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  • Articles  (8)
  • 04.06. Seismology  (4)
  • 05.09. Miscellaneous  (4)
  • Elsevier  (8)
  • 2020-2022  (8)
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  • 1
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    Newly discovered orichalcum ingots from Mediterranean sea: Further investigation (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-14
    Description: In February 2016, 47 ingots were found in the seabed of Contrada Bulala (Gela, CL, Italy) near the site where 40 ingots had previously been recovered. The ingots composition was determined to be a Cu - Zn alloy, dated by the archaeologist to the VI century B.C. This specific alloy was then known as Orichalcum. From an archaeological point of view, the first question raised about the new discovery was whether the ingots of the first and the second excavations belonged to the same shipwreck. Following the previous study, an elemental analysis was performed on the ingots from the second finding by using ICP-OS and ICP-MS techniques. The chemometric treatment of the analytical results obtained on both sets, i.e. ingots from first and second discovery, confirms their similarity. Therefore, the two findings can be considered to belong to the same naval load. The lead isotopic ratios were determined on selected/representative ingots to improve the knowledge about this treasure. Results can provide information about probable location of the lead sources, that could be very useful for the reconstruction of the ancient trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea.
    Description: Published
    Description: 102901
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Orichalcum ingots ; Lead Isotopic ratio ; ICP-OES ICP-MS ; Chemometric approach ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Updated Antarctic crustal model (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-05
    Description: We use seismic data together with a subglacial bedrock relief from the BEDMAP2 database to obtain a new three- layer model of the consolidated (crystalline) crust of Antarctica that locally improves the global seismic crustal model CRUST1.0. We collect suitable data for constructing crustal layers, analyse them and build maps of the crustal layer thickness and seismic velocities. We use the subglacial relief according to a tectonic configuration and then interpolate data using a statistical kriging method. The P-wave velocity information from old seismic profiles have been supplemented with the new shear-wave velocity models. We adjust the thickness of crustal layers by multiplying a total crustal thickness by a percentage ratio of each individual layer at each point. Our re- sults reveal large variations in seismic velocities between different crustal blocks forming Antarctica. The most pronounced differences exist between East and West Antarctica. In East Antarctica, a high P-wave velocity (vP 〉 7 km/s) layer in the lower crust is absent. The P-wave velocity in the lower crust changes from 6.1 km/s beneath the Lambert Rift to 6.9 km/s beneath the Wilkes Basin. In West Antarctica, a thick mafic lower crust is characterized by large P-wave velocities, ranging from 7.0 km/s under the Ross Sea to 7.3 km/s under the Byrd Basin. In contrast, velocities in the lower crust beneath the Transantarctic and Ellsworth-Whitmore Mountains are ~6.8 km/s. The P-wave velocities in the upper crust in East Antarctica are within the range 5.5–6.4 km/s. The upper crust of West Antarctica is characterized by the P-wave velocities of 5.6–6.3 km/s. The P-wave veloc- ities in the middle crust vary within 5.9–6.6 km/s in East Antarctica and within 6.3–6.5 km/s in West Antarctica. A low-velocity layer (5.8–5.9 km/s) is detected at depth of ~20–25 km beneath the Princes Elizabeth Land.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-18
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal structure ; Sediments ; Antarctica ; Gondwana ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Modeling of earthquake chronology from paleoseismic data: Insights for regional earthquake recurrence and earthquake storms in the Central Apennines (2021)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-13
    Description: Among the geologic data, trenching records of paleoearthquakes represent an important input for the development of seismic hazard evaluations and, specifically, for the characterization of fault rupture behavior in time. Based on the available paleoseismological trenching data in the Central Apennines we have compiled a new database of surface faulting earthquakes for 10 faults. The compilation contains 109 surface faulting events, occurred in the past ~28 kyr. Events younger than 7 kyr (59 dated events) are much better constrained and, therefore, are the basis for most of the analyses. Through a quantitative multistep method, we integrate paleoseismic trench data and treat them statistically, providing relevant improvement needed for trenching-based seismic hazard evaluation. Indeed, the combined analysis of trenching data from multiple sites on the same fault led to a reduction of the approximations and uncertainties in the rupture history of individual faults. The procedure was also applied on specific fault systems and indicated that the single faults may have occasionally ruptured simultaneously, or close in time, in the past. The whole set of age ranges was also statistically analyzed to produce regional earthquake scenarios for a period much longer than the millennial historical record. The built scenarios for the last 7 kyr define a regional mean inter event time (IET) of 230-240 yr, comparable with the average recurrence time of about 200 yr, considering the number of events in time. We also identify the possible occurrence of earthquake storms, i.e., concentration of surface faulting earthquakes in the region within time periods of 200 yr, suggesting a variability in time of the seismic behavior of the faults, with alternation of peaks of activity with more “quiet” periods. Even though the paleoseismic data from the Apennines contains uncertainties, the results appear quite stable and promising for future applications in earthquake-hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 229016
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Paleoseismology ; Statistical modeling ; Surface rupture scenarios ; Regional earthquake recurrence ; Earthquake storms ; Central Apennines ; 04.04. Geology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Fuzzy cellular systems for a new computational paradigm (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: In this paper a new approach for processing arrays of data is proposed. It is based on fuzzy logic and the concepts of cellular computation. Arrays of simple, identical processing elements (called fuzzy cells) are defined by using fuzzy rules. Moreover, each fuzzy cell interacts with its local neighbors. The overall behavior of these locally interacting fuzzy systems is used to process arrays of data. Some examples of practical applications are proposed. Among these, the new approach is applied to image-processing problems, and to the simulation of heat diffusion phenomena.
