomory about homomorphic lifting of facets for group polyhedra is generalized to subproblems. Some results for the Chinese postman problem are generalized to binary group problems. In addition, a connection is made between Fulkerson's blocking polyhedra and a blocking pair of binary group problems. A connection is also developed between minors and lifting of facets for group problems.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 48-61 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Total Dual Integrality ; Hilbert Basis ; Polyhedra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Edmonds and Giles introduced the class of box totally dual integral polyhedra as a generalization of submodular flow polyhedra. In this paper a geometric characterization of these polyhedra is given. This geometric result is used to show that each TDI defining system for a box TDI polyhedron is in fact a box TDI system, that the class of box TDI polyhedra is in co-NP and is closed under taking projections and dominants, that the class of box perfect graphs is in co-NP, and a result of Edmonds and Giles which is related to the facets of box TDI polyhdera.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 72-83 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Cutting Planes ; Disjunctive Programming
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    Notes: Abstract The duality between facets of the convex hull of disjunctive sets and the extreme points of reverse polars of these sets is utilized to establish simple rules for the derivation of all facet cuts for simple disjunctions, namely, elementary disjunctions in nonnegative variables. These rules generalize the cut generation procedure underlying polyhedral convexity cuts with negative edge extensions. The latter are also shown to possess some interesting properties with respect to a biextremal problem that maximizes the distance, from the origin, of the nearest point feasible to the cut. A computationally inexpensive procedure is given to generate facet cuts for simple disjunctions which are dominant with respect to any specified preemptive ordering of variables.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 111-124 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Global Optimization ; Stochastic Optimization ; Annealing ; Metropolis Method ; NP ; Hill Climbing ; Local Improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The annealing algorithm is a stochastic optimization method which has attracted attention because of its success with certain difficult problems, including NP-hard combinatorial problems such as the travelling salesman, Steiner trees and others. There is an appealing physical analogy for its operation, but a more formal model seems desirable. In this paper we present such a model and prove that the algorithm converges with probability arbitrarily close to 1. We also show that there are cases where convergence takes exponentially long—that is, it is no better than a deterministic method. We study how the convergence rate is affected by the form of the problem. Finally we describe a version of the algorithm that terminates in polynomial time and allows a good deal of ‘practical’ confidence in the solution.
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  • 32
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 125-141 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Assignment Problem ; Dual Method ; Signature ; Linear Programming ; Simplex Method ; Pivoting ; Average Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract “Where there is abundance of mystery and confusion in every direction, the truth seldom remains hidden for long. It's a matter of having plenty of angles to go at it from. Only the utterly simple crimes - the simplex crimes, you may say - have the trick of remaining baffling.” - Sir John (from Michael Innes,The Open House (A Sir John Appleby Mystery), Penguin Books, 1974). A dual simplex method for the assignment problem leaves open to choice the activity (i,j) of rowi and columnj that is to be dropped in pivoting so long asx ij 〈 0. A choice (i,j) over columnsj having at least 3 basic activities that minimizesx ij is shown to converge in at most ( 2 n-1 ) pivots, and at most O(n 3) time, and it is argued that on average the number of pivots is at mostn logn.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 142-162 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Network Design ; Bilevel Programming ; Variational Inequalities ; Stackelberg Games
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Recently much attention has been focused on multilevel programming, a branch of mathematical programming that can be viewed either as a generalization of min-max problems or as a particular class of Stackelberg games with continuous variables. The network design problem with continuous decision variables representing link capacities can be cast into such a framework. We first give a formal description of the problem and then develop various suboptimal procedures to solve it. Worst-case behaviour results concerning the heuristics, as well as numerical results on a small network, are presented.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 175-187 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Primary 65K05 ; Secondary 90C25 ; Nonsmooth Optimization ; Nondifferentiable Programming ; Linearly Constrained Minimization ; Descent Methods
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A readily implementable algorithm is given for minimizing a (possibly nondifferentiable and nonconvex) locally Lipschitz continuous functionf subject to linear constraints. At each iteration a polyhedral approximation tof is constructed from a few previously computed subgradients and an aggregate subgradient, which accumulates the past subgradient information. This aproximation and the linear constraints generate constraints in the search direction finding subproblem that is a quadratic programming problem. Then a stepsize is found by an approximate line search. All the algorithm's accumulation points are stationary. Moreover, the algorithm converges whenf happens to be convex.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 248-249 
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  • 36
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 251-264 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Integer Linear Programming ; Chvátal Rank ; Cutting Planes ; Sensitivity Analysis
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider integer linear programming problems with a fixed coefficient matrix and varying objective function and right-hand-side vector. Among our results, we show that, for any optimal solution to a linear program max{wx: Ax≤b}, the distance to the nearest optimal solution to the corresponding integer program is at most the dimension of the problem multiplied by the largest subdeterminant of the integral matrixA. Using this, we strengthen several integer programming ‘proximity’ results of Blair and Jeroslow; Graver; and Wolsey. We also show that the Chvátal rank of a polyhedron {x: Ax≤b} can be bounded above by a function of the matrixA, independent of the vectorb, a result which, as Blair observed, is equivalent to Blair and Jeroslow's theorem that ‘each integer programming value function is a Gomory function.’
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 302-332 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Generalized Programming ; Competitive Equilibria ; Economic Modelling
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We present a modification of the Manne-Chao-Wilson algorithm for computing competitive equilibria and discuss some of its convergence properties. Numerical experiments involving models with up to 100 price responsive agents are provided.
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  • 38
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 292-301 
    ISSN: 1436-4646
    Keywords: Selection Rules ; Linear Programming ; Linear Complementarity ; Network Flows
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    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Affirmative action is a new variety of selection rule which employs historical information to favor the choice of elements that have not been selected in the past. We categorize three implementations of this principle and discuss their application to the simplex method, to Bard-type schemes for the linear complementarity problem, and to augmenting path methods for network flow problems. We present analytical and computational results, and some open questions.
