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  • Coleoptera
  • Springer  (50)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Frontiers Media
  • 2020-2022
  • 2000-2004  (24)
  • 1975-1979  (26)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the ecdysone agonists, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide, on the lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 103-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: ecdysone agonists ; methoxyfenozide ; tebufenozide ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Coleomegilla maculata ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003926704520
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increasing the effectiveness of spring trap crops for Leptinotarsa decemlineata (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: cultural controls ; dispersal ; Colorado potato beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Insecticide resistance problems have increased interest in trap crops as a cultural control strategy for overwintered Colorado potato beetle adults, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Growers in the north central United States have noticed and treated concentrations of adults at the edge of some of their potato fields each spring. Based on sampling in commercial potato fields over a 2-year period, early planted fields that are adjacent to the previous year's potato crop are most likely to have concentrations of adults at the field edge. Frequency of fields with significantly more adults at the edges than in the center sections as well as adult population density in the center sections of fields declined with both distance from the previous potato field and later planting date. The effects of both physical and chemical barriers to movement into potato fields from the field edges were studied in small plot trials and at the edges of commercial potato fields. In small plot trials, physical barriers had a greater impact than chemical barriers on adult beetle movement from a potato trap crop to the protected potatoes beyond the barrier. Barrier treatments reduced beetle numbers in and just beyond the barrier in commercial fields, but the effects were localized and no significant reduction of beetles was observed further into the field. Beetle flight was hypothesized to be responsible for the localized effects of barrier treatments and the lack of edge concentrations in later planted and more distantly rotated fields. In field studies, larger potato plants attracted more colonizing potato beetles than smaller plants. Attracting Colorado potato beetles to trap crops containing potato plants that were larger than those in the remainder of the field, however, provided no significant reduction of beetles in the remainder of the field. We found little opportunity to reduce beetle populations with trap crops at the edges of potato fields without controlling the adults in the trap crop itself. Growers can exploit naturally occurring concentrations of adults at the edges of early and adjacent potato plantings if they are prepared to monitor and regularly treat the field edges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004009901244
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of chemical cues in host finding and acceptance by Callosobruchus chinensis (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: herbivore ; host finding ; olfactometer ; volatiles ; oviposition ; discrimination ; Coleoptera ; Bruchidae ; pest control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied the response of female Callosobruchus chinensis to chemical cues emitted by cowpea seeds at different stages of bruchid infestation (uninfested, egg carrying, L1-, and L4-infested). Olfactory attractiveness was determined in Y-tube olfactometer assays by testing individual seed categories against either clean air or uninfested seeds. Oviposition preferences between uninfested and infested seeds were determined in petri-dish choice-experiments. The olfactometer assays revealed that weevils discriminate between seeds containing different stages of developing bruchids on the basis of olfactory cues. While odors from uninfested and egg-carrying seeds acted as attractants, odors from L1- and L4-infested seeds failed to induce a positive response by the bruchids. When given a choice between uninfested and infested seeds in the olfactometer, weevils preferred uninfested seeds over L1- and L4-infested seeds, but failed to distinguish between uninfested and egg-carrying seeds. In the oviposition experiment as well, bruchids showed a distinct preference for uninfested seeds when offered in combination with L1- and L4-infested seeds. This experiment further showed a reduced acceptance of egg carrying seeds. Our results indicate that C. chinensis females use chemical information during both host searching and host acceptance. Volatiles from uninfested or egg carrying seeds act as attractants, while deterrence increases as development of bruchid immature stages progresses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004016127866
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selection of hibernation sites by Anthonomus pomorum: preferences and ecological consequences (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 241-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Anthonomus pomorum ; apple blossom weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; hibernation ; mortality ; dispersal ; mark-release-recapture ; apple orchard
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The apple blossom weevil, Anthonomus pomorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has a long period of aestivo-hibernation in the adult stage lasting from summer to early spring of the following year. Potential hibernation sites within an apple orchard consist of high-stem rough-bark trees or dwarf smooth-bark trees. Field release-recapture experiments in 2 consecutive years showed that 64 and 47% of the weevils remained in the vicinity of the release sites in an area of high-stem trees and dwarf trees, respectively. The dispersing weevils moved over an average distance of 5.5 m in the dwarf tree area, as compared to 3.8 m in the high-stem tree area. The prevalent direction of dispersal was along tree rows in both areas. Some weevils displayed, after release in mid-July, a directional dispersal to the adjacent forests. Others, released in the dwarf tree area, dispersed towards the area of high-stem rough-bark apple trees. Experiments simulating various hibernation sites demonstrated that the litter of dry leaves was the most preferred overwintering shelter, yielding a relatively high survival rate. Branches with rough bark ranked second, while branches with smooth bark, grass and pure soil were not favourable for overwintering. Flight tendency in newly emerged weevils of summer generation was significantly higher in June/July than in August/September. This corresponds to the dispersal behaviour in the field. The timing of spring colonisation of apple trees was similar for weevils overwintering within the orchard and for those from outside. These results suggest that modern, dwarf apple orchards offer unfavourable conditions for overwintering, but that the relatively small proportion of weevils which manage to reach the adjacent forests find optimal hibernation sites there.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004046801897
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural responses of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum and Tribolium confusum to naturally and artificially damaged durum wheat kernels (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 195-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: stored-products ; Coleoptera ; primary pests ; secondary pests ; behaviour ; host selection ; wheat kernel volatiles ; damaged kernels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Observations on behavioural activity involved in the host selection by secondary pests of stored grains, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Tribolium confusum J. du Val, with respect to intact and mechanically or naturally damaged kernels are reported. Our results indicate that the attraction of secondary pests is facilitated by broken grain kernels, which resulted from either mechanical damage during harvesting and/or binning procedures, or the feeding activity of primary insect pests. Insect damaged kernels were more attractive to O. surinamensis, T. castaneum and T. confusum than whole kernels; in addition insect damaged kernels elicit more attractiveness than mechanically split kernels. The damage caused by primary pests, such as Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Sitophilus oryzae (Linnaeus), on whole kernels may facilitate colonization by secondary pests, which continue damaging the cereals. O. surinamensis, T. castaneum and T. confusum utilize the grain volatile odours to distinguish whether the grain kernels of the stored cereals are damaged mechanically or by insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003929810978
