ALBERT

Description: Für die Verortung der deutschen akademischen Humangeographie im Geflecht zwischen wissenschaftlicher Praxis, theoretischen Propositionen und Lehralltag war der Geographentag in Kiel im Jahre 1969 ein Meilenstein. Anlässlich der Erinnerung an den Ort und die Debatten vor 50 Jahren wurde wiederum Kiel im Jahre 2019 zu einem Ort der Reflektion. Der hier vorliegende Beitrag versucht in einer bewusst persönlich formulierten Art die Impulse, die von „Kiel 1969“ ausgingen, im universitären Alltag des Geographischen Institutes der TU München in den 1980er Jahren zu verorten und hierdurch gewissermaßen zu relativieren. Hierdurch entsteht ein differenziertes Bild von richtungsweisenden Veränderungen und verharrenden Strukturen, welche ineinander verwoben die damals überregional bekannte Münchener Sozialgeographie charakterisierten – und für die deutschsprachige Humangeographie über die speziell Münchner Zustände hinaus bezeichnend waren.

Description: Based on the discourse analysis of articles collected between 2010 and 2016 from the Süddeutsche Zeitung – a leading local and German national newspaper – my aim is to reconstruct the central conditions limiting or enabling the participation of those citizens in the public discourse who are generally constructed as „migrants“. Therefore, I analyse the central elements of the discourse around the subject migration/integration. My analysis is guided by the ‚postmigrant debate‘, in particular by the approaches of the ‚differential inclusion‘ of migrantised groups and their ‚struggles of migration‘ combining it with critical race debates. My aim is to outline the different discursive ways that allow migrantised citizens to participate in public meaning making, and the ways, they use to contest majoritarian views. My analysis reveals their critical reconsideration of the system of differentiated inclusion, which is organizing the majoritarian discourse and ‚migrants‘ everyday lives. While the journalistic strategy exemplified within the analysis is working in support of the ‚migrant's perspectives‘, it simultaneously acts to normalize majoritarian position contra migration.

Description: Staat und Raum: Theoretische Debatten in der Politischen Geographie Geographica Helvetica, 69, 217-219, 2014 Author(s): M. Müller

Description: A constructionist defence of environmental ethics: the case of the Swiss hunter Geographica Helvetica, 69, 203-211, 2014 Author(s): T. Tait-Jamieson Castree argues that, due to implicit and explicit forms of material essentialism within many environmental ethicist arguments, a post-environmental ethics may be inevitable. The purpose of this article was to examine this claim by putting authors Castree and Proctor into a dialogue, situated within the social context of hunting in Switzerland, with the aim of navigating a path beyond the ontological mine field that environmental ethics has recently become. The results show that the critique that Castree offers can be turned into a mode of enquiry that highlights the need for environmental ethics to move beyond normative prescription to normative description. Such a move, as highlighted by the case of the Swiss hunter, allows for enquiry into how environmental ethics are socially discussed and produced, as well as offering avenues in which to interrogate and make sense of the different ways that people understand and interact with the natural world.

Description: The SAGE handbook of transport studies Geographica Helvetica, 69, 215-216, 2014 Author(s): M. Wilde

Description: Von Interaktion zu Transaktion – Konsequenzen eines pragmatischen Mensch-Umwelt-Verständnisses für eine Geographie der Mitwelt Geographica Helvetica, 69, 171-181, 2014 Author(s): C. Steiner Questions about how human-environment-relations can be conceptualized in a non-dualistic way have been intensively discussed throughout the last decades. The majority of the established realist and constructivist perspectives aim at explaining a given situation by analytically dissecting it. Unfortunately, such an interactionist perspective systematically reproduces the dualistic division between humans, environment and nature. In contrast, this paper offers a transactive perspective origin in classical pragmatism and discusses its meta-theoretical consequences for human-environment-research. A transactionist perspective interprets the world as a flow of unique and entangled events. Instead of ontologically separating humans and environment, it advocates to look at their relations as being part of a "connatural world". Such a point of view raises new ethical and political questions for geographical human-environment research, argues for a renaissance of ideographic methodologies and hints to a fruitful unity of geographical inquiry.

Description: Critical geography and the poison of Heidegger's thought Geographica Helvetica, 69, 145-146, 2014 Author(s): B. Korf No abstract available.