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  • 39
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 265-291 
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    Keywords: Linear Complementarity Problems ; Complementary Cones ; Invariant Number of Solutions
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    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the class INS of all realn × n matricesM for which the linear complementarity problem (q, M) has exactlyk solutions—k depending only onM—for all realn-vectorsq interior to the coneK(M) of vectors for which (q, M) has any solution at all. This generalizes the results in Cottle and Stone (1983) which deal with the subclassU in INS wherek equals one. After the first two sections of this paper, which introduce the problem and background material, we move on to examine necessary conditions for a matrixM to be in INS (Section 3) and sufficient conditions under whichM will be in INS (Section 4). Section 5 deals with the possible values whichk may have. Section 6 discusses related results concerning the geometry of linear complementarity problems. Finally, Section 7 deals with some known and new matrix classes which are in INS.
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 370-371 
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    Mathematical programming 34 (1986), S. 372-372 
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1436-5057
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung von Iterierten hoher Ordnung von Abbildungen in der Nähe der Identität ist ein wichtiges Problem in der Theorie nichtlinearer Schwingungen. Unter Verwendung von Methoden aus der Asymptotischen Analysis wird eine effiziente Extrapolationsmethode abgeleitet und angewendet, insbesondere auf die sogenannten Lorenz-Gleichungen.
    Notes: Abstract The determination of high order iterates of near identity maps is a problem of considerable interest in the theory of non-linear oscillations. Using tools from Asymptotic Analysis we derive an efficient extrapolation method and apply it in various situations, and in particular to the Lorenz equations.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 31-42 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Primary 65D32 ; secondary 65R20 ; Cauchy principal value integral ; singular integral equations ; quadrature rules ; convergence
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit konstruieren wir eine interpolatorische Quadraturformel der Form $$\mathop {\rlap{--} \smallint }\limits_{ - 1}^1 \frac{{f'(x)}}{{y - x}}dx \approx \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {w_{ni} (y)f(x_{ni} )} ,$$ wobeif(x)=(1−x)α(1+x)β f 0(x), α, β〉0, und {xni} dien Nullstellen des Chebyshevpolynomsn-ten Grades vom ersten TypT n (x) sind. Ferner geben wir ein Konvergenzergebnis an und untersuchen das Verhalten der Größe $$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {|w_{ni} (y)|} $$ , fürn→∞.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we construct an interpolatory quadrature formula of the type $$\mathop {\rlap{--} \smallint }\limits_{ - 1}^1 \frac{{f'(x)}}{{y - x}}dx \approx \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {w_{ni} (y)f(x_{ni} )} ,$$ wheref(x)=(1−x)α(1+x)β f o(x), α, β〉0, and {x ni} are then zeros of then-th degree Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind,T n (x). We also give a convergence result and examine the behavior of the quantity $$ \sum\limits_{i = 1}^n {|w_{ni} (y)|} $$ asn→∞.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 68NO5 ; 68Q25 ; Towers of Hanoi ; performance evaluation ; algorithm ; iteration ; recursion ; binary number
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein Satz über die Bezihung zwischen den Türmen von Hanoi und den Binärzahlen bewiesen. Aus diesem Satz folgt ein Algorithmus für das Problem der Türme von Hanoi. Die Komplexitätsabschätzungen aller existierenden rekursiven und iterativen Algorithmen für das Problem der Türme von Hanoi zeigen, daß der angegebene iterative Algorithmus der effizienteste in Bezug auf Laufzeit und Speicherplatz ist. Schließlich wird gezeigt, daß die Binärdarstellung von Zahlen den Status allern-Scheiben in jedem Schritt vollständig charakterisiert.
    Notes: Abstract A theorem concerning the relation between the Towers of Hanoi and the binary numbers is proven in this paper. From this theorem, an algorithm for the Towers of Hanoi problem follows. The performance evaluations of all existing recursive and iteative algorithms for the Towers of Hanoi problem show that the above iterative algorithm is the most efficient one in terms of time and space. Finally, it is shown that the binary representation of numbers completely characterizes the status of alln discs in each step.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65N30 ; 65H10 ; Nonlinear radiation cooling problem ; finite element solution ; explicit monotone iterations ; upper and lower bounds
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit beobachten wir das explizite monotone Iterationsverfahren von finiten Elementlösungen für das Radiationskühlungsproblem mit nichtlinearen Randbedingungen. Bei diesem Iterationsverfahren ergeben sich obere und untere Schranken, und eine Konvergenz kann nachgewiesen werden. An einigen numerischen Beispielen wird die Brauchbarkeit gezeigt.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider explicit monotone iterations of the finite element solutions for the radiation cooling problem with the nonlinear boundary conditions. These iterations provide upper and lower bounds, and convergence proofs are given. Finally, we give some numerical examples to demonstrate the effectiveness.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 90C30 ; 65K05 ; Nonlinear programming algorithms ; hybrid algorithms
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Kuhn-Tucker-Punkten nichtlinearer Optimierungsaufgaben wird ein hybrides numerisches Verfahren vorgestellt. Ausgangspunkt der Betrachtungen sind die in diesem Journal erschienenen Arbeiten von Best/Bräuninger/Ritter/Robinson und Kleinmichel/ Richter/Schönefeld, in denen verschiedene lokal überlinear konvergente Verfahren mit einer Strafmethode kombiniert werden, so daß sich für die so entstehenden Verfahren auch die globale Konvergenz nachweisen läßt. Als Beispiel dafür, daß das zugrunde liegende Kopplungsprinzip auf eine Reihe weiterer global konvergenter Verfahren angewendet werden kann, wird ein lokales Verfahren vom Wilson-Typ initialisiert durch ein Verfahren der zulässigen Richtungen, welches unter Benutzung reduzierter Gradienten arbeitet. In beiden Phasen des Verfahrens treten gleichartige Ersatzprobleme in Form spezieller quadratischer Optimierungsaufgaben auf. Daher sind im Gegensatz zu den oben angeführten Arbeiten ausschließlich lineare Gleichungssysteme zu lösen. Unter den üblichen Voraussetzungen läßt sich für das Gesamtverfahren die globale und lokal überlineare Konvergenz zeigen.