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nested Coleoptera and Orthoptera on sand dunes in the Basin and Range Province of western North America (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 4 (2000), S. 33-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: biogeography ; nested subsets ; sand dune ; Coleoptera ; Orthoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The sand dunes of the Basin and Range Province of western North America contain obligate and endemic species of Coleoptera and Orthoptera. These dune habitats represent islands on which the isolated insular faunas are in a state of relaxation. The calculated ‘temperature’ metric used in this study reflects the relative measure of disorder, by which the degree of nestedness can be determined. Sixteen dunes in the Basin and Range Province are shown to comprise a nested subset of obligate Coleoptera and Orthoptera. These sixteen sand dunes remain nested even when the endemic species are excluded from the analysis. The absence of endemic species slightly decreased the calculated ‘temperature’ of the island-dune archipelago. Therefore, endemic species present in the sand dunes do not significantly contribute to the high degree of nestedness of dune obligate Coleoptera and Orthoptera in the Basin and Range Province. The dunes can also be separated into five distinct sub-basins, two of which contain only one sand dune. These sub-basins are not significantly nested, but together define the nested structure of the Basin and Range Province.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009699431838
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel and age-dependent behavioral patterns of exposure-concealment in three species ofTrogoderma (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 409-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; diel behavioral patterns ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; Trogoderma glabrum ; T. inclusum ; T. variabile ; trogodermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract AdultTrogoderma glabrum, T. inclusum, andT. variabile exhibit diel periods of exposure-concealment behavior, the frequency and duration of which are age-dependent, and the temporal placement of which is species-dependent. Exposure periods correspond with daily maxima in male sensitivity to the most active female-released sex pheromone component, 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, and with respective periods of sex pheromone release in females. Exposure-concealment behavior may be a factor in reproductive isolation between these species, since potential communication distances are greatly reduced when either males or females are concealed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989498
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecific response to sex pheromones, and calling behavior of severalAttagenus species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 451-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Attagenus megatoma ; canadensis ; japonicus ; schaefferi spurcus ; bicolor ; rufipennis ; elongatulus ; behavior ; sex pheromone ; calling ; bioassay ; black carpet beetle ; megatomoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of severalAttagenus species demonstrated calling behaviors similar to those previously reported forA. elongatulus. Attagenus rufipennis females did not call until they were 12–14 days old. OtherAttagenus species called at approx. 4 days of age. All species exhibited diurnal periods of calling activity. Interspecific pheromone responses were tested, withA. megatoma megatoma, A. megatoma canadensis, A. megatoma japonicus, andA. schaefferi spurcus showing equal cross-responses. Male response to females was demonstrated inA. rufipennis andA. bicolor. Attagenus rufipennis, bicolor, andelongatulus males responded only to female extracts of their own species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00989501
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Attraction of European elm bark beetles,Scolytus multistriatus, to pheromone-baited traps (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 781-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Smaller European elm bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; Multilure ; Dutch elm disease ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Newly emergedScolytus mullistriatus reared in the laboratory were marked, released in the field, and recaptured on sticky pheromone-baited traps at various distances. Four groups of beetles were conditioned before release by providing food, flight exercise, both food and flight, or by withholding food and flight for 24 hr to determine effect of treatment on pheromone response. Average catches per trap for untreated beetles and the respective treatments were 5.5, 2.1, 1.1, 1.0, and 0.6. Overall recovery ranged from 3 to 8% of 58,421 marked beetles released in four experiments. Combined feeding and flight exercise resulted in low trap response but flight to distant traps increased. Beetles held with no food or flight showed the lowest response. EndemicS. multistriatus responded to all traps with catches ranging from 13 to 17 times the number of marked beetles recaptured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986563
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemically Mediated Predator-free Space: Herbivores Can Synergize Intraspecific Communication Without Increasing Risk of Predation (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1923-1939 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; ipsdienol ; lanierone ; Thanasimus dubius ; Platysoma ; Enoclerus nigrifrons ; kairomone ; aggregation pheromone ; synergism ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Cleridae ; coevolution ; pest management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Natural enemies of herbivores often locate cryptic insects by responding to volatiles associated with the prey's feeding and mating. For example, predators of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) exploit the aggregation pheromones that their prey use to attract mates and secure hosts. Bark beetles are cryptic insects that feed and develop in the subcortical tissues of trees and spend all but a portion of their life history within this habitat. The pine engraver, Ips pini, produces the pheromone ipsdienol throughout its transcontinental range. Predators of I. pini exploit this chemical as a kairomonal cue. Eastern and Midwestern I. pini populations also produce lanierone, which synergizes their attraction to ipsdienol. We evaluated the effects of varying amounts of lanierone, in combination with a constant amount of racemic ipsdienol, on the relative attraction of I. pini and its major predators in Wisconsin. Higher numbers of I. pini were captured with increasing release rates of lanierone. In contrast, the numbers of the major predators, such as Thanasimus dubius, Enoclerus nigrifrons, Platysoma cylindrica, and P. parallelum, did not differ among different lanierone release rates. The response of I. pini but not their predators to lanierone at ecologically realistic release rates may be part of a coevolving interaction between predators and prey and offers new strategies for semiochemically based pest management by selectively removing pests and leaving predators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005505009408
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone components and calling behavior of the female dermestid beetle,Trogoderma variabile Ballion (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma variabile ; pheromone ; isolation ; identification ; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; aeration ; Porapak Q ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the dermestid beetle,Trogoderma variabile Ballion, exhibit a diel pattern of calling behavior. A potent sexual excitant and attractant for the male beetles can be collected on Porapak Q during aeration of female beetles, but cannot be detected in extracts of macerated females. The attractant has been identified as (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal. Of the five additional compounds previously identified as attractants in otherTrogoderma species, only two were found; (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol is present in extracts of macerated female beetles, but not in extracts of Porapak Q, and γ-caprolactone is present in extracts of Porapak Q. Three collection procedures were necessary to ensure that all the pheromone components had been isolated. Synthetic (Z)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal elicits attraction and sexual arousal inT. Variabile males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994138
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Chemical basis for interspecific responses to sex pheromones ofTrogoderma species (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 337-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; T. variabile ; T. glabrum ; T. inclusum ; pheromone ; (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; interspecific response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Interspecific responses among severalTrogoderma species have been correlated with their pheromone components. The most important component emitted by four of the species is (Z)- or (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, which is not detectable in extracts of macerated beetles. The response to macerated beetles is probably due to the corresponding alcohol and ester. The recency of common origin of seven species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988449