Description: Ist Kreativität ein subjektives oder ein kollektives Phänomen? Über eine ungeklärte Frage in der Non-representational Theory und eine denkbare Antwort der Philosophie der symbolischen Formen Geographica Helvetica, 69, 147-155, 2014 Author(s): P. Dirksmeier The micro-macro-problem of the social sciences is also present in human geographies' discussions of creativity. Creativity could be conceptualized either as a capability of subjects or as emerging from interaction processes. A direct consequence of this theoretical indecision is an inconsistent notion of creativity in Nigel Thrifts' nonrepresentational theory (NRT) that is originally developed to valuate creative praxis. The paper advances a proposal for conceptualizing creativity in NRT by using the philosophy of symbolic forms established by Ernst Cassirer. First, the paper develops a notion of individual creativity that is implied in Cassirers' work on symbolic pregnance and symbolic forms and via Bourdieus' interpretation of Cassirer also in the French sociologists' theory of incorporation. Second, the paper shows two possibilities to include the outlined notion of individual creativity in NRT. Creativity could be linked with NRT by modifying Bourdieus' concept of incorporation as used to establish a notion of nonrepresentational praxis. The second possibility of including creativity is a connection of affect and experience, which leads directly to the emergence of novelty.

Description: Political Waters. Governmental water management and neoliberal reforms in Khartoum/Sudan Geographica Helvetica, 69, 221-222, 2014 Author(s): L. Crombé

Description: The Ashgate Research Companion to Critical Geopolitics Geographica Helvetica, 69, 223-224, 2014 Author(s): C. B. Tansel

Description: Peripheralization. The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social Injustice Geographica Helvetica, 69, 213-214, 2014 Author(s): S. Rettberg

Description: Antisemitismus, Großstadtfeindlichkeit und reaktionäre Kapitalismuskritik in der deutschsprachigen Geographie vor 1945 Geographica Helvetica, 69, 193-202, 2014 Author(s): B. Michel In der Forschung zur Geschichte der Geographie besteht eine auffällige Leerstelle bezüglich antisemitischen Denkens vor 1945. In diesem Beitrag wird versucht die Rolle und Funktion antisemitischer Elemente in der deutschsprachigen Geographie des Landschaftsparadigmas vor 1945 nachzuzeichnen. Es wird die These vertreten, dass die antisemitische Figur des Judentums als einem raum- und bodenlosen Volk, nicht nur tief in das geographische Denken eingelagert ist, sondern mit der seit 1918 stark antimodernen und abstraktionsfeindlichen Ausrichtung der Disziplin das Judentum gerade auch als Personifikation für die verhassten Momente von Modernisierung, Liberalismus und Urbanität fungiert. Wenn antisemitisches Denken im Vergleich zu nationalistischen und eurozentrischen Momenten auf den ersten Blick relativ unsichtbar erscheint, so liegt eine Ursache für diese geringe Sichtbarkeit im geringen Interesse landschaftskundlicher Geographie an Stadtgeographie und Prozessen der gesellschaftlichen Modernisierung.

Description: Appropriating "modernization" – indigenous anti-hegemonic resistance in the Argentine Chaco Geographica Helvetica, 69, 183-191, 2014 Author(s): S. Weißermel The incorporation of indigenous territories into the Argentine Republic must be considered as a complex process of colonization which encompassed space, the word and the body. It enabled the dominant settler society to establish socioeconomic and sociocultural hegemony. The example of the Toba community in Clorinda elucidates the extent to which hegemonic worldviews have infiltrated their self-perception and produced the barrio (urban district) and the campo (rural area), as two places infiltrated with symbolisms and ideology. Through a postcolonial perspective, this article aims to examine the way the community deals with this "modernization", as the Toba themselves call the process. It is pointed out that, by appropriating the hegemony's logic, the Toba actively create spaces of resistance in order to maintain or regain self-determination. Discussing indigenous alternative concepts of modernity, this article advocates a greater consideration of those diverse social realities in the scope of Western development geography.

Description: Materialität und Macht im Spiegel der Assemblage-Theorie: Erkundungen am Beispiel der Waldpolitik in Thailand Geographica Helvetica, 69, 157-169, 2014 Author(s): A. Mattissek and T. Wiertz Nature and technology are at the core of many ongoing social transformations and political struggles. While constructivist approaches in general and poststructuralist theories in particular point to the discursive negotiation of materiality, they have so far failed to adequately account for its constitutive role in stabilizing and destabilizing social relations. We argue that theories based on a "flat ontology" offer a way to re-materialize social theory while keeping the sensitivity to power-knowledge relations that poststructuralist theories have developed. Drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari and recent discussions on Assemblage Theory in Human Geography, we sketch out a theoretical framework that conceptualizes the relations between symbolic and material entities in a non-deterministic way. Using the example of recent shifts in forest politics in Thailand under the influence of climate change policies, we discuss some of the empirical aspects that can be analyzed with the help of Assemblage Theory.