    Notes: Abstract For solving nonlinear optimization problems, i.e. for the determination of Kuhn-Tucker points a numerical method is proposed. The considerations continue investigations of Best/ Bräuninger/Ritter/Robinson and Kleinmichel/Richter/Schönefeld. In these papers (published in this journal) different local methods are combined with a penalty method in such a way that global convergence can be guaranteed. In order to show that the basic principle of coupling is applicable to a number of further globally convergent methods a local Wilson-type method is now initialized by a feasible direction method that uses reduced gradients. In both phases of the method similar subproblems (special quadratic programs) occur. Therefore, in contrast to the papers mentioned above systems of linear equations have to be solved exclusively. Under usual assumptions the algorithm is shown to be globally and superlinearly convergent.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; G.1.7 ; G.1.8 ; Numerical analysis ; ordinary differential equations ; Runge-Kutta methods ; predictorcorrector methods ; periodic solutions
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die numerische Behandlung von Differentialgleichungen zweiter Ordnung, bei dennen die Lösung im wesentlichen durch die von einer äußeren periodischen Kraft erzwungenen Schwingung bestimmt wird, werden Diskretisierungsmethoden vom Runge-Kutta-Nyström Typ und spezielle Prädiktor-Korrektor Methoden konstruiert. Für eine Klasse expliziter und linear-impliziter Runge-Kutta-Nyström Methoden der Ordung zwei zeigen wir, daß die erzwungene Schwingung keinen Phasenfehler aufweist. Für eine Klasse von Prädiktor-Korrektor Methoden vierter Ordnung wird nachgewiesen, daß die Phasen- und Dissipationsfehlerordnung beliebig groß gemacht werden kann. Numerische Beispiele bestätigen die Wirksamkeit unserer Methoden mit reduziertem Phasenfehler.
    Notes: Abstract Runge-Kutta-Nyström type methods and special predictor-corrector methods are constructed for the accurate solution of second-order differential equations of which the solution is dominated by the forced oscillation originating from an external, periodic forcing term. For a family of second-order explicit and linearly implicit Runge-Kutta-Nyström methods it is shown that the forced oscillation is represented with zero phase lag. For a family of predictor-corrector methods of fourth-order, it is shown that both the phase lag order and the dissipation of the forced oscillation can be made arbitrarily high. Numerical examples illustrate the effectiveness of our reduced phase lag methods.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 255-259 
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    Keywords: 65 G 10 ; 65 H 05 ; 65 F 30 ; Order of convergence ; interval methods
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten hier eine Klasse von Rekursionsfolgen, die eine Verallgemeinerung von den in [3] behandelten ist. Dazu werden Abschätzungen für dieR-Ordnung hergeleitet und dann auf eine Klasse von Iterationsverfahren zur Einschließung der Inversen einer Matrix angewendet.
    Notes: Abstract In this note we are considering a class of recurrences which is a generalization of those in [3]. Estimates for theirR-order are derived and the results are then applied to a family of higher-order interval methods for the inclusion of the inverse of a matrix. An efficient algorithm is determined.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 277-301 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir geben einen möglichst vollständigen Überblick über alle gebräuchlichen Prüfziffern-Verfahren. Der gruppentheoretische Hintergrund aller dieser Verfahren wird erklärt, und es wird gezeigt, wie sich auf dieser Basis neue Prüfzeichen-Verfahren konstruieren lassen. Mit Hilfe lateinischer Quadrate (oder Quasigruppen) werden neue Prüfzeichen-Verfahren gefunden, speziell ein guter dezimaler Shift-Code.
    Notes: Abstract A hopefully complete review is given of different decimal codes that are in use. The grouptheoretical background of those methods is explained and applied to the construction of new error detecting codes. With the help of Latin squares (or quasi-groups) new error codes are found, especially a good decimal shift-code.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 351-355 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65F10 ; Matrix equation ; algebraic formula
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Angegeben wird eine algebraische Formel für die Lösung der GleichungAX−XB=C und ein auf ihr basierender Lösungsalgorithmus.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a finite algebraic formula for the solution of the matrix equationAX−XB=C is derived. Based on it, a new direct algorithm is given.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 357-364 
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    Keywords: (1970) Primary 65D30 ; Analytic function ; double integral ; approximation ; degree of precision
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine 9punktige Formel vom Grad 5 zur numerischen Approximation von Doppelintegralen komplexer Variablen samt Fehlerschranke hergeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract A nine-point degree five rule for the numerical approximation of double integrals of analytic functions of complex variables and its error bound have been derived.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 05C99 ; 90C99 ; Polycrystals ; combinatorial optimization ; simulated annealing ; geometric probability
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Viele bekannte Werkstoffe besitzen Polykristallstruktur. Derartige Strukturen können an Hand ebener Schnitte durch die Werkstoffe als Polygon-Komplexe beobachtet werden. Es wird hier die Aufgabe der Auffindung der Kanten, wenn nur die Ecken der genannten Polygon-Komplexe gegeben sind, betrachtet. Es wird eine Aufgabe der kombinatorischen Optimierung vorgeschlagen, dessen Lösung eine Approximation des Komplexes darstellt. Die Aufgabe selber wird mit der “simulierten Abkühlung” behandelt. Ermutigende erste Ergebnisse liegen vor.
    Notes: Abstract Many known materials possess polycrystalline structure. The images produced by plane cuts through such structures are polygonal complexes. The problem of finding the edges, when only the vertices of a given polygonal complex are known, is considered. A combinatorial optimization model is proposed whose solution yields an approximation of the complex. The problem itself is solved using simulated annealing. Encouraging first experiments are presented.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 13-21 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 90C05 ; Linear programming ; Simplex-method ; pivot columns ; gradient criteria
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Monte-Carlo-Simulationsstudie werden 31 Gradienten-Kriterien zur Auswahl der Pivotspalten beim Simplex-algorithmus getestet. Unter den dabei zugrunde gelegten Normen wird diejenige bestimmt, die bezüglich der benötigten Anzahl von Iterationsschritten und der verbrauchten Rechenzeit optimal ist. Insbesondere wird die Güte des (gebräuchlichsten) Kriteriums des steilsten Anstiegs untersucht und mit den Resultaten anderer Kriterien verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract In a Monte Carlo simulation experiment we test 31 gradient pivot choice criteria for the Simplex-method. Among the several used norms we look for the one, which is best relative to the required number of iterations and computing time. Especially the goodness of the (most used) steepest unit ascent method is analysed and compared with the results of other criteria.
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    Computing 37 (1986), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Maximal minimally strongly connected (MMSC) subgraphs ; cliques ; performance ; complexities ; cluster analysis ; maximal compatibles
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer kürzlich erfolgten Veröffentlichung von Daset al. wurde ein Algorithmus zur Erzeugung maximaler minimal stark zusammenhängender (MMSC) Untergraphen oder Cliquen in ungerichteten Graphen vorgeschlagen. Dieser Algorithmus basiert auf einer Verfeinerung der Technik der sukzessiven Aufspaltung, der von Paull und Unger eingeführt wurde. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird das Leistungsverhalten dieses Algorithmus bei Implementierung in FORTRAN IV mit dem System Cyber 170/720 untersucht.