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eusynaptomyces benjaminii, spec. nova, (Ascomycetes, Laboulbeniales) und seine Anpassungen an das Fortpflanzungsverhalten seines WirtesEnochrus testaceus (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) (1976)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 126 (1976), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Eusynaptomyces benjaminii ; spec. nova ; Laboulbeniales ; Ascomycetes ; Enochrus testaceus (F.) ; Coleoptera ; Growth-forms ; position specifity ; “sex-of-host specifity,” ; mating behaviour ; spore transmission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eusynaptomyces benjaminii is described as a new species of the ectoparasiticLaboulbeniales (Ascomycetes). It exists only on two very restricted areas of the body (= position specifity) of its hostEnochrus testaceus (F.) (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae): on the claws of the right fore-leg and on the lower side of the frontal border of the pronotum. In these two habitatsEu. benjaminii develops two extremely different growth-forms. Male and female hosts are parasitized on somewhat different parts of their body. This can be explained by their mating behaviour. The growth-forms ofEu. benjaminii are so different that one ignorant of the biology of hosts and parasites, might regard them as members of different species or even genera. They are to be interpreted as adaptations of one species to growth positions and mating behaviour of the host. There is no “sex-of-host specifity” as assumed by certain authors for several species of theLaboulbeniales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983366
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  • 14
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    Convergent evolution and adaptive radiation of beetle-pollinated angiosperms (2000)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 222 (2000), S. 293-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chamber Blossom ; chewing mouthparts ; Coleoptera ; Cretaceous ; Painted Bowl ; magnoliids ; monocotyledons (basalvs. petaloid) ; Scarabaeidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A literature review of 34 families of flowering plants containing at least one species pollinated primarily by beetles is presented. While the majority of species are represented by magnoliids and basal monocotyledons specialized, beetle-pollinated systems have evolved independently in 14 families of eudicotyldons and six families of petaloid monocots. Four, overlapping modes of floral presentation in plants pollinated exclusively by beetles (Bilabiate, Brush, Chamber Blossom and Painted Bowl) are described. Chamber Blossoms and Painted Bowls are the two most common modes. Chamber Blossoms, found in magnoliids, primitive monocotyledons and in some families of woody eudicots, exploit the greatest diversity of beetle pollinators. Painted Bowls are restricted to petaloid monocots and a few families of eudicots dependent primarily on hairy species of Scarabaeidae as pollen vectors. In contrast, generalist flowers pollinated by a combination of beetles and other animals are recorded in 22 families. Generalist systems are more likely to secrete nectar and exploit four beetle families absent in specialist flowers. Centers of diversity for species with specialized, beetle-pollinated systems are distributed through the wet tropics (centers for Brush and Chamber Blossoms) to warm temperate-Mediterranean zones (centers for Painted Bowls and a few Bilabiate flowers). It is unlikely that beetles were the first pollinators of angiosperms but specialized, beetlepollinated flowers must have evolved by the midlate Cretaceous to join pre-existing guilds of beetlepollinated gymnosperms. The floras of Australia and western North America suggest that mutualistic interactions between beetles and flowers has been a continuous and labile trend in angiosperms with novel interactions evolving through the Tertiary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984108
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  • 15
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    Characterization and chromosome location of satellite DNA in the leaf beetle Chrysolina americana (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 110 (2000), S. 143-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; satellite DNA ; in situ hybridization ; nucleotide DNA composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first record of the satellite DNA of the specialized phytophagous genus Chrysolina. The satellite DNA of Chrysolina americana is organized in a tandem repeat of monomers 189 bp long, has a A + T content of 59.6 % and presents direct and inverted internal repeats. Restriction analysis of the total DNA with methylation sensitive enzymes suggests that this repetitive DNA is undermethylated. In situ hybridization with a biotinylated probe of the satellite DNA showed the pericentromeric localization of these sequences in all meiotic bivalents. The presence of this repetitive DNA in other species of the genus was also tested by Southern analysis. The results showed that this satellite DNA sequence is specific to the C. americana genome and has not been found in three other species of Chrysolina with a different choice of host plants than in the former.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017926127213
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  • 16
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    Karyotypic analysis of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Anthonomus grandis ; C‐banding ; Coleoptera ; cotton boll weevil ; N‐banding ; restriction enzyme banding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diploid chromosome number of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, is 44. Both C‐ and N‐banding techniques of mitotic cells demonstrated constitutive heterochromatin in the p arm of the eight largest chromosomes, the p arm of the X chromosome, and the centromeric region of autosomal groups A–D. Neither the y nor the group E autosomes appeared to contain constitutive heterochromatin. Supernumerary chromosomes were not found in the boll weevil. Restriction endonuclease banding of primary spermatocytes revealed a rod‐shaped Xy tetrad in which the X and y were terminally associated. The p arm of the large, submetacentric X was C‐band positive. While two of the autosomal tetrads were typically ring‐shaped in primary spermatocytes, the remaining 19 autosomal tetrads were rod‐shaped.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017573403380
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  • 17
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    The association betweenCarpophilus beetles and cactus flowers (1979)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 133 (1979), S. 99-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Cactaceae ; Nitidulidae ; Coleoptera ; Carpophilus ; Flower pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract There is a close association between bowl-shaped cactus flowers and the nitidulid beetlesCarpophilus pallipennis (Say) andC. floralis Er. in North America. The nature of this association has not been clear. It now appears that the cactus flowers are brood sites of theCarpophilus beetles. The benefits in the association are one-sided, inasmuch as the beetles provide little or no pollination service for the flowers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985884
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  • 18
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    Sex pheromone of the female dermestid beetleTrogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 1 (1975), S. 323-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; isolation ; identification ; sex pheromone ; Trogoderma glabrum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 5 components of the sex pheromone of the female dermestid beetle,Trogoderma glabrum, have been isolated and identified: methyl (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenoate, (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-l-ol, methyl (Z)-7-hexadecenoate,n-hexanoic acid, and 4-hydroxyhexanoic acid lactone (γ-caprolactone). A sixth weakly active compound was isolated but not identified. Each of the identified compounds independently elicited attractive and sexually excitatory responses inT.glabrum males.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988834
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  • 19
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    Porapak-Q collection of pheromone components and isolation of (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, sex pheromone components, from the females of four species ofTrogoderma (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 457-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Trogoderma granarium (Khapra beetle) ; T. variabile, T. glabrum, T inclusion ; (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; aeration ; Porapak-Q ; sex attractant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A major sex pheromone component of each of fourTrogoderma species was isolated by aeration of the female beetles and absorption of the volatiles on Porapak-Q. (Z)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecenal was identified as the major component inT. inclusum andT. variabile, and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal was identified inT. glabrum. Both (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal were found inT. granarium (Khapra beetle), in the ratio 92Z∶8E. In laboratory bioassays, male beetles exhibited arousal and mating responses to the aldehydes, and could discriminate between the geometric isomers. The daily production of the aldehyde was calculated for each species, and other active components were detected. These aeration-absorption studies contrast with earlier studies on macerated beetles, in which the aldehyde was not detected. The efficacy of the aeration-absorption system for collection of the sex pheromones is also described. The absorbent (Porapak-Q) efficiently collected the active pheromone; only minor amounts of activity were left in the other parts of the system.