Description: Kiel 1969 – ein Mythos? Geographica Helvetica, 69, 291-292, 2014 Author(s): B. Korf No abstract available.

Description: Mobility, multilocality and translocal development: changing livelihoods in the Karakoram Geographica Helvetica, 69, 259-270, 2014 Author(s): A. Benz The people of the Karakoram have broadened the basis of their livelihoods over the last two to three generations by diversifying their income sources and activities along sectoral and spatial lines. Formal education, off-farm income generation and professional employment in the cities complement and partly substitute local agricultural activities. Intensifying processes of mobility and migration have created translocal rural–urban livelihoods, straddling between various and often geographically distant places. Social ties in multilocal configurations of households, families and communities have established highly effective local-to-local connections, which directly interlink processes of change and development in different locations. This article traces in a historical analysis the specific interrelations of mobility dynamics, livelihood change and socio-economic development for the Wakhi community of Gojal in northern Pakistan and discusses the potential of translocal livelihoods to overcome local constraints and facilitate development in structurally disadvantaged regions.

Description: Framing smallholder inclusion in global value chains – case studies from India and West Africa Geographica Helvetica, 69, 239-247, 2014 Author(s): M. Franz, M. Felix, and A. Trebbin A resurrected interest in agriculture has brought in its wake growing interest in smallholders in the global South by scholars, companies, governments and development agencies alike. While non-governmental organisations and development agencies see the potential to reduce poverty, companies look upon smallholder agriculture as a widely untapped resource for the sourcing of crops and as a sales market for agricultural inputs. While the important role of large corporate buyers of agricultural produce as lead firms in value chains is often discussed and emphasised, the power of providers of technology and agricultural inputs is being rather neglected. In this paper, we analyse two case studies of technology and input providers in agricultural value chains and their role in smallholder inclusion with the aim of finding out how such companies impact the governance of the value chains. To do so we combine insights from the value chain literature with the concept of framing/overflowing.

Description: Der Kieler Geographentag 1969: Wunden und Wunder Geographica Helvetica, 69, 319-320, 2014 Author(s): I. Helbrecht No abstract available.

Description: Kiel 1969 – Leuchtturm oder Irrlicht? Geographica Helvetica, 69, 293-299, 2014 Author(s): B. Werlen No abstract available.

Description: Was der Mythos der modernen Geographie nach Kiel ausschließt Geographica Helvetica, 69, 305-307, 2014 Author(s): B. Belina No abstract available.

Description: Alte Zeiten, neue Zeiten – Ein Bericht, verbunden mit einigen Gedanken über neugierige Identitätssuche Geographica Helvetica, 69, 313-317, 2014 Author(s): U. Eisel No abstract available.

Description: Wir sind nie revolutionär gewesen – Zum Mythos des Kieler Geographentags als der Geburtsstunde einer neuen Geographie Geographica Helvetica, 69, 301-303, 2014 Author(s): B. Michel No abstract available.

Description: New ruralities – old gender dynamics? A reflection on high-value crop agriculture in the light of the feminisation debates Geographica Helvetica, 69, 281-290, 2014 Author(s): S. Bieri While a remarkable continuity in smallholder agricultural production has been identified, the shift from subsistence orientation towards more wage dependence appears in a different light when analysed under a gender perspective. "Feminisation" has been a catchphrase to characterise some of these processes; however, the debate has been subject to overgeneralisation, and can only inadequately grasp the gender dynamics in what has been referred to as "new ruralities". Illustrated for high-value crop production as an expression of agricultural transition in the Global South, this contribution offers a critical account of the feminisation thesis. Instead of discarding the notion of feminisation, it advocates a reassessment of its potential as a comprehensive framework against which empirical findings can be reflected. While conventional uses of the feminisation thesis have, in their great majority, come up with the conclusion that for women it can always only get worse, I propose a perspective which reveals gains and risks and how they are shared between men and women as they engage in new agricultural labour markets. This perspective rests on a methodology for case-based, comparative studies developed in this paper as a contribution for assessing the nature of agricultural transition and to investigate the qualitative change associated with new ruralities. A distinctive appreciation of the substance of agricultural change for different members of the rural society – namely men and women, but also different men, and different women – is the premise for overcoming barriers to shared development, and for framing effective governance in the context of global development.