    Notes: Abstract An algorithm for generating maximal minimally strongly connected (MMSC) subgraphs or cliques in undirected graphs has been suggested by Daset al. in a recent paper. The proposed algorithm is based on a refinement of the technique of successive splitting described by Paull and Unger in the determination of maximal compatibles of states in the context of minimization of incomplete sequential machines. The present paper discusses the performance of the aforementioned subgraph generation algorithm in an implementation on Cyber System 170/720 using FORTRAN IV, in particular reference to cluster analysis.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 33-42 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein neuer Zugang zur Herleitung optimalerB-Konvergenz wird präsentiert; optimaleB-Konvergenz der Ordnung 2 der impliziten Mittelpunktsregel und der impliziten Trapezregel sowie der Ordnung 1.5 des zweistufigen Lobatto IIIC-Verfahrens werden auf diese Weise hergeleitet.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a new approach to derive optimalB-convergence results is presented; optimalB-convergence of order 2 for the implicit midpoint rule and the implicit trapezoidal rule and of order 1.5 for the two stage Lobatto IIIC scheme is then established.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 71-74 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65G10 ; Interval analysis ; matrix inversion
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die intervallmäßigen Schulz-Verfahren zur Einschließung der Inversen einer Matrix wird eine notwendige und eine hinreichende Bedingung für die Monotonie der Iterationsfolgen angegeben. Insbesondere wird bewiesen, daß die in [2] angegebenen Prozeduren in vielen Fällen monotones Verhalten zeigen.
    Notes: Abstract For the interval versions of Schulz's method for bounding the inverse of a matrix a necessary and a sufficient criterion for the monotonicity is derived. In particular, it is proved that the procedures given in [2] in many cases compute monotone sequences.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 75-87 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65H05 ; Complex polynomial ; zeros ; parallel Halley iteration method ; convergence order
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit leiten wir fünf Varianten eines Algorithmus zur parallelen Bestimmung der Nullstellen eines komplexen Polynoms her. Ihre Konvergenz und deren Rate höherer Ordung werden bestimmt. Die Algorithmen werden an einem Beispiel vom Grad 10 numerisch illustriert, die Ergebnisse sind zufriedenstellend.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we derive five kinds of algorithms for simultaneously finding the zeros of a complex polynomial. The convergence and the convergence rate with higher order are obtained. The algorithms are numerically illustrated by an example of degree 10, and the numerical results are satisfactory.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 143-161 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65H10 ; Interval arithmetic ; linear systems ; iterative methods
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für Gleichungssysteme mit Intervallkoeffizienten und linearer Gestalt werden mittels geeigneter Matrixzerlegungen Iterationsverfahren eingeführt, die unter geeigneten Voraussetzungen im Vergleich zu den in [1] beschriebenen Verfahren für Gleichungssysteme in iterationsfähiger Gestalt verbesserte Konvergenzund Einschließungseigenschaften besitzen. Die Verfahren können auch im Rahmen der Lösung bestimmter nichtlinearer Gleichungssysteme mittels intervallarithmetischer Mittel verwendet werden.
    Notes: Abstract We introduce iterative methods for systems of equations with interval coefficients and linear form by suitable matrix splittings. When compared to the iterative methods for systems amenable to iteration introduced in [1], improved convergence and inclusion properties can be proved under suitable conditions. The method can also be used in the solution of specific nonlinear systems of equations by interval arithmetic methods.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 163-176 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65L05 ; stiff problems ; algorithms ; test examples ; performance criteria and evaluation
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird das Leistungsvermögen von Programmen betrachtet, die für die Lösung steifer Systeme gewöhnlicher Differentialgleichungen zur Verfügung stehen. Es werden drei allgemein anwendbare Algorithmen der Autoren Gear/Hindmarsh, Gottwald/Wanner und Deuflhard/Bader durch zahlreiche zufallsmäßig erzeugte Beispiele getestet, die eine beliebige Wahl der Lage und der Zahl der Eigenwerte der Jacobi-Matrix ermöglichen. Neben einer ausführlichen Auswertung der Resultate bezüglich Zuverlässigkeit und Effektivität werden Beispiele mit speziellen Eigenwertverteilungen und unterschiedlichen Strukturen der Differentialgleichungen vorgestellt und ihr Einfluß auf die Leistungsfähigkeit der Algorithmen diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract The numerical performance of computer codes available to solve stiff systems of ODEs is evaluated. Three widely used codes of Gear/Hindmarsh, Gottwald/Wanner and Deuflhard/Bader are tested by numerous randomly generated examples which permit an arbitrary choice of the position and the number of the eigenvalues of the Jacobian. Besides a detailed evaluation of the results with regard to reliability and efficiency, examples with specified distributions of the eigenvalues and various structures of the ODEs are presented and their influence on the performance of the algorithms is discussed.
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    Computing 38 (1987), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65 F 15 ; Eigenvalues ; Givens rotations ; fast Givens rotations ; QZ algorithm ; rounding error
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird dargestellt, auf welche Weise im ersten und zweiten Schritt des QZ-Algorithmus Householder-Transformationen durch schnelle Givens-Rotationen ersetzt werden können. Die Bestimmung des Rechenaufwandes für diese beiden Schritte zeigt, daß sich im ersten Schritt gegenüber dem ursprünglichen Algorithmus Operationen einsparen lassen, im zweiten Schritt jedoch nur eine unwesentliche Einsparung möglich ist. Auf Grund dieser Tatsache wird der zweite Schritt modifiziert und der daraus enstehende neue Algorithmus als FQZ-Algorithmus bezeichnet. Falls korrekt skaliert wird, entsprechen die numerischen Eigenschaften des FQZ-Algorithmus denjenigen des originalen QZ-Algorithmus.
    Notes: Abstract It is explained, how Householder reflections can be replaced by fast Givens rotations in the first and second step of the QZ algorithm. A count of the required operations for the two steps shows, that the modified first step does need less operations, but that the modified second step needs only insignificantly less operations in comparison with the original QZ algorithm. On the base of this fact a modification of the second step is proposed. The resulting new algorithm is called FQZ algorithm, which has the same numerical properties as the QZ algorithm, if a correct scaling is applied.