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    Aggregation Pheromones of Two Geographical Isolates of the New Guinea Sugarcane Weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2763-2780 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aggregation pheromones ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; cytochrome oxidase I ; 2-methyl-4-heptanol ; (E2)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol ; 2-methyl-4octanol ; mitochondrial DNA ; New Guinea sugarcane weevil ; palm weevil ; Rhabdoscelus obscurus ; rhynchophorol ; sibling species ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The aggregation pheromones were studied from two geographical isolates (Hakalau, Hawaii, and Silkwood, Queensland, Australia) of the New Guinea sugarcane weevil, Rhabdoscelus obscurus. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC–mass spectrometric (MS) analyses of Porapak Q volatile extract from male and from female Hawaiian R. obscurus revealed a single EAD-active, male-specific candidate pheromone, which was identified as 2-methyl-4-octanol (1). Corresponding volatile analyses from male and from female Australian R. obscurus consistently revealed three EAD-active, male-specific candidate pheromone components that were identified as 1, (E2)-6-methyl-2-hepten-4-ol (rhynchophorol) (2), and 2-methyl-4-heptanol (3). In field experiment 1 in Hakalau, Hawaii, traps baited with a stereoisomeric mixture of synthetic 1 (3 mg/day) plus sugarcane captured more weevils than did traps baited with 1 or sugarcane alone or no bait, indicating that 1 is the pheromone of the Hawaiian R. obscurus population. In field experiment 2, conducted in Silkwood, Australia, traps baited with stereoisomeric mixtures of synthetic 1, 2, and 3 (3 mg/day each) plus sugarcane caught more weevils than did unbaited traps or traps baited with 1, 2, and 3 or sugarcane. Testing candidate pheromone components 1, 2, and 3 in experiments 2–5 in all possible binary, ternary, and quaternary combinations with sugarcane, indicated that 1 and 2 in combination, but not singly, are pheromone components of the Australian R. obscurus population. Weevils from several locations in Australia and Hawaii could not be differentiated using traditional morphological characters or ultrastructural comparisons with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). However, comparisons of mtDNA sequences (cytochrome oxidase I; regions I1 to M4; 201 base pairs) revealed 5.5% variation between the Hawaiian (N = 2) and the Australian (N = 4) samples. There was no intrapopulation variation in sequence data from the weevils from Hawaii versus Australia, suggesting that they are sibling species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026437809875
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    Inhibitory Effect of Monoterpenes on Response of Pityogenes bidentatus to Aggregation Pheromone Released by Piezoelectric Sprayer for Precision Release of Semiochemicals (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1795-1809 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host selection ; dispenser ; release rates ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Pityogenes bidentatus ; Pinus sylvestris ; Scotch pine ; conifers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A piezoelectric sprayer for dispensing semiochemicals was developed and used for a field test of bark beetle semiochemicals. The sprayer consists of a geared pump that pushes a syringe slowly to dispense semiochemicals in solvents through a microtube to a glass micropipet fixed to a piezoelectric high-frequency vibrator. The frequency is adjusted via a function generator to about 120 kHz until the harmonic properties of the glass micropipet, drawn by an electrophysiological pipet puller, cause vibrations that atomize the solvent from the micropipet tip. The sprayer, syringe, pump, function generator, and power supply were hung on one arm of a rotating trap pair (traps 6 m apart) that was slowly rotated at 2 revolutions per hour (rph) to even out the position effects on trap catches. The aggregation pheromone components of Pityogenes bidentatus, grandisol and cis-verbenol, were released by standard tube dispensers in one trap and compared to the release of similar amounts by the sprayer in the other trap. No significant differences in catch were observed. No effect of the solvent hexane on aggregation could be observed. The trap pair also caught approximately equal numbers of bark beetles when the baits were identical. The release of (+)and (−)-α-pinene, (+)-3-carene, and terpinolene, monoterpenes of host Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris, at increasing rates from 0.01 to 10 log-equivalents in decadic steps (each at 0.1–100 μg/min) resulted in decreasing responses to aggregation pheromone (only 9% at highest rate). Inhibition by the individual monoterpenes tested at the 100 μg/min rate was significant for (+)and (−)-α-pinene and terpinolene (12, 13, and 15% of control, respectively). The inhibition by the host Scotch pine monoterpenes may allow P. bidentatus to avoid resistant trees that release large amounts of toxic monoterpenes in their resin and instead colonize dying and diseased limbs or slash, the usual host substrate. The piezoelectric sprayer should prove generally useful to dispense precise amounts of semiochemicals in field and laboratory experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005536421703
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    Olfactory behavior and receptor potentials of the khapra beetleTrogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) induced by the major components of its sex pheromone, certain analogues, and fatty acid esters (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 95-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: olfaction ; behavior ; electroantennograms ; sex pheromone components ; (Z)- and (E)-trogodermal ; fatty acid esters ; Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle) ; Dermestidae ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract On the basis of the antennal receptor potentials and the extent of attraction and copulation induced in unmated male khapra beetles, (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal were recognized as the most important components of the pheromone system of femaleTrogoderma granarium (Everts), and were named (Z)- and (E)-trogodermal. Air blown over 10−5 to 10−4 μg of (Z)-trogodermal produced receptor potentials equivalent to that elicited by one virgin femaleT.granarium, while ∼10−2 μg of (Z)-trogodermal was required to cause complete attraction and copulation of unmated males. (Z)-Trogodermal was about 10 times more active than (E)-trogodermal. (Z)-8-Hexadecenal was ∼10−2 times less effective than (Z)-trogodermal in causing attraction and 104 time less active in stimulating copulation. (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol and methyl (Z)- and (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenoate displayed a relatively low activity for unmated male khapra beetles. Methyl and ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl palmitate, and ethyl stearate were less effective than (Z)-trogodermal by 6–8 orders of magnitude and are nonspecific attractants. The intensity of response to a particular compound was consistent when assessed by the essential components of mating behavior: receptor potentials, attraction, and copulation.
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    Specialization of olfactory cells to insect-and host-produced volatiles in the bark beetleIps pini (say) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 109-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bark beetle ; Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; pheromone ; enantiomer ; olfaction ; single cell ; electrophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological recordings inIps pini were made from single olfactory cells stimulated by six concentrations of eleven compounds—either pheromones or host constituents. The receptor cells were grouped according to their differential responses to these biologically significant compounds. Cells specialized to either ipsdienol or ipsenol (pheromones for severalIps species) appeared to be relatively uniform in their sensitivity to all compounds tested. Another group of cells specialized tocis- andtrans-verbenol were more variable in their sensitivities to the substances tested. The activation of separate groups of cells by the different pheromones and host compounds shows (by exclusion) that behaviorally expressed syner-gistic as well as inhibitory action mainly is due to an interaction in the central nervous system rather than an interaction of the compounds on the receptors. All “ipsdienol cells” responded to both enantiomers of ipsdienol. Although some differences between responses to the enantiomers by individual cells were observed, these did not form a consistent pattern, and no net differences could be found between the eastern and western populations ofI. pint.
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    Trapping the western pine beetle at and near a source of synthetic attractive pheromone Effects of trap size and position (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 519-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pinus ponderosa ; Dendroctonus brevicomis ; western pine beetle ; attractant ; pheromone ; behavior ; traps ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Western pine beetles were caught on unbaited sticky traps placed near a source ofexo-brevicomin, frontalin, and myrcene. Size of trap, distance and direction from the source of attractant, and height from the ground were varied. Significant differences in trap catch were observed in relation to each of the variables. Traps close to the source of attractant caught more beetles than traps farther from the source. Traps downwind of the source of attractant caught more beetles than did upwind traps. More males than females were trapped close to the source of attractant.
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    Identification and field evaluation of the compounds comprising the sex pheromone of the female boll weevil (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 617-627 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone components ; olfaction ; behavior ; female boll weevil ; Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Anthonomus grandis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The terpenoid compounds (+)-cis-2-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclo-butaneethanol (I), (Z)-3,3-dimethyl-A-cyclohexaneethanol (II), and β-caryophyllene were isolated from frass of the female boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman). In laboratory bioassays, a mixture of these components attracted primarily males, whereas the male pheromone, grandlure, attracted primarily females. The addition to the cotton bud hydrocarbons, α-pinene, myrcene, andl-lim-nene, improved the response by males so that the potency of the mixture was comparable to that of grandlure for females. In field tests, I + II + hydrocarbons attracted both sexes, but grandlure alone and grandlure + hydrocarbons were more effective.