Description: Conventional or alternative development? Varying meanings and purposes of territorial rural development as a strategy for the Global South Geographica Helvetica, 69, 271-280, 2014 Author(s): K. Koop This paper discusses the increasing interest in the territorial dimension of rural development in the Global South. Adapting the local development approach of the 1970s to the changing context of globalization and to the competitiveness discourse, mainstream development agencies and scholars currently see territorial development (TD) as an attractive model for the integration of rural regions into globalization dynamics. However, territory serves not only conventional mainstream ideologies, but also post-development thinking. It is shown that territory has turned out to be a crucial element for social movements in the defense of alternative visions of modernity and in the constitution of life worlds outside the conventional development path. The analysis of the meaning development actors give the term territory and the focus on the purposes for which it is mobilized allows a variety of possible development paths for the rural South to be identified, thus going beyond the prevailing modernist vision.

Description: Wenn Utopien zu Mythen werden Geographica Helvetica, 69, 309-312, 2014 Author(s): J. Hasse No abstract available.

Description: "Investors are good, if they follow the rules" – power relations and local perceptions in the case of two European forestry companies in Tanzania Geographica Helvetica, 69, 249-258, 2014 Author(s): M. Locher and U. Müller-Böker The rapidly increasing interest of foreign investors in land in the global South, also termed land grabbing , has been widely discussed as potentially supportive, but often rather harmful for local populations. Combining a critical livelihoods perspective with access theory and a bargaining model, this study scrutinizes local people's perceptions of the land investments, power relations during land negotiations and intra-community differences. By analysing two European forestry companies in Tanzania, we have chosen a sector and a country with presumably more positive outcomes for local populations. The deals resulted in not only labour opportunities and infrastructural improvements, which are mainly perceived as positive, but also cases of violated land rights, inadequate compensation and decreased food security. Hence, even under favourable preconditions, the consequences for local people are ambivalent. With this study, we contribute to a differentiated analysis of the contested role of large-scale land deals in contemporary rural development.

Description: New rural dynamics and challenges in the Global South Geographica Helvetica, 69, 225-226, 2014 Author(s): T. Rauch, M. Schmidt, and D. Segebart No abstract available.

Description: New ruralities in the context of global economic and environmental change – are small-scale farmers bound to disappear? Geographica Helvetica, 69, 227-237, 2014 Author(s): T. Rauch While development practicians tend to celebrate the renaissance of rural development, critical scholars are concerned about the increasing commoditisation of rural resources in the global South coinciding with the end of the peasant mode of production. The new debate on the future of rurality is associated with trends such as price hikes for rural products, climate change, food crisis, institutional change and multi-local livelihood systems. Usually, these trends are analysed from different perspectives. While many geographers look at it from a livelihood systems perspective, political economists focus on global food markets, whereas climate change research considers rural dynamics predominantly as a response to climate. This article argues that the new rural dynamics can only be understood by taking a holistic multi-dimensional approach which puts those different perspectives into context, rather than arguing which is more relevant. Based on a multi-dimensional analytical framework, the article investigates economic, environmental, social and political-institutional dynamics behind the actual trends.

Description: Transnational productions of remoteness: building onshore and offshore carceral regimes across borders Geographica Helvetica, 69, 389-398, 2014 Author(s): A. Mountz and J. Loyd This article examines transnational framings of domestic carceral landscapes to better understand the relationship between offshore and onshore enforcement and detention regimes. US detention on mainland territory and interception and detention in the Caribbean serves as a case study. While the US domestic carceral regime is a subject of intense political debate, research, and activism, it is not often analyzed in relation to the development and expansion of an offshore "buffer zone" to intercept and detain migrants and asylum seekers. Yet the US federal government has also used offshore interception and detention as a way of controlling migration and mobility to its shores. This article traces a Cold War history of offshore US interception and detention of migrants from and in the Caribbean. We discuss how racialized crises related to Cuban and Haitian migrations by sea led to the expansion of an intertwined offshore and onshore carceral regime. Tracing these carceral geographies offers a more transnational understanding of contemporary domestic landscapes of detention of foreign nationals in the United States. It advances the argument that the conditions of remoteness ascribed frequently to US detention sites must be understood in more transnational perspective.