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  • 61
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    Computing 40 (1988), S. 29-50 
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    Keywords: Primary 65N10 ; 65N30 ; Elliptic problems ; singularity problems ; finite element methods ; Ritz-Galerkin methods ; combined methods ; nonconforming combinations ; penalty combined methods ; simplified hybridcombined methods
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Koppelungstechniken zwischen der Ritz-Galerkin- und der Lagrange-Finite-Elemente-Methode der Ordnungk≥1 vorgestellt, die aus einer Kombination von hybriden Techniken und Straffunktionstechniken bestehen. Mit ihrer Hilfe werden komplizierte Probleme bei homogenen und inhomogenen elliptischen Gleichungen gelöst, insbesondere mit Singularitäten oder auf unbeschränkten Bereichen. Für die numerischen Lösungen werden optimale Konvergenzraten in Sobolev-Normen bewiesen. Diese theoretischen Ergebnisse werden in numerischen Experimenten für die singuläre Motz-Gleichung verifiziert.
    Notes: Abstract The coupling techniques of simplified hybrid plus penalty functions are first presented for matching the Ritz-Galerkin method and thek(k〉-1)-order Lagrange finite element methods to solve complicated problems of elliptic equations, homogeneous or nonhomogeneous, in particular with singularities or unbounded domains. Optimal convergence rates of numerical solutions have been proved in the Sobolev norms. Moreover, the theoretical results obtained in this paper have been verified by numerical experiments for the singular Motz problem.
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  • 62
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    Computing 40 (1988), S. 9-17 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: B.5.1 [Register-Transfer-Level Implementation] Design-Arithmetic and logic units ; B.6.1 [Logic Design]: Design styles-Parallel circuits ; F.2.0. [Analysis of Algorithms and Problem Complexity]: General ; Algorithms ; Parallel algorithm ; logical circuit ; binary integer ; bit serial ; addition ; multiplication ; matrix multiplication ; selection ; sorting ; statistical computations
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchen parallele Algorithmen für eine Anzahl von grundlegenden Rechenproblemen. Alle Algorithmen besitzen als Grundoperation die Additionk-stelliger Binärzahlen. Für jedes Problem geben wir die Lösung in Form eines logischen Schaltkreises, für den das Produkt aus Rechenzeit und Anzahl der benutzten Gatter kleiner ist als bei den besten bisher bekannten Algorithmen.
    Notes: Abstract Parallel algorithms are examined for a number of fundamental computational problems. All algorithms have as a basic operation the addition ofk-bit integers. For each problem we present a solution in the form of a logical circuit for which the product of the computation time and number of gates used is smaller than that of the best previously known algorithm.
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  • 63
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    Keywords: Primary 65D30 ; Cauchy principal value integral ; quadrature rules ; convergence ; Legendre polynomials
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Konvergenz einer von G. Monegato eingeführten Interpolations-Quadraturformel für die Auswertung Cauchyscher Hauptwertintegrale untersucht. Die Autoren geben ein Konvergenztheorem für eine große Klasse von Funktionen an sowie Abschätzungen für das Restglied.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper the authors examine the convergence of an interpolatory type quadrature rule proposed by G. Monegato for the evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals. A convergence theorem is given for a large class of functions and some estimates of the remainder are established.
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    Computing 41 (1989), S. 205-217 
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    Keywords: 65Q05 ; 65L15 ; 65N25 ; 65N35 ; Functional differential eigenvalue problems ; differential equations ; partial differential equations ; eigenvalues ; Tau Method ; collocation ; Legendre or Chebyshev series methods ; spectral Tau method
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe einer neuen Formulierung der Tau-Methode werden Eigenwertprobleme für gewöhnliche und partielle Funktional-Differentialgleichungen auf verallgemeinerte algebraische Eigenwertprobleme reduziert. Ein einfacher Algorithmus liefert genaue numerische Ergebnisse, die wir an Hand einiger konkreter Beispiele diskutieren. Zur weiteren Verbesserung der Ergebnisse wird Extrapolation verwendet.
    Notes: Abstract We apply a recent new formulation of the Tau Method to reduce the numerical treatment of eigenvalue problems for ordinary and partialfunctional-differential equations to that of generalized algebraic eigenvalue problems. We find accurate numerical results through the use of a simple algorithm which we discuss in applications to several concrete examples. Extrapolation is used to refine the results already obtained.
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    Computing 41 (1989), S. 163-166 
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    Keywords: Primary 65 C 10 ; Random variables ; acceptance-rejection ; logarithm
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Erzeugung nicht-gleichverteilter Zufallszahlen muß häufig der Logarithmus einer gleichverteilten Zufallszahl mit einer Testgröße verglichen werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß dieser Vergleich ohne den Aufruf einer Logarithmusroutine effizient durchführbar ist; zwei Prozeduren für diese Aufgabe werden vorgestellt und verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract In many algorithms for sampling from non-uniform distributions the logarithm of a uniform deviate must be compared with some test quantity. It is shown that all these comparisons can be done efficiently without calling a logarithm subprogram: two procedures for this task are presented and compared.
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    Computing 41 (1989), S. 219-235 
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    Keywords: 65L05 ; Numerical analysis ; stiff problems ; Rosenbrock methods ; B-convergence
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Konvergenzeigenschaften der ROW-Verfahren bei ihrer Anwendung auf das steife Differentialgleichungsmodell von Prothero und Robinson untersucht. Dabei zeigt es sich, daß es Barrieren für die tatsächlich erreichbare Konvergenzordnung gibt. Ferner existieren ROW-Verfahren, deren Genauigkeit asymptotisch mit der Steifheit des Modells zunimmt. Die theoretischen Ergebnisse werden an numerischen Beispielen demonstriert.
    Notes: Abstract The convergence of ROW methods is studied when these methods are applied to the stiff model equation of Prothero and Robinson. It turns out that there are barriers of the attainable order of convergence. Furthermore, the existence of ROW methods is shown the accuracy of which increases asymptotically with the stiffness of the model. The theoretical results are demonstrated by numerical examples.
