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  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (49,884)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science  (30,946)
  • 2020-2022  (11,233)
  • 1995-1999  (69,597)
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  • 1
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    Thermal bottlenecks in the life cycle define climate vulnerability of fish (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 369(6499), pp. 65-70, ISSN: 1095-9203
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-05
    Description: Species’ vulnerability to climate change depends on the most temperature-sensitive life stages, but for major animal groups such as fish, life cycle bottlenecks are often not clearly defined. We used observational, experimental, and phylogenetic data to assess stage-specific thermal tolerance metrics for 694 marine and freshwater fish species from all climate zones. Our analysis shows that spawning adults and embryos consistently have narrower tolerance ranges than larvae and nonreproductive adults and are most vulnerable to climate warming. The sequence of stage-specific thermal tolerance corresponds with the oxygen-limitation hypothesis, suggesting a mechanistic link between ontogenetic changes in cardiorespiratory (aerobic) capacity and tolerance to temperature extremes. A logarithmic inverse correlation between the temperature dependence of physiological rates (development and oxygen consumption) and thermal tolerance range is proposed to reflect a fundamental, energetic trade-off in thermal adaptation. Scenario-based climate projections considering the most critical life stages (spawners and embryos) clearly identify the temperature requirements for reproduction as a critical bottleneck in the life cycle of fish. By 2100, depending on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenario followed, the percentages of species potentially affected by water temperatures exceeding their tolerance limit for reproduction range from ~10% (SSP 1–1.9) to ~60% (SSP 5–8.5). Efforts to meet ambitious climate targets (SSP 1–1.9) could therefore benefit many fish species and people who depend on healthy fish stocks.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Brazil oil spill response: Protect rhodolith beds (2020)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 367(6474), pp. 156-156
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-19
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 3
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    Thermal stress reduces pocilloporid coral resilience to ocean acidification by impairing control over calcifying fluid chemistry (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-01-25
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 4
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    Biogenic formation of amorphous carbon by anaerobic methanotrophs and select methanogens (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7(44), pp. eabg9739
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-05
    Description: Elemental carbon exists in different structural forms including graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and amorphous carbon. In nature, these materials are produced through abiotic chemical processes under high temperature and pressure but are considered generally inaccessible to biochemical synthesis or breakdown. Here, we identified and characterized elemental carbon isolated from consortia of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which together carry out the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM). Two different AOM consortia, ANME-1a/HotSeep-1 and ANME-2a/c/Seep-SRB, produce a black material with similar characteristics to disordered graphite and amorphous carbon. Stable isotope probing studies revealed that the carbon is microbially generated during AOM. In addition, we found that select methanogens also produce amorphous carbon with similar characteristics to the carbon from AOM consortia. Biogenic amorphous carbon may serve as a conductive element to facilitate electron transfer, or redox active functional groups associated with the carbon could act as electron donors and acceptors.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 5
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    Crystal structure of a key enzyme for anaerobic ethane activation (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 373(6550), pp. 118-121
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    A methylotrophic origin of methanogenesis and early divergence of anaerobic multicarbon alkane metabolism (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7(27), pp. eabj1453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Description: Methanogens are considered as one of the earliest life forms on Earth, and together with anaerobic methane-oxidizing archaea, they have crucial effects on climate stability. However, the origin and evolution of anaerobic alkane metabolism in the domain Archaea remain controversial. Here, we present evidence that methylotrophic methanogenesis was the ancestral form of this metabolism. Carbon dioxide–reducing methanogenesis developed later through the evolution of tetrahydromethanopterin S-methyltransferase, which linked methanogenesis to the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway for energy conservation. Anaerobic multicarbon alkane metabolisms in Archaea also originated early, with genes coding for the activation of short-chain or even long-chain alkanes likely evolving from an ethane-metabolizing ancestor. These genes were likely horizontally transferred to multiple archaeal clades including Candidatus (Ca.) Bathyarchaeia, Ca. Lokiarchaeia, Ca. Hadarchaeia, and the methanogenic Ca. Methanoliparia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Sulfate-dependent reversibility of intracellular reactions explains the opposing isotope effects in the anaerobic oxidation of methane (2021)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science
    In:  EPIC3Science Advances, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 7(19), pp. eabe4939
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-10-20
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of diffusion in polycrystalline platinum thin films (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 4902-4907 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Grain boundary diffusion of titanium through platinum thin films has been carried out in the temperature range from 200 to 600 °C. Five different platinum/titanium bilayer thicknesses, from 35 to 800 Å Pt, were annealed in 5% O2/95% N2. The accumulation of titanium at the platinum surface layer was measured by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the grain boundary diffusion coefficient (Db). Diffusivity values were calculated based on two different analysis methods assuming type C kinetics. For Pt layers thicker than 200 Å, the activation energy (Qb) for titanium diffusion was found to be 118±15 kJ/mol (1.22±0.16 eV). For Pt layers thinner than 200 Å, there was a thickness dependence on the diffusion kinetics, resulting in activation energies as low as 20±4 kJ/mol (0.21±0.04 eV). XPS results gave no evidence for any Pt-Ti alloy formation in these layers. The suppression of alloy formation may be attributed to the presence of oxygen at the Pt/Ti interface during layer deposition. The quantitative analysis of titanium interdiffusion in platinum provides valuable information regarding Pt/Ti surface concentrations in thin-film chemical sensors, and for understanding changes in operational characteristics of platinum electrodes. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371458
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile testing of AlCu thin films on polyimide foils (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 4922-4929 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of sputtered AlCu(0.5 wt %) thin films, 0.2–2.0 μm thick, were determined by tensile testing. For comparison, tensile tests were also performed on bulk samples of the same composition. The films were deposited on thin polyimide foils. They were characterized with respect to the surface, microstructure, residual stress, and concentration of copper and oxygen. Stress-strain curves of the films were obtained by separating the force working on the polyimide foil from that working on the metal-polyimide compound. Young's modulus of the films almost corresponded to the bulk value. Films with a thickness 〉1.5 μm broke by formation of macrocracks while thinner films showed formation of microcracks. The Hall–Petch model, additional strengthening by small grain size, and the role of grain boundary sliding for crack formation are discussed. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371461
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pre-amorphization of polycrystalline silicon on agglomeration of TiSi2 in subquarter micron Si lines (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 86 (1999), S. 4943-4948 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We investigated the effect of C49-to-C54 conversion behavior on the agglomeration of Ti-silicide fabricated on subquarter micron polycrystalline Si lines by comparing pre-amorphized samples with conventional ones. Pre-amorphization of polycrystalline Si enhances the C49-to-C54 transformation on subquarter micron linewidths, however, it results in the early development of macroscopic grooves during the second rapid thermal annealing. From these results, we suggest the existence of an extra thermal budget during the second rapid thermal annealing of the pre-amorphized samples, which deteriorates the thermal stability of the C54-TiSi2 featured line. It is also shown that C49-to-C54 transformation on a 0.2 μm linewidth in the conventional samples has two kinds of competing factors when postannealing is added. One is the tendency of C54 transformation and the other is agglomeration of C49-TiSi2 grains. During high temperature annealing (〉850 °C), C49-TiSi2 has been agglomerated by a thinning mechanism instead of transformation into the C54 phase. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.371523
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