Description: Governing refugee space: the quasi-carceral regime of Amsterdam's Lloyd Hotel, a German-Jewish refugee camp in the prelude to World War II Geographica Helvetica, 69, 365-375, 2014 Author(s): M. Felder, C. Minca, and C. E. Ong Through analysing the correspondence between key refugee camp commanders based at Amsterdam's Lloyd Hotel and different authorities involved in Dutch refugee matters, this paper examines how "the Dutch state" responded to German-Jewish refugees fleeing Nazi Germany in the prelude to World War II. Using a largely Foucauldian approach to discipline, power, security and governmentality to examine the bio-, macro- and micro-politics behind the management of these refugees and their lived spaces, we seek to illustrate how the Lloyd Hotel formed part of a quasi-carceral spatial regime implemented to segregate and contain those with an unclear legal status at a time of political confusion. The article also seeks to show how the involvement of different authorities at different scales brought serious implications for the status, spatial regimentation, mobilities and future of the refugees.

Description: Alone inside: solitary confinement and the ontology of the individual in modern life Geographica Helvetica, 69, 355-364, 2014 Author(s): B. Story The long-term solitary confinement of prisoners causes fundamentally debilitative psychological damage. This violence, inherent to the socio-spatial organization of solitary confinement, diminishes prisoners' capacity to function as human beings. Yet while violence might characterize the ends of solitary confinement, individuation defines the means. This paper argues that solitary confinement, while an extreme case, shares crucial characteristics with other spaces, structures, and modes of organization familiar to Western society. The actual experiences of prisoners subjected to conditions of total isolation, moreover, contradict the prevailing ontology of the individuated subject. The irreconcilability of this paradox invites inquiry into the political and material problematic of individualism itself. The violence of solitary confinement's spatial practice therefore holds important implications for a critical reassessment of any or all socially isolating institutions and individuating ideologies within the structural fabric of modern life.

Description: "Green" prisons: rethinking the "sustainability" of the carceral estate Geographica Helvetica, 69, 345-353, 2014 Author(s): D. Moran and Y. Jewkes This exploratory paper introduces the notion of the "green" prison, uncovering the ways in which environmental sustainability inflects carceral policies and practices. Focusing on the United States, it highlights the construction of an "organizational sustainable development" discourse within the correctional system, and argues that it is the system, rather than the environment, which is being "sustained", through the promulgation of a "green" prison discourse which serves to deflect attention from the mounting human and financial costs of mass incarceration. It examines the ways in which "sustainability" plays out in correctional facilities, narrowly structured around compliance with "green" environmental and energy-related regulations, and the provision of "green-collar" training for inmates. Drawing on architectural geographies and notions of therapeutic landscapes, the paper theorizes an alternative interpretation of the "green" prison as a nurturing environment, but argues that this model functions only in decarcerative settings imbued with a rehabilitative, rather than a retributive, atmosphere.

Description: Introduction: Criminality and carcerality across boundaries Geographica Helvetica, 69, 321-323, 2014 Author(s): J. Turner No abstract available.

Description: The production of bedspace: prison privatization and abstract space Geographica Helvetica, 69, 325-333, 2014 Author(s): M. L. Mitchelson This paper reports results from a critical discourse analysis of Annual Reports for Corrections Corporation of America and Geo Group, Inc. (formerly Wackenhut), the two largest private prison firms currently operating in the United States. Considerable geographic scholarship has analyzed privatization, on the one hand, and imprisonment, on the other. However, geographers have paid less attention to explicitly for-profit imprisonment. In particular, geographers have overlooked or ignored the emergence of bedspace, a concept that now pervades penal discourse. Rather than continuing conventional public-versus-private prison debates, this paper identifies bedspace as the discursive common ground upon which private prison industrialists and the state actually converge. Applying Henri Lefebvre's theorization of "abstract space" to imprisonment, I argue that the discursive creation of bedspace produces a nondialectical representation of space that is fully commodified and bureaucratized. However, the paper concludes that this nondialectical space problematically severs the immanently human geography of imprisonment, which is a "messy" space that is always lived and experienced in particular ways, from its inanimate architectural infrastructure (i.e., beds). Beyond the potential ethical and empirical challenges raised by the production of such an abstract space, bedspace signals the discursive and material convergence of state punishment with capital flows that build and often move beyond prison boundaries while obscuring violent geographies.