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    Computing 41 (1989), S. 267-274 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65R20 ; Integral equations ; transmission problems ; projection methods
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren besteht in der Entkopplung in zwei Randwertprobleme, welche mit bekannten Verfahren gelöst werden können. Der Konvergenzbeweis wird mit Hilfe der Integralgleichungsmethode und Konvergenzaussagen über Projektionsverfahren geführt.
    Notes: Abstract This method consists in decoupling the transmission problem into two boundary value problems, which can be solved separately by well known procedures. A convergence proof is given with the help of the integral equation method and convergence results on projection methods.
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    Computing 41 (1989), S. 261-265 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65V05 ; 65K10 ; 68C25 ; Automatic differentiation ; complexity
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit behandelt ein spezielles Problem des Automatischen Differenzierens. Seif eine rationale Funktion vonn Variablen, sei #(f) die Anzahl der Operationen in der Auswertung vonf(x), seig der Gradient vonf. Viele Algorithmen zur Minimierung vonf(x) benötigen das Skalarproduktg(u) tv. In der Standardmethode zur Berechnung vong(u) tv wächst der Arbeitsaufwand mitn·#(f). In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine neue Methode zur Berechnung vong(u) tv angegeben. Die neue Methode erweist sich als wesentlich schneller, ihr Arbeitsaufwand wächst nur mit #(f).
    Notes: Abstract The paper deals with a special problem in Automatic Differentiation. Letf be a rational function ofn variables, let #(f) denote the number of operations to evaluatef(x), letg denote the gradient off. Many algorithms for minimizingf(x) require the scalar productg(u) tv. In the standard method for computingg(u) tv the amount of work grows withn·#(f). In this note a new method for computingg(u) tv is presented. The new method is considerably faster, its amount of work only grows with #(f).
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    Computing 40 (1988), S. 201-215 
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    Keywords: 65D05 ; 41A05 ; Multivariate Hermite interpolation ; multivariate generalized divided differences ; multivariate generalized polynomials
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Man kann diese Note als eine Ergänzung zu einem Aufsatz von H. Werner [17] ansehen, der die klassische Newtonsche Interpolationsformel auf die Hermite-Interpolation mit algebraischen Polynomen in mehreren reellen Veränderlichen auf gewissen Gitter-Teilmengen übertragen hat. Hier werden verallgemeinerte Polynome in mehreren reellen oder komplexen Variablen betrachtet. Es werden rekursive Berechnungsmethoden entwickelt, die die Interpolation mit verallgemeinerten Polynomen in mehreren Variablen ähnlich einfach durchführbar machen wie die mit algebraischen Polynomen. Verallgemeinerte Polynome, die im allgemeinen dieselbe Approximationsgüte wie algebraische Polynome aufweisen, können für spezielle Situationen besser geeignet sein als jene. Insbesondere sind die Ergebnisse dieser Note dazu verwendbar, um nicht-polynomiale finite Elemente zu konstruieren, da in diesem Falle die Interpolationspunkte gewöhnlich regelmäßige Teilsysteme von Gittern bilden. Obwohl der Rahmen dieser Note allgemeiner ist als in [17], sind einige der hier gegebenen Beweise einfacher. Als eine alternative Berechnungsmethode für verallgemeinerte Interpolationspolynome auf Rechtecksgittern wird ein Neville-Aitken-Algorithmus vorgestellt.
    Notes: Abstract This note may be regarded as a complement to a paper of H. Werner [17] who has carried over Newton's classical interpolation formula to Hermite interpolation by algebraic polynomials of several real variables on certain subsets of grids. Here generalized polynomials of several real or complex variables are treated. Recursive procedures are presented showing that interpolation by generalized multivariate polynomials is performed nearly as simply as interpolation by algebraic polynomials. Having in general the same approximation power, generalized polynomials may be better adapted to special situations. In particular, the results of this note can be used for constructing nonpolynomial finite elements since in that case the interpolation points usually are rather regular subsystems of grids. Though the frame is more general than in [17] some of our proofs are simpler. As an alternative method to evaluate multivariate generalized interpolation polynomials for rectangular grids a Neville-Aitken algorithm is presented.
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    Computing 42 (1989), S. 61-67 
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    Keywords: 65L05 ; Stiff initial value problems ; B-convergence
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Klasse von Anfangswertproblemen mit negativer einseitiger Lipschitzkonstante ist die Eigenschaft algebraischer Stabilität eines Runge-Kutta-Verfahrens notwendig und hinreichend für dessenB-Konvergenz.
    Notes: Abstract The property of algebraic stability turns out to be a sufficient and necessary condition for a Runge-Kutta method to beB-convergent on the class of problems with a negative one-sided Lipschitz constant.
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    Computing 42 (1989), S. 91-108 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 68B99 (Software) ; Image processing ; standardization ; system design ; Ada
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im folgenden stellen wir einen Gestaltungsentwurf für ein ikonisches Bildverarbeitungssystem vor und beschreiben eine virtuelle Maschine, die die hierfür notwendigen Operationen realisiert. Es werden sowohl Datentypen als auch die charakteristischen Operationen der Bildverarbeitung diskutiert, und es werden Datenobjekte sowie Bildverarbeitungsoperationen formal definiert. Abschließend wird eine mögliche Implementation skizziert, die auf den generischen Konstrukten der Programmiersprache Ada basiert.
    Notes: Abstract We present a proposal for the design of a kernel system for iconic image processing operations and construct a virtual machine for image processing. The data structures and typical operations in the field of digital image processing are discussed. Furthermore, we give a formal definition of the operations and data objects required and describe one way to implement them by using the generic features of Ada.
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    Computing 42 (1989), S. 171-186 
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    Keywords: 65G10 ; 65H10 ; 65W05 ; CR: G. 1.0 ; G.1.5 ; Parallel methods ; nonlinear systems ; enclosures ; error bounds ; interval iterative methods ; multisplittings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für gewisse Systeme nichtlinearer GleichungenF(x)=0 entwicklen wir ein Verfahren, welches iterativ enge untere und obere Schranken für die Nullstellen vonF berechnet. Das Verfahren beruht auf einem Multisplitting für bestimmte Matrizen und weist so in natürlcher Weise Parallelität auf. Wir geben Kriterien für die Konvergenz der Schranken gegen die Nullstellen an und untersuchen die Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit.