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    Defensive secretions of three species ofAcilius (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and their seasonal variations as determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 643-652 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dytiscidae ; high-pressure liquid chromatography ; Acilius semisulcatus ; Acilius sylvanus ; Acilius mediatus ; quantitation ; defensive secretions ; steroids ; benzoic acid ; methylp-hydroxybenzoate ; p-hydroxybenzaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A rapid, sensitive, stable, and quantitative high-pressure liquid chromatographic technique was developed for the analysis of defensive secretions obtained from the pygidial and prothoracic glands of dytiscids. Methods were developed for both normal phase (μPorasil) and reverse phase (μBondapak C18) columns. The applicability of this technique was demonstrated when defensive compounds ofAcilius semiculcatus, A. sylvanus andA. mediatus were isolated, identified, and quantitated. No major differences were found in the composition of the defensive secretions between the three species. The seasonal defensive titer ofA. semisulcatus was determined from June through October 1977. The pygidial defensive agents (benzoic acid,p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and methylp-hydroxybenzoate varied from 9.0 to 67.8 μg and exhibited a maximum in July, and a steroid from the prothoracic gland varied from 7.1 to 33.2 μg and was maximum in October.
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    Identification of Pheromone Synergists in American Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Palmarum, and Attraction of Related Dynamis Borassi (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 155-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Curculionidae ; Rhynchophorus ; plant kairomone ; pheromone synergist ; volatile collection ; GC-MS ; EAG ; olfactometry ; field trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thirteen host-plant kairomone blends, including 28 compounds, were tested and showed moderate to high synergy with rhynchophorol. The blends plus rhynchophorol also attracted the related Dynamis borassi. Ethanol–ethyl acetate blends in various ratios showed moderate synergy. Two blends, including "characteristic coconut" odor molecules, were as efficient as sugarcane in synergizing rhynchophorol and field luring American Palm weevils (APWs). Preliminary olfactometer tests of natural host-plant volatiles demonstrated the role of fermentation in primary APW attraction. The synergists were chosen from a comparative study of the odors emitted by four plant materials attractive to the APW: sugarcane, coconut, Jacaratia digitata tree and Elaeis guineensis (Oil palm). The volatiles were isolated during 6 days of sequential trappings onto Supelpak-2 adsorbent. The highly volatile fraction of sugarcane volatiles was sampled by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Odors were analyzed and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Electroantennogram responses to the plant odors were recorded to help in screening for bioactivity. The odor compositions between plants prior to and during fermentation were compared using a principal component analysis (PCA) to determine common odor features of the plants and to design simplified blends for field activity screening. About 100 components were identified in the 〉4-carbon fraction of the odors, among which 65% were fermentation volatiles. Fermentation generated a strong increase in the amount and variety of the volatiles emitted. The palm materials emitted two- to threefold greater odor amounts than the other plants. The odors from each plant were distinct according to PCA, with few common abundant components: isopentanol, 2-methylbutanol, their acetates, acetoin, isobutyl acetate, 2,3-butanediol, and 2-phenylethanol. Ethanol and ethyl acetate accounted for 80–90% in the highly volatile fraction of sugarcane odors. Coconut odor was mainly characterized by phenol, guaiacol, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, ethyl esters of tiglic and 3,3-dimethylacrylic acids, 2-hexanone, 2-nonanone; and, to a lesser extent, by 2-heptanone, menthone, β-phellandrene, ethyl octanoate and decanoate, which were also present in other plants.
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    Isolation and identification of a major sex-attracting component ofAttagenus elongatulus (Casey) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 539-548 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; Attagenus elongatulus ; sex-attracting pheromone ; identification ; black carpet beetle ; (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid ; (E,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid ; megatomoic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A major sex-attracting component in extracts of virgin females ofAttagenus elongatulus Casey was isolated by various chromatographic techniques. The chemical was identified as (Z,Z)-3,5-tetradecadienoic acid by spectroscopic analyses.
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    Barometric flux (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 139-147 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Scolytus multistriatus ; Ips pini ; pheromone response ; atmospheric pressure ; dispersal ; air swallowing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to artificial changes in atmospheric pressure depressed the responsiveness of bark beetles to their aggregation pheromones.Scolytus multistriatus andIps pini held for 30 min in desiccator jars in which the pressure was modified ±25 mm experienced an inverse change when they were removed for laboratory bioassay. Relative response to pheromones among treatment groups of both species was as follows: ambient 〉 increased 〉 decreased 〉 increased and decreased. In one series of 20 bioassays, response ofS. multistriatus was significantly higher for 9 tests during which no change in atmospheric pressure was detected, as compared to 11 tests during which there was a change in barometric reading. However, in another series of tests withS. multistriatus and a series withI. pini, no depression in response was associated with natural barometric shifts. Large air bubbles in the foregut (ventriculus) confirmed that both beetle species swallow air in preparation for flight. The hypothesis advanced by other workers, that bark beetles may detect changes in atmospheric pressure by shrinking and swelling of the ventricular air bubbles, is consistent with our observations. Sensitivity to atmospheric pressure fluctuations may be the mechanism by which response in laboratory bioassays is depressed during stormy weather and flight in nature is concentrated in periods of calm air.
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    Patterns of sex pheromone release from adult females, and effects of air velocity and pheromone release rates on theoretical communication distances inTrogoderma glabrutm (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 4 (1978), S. 395-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; chemical communication distances ; Dermestidae ; 14-methyl-8-hexadecenal ; pheromone ; release rates ; Trogoderma glabrum ; trogodermal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract By means of olfactory communication models, theoretical maximum communication distances for dispensers releasing synthetic (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal (trogodermal) were confirmed in windtunnel tests withTrogoderma glabrum males. Pheromone release rates ofT. glabrum females are at least 104 greater during than before calling, and are gradually reduced after calling. The models predict that, even under ideal conditions, females may attract males from only several meters. The models are used to estimate active space lengths for female and synthetic pheromone sources, as a function of realistic release rates and wind velocities.
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    Isolation and identification of volatiles in the foliage of potato,Solanum tuberosum, a host plant of the colorado beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 13-25 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Solanum tuberosum ; trans-2-hexen-1-ol ; 1-hexanol ; cis-3-hexen-1-ol ; trans-2-hexenal ; biosynthesis ; host plant selection ; olfactory orientation ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ; Colorado beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; potato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The volatile compounds ofSolanum tuberosum L., a host plant of the Colorado beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, were isolated by successive vacuum steam distillation, freeze concentration, and extraction. The main components aretrans-2-hexen-1-ol, 1-hexanol,cis-3-hexen-1-ol,trans-2-hexenal, and linalool. The distribution of these compounds in a variety of plant families and their biosyntheses are reviewed. These leaf volatiles constitute a general green leaf volatile complex, being active in the olfactory orientation of the Colorado beetle and as such are probably of importance to various phytophagous insects.