Description: Examining the everyday micro-economies of migrant detention in the United States Geographica Helvetica, 69, 335-344, 2014 Author(s): D. Conlon and N. Hiemstra Securitization of immigration, the rise of interior immigration policing, and forces of carceral privatization have occasioned a remarkable expansion of immigrant detention throughout the United States. Previous studies have drawn attention to the importance of the daily rates paid by the federal government to individual facilities in driving the emphasis on detention. This paper, in contrast, argues that tracing the political and economic geography of money inside detention facilities is also critical for understanding detention expansion and its consequences. We define the processes, mechanisms, and practices of generating profit above and beyond the "per-bed" daily rate as "internal micro-economies" of migrant detention. Drawing on an ongoing examination of migrant detention facilities in the greater New York City metropolitan area, we identify four micro-economies evident in detention facilities: the commissary systems, phone and other forms of communication, detainee labor, and detainee excursions outside detention. These economies show how detained migrants' needs and daily routines are tailored in ways that produce migrants as both captive consumers and laborers. Recognition of multiple micro-economies also highlights the fact that the numbers of individuals and entities invested in the incarceration of immigrants proliferate in tandem with the objectification of detainees. The paper further suggests that attending to relationships embedded in the inner workings of detention exposes economic links across carceral boundaries, rendering visible the porosity between government, private companies, and publics.

Description: Expanding carceral geographies: challenging mass incarceration and creating a "community orientation" towards juvenile delinquency Geographica Helvetica, 69, 377-388, 2014 Author(s): E. Brown Increasingly, governments are adopting alternative strategies to mass incarceration and drawing on the rhetoric of community to create softer and less restrictive sanctions. This paper argues that this transition provides an opportunity for geographers concerned with incarceration to consider a more expansive understanding of the carceral state. To call for a more geographically expansive consideration of incarceration, this paper draws upon a study of one juvenile court that sought to end racialized over-incarceration by promoting a "community orientation". As a consequence, juvenile detention now acts as a single node in a broader process of sorting, placing, and punishing, but the carceral aspects of juvenile court involvement did not lessen. Instead, the community orientation encapsulated a range of practices that are traditionally outside the state, yet extended the power of the state over a broad geography that resulted in the coerced mobility of children and subjection to greater insecurity. By tracing how the carceral apparatus extends into neighborhoods, community programs, probation practices, and residential placement, I argue that paying more attention to variegated carceral practices is necessary to more fully consider how incarceration has permeated places outside the prison.

Description: Dark Territory in the Information Age. Learning from the West German Census Controversies of the 1980s Geographica Helvetica, 69, 121-122, 2014 Author(s): N. Zurawski

Description: Editorial Urbane Ungleichheit in vergleichender Perspektive – Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und empirische Befunde aus den Americas Geographica Helvetica, 69, 67-78, 2014 Author(s): E. Rothfuß and U. Gerhard Research on urban inequality has a long tradition in human geography as well as sociology. This special issue seeks to amplify the discussion by introducing some new theoretical approaches to the analysis. The first is to open up a research setting for comparative urbanism. By looking at urban life-worlds of marginalized neighbourhoods in the two Americas, the contributors do not want to search for similarities or disparities between different countries, but try to shed light on societal contexts and their spatial settings. The idea is to develop a reconstructive perspective to understand the uneven place-making within cities. With this, a second task is circumscribed: by describing and interpreting every-day life practices in Brazilian favelas and US ghettos, we want to contribute to a better understanding of patterns and spaces of urban inequality. Despite the wide array of (mostly quantitative) studies on urban inequality and segregation we declare a lack of understanding how these marginalized localities are experienced and reproduced. How do unprivileged inhabitants cope with everyday negligence and discrimination? Further concepts of urban citizenship, governmentality and the role of the penal state are introduced to enhance the conceptual as well as empirical analysis of inequality in cities.

Description: Notes from the Editors Der reiche Fundus der Geographie Geographica Helvetica, 69, 65-65, 2014 Author(s): B. Korf No abstract available.

Description: Geography speaks: performative aspects of geography Geographica Helvetica, 69, 131-133, 2014 Author(s): C. Schurr

Description: Das Ordnen von Räumen. Territorium und Lebensraum im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert Geographica Helvetica, 69, 127-129, 2014 Author(s): H. D. Schultz

Description: Social spatiality: some rudimentary thoughts on the epistemology of Benno Werlen Geographica Helvetica, 69, 139-143, 2014 Author(s): U. Strohmayer

Description: Geographie in Forschung und Gesellschaft: Wege und Wandel – Eine Ideenskizze* Geographica Helvetica, 69, 115-120, 2014 Author(s): H. Leser No abstract available.