    Notes: Abstract For some systems of nonlinear equationsF(x)=0 we derive an algorithm which iteratively constructs tight lower and upper bounds for the zeros ofF. The algorithm is based on a multisplitting of certain matrices thus showing a natural parallelism. We prove criteria for the convergence of the bounds towards the zeros and we investigate the speed of convergence.
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    Computing 42 (1989), S. 225-238 
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    Keywords: 65G10 ; 65G05 ; 65H15 ; Generalized eigenproblem ; inclusion of solution ; guaranteed results ; error bounds
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode zur Berechnung garantierter Schranken für die Lösung des komplexen allgemeinen Eigenproblems beschrieben. Die Methode erweitert einen ähnlichen Ansatz für allgemeine nichtlineare Gleichungssysteme in der Art, daß für den vorliegenden speziellen Fall weitgehende Folgerungen aus schwächeren Voraussetzungen gezogen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described which produces guaranteed bounds for a solution of the generalized complex eigenproblem. The method extends a similar approach for general systems of nonlinear equations to the special case of complex pencils, where under weaker assumptions stronger assertions can be proved.
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    Computing 42 (1989), S. 341-352 
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    Keywords: 65L05 ; Initial-value problems ; error control ; tolerance proportionality ; local extrapolation
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Toleranztreue wird als minimale Bedingung dafür erkannt, daß eine einheitliche Interpretation der vom Benutzer geforderten Genauigkeit bei der Lösung von Anfangswertaufgaben möglich ist. Es werden Ergebnisse angeführt, die zeigen, daß ein Code den lokalen Fehler pro Einheitsschritt kontrollieren muß, um Toleranztreue zu erreichen. In Mehrschritt-Codes kann dieser Effekt dadurch erreicht werden, daß ein Korrektor-Verfahren verwendet wird, das eine Ordnung genauer ist als das Prädiktor-Verfahren. Diese Strategie ist leicht anzuwenden und führt zu besserer Toleranztreue als die Strategie des lokalen Fehlers pro Schritt, die oft bei Software für steife Probleme verwendet wird. Numerische Ergebnisse wurden mit zwei Codes gewonnen, die auf die vorgeschlagene Strategie modifiziert wurden. Die Ergebnissezeigen, daß durch die Modifikation eine signifikante Verbesserung der Toleranztreue bei geringem zusätzlichen Aufwand erreicht werden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Tolerance proportionality is identified as a minimum requirement for a more uniform interpretation of the user's requested accuracy in software for the solution of initial-value problems. Results are quoted that show that a code must control the local error per unit step in order to achieve tolerance proportionality. This effect can be obtained in codes based on multistep formulas by using a corrector formula of one order higher than the predictor formula. This strategy is simple to implement and leads to better tolerance proportionality than the local error per step strategy often used in stiff software.Numerical results are obtained from two existing solvers that have been modified to use the proposed strategy. These results show that there is a significant improvement in tolerance proportionality in the modified codes at little extra cost over the original versions.
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    Computing 43 (1989), S. 37-45 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65 D 05 ; 65 D 32 ; Interpolation on the ball ; cubature formulae
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    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Extremal fundamental systems are nodal systems with a small Lebesgue-constant (≤dimension). An exchange algorithm for their calculation in case of polynomial interpolation over the unit ballB r is realized. ForB 3 and algebraic degree 6, a system consisting of 84 nodes and with a Lebesgue-constant 〈26 is documented, the corresponding cubature leading to a relative error of ≈10−8 in case of analytic functions.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Extremale Fundamentalsysteme sind Knotensysteme mit kleiner Lebesgue-Konstante (≤Dimension). Hier wird ein Austauschalgorithmus zu ihrer Berechnung für die Polynominterpolation über der VollkugelB r konkretisiert. Für dieB 3 und den Polynomgrad 6 wird ein aus 84 Knoten bestehendes System mit Lebesgue-Konstanten 〈26 numerisch angegeben. Die zugehörige Kubatur führt bei analytischen Funktionen auf einen relativen Fehler ≈10−8.
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    Computing 43 (1989), S. 85-92 
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    Keywords: 65K10 ; 65G10 ; Global optimization ; guaranteed error bounds ; interval analysis
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung des globalen Maximums einer Funktion einer Veränderlichen auf einem abgeschlossenen Intervall [a, b] schlagen wir eine Intervall-Majoranten-Methode vor. Sie benützt die Vorteile und vermeidet die Nachteile zweier bekannter Verfahren. Numerische Resultate werden berichtet.
    Notes: Abstract For seeking the global maximum of a function of a single variable defined on a closed interval [a, b] an interval-majorant method is proposed. This method derives advantages and avoids defects from both the one-step strategy method and the interval method. Numerical results are given.
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    Computing 43 (1989), S. 141-157 
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    Keywords: 65D32 ; 41A55 ; cubature formula ; ideal theory ; integration
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es sind nur wenige Kubaturformeln bekannt, deren Knotenzahl Möllers unterer Schranke entspricht. In dieser Arbeit werden die Beziehungen zwischen reelen Idealen und Kubaturformeln ausgenutzt, um solche minimale Formeln mit beliebigem ungeraden Grad für zwei klassische Integrale zu bestimmen. Eine Basis der Ideale kann explizit angegeben werden, weiter können fast alle Knoten in geschlossener Form bestimmt werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß alle Knoten im Integrationsbereicht liegen.
    Notes: Abstract Cubature formulae with the number of nodes equal to Möller's lower bound are rare. In this paper, the relation between real polynomial ideals and cubature formulae is used to construct such minimal formulae of arbitrary odd degree for two classical integrals. We found general expressions for bases of these ideals and closed formulae for almost all nodes. We proved that all nodes are inside the domain of integration.
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 3-4 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 5-15 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; social sciences ; parallel computing systems ; collaboration ; problem-solving
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    Notes: Abstract Artificial intelligence is presented as a set of tools with which we can try to come to terms with human problems, and with the assistance of which, some human problems can be solved. Artificial intelligence is located in its social context, in terms of the environment within which it is developed, and the applications to which it is put. Drawing on social theory, there is consideration of the collaborative and social problem-solving processes which are involved in artificial intelligence and society. In a look ahead to the coming generations of highly parallel computing systems, it is suggested that lessons can be learnt from the highly parallel processes of human social problem-solving.
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; intelligent program ; common-sense reasoning ; social effect ; dehumanising
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Some of the concerns people have about AI are: its misuses, effect on unemployment, and its potential for dehumanising. Contrary to what most people believe and fear, AI can lead to respect for the enormous power and complexity of the human mind. It is potentially very dangerous for users in the public domain to impute much more inferential power to computer systems, which look common-sensical, than they actually have. No matter how impressive AI programs may be, we must be aware of their limitations and should not abrogate human responsibility to such programs.
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 60-62 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 59-59 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 47-58 
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    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; computer systems ; military systems ; DARPA ; natural language processing ; strategic computing
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    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Modern weaponry is often too complex for unaided human operation, and is largely or totally controlled by computers. But modern software, particularly artificial intelligence software, exhibits such complexity and inscrutability that there are grave dangers associated with its use in non-benign applications. Recent efforts to make computer systems more accessible to military personnel through natural language processing systems, as proposed in the Strategic Computing Initiative of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, increases rather than decreases the dangers of unpredictable behavior. Defense systems constitute, in fact, a paradigm case of the wrong kind of application for this technology. This cannot be expected to change, since the unpredictability stems from inherent properties of computer systems and of natural languages.
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 77-80 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 93-101 
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    Keywords: information technology ; knowledge ; learning ; culture history ; social anthropology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The social sciences lack concepts and theories for an understanding of what new information technology is doing to our society. The article sketches the outlines of a broad historical and comparative approach to this issue: ‘an anthropology of information technology’. At the base is the idea ofexternalisation of knowledge as a historical process. Three main epochs are characterised by externalisation of knowledge through a) spoken language and a social organisation of specialists, b) writing and c) computer programming. The impact of expert systems on learning is also discussed.
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 85-91 
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    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; creativity ; cultural function ; resolutive intelligence ; problematic intelligence ; AI products ; piping of thought
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Over the years, AI has undergone a transformation from its original aim of producing an ‘intelligent’ machine to that of producing pragmatic solutions of problems of the market place. In doing so, AI has made a significant contribution to the debate on whether the computer is an instrument or an interlocutor. This paper discusses issues of problem solving and creativity underlying this transformation, and attempts to clarify the distinction between theresolutive intelligence andproblematic intelligence. It points out that the advance of ‘intelligent’ technology, with its failure to make a clear distinction betweenresolutive andcreative intelligence, could contribute to the further cultural marginalisation of human activities not connected with production. A further danger is that AI products may suffer a further loss of social reputation and prestige for those activities for which it is not possible to build artificial devices.
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 137-137 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 137-137 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 144-146 
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    AI & society 1 (1987), S. 138-143 
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    Keywords: class struggle ; deskilling ; division of labor ideology ; manual and intellectual labor ; worker's control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract AI is supposed to be a scientific research program for developing and analyzing computer-based systems that mimic natural psychological processes. I argue that this is a mere fiction, a convenient myth. In reality, AI is a technology for reorganizing the relations of production in workplaces, and specifically for increasing management control. The appeal of the AI myth thus serves as ideological justification for increasing managerial domination. By focusing on the AI myth, critics of AI are diverting themselves from the very important task of preventing this increasingly dangerous threat to deskill and dehumanize large sectors of the workforce.
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 1-1 
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 47-61 
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    Keywords: social shaping ; human centred systems ; computer integrated manufacturing ; multidisciplinary design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper decribes the theoretical and methodological issues involved in the social shaping of technology and work, with particular reference to human centred computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems. Conventional approaches to the understanding and shaping of the relationship between technology, work and human development are criticised, and an alternative, human centred approach is outlined. The methods and processes whereby the design of human centred CIM systems may be shaped and evaluated are then described and appraised.
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 31-46 
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    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; expert systems ; legal practice ; computerisation ; judicial interpretation ; legal ideology ; legal sociology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract There is much interest in moving AI out into real world applications, a move which has been encouraged by recent funding which has attempted to show industry and commerce can benefit from the Fifth Generation of computing. In this article I suggest that the legal application area is one which is very much more complex than it might — at first sight — seem. I use arguments from the sociology of law to indicate that the viewing of the legal system as simply a rule-bound discipline is inherently nave. This, while not new in jurisprudence, is — as the literature of AI and law indicates — certainly novel to the field of artificial intelligence. The socio-legal argument provided is set within the context of AI as one more example of the failure of scientific success and method to easily transmit itself over into the social sciences.
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 63-78 
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 83-93 
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 113-120 
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    Keywords: artificial intelligence ; sociology ; expert systems ; systemic sociology ; social interaction ; human-machine interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The aim of my contribution is to try to analyse some points of similarity and difference between post-Parsonian social systems theory models for sociology — with special reference to those of W. Buckley, F.E. Emery and N. Luhmann — and expert systems models1 from Artificial Intelligence. I keep specifically to post-Parsonian systems theories within sociology because they assume some postulates and criteria derived from cybernetics and which are at the roots of AI. I refer in particular to the fundamental relevance of the system-environment relationship in both sociology and AI.
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 121-131 
    ISSN: 1435-5655
    Keywords: human-machine interaction ; automated theorem proving ; mathematical proofs ; reasoning ; sociology of knowledge ; tacit knowledge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Examples in the history of Automated Theorem Proving are given, in order to show that even a seemingly ‘mechanical’ activity, such as deductive inference drawing, involves special cultural features and tacit knowledge. Mechanisation of reasoning is thus regarded as a complex undertaking in ‘cultural pruning’ of human-oriented reasoning. Sociological counterparts of this passage from human- to machine-oriented reasoning are discussed, by focusing on problems of man-machine interaction in the area of computer-assisted proof processing.
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 133-139 
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    Keywords: human intelligence ; machine intelligence ; cultural evolution ; human brain ; electronic systems ; social implications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract Intelligence is not a property unique to the human brain; rather it represents a spectrum of phenomena. An understanding of the evolution of intelligence makes it clear that the evolution of machine intelligence has no theoretical limits — unlike the evolution of the human brain. Machine intelligence will outpace human intelligence and very likely will do so during the lifetime of our children. The mix of advanced machine intelligence with human individual and communal intelligence will create an evolutionary discontinuity as profound as the origin of life. It will presage the end of the human species as we know it. The question, in the author's view, is not whether this will happen, but when, and what should be our response.
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 152-152 
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    AI & society 2 (1988), S. 172-177 
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