    Description: This work was partially supported by the Italian National Research Council (C.N.R.) under the special project "Reti neurali per i sistemi di controllo".
    Description: Published
    Description: 47-52
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: fuzzy logic ; partial differential equations ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    Tectonics and seismicity in the Northern Apennines driven by slab retreat and lithospheric delamination (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-10
    Description: Understanding how long-term subduction dynamics relates to the short-term seismicity and crustal tec tonics is a challenging but crucial topic in seismotectonics. We attempt to address this issue by linking long-term geodynamic evolution with short-term seismogenic deformation in the Northern Apennines. This retreating subduction orogen displays tectonic and seismogenic behaviors on various spatiotemporal scales that also characterize other subduction zones in the Mediterranean area. We use visco-elasto-plastic seismo-thermo-mechanical (STM) modeling with a realistic 2D setup based on available geological and geophysical data. The subduction dynamics and seismicity are coupled in the numerical modeling, and driven only by buoyancy forces, i.e., slab pull. Our results suggest that lower crustal rheology and lithospheric mantle temperature modulate the crustal tectonics of the Northern Apennines, as inferred by previous studies. The observed spatial distribution of upper crustal tectonic regimes and surface displacements requires buoyant, highly ductile material in the subduction channel beneath the internal part of the orogen. This allows protrusion of the asthenosphere in the lower crust and lithospheric delamination associated with slab retreat. The resulting surface velocities and principal stress axes generally agree with present-day observations, suggesting that slab delamination and retreat can explain the dynamics of the orogen. Our simulations successfully reproduce the type and overall distribution of seismicity with thrust faulting events in the external part of the orogen and normal faulting in its internal part. Slab temperatures and lithospheric mantle stiffness affect the cumulative seismic moment release and spatial distribution of upper crustal earthquakes. The properties of deep, sub-crustal material are thus shown to influence upper crustal seismicity in an orogen driven by slab retreat, even though the upper crust is largely decoupled from the lithospheric mantle. Our simulations therefore highlight the effect of deep lower crustal rheologies, self-driven subduction dynamics and mantle properties in controlling shallow deformation and seismicity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 228481
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Geodynamics ; Seismotectonics orogen ; Delamination ; Northern Apennines ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.03. Geodesy ; 05.01. Computational geophysics ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 6
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    Anomalous seismo-LAI variations potentially associated with the 2017 Mw = 7.3 Sarpol-e Zahab (Iran) earthquake from Swarm satellites, GPS-TEC and climatological data (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-03
    Description: The Mw = 7.3 earthquake near the Iran-Iraq border in west Iran (34.911°N, 45.959°E) occurred at 18:18:17 UTC (LT = UTC + 03:30), November 12, 2017 as the result of oblique-thrust faulting at mid-crustal depth (∼19 km). Median, Kalman filter and Neural Network, as three standard, classical and intelligent methods, have been implemented to investigate three months of GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) measurements and to detect the striking anomalous variations around the time and location of the mentioned earthquake. The first method detects unusual variations, 9 days before the event, between 21:00 and 22:00 UTC. The other two methods of Kalman filter and Neural Network detect another clear anomaly on 11 days preceding the earthquake at 16:00 UTC. These findings are two of the outstanding results of GPS-TEC precursor analysis. This paper also presents the results of Swarm satellites (Alpha, Bravo and Charlie) data analysis inside the Dobrovolsky area around the Iran earthquake epicenter during the period from 1 August to 30 November 2017. The time series and orbital analysis of six measured parameters including electron density, electron temperature, magnetic scalar and vectors (X, Y, Z) components indicate irregular variations between 8 and 11 days prior to the occurrence of the earthquake. Since the variations of the solar and geomagnetic indices follow a normal behaviour during the whole period of the observed ionospheric anomalies between 8 and 11 days before the earthquake, it can be concluded that multi-precursors analysis has an important role to acknowledge the seismo-LAI (Lithospheric-Atmospheric-Ionospheric) anomalies associated to strong earthquakes such as this case. Furthermore, some physical and chemical atmospheric parameters from a climatological database are investigated and some interesting anomalies above two standard deviations prior to the earthquake are found. This paper shows not only anomalies in atmosphere and ionosphere but also a contemporary analysis of different data sources to detect the possible Lithosphere Atmosphere Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) effects.
    Description: ASI
    Description: Published
    Description: 143-158
    Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e precursori sismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake precursors ; LAIC ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Methanotrophy in geothermal soils, an overlooked process: The example of Nisyros island (Greece) (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: A multidisciplinary field campaign was carried out at Nisyros Island (Greece). Hydrothermal gases were sampled and analysed, and CH4 and CO2 fluxes from the soils were measured with the accumulation chamber method. The sampling area (Lakki plain) covers an area of about 0.08 km2, and includes the main fumarolic areas of Kaminakia, Stefanos, Ramos, Lofos and Phlegeton. Flux values measured at 130 sites range from −3.4 to 1420 mg m−2 d−1 for CH4 and from 0.1 to 383 g m−2 d−1 for CO2. The fumarolic areas show very different CH4 degassing patterns, Kaminakia showing the highest CH4 output values (about 0.8 t a−1 from an area of about 30,000 m2) and Phlegeton the lowest (about 0.01 t a−1 from an area of about 2500 m2). The total output from the entire geothermal system of Nisyros should not exceed 2 t a−1. Previous indirect estimates of the CH4 output at Nisyros, based on soil CO2 output and CH4/CO2 ratios in fumarolic gases, were more than one order of magnitude higher. The present work further underscores the utmost importance of direct CH4 flux data because indirect methods totally disregard methanotrophic activity within the soil. Ten soil samples were collected for CH4 consumption experiments and for metagenomic analysis. Seven of the soil samples showed small but significant CH4 consumption (up to 39.7 ng g−1 h−1) and were positive for the methanotrophs-specific gene (pmoA) confirming microbial CH4 oxidation in the soil, notwithstanding the harsh environmental conditions (high temperature and H2S concentrations and low pH).
    Description: Published
    Description: 119546
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Methanotrophy ; Soil degassing ; Hydrothermal systems ; Methane output ; Greenhouse gases ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    CO2 release to the atmosphere from thermal springs of Sperchios Basin and northern Euboea (Greece): The contribution of “hidden” degassing (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-13
    Description: Greece is a region characterised by intense geodynamic activity that favours the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in the crust transporting volatiles from either the deep crust or the mantle to the surface. Elevated heat flow values are detectable at Sperchios Basin and North Euboea (central Greece), two areas defined by a system of deeply rooted extensional faults and Quaternary volcanic activity. This setting contributed to the formation of numerous hydrothermal systems, which are mostly expressed as CO2-rich thermal springs with intense bubbling. The CO2 output from six bubbling pools has been determined by flux measurements with the use of the floating chamber method. The highest bubbling CO2 output has been found at Thermopyles and Psoroneria (0.6 and 0.84 t/d, respectively), where the outgoing channels have an elevated flow (〉250 l/s) of gas-charged water (〉15 mmol/l of CO2). Although no bubbling is noticed along the stream, the CO2 content decreases by an order of magnitude after few hundreds of metres, indicating an intense degassing from the water. Taking into account the water flow and the amount of CO2 lost to the atmosphere, the CO2 output of the outgoing channels is quantified in 12.5 t/d for Thermopyles and 9.23 t/d for Psoroneria. Output estimation has also been made for the other springs of the area. The diffuse CO2 release from the outgoing channels has always been higher respect to that of the visible bubbling, suggesting that most of the degassing is “hidden”. Furthermore, the loss of CO2 from the water has determined a shift in dissolved carbonate species as demonstrated by the pH increase along the channel that led eventually to an oversaturation in carbonate minerals and therefore travertine deposition. The total CO2 output to the atmosphere of the study area is estimated at ~27 t/d, with the major contribution deriving from the degassing along the outflow channels of the thermal springs. Such output is comparable to that of the single active volcanic systems along the South Aegean Active Volcanic Arc and highlights the importance of “hidden” degassing along CO2-oversaturated streams.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104660
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: C-cycle ; degassing sources ; stream outgassing ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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