Description: Après le diplôme. Les parcours migratoires au sortir des hautesécoles Geographica Helvetica, 69, 125-126, 2014 Author(s): M. Gauthier

Description: Politische Räume. Die diskursive Konstitution eines „geokulturellen Raums“ – die Frankophonie Geographica Helvetica, 69, 135-137, 2014 Author(s): J. Bohle

Description: Science + Space + Society: urbanity and the risk of methodological communalism in social sciences of space* Geographica Helvetica, 69, 99-114, 2014 Author(s): J. Lévy During the last decades, geography has lost its epistemological exceptionality, but is this enough? Social sciences are commonly threatened by methodological nationalism and, more generally, by methodological communalism , that is the corruption of a scientific approach or project by any kind of other social alignment that undermines its capacity to develop a free, autonomous thought. Has geography escaped these pitfalls? In this text, the example of urban studies is taken to try and answer these questions. More specifically, the way the idea of spatial justice has emerged in the last decades is explored through the analysis of five significant books among the academic production on these topics. It is then argued, thanks to a critical review around the iconic notion of 'gentrification', that the corpus at stake is more substantial than the limited, partially arbitrary selection of these five books. The present-day situation of urban geography (and probably of urban sociology, too) shows a serious risk of methodological communalism particularly located in Anglophone, and especially North American, literature. Some hypotheses are proposed to explain this particular geography of the academic episteme of inhabited space. It is argued that the potential single-paradigm hegemony in geography and, more generally, in social sciences might fuel this danger. Finally, a possible antidote to this worrying trend could be the simple, but complex idea of putting science, space and society together in a non-dissociable way. The conclusion stresses the necessity of taking up key challenges that urbanity issues raise and the usefulness of epistemological and theoretical pluralism as a major intellectual resource.

Description: Das Gespenst des Kapitals Geographica Helvetica, 69, 123-124, 2014 Author(s): S. Schipper

Description: Die Gestaltung städtischer Abschließung im 21. Jahrhundert Geographica Helvetica, 69, 89-97, 2014 Author(s): L. Wacquant This paper draws on my books Urban Outcasts and Punishing the Poor , on the transformation of the forms and policy management of marginality in advanced society, to probe the use of space as a medium for social closure and control in the city. This first part sketches a framework for the (comparative) analysis of sociospatial seclusion , the process whereby particular social categories and activities are corralled and isolated in a reserved and restricted quadrant of physical and social space. The second part applies this schema to present a compressed analysis of the divergent trajectories of the black American ghetto and the French working-class borough in the post-Fordist age anchored by the three spatially inflected concepts of ghetto, hyperghetto and anti-ghetto. It concludes by stressing the role of the state in directing processes of seclusion at the top and at the bottom of the urban order, along a gradient from constraint to choice.

Description: The global trope and urban redevelopment: the American experience Geographica Helvetica, 69, 79-88, 2014 Author(s): D. Wilson This paper examines a new "political opportunity structure" in United States Rust Belt cities – globalization – currently being used by redevelopment governances. An investigation of two cities reveals that this discourse ("the global trope") has helped to produce a new socio-spatial polarization in US cities. Globalization here is now not merely a new reality, but also a powerful rhetorical device whose invoking is proving to be a potent political tool for capital in its drive to transform cities. At this rhetoric's core, a supposed new hyper-competitive reality makes Rust Belt cities easily discardable as places of investment. These once-enclosed containers of "the economic", in the rhetoric, have recently become leaky landscapes rife with a potential for economic hemorrhaging. Against this supposed reality, cities are portrayed as beset by a kind of accumulation disorder that now haunts them. Through this, the new governmentality's dominant contours – a proposed shock treatment of re-regulation – is rationalized. This generates a new uneven development across US cities that marginalizes low-income African-American communities.

Description: English-speaking hegemony shapes the geography of legitimate knowledge production in our discipline, pushing geographies in other languages and traditions to the periphery. The overall phenomenon has overshadowed these peripheries' diversity and what is at stake within them. I argue that continental European geographies occupy a specific position – they have been provincialized rather than peripheralized. This provincialization should not be lamented. Given our colonial past and Northern privilege, we should instead embrace this provincialization as long overdue and a moral imperative. I subsequently explore a few provincialization-embracing postures – all with merit, none unproblematic – that we can adopt for fieldwork and writing. I then propose practical steps that continental European geographies can take toward a more ethical and cosmopolitan praxis.