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    Production of cardiac glycosides by chrysomelid beetles and larvae (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 63-77 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical defense ; exocrine secretion ; cardenolides ; Chrysochloa ; Chrysolina ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Cardenolides were looked for in 17 chrysomelid beetles belonging to 11 genera from three subfamilies, and they were found only inChrysolina andChrysochloa species (Chrysomelinae, Chrysolinini). The food plants of these insects are not known to produce cardenolides. TheChrysochloa and mostChrysolina species secrete a complex mixture of cardenolides, butChrysolina didymata secretes a single compound, andChrysolina carnifex, none. Several quantitative and perhaps qualitative differences were observed in the patterns of cardenolides produced by far distant populations of bothChrysolina polita andC. herbacea, collected in either France and Belgium, or Greece. These differences remain constant from one generation to the other, whatever the food plant is, and appear to be genetic. InC. polita from Greece, the pattern is unchanged after four generations bred in the laboratory onMentha ×villosa, which is known to be without cardenolides. In adults, the cardenolides are released with the secretion of the pronotal and elytral defensive glands, but in the larvae which lack the defensive glands, cardenolides are also produced. The total amount of cardenolides and the complexity of their mixture increases through the life cycle of the insects. The six main cardenolides secreted byC. coerulans were identified as: sarmentogenin, periplogenin, bipindogenin, and their corresponding xylosides.C. didymata secretes only sarmentogenin.
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    Electroantennogram responses of two populations ofIps pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to insect-produced and host tree compounds (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 131-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; Ips pini ; pheromones ; population specificity ; electrophysiology ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electroantennograms in two populations ofIps pini (Idaho and New York) were very similar, even though previous work documented behavioral specificity and revealed that the populations produce different ratios of the enantiomers of the aggregating pheromone ipsdienol. The insect- and host-produced compounds tested evoked characteristic response curves in both populations. EAG amplitude was highest to ipsdienol and the aggregation inhibitor ipsenol. Among the other compounds tested, responses were generally higher to the beetle-produced odorants (linalool, verbenone,trans-verbenol) than to host terpenes (1-octanol, α-pinene). The antennal club and its sensory receptors are described and illustrated by scanning electron micrographs.
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    Synthesis of multistriatin enantiomers and their action onScolytus multistriatus (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 279-287 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; enantiomers ; α-multistriatin ; synthesis ; activity ; Scolytus multistriatus ; European elm bark beetle ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A pheromone mixture containing enantiomerically pure (−)-α-multistriatin of known absolute configuration prepared by total synthesis was found to be as attractive as the natural pheromone to the smaller European elm bark beetle,Scolytus multistriatus, a vector of Dutch elm disease. Its (+)-enantiomer, on the other hand, was no more active than controls in both laboratory and field tests, and at high levels it appeared to inhibit the response to the (−)-enantiomer.
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    Chemical communication in the mating behavior ofTrogoderma glabrum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1976)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 2 (1976), S. 285-297 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: pheromone ; mating ; Trogoderma ; Dermestidae ; Coleoptera ; behavior ; airborne pheromone ; calling ; Trogoderma glabrum ; (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male mating behavior of the stored product pest beetleTrogoderma glabrum (Herbst) was analyzed into three major phases: arousal/searching, preliminary recognition, and genital (copulatory). Airborne pheromone released by calling females elicits male arousal via antennal sensillae. Contact chemoreception via male mouthpart sensillae appears to be necessary for copulation to occur. A procedure was developed for quantitative bioassay of presumptive pheromone compounds in both airborne and contact chemoreception. (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal, present in airborne pheromone, but not detectable in extracts of whole females, elicits both arousal and attempted copulation. The activity of (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecenal is equal to that of the total airborne pheromone. Activity of additional possible pheromone component candidates [including (E)-14-methyl-8-hexadecen-1-ol, γ-caprolactone,n-hexanoic acid, and methyl (Z)-7-hexadecenoate] was investigated. Evidence for a behavioral role forn-hexanoic acid is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988278
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    Effects of Host Tree Species on Attractiveness of Tunneling Pine Engravers, Ips pini, to Conspecifics and Insect Predators (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 823-840 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; Thanasimus dubius ; Cleridae ; Platysoma cylindrica ; Histeridae ; kairomone ; host attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of host tree species on the attractiveness of tunneling Ips pini to flying beetles and their insect predators in Wisconsin was investigated. Tree species influenced the flight response of both predators and prey in the same rank order. Ips pini and its major predators, Thanasimus dubius and Platysoma cylindrica, were more attracted to I. pini males boring into bark–phloem disks of Pinus strobus L. than Pinus banksiana Lamb, and least attracted to I. pini males boring into bark–phloem disks of Pinus resinosa. Sources of within-tree, between-tree, and between-species variation in the degree of attraction elicited by tunneling beetles were quantified. A bioassay for evaluating host tree effects on pheromone based communication among bark beetles under conditions of controlled beetle entry was developed. Possible mechanisms of host species effects on the dynamics of predator and prey interactions in bark beetle ecology are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005495806100
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    Pheromone Components in the Larch Bark Beetle, Ips cembrae, from China: Quantitative Variation among Attack Phases and Individuals (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 841-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips cembrae ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; bark beetle ; Larix kaempferi ; aggregation pheromone ; individual variation ; ipsenol ; ipsdienol ; 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol ; ipsenone ; ipsdienone ; geraniol ; 2-phenylethanol ; myrtenol ; verbenone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ips cembrae adults were collected from larch log piles in northeast China, separated into six attack phases, and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Three previously described aggregation pheromone components [ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol (331-MB)] and six other volatiles of beetle origin (2-phenylethanol, geraniol, ipsenone, ipsdienone, myrtenol and verbenone) were identified and quantified by GC-MS from excised male hindguts. No amitinol, a recently reported aggregation pheromone component, was detected in our samples. The amounts of these volatiles (except the last two) showed a similar pattern of variation between attack phases in males. The largest amounts of most male volatiles were present in phases 1–2, when the nuptial chamber was being constructed or only one female was accepted. The amounts of the volatiles declined sharply in the following phases. The hindgut volatiles, mainly the pheromone components, from 46 individual males in phase 1 were also quantified. Ipsenol, ipsdienol, and 331-MB showed a large variation in both amounts and proportions. The chirality of these two dominant aggregation pheromone components was determined as 100% (−)-enantiomer of ipsenol and 96% (+) enantiomer of ipsdienol. No male aggregation pheromone components were detected from mated females, except three extracts that were probably contaminated by male tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005447922939
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    Response of the Pollen Beetle, Meligethes aeneus, to Traps Baited with Volatiles from Oilseed Rape, Brassica napus (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1051-1064 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Meligethes aeneus ; pollen beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; semiochemicals ; floral volatiles ; isothiocyanates ; nitriles ; fatty acid derivatives ; amino acid derivatives ; isoprenoids ; trap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The response of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, to yellow water traps baited with individual lures of 25 floral volatile compounds was studied in 17 field experiments. The compounds comprised seven nitrogenous amino acid derivatives, five nonnitrogenous amino acid derivatives, nine fatty acid derivatives, and four isoprenoids. Twenty compounds affected the trap catch of M. aeneus, but response was often dependent on release rate. Most compounds were attractive, but four fatty acid derivatives were repellent. 1-Hexanol was either attractive or repellent, depending on the release rate. It is suggested that M. aeneus responds to this large number of chemically diverse compounds because it is polyphagous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005493100165
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    Defensive reaction time of bombardier beetles (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 691-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical defense ; reaction time ; Coleoptera ; Carabidae ; bombardier beetles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Legs of bombardier beetles (Brachinus spp.) were pinched with forceps which were closed electromagnetically. The timing of resulting defensive discharges was recorded. The shortest latency between stimulus onset and chemical response was 52 msec; when responses were grouped in 10-msec intervals, the mode occurred at 70–80 msec. These values are similar to latencies for evasive antipredator responses reported for a variety of species. This result indicates: (1) response latencies for chemical defenses are not intrinsically longer than latencies for evasive responses, and (2) they are not necessarily lengthened by selective pressures unique to chemical defense.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00986554
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    Defensive secretion of chrysomelid larvaeGastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky andPhaedon brassicae Baly (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 635-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Defensive secretion ; Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky ; Phaedon brassicae Baly ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; chrysomelidial ; 5-(1′-formylethyl)-2-methyl-1-cyclopentenecarbaldehyde ; dehydroiridodial ; octadecyl acetate ; (Z)-11-eicosenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The active substance of the larval defensive secretion of the Japanese chrysomelid beetles,Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky andPhaedon brassicae Baly was identified as chrysomelidial.
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    Evidence for a sex pheromone in the hide beetle,Dermestes maculatus (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 5 (1979), S. 805-813 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Dermestes maculatus ; Coleoptera ; Dermestidae ; pheromone ; behavior ; bioassay ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Adults of the hide beetle,Dermestes maculatus (De Geer), were shown to have a female-produced sex pheromone which excited males. Male response was positively correlated with increasing age, but females produced a higher level of pheromone at 6–8 days of age than at younger or older ages. Extractable female pheromone and male response varied over the photophase with peak values that occurred during the latter hours. Quantitative bioassay indicated that the 50% male response level (RD50) would be elicited by a pheromone exposure of 0.01 female equivalents (FE). Females extracted 24 hr after mating had a lower level of extractable pheromone than did virgin females of the same age.
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  • 42
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    Male-produced Aggregation Pheromone of Colopterus truncatus: Structure, Electrophysiological, and Behavioral Activity (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1735-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Colopterus truncatus Randall ; sap beetle ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae ; aggregation pheromone ; coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) ; behavior ; (2E,4E,6E)-4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-nonatriene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A male-produced aggregation pheromone was demonstrated in Colopterus truncatus Randall (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) by gas chromatographic comparisons of male and female volatile emissions. Male-specific compounds were identified with coupled gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis and GC and MS comparison of authentic standards. Physiological activity was evaluated by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic (GC-EAG) recordings, and electroantennographic (EAG) assays of standards. The male-produced volatiles eliciting responses from male and female antennae (and relative abundance) were (2E,4E,6E)-3,5-dimethyl2,4,6-octatriene (1) (1.8), (2E,4E,6E)-4,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-nonatriene (2) (100), and (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene (3) (3.3). A fourth male-specific compound, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-4,6,8-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene (4) (0.6) was not EAG-active. EAG dose–response studies showed that the antennae were most sensitive to 2 followed by 3 and 1. Synthetic 2, binary blends of 1 and 3, and tertiary blends of 1, 2, and 3 were highly attractive in the field when synergized with fermenting whole-wheat bread dough. In the field, cross-attraction to the C. truncatus pheromone components was observed for Carpophilus lugubris Murray, C. antiquus Melsheimer, and C. brachypterus Say.
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    Response of the Seven-spot Ladybird to an Aphid Alarm Pheromone and an Alarm Pheromone Inhibitor is Mediated by Paired Olfactory Cells (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1765-1771 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Seven-spot ladybird ; Coccinella septempunctata ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; electrophysiology ; single neuron recording ; dose-response ; behavior ; olfactometer ; aphid alarm pheromone ; (E)-β-farnesene ; (−)-β-caryophyllene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electrophysiological responses of adult seven-spot ladybirds, Coccinella septempunctata, to (E)-β-farnesene, an aphid alarm pheromone, and (−)-β-caryophyllene, a plant-derived alarm pheromone inhibitor, were investigated by recording from single olfactory cells (neurons) on the antenna. Cells having high specificity for each of the two compounds were identified. Furthermore, these two cell types were frequently found in close proximity, with a larger amplitude consistently recorded for the cell responding specifically to (E)-β-farnesene. Preliminary behavioral studies in a two-way olfactometer showed that walking adults were significantly attracted to (E)-β-farnesene; this activity was inhibited with increasing proportions of (−)-β-caryophyllene. The possible ecological significance of colocation or pairing of olfactory cells for semiochemicals with different behavioral roles is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005555300476
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    The fauna in the vegetation of a moorland fishpond as revealed by different methods of collecting (1977)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 55 (1977), S. 3-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: fishpond ; methods ; artificial vegetation ; life history ; habitat ; freshwater invertebrates ; Crustacea ; Hirudinea ; Plecoptera ; Ephemeroptera ; Odonata ; Heteroptera ; Trichoptera ; Coleoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The fauna was sampled regularly by sweeping with a net, by means of a quantitative sampler and in mats of artificial Littorella. The three methods were found to be complementary. Only the second yielded reliable quantitative data, but it was the most time-consuming. The artificial-vegetation method was the quickest, and comparable samples could be taken regularly without harm to the environment. A few species were not attracted to the artificial vegetation. The net revealed that some species were more abundant in certain species of plant than in others. The artificial vegetation was particularly suitable for sampling in deep water. Moreover it captured the smallest specimens, which could pass through the sweep-net because the mats could be brought up inside a net of finer mesh.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00034799
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    A Novel Interspersed Type of Organization of Satellite DNAs in Tribolium Madens Heterochromatin (2000)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 8 (2000), S. 201-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Coleoptera ; DNA fibres ; extended chromosomes ; repetitive DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of arrangement of satellite DNA sequences in Tribolium madens (Insecta, Coleoptera) by Southern analysis of pulsed-field blots and two colour FISH on extended chromosomes and DNA fibres revealed a novel type of heterochromatin organization. Two satellite DNAs, distributed over the whole pericentromeric heterochromatin of all chromosomes form clusters, ranging in size from 150 kb up to several Mb. Within the clusters, both satellites are in the form of highly interspersed, short homogeneous arrays which vary in size with a lowest length limit of only few kb. The longest arrays composed of a single satellite are relatively short, up to 70 kb for satellite I, and up to 45 kb for satellite II. Only a small fraction of about 15% of satellite II is organized in long tandem repeats, while the rest is in the form of only a few repeats intermingled with satellite I. The results indicate that large clusters composed of interspersed arrays of both satellites represent a major component of T. madens heterochromatin, which is mostly devoid of long regions of other sequences. The same organizational pattern probably also includes a region of the functional centromere. We propose that such an organizational pattern of DNA sequences in heterochromatin might be common in genomes characterized by a high rate of interchromosomal exchange. This pattern of organization is different from that in other animal as well as plant species analysed up to now, in which every satellite in heterochromatin is organized in a small number of large separate domains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009244711527
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    Opposing Effects of Host Monoterpenes on Responses by Two Sympatric Species of Bark Beetles to Their Aggregation Pheromones (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2527-2548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ips pini ; Ips grandicollis ; Dendroctonus valens ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae ; aggregation pheromone ; conifer monoterpenes ; chirality ; kairomones ; niche partitioning ; sympatry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of host tree monoterpenes on primary and secondary attraction of the bark beetles, Ips pini and Ips grandicollis, and their associated phloeophagous insects were investigated. Monoterpenes alone were not attractive to I. pini. However, monoterpenes mediated the attraction of I. pini to its aggregation pheromones. With the exception of 3–carene, the effect of monoterpenes on I. pini's response to its pheromone, ipsdienol plus lanierone, was inhibitory. In contrast, (−)-α-pinene both attracted I. grandicollis and enhanced the attraction of I. grandicollis to its pheromone, ipsenol. No monoterpene inhibited the response of I. grandicollis to its pheromone. The inhibitory effect of host monoterpenes on I. pini response to its aggregation pheromone differs from previous work, in which monoterpenes either synergized responses or had no effect. In addition to possible geographic differences, the concentrations used in our study simulated trees that had begun to respond to attack, whereas previous studies deployed lower concentrations, which simulated constitutive phloem from unattacked trees. These results support the view that trees that undergo induced responses to bark beetles sometimes inhibit attraction of additional beetles, despite the beetles' production of aggregation pheromones. Neither species displayed cross-attraction to the pheromone of the other. The red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens, showed weak and consistent attraction to (+)-α-pinene and in some cases to (−)-α-pinene. Attraction to (−)-α-pinene was usually enhanced by Ips spp. pheromones. The absence of strong attraction to (+)-α-pinene and partial attraction to (−)-α-pinene suggest that the effects of different stereoisomers of α-pinene on D. valens vary throughout its geographical range. Hylastes porculus was also attracted to some monoterpenes, particularly (−)-α-pinene. An additional 10 species of phloeophagous insects were caught in response to monoterpenes and/or pheromones, including the pine root weevils, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus, and the longhorned beetle, Monochamus carolinensis.
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    The effect of temperature on the development of thepredator Rhyzobius lophanthae and its phenologyin Greece (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 439-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: fecundity ; phenology ; rearing ; temperature threshold ; thermal constant ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; Aspidiotus nerii ; Rhyzobius lophanthae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of temperature on thedevelopment of Rhyzobius lophanthae Blaisdell(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Aspidiotusnerii Bouché (Homoptera: Diaspididae) undercontrolled laboratory conditions was studied. Theduration of each developmental stage and adultlongevity were measured at 15, 20, 25, and30 °C. The life cycle of R. lophanthae(from egg to oviposition) lasted 78.7, 43.6, 32.1, and 23.9 days, whereas theaverage adult longevity was 257.6, 171.4, 121.3, and88.5 days at each temperature, respectively. Lowtemperature thresholds of R. lophanthae immaturelife stages ranged from 7.6 to 9.3 °C, while thethermal constant for the development of R. lophanthaefrom egg to adult was 443.5 degree-days. The average fecundity at 25 °C was633.7 eggs per female. Rhyzobius lophanthaereared in cages outdoors during 1993–1995 at Kifissia,Athens developed 5 complete overlapping generationsper year from May to October and a 6th partialoverlapping generation during February and March.Adults of the 4th and 5th generation survived winterconditions giving rise to the following year's 1stgeneration. Females were reproductively activethroughout the year, indicating that R.lophanthae does not diapause.
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    The effects of temperature, relative humidity and hostplant on the behaviour of Stethorus punctillum as apredator of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychusurticae (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 155-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; locomotory and predatory activity ; Acari ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; Tetranychidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The predatory behaviour of Stethoruspunctillum larvae was studied on the two-spottedspider mite (Tetranychus urticae), in order toassess how it responded to temperatures and relativehumidities typical of glasshouse conditions on fouredible crop plant species. Locomotory activity(distance covered, time spent walking, walking speed,angular velocity, and turning rate) was recorded at20, 25 and 30 °C and relativehumidity levels of 33%, 65% and 90% RH on tomato,pepper, aubergine and cucumber and analysed usingvideo/computer techniques. The results show thatactivity of S. punctillum significantly increased athigher temperatures. Host plant species also stronglyinfluenced the performance of the predator, which wasmost active on pepper and tomato and least active onaubergine. Relative humidity had no significantinfluence.
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    Maximum feeding potential of larvae and adults ofthe scale insect predator, Chilocorus nigrituswith a new method of estimating food intake (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 295-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Biological control ; Coccinellidae ; Coleoptera ; Diaspididae ; Abgrallaspis cyanophylli ; Chilocorus nigritus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method of estimating the weight ofindividual Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret)without the need for removal from the host plant isdescribed. Using this method, which enables accurateestimations of scale insect weight by measuring lengthand relating it to a previously determined regressionmodel, maximum feeding potential in male and femaleChilocorus nigritus (F.) adults was examined atvarious constant temperatures over the range of 13 to30 °C and at a cycling temperature of 12 h/12 hat 14/30 °C (r.h. in the range of 62 to 68%). Mean daily potential food intake varied from 0.097 mg/day at 13 °C to 1.432 mg/day at 30 °C.However, intake at the cycling temperature was significantly higher than that at constant temperatures (1.98 mg/day). At 15, 20 and 30 °C there were no significant differences between male and female potential food requirements whilst at temperatures in the mid range, there was a considerable increase in female potential voracitywhen compared to that of the males. Maximum potentiallarval food requirement for development at 26 °Cand 62% r.h. in C. nigritus was also estimatedusing the above method. A mean of 16.24 mg of Abgrallaspis cyanophylli (Signoret) was required forlarvae of both sexes to complete development. Thisstudy suggests that C. nigritus would be mostefficient as a biological control agent if used inglasshouses with a mean daily temperature above22 °C.
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    Impact of defoliation by the biocontrol agentZygogramma bicolorataon the weed Partheniumhysterophorus in Australia (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 501-512 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biocontrol ; defoliation ; herbivory ; impact assessment ; weed ; Asteraceae ; Coleoptera ; Parthenium hysterophorus ; Zygogramma bicolorata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The leaf-feeding beetle Zygogrammabicolorata Pallister was introduced from Mexico intoAustralia in 1980 as a biocontrol agent for the weedParthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae). Z. bicolorata became abundant in 1990, and since 1992there has been regular outbreaks resulting in thedefoliation of the weed in central Queensland. In thisstudy we evaluated the impact of defoliation by Z. bicolorata on P. hysterophorus from 1996 to1998. Z. bicolorata caused 91–100% defoliationresulting in reductions in weed density by 32–93%,plant height by 18–65%, plant biomass by 55–89%,flower production by 75–100%, soil seed-bank by13–86% and seedling emergence in the following seasonby 73–90%. At sites with continued outbreaks ofZ. bicolorata, it is expected that the existing soilseed-bank will be minimised, resulting in reduceddensity of parthenium in 6 to 7 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026528304473
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