Description: Die Geographie soll sowohl an gesellschaftlicher Relevanz als auch an theoretischer Tiefe gewinnen – so die Forderungen in Kiel 1969. 50 Jahre nach Kiel ist die Bedeutung des Faches unumstritten. Klimastreik, Grenzzäune, Brexit – alle diese aktuellen Ereignisse betreffen Kernthemen der Geographie wie Klimawandel, Migration und Geopolitik. Aber wer definiert, was gesellschaftlich relevant und damit im Zentrum der Geographie stehen soll? In einem inszenierten Streitgespräch, das als Eröffnungs-Keynote für den Deutschen Kongress in Kiel 2019 entwickelt und hier in leicht veränderter Form abgedruckt wurde, vertreten Carolin Schurr und Peter Weichhart dazu unterschiedliche Positionen: Die Suche nach einem Zentrum des Faches steht dabei der feministisch-postkolonialen Besorgnis über eine solche disziplinäre und disziplinierende Identifikation eines Zentrums gegenüber. Die Theorieentwicklung des Faches betrachtend, kritisiert Peter Weichhart die zunehmende Zerfaserung und Randständigkeit aktueller Theoriediskussionen. Auf Basis von bell hooks' Buch „From Margin to Center“ zeigt hingegen Carolin Schurr, dass Grundkonzepte der Geographie insbesondere von den gesellschaftlichen und disziplinären Rändern aus hinterfragt und weiterentwickelt wurden. Geographische Zukünfte sehen beide in der Auseinandersetzung mit Fragen der sozialen Gerechtigkeit, wobei das Soziale aus einer posthumanen Dezentrierung heraus gedacht wird.

Description: For multifunctional forests that seek to fulfil societal, environmental and economic demands, active forest management is key. However, like in many other western European countries, Switzerland's small-scale private forest owners increasingly do not manage their forests. By applying and adapting the Institutional Resource Regime (IRR), a framework for environmental policy analysis that considers use rights both from public policies and property rights, we analyse the situation in Switzerland. Subsequently, we propose a Swiss forest gift programme – based on the Canadian Ecological Gifts Program (EGP) – consisting of different policy instruments that would ultimately lead to a transfer of property rights from the current to new owners. In sum, we argue that our proposal would lead to more “coherence”, with regard to the IRR's sustainability dimension, and consequently to clearer responsibilities for the sustainable management of forests in Switzerland.

Description: Times of crisis often call the legitimacy of existing social orders into question. These practices of dispute and debate that question, challenge, or affirm the rules that govern our social life are what constitutes the realm of the political. This article fathoms the potential of a Political Geography that makes political practices its main point of interest. Arendt's political philosophy provides the foundation for a geography of political practices that asks about (a) the way in which the possibility and necessity of the political is tied to the spatiality of our human condition, (b) the relation of political practices to spatial structures and their production of particular places, spaces and scales, and (c) the role which materiality plays in stabilizing, constraining and shaping political practices. Combining insights from Arendt's concept of political action with recent ideas of practice theories, a definition of political practices that relies on three characteristics – reflexivity, perspectivity, and expressivity – is introduced. I will argue that these metapragmatic practices, although they distinguish themselves from pragmatic practices, nevertheless, always remain embedded in and related to the web of our everyday doings.

Description: This study explores how technical services for automotive applications organize their value-added activities. It does so from the background of a market transition towards electric vehicles and vehicle connectivity. Conceptually, the article combines the literature stream of global value chains and global production networks (GVC–GPN) and knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). This paper puts a specific focus on the temporality of client–vendor relationships and argues that interfirm relationships often last longer than their project-based mode suggests they would. Despite ongoing fundamental transitions of industry structures towards electric vehicles and vehicle connectivity, the relationships of incumbent OEMs and technical service firms continues to be hierarchical. Analyzing these dynamics on the level of value-added inputs, the concepts of GVC–GPN and KIBS meaningfully complement each other for outlining the mutual dependencies of market dynamics, the characteristics of a service input and the organizational outcome of the client–vendor relationship.

Description: Public libraries are an important public service of general interest and, as part of social infrastructures, contribute to educational justice. This article discusses their development against the background of the interaction of digitization and austerity. As voluntary services they are particularly affected by the current austerity policy and have to increasingly justify their services and structures. At the same time, they are being rediscovered in the course of local authorities' urban development strategies. Based on empirical results from Bonn, the paper discusses central municipal strategies for the further development of the local library system and sheds light on the associated ambivalent socio-spatial implications.

Description: This paper is concerned with a herd of wild horses that struggles to survive in the Namib Desert. This case, we argue, reveals ambivalences and critical paradoxes that go along with putting nature–culture dualisms into conservation practice. At the same time, we argue that there are aspects of bio-power involved which cannot be understood properly without taking into account the sphere of the body. We hence analyse in detail the “struggles over nature” that enfold around the questions of whether and with what means humans should intervene in the predicted extinction of the horses. Thereupon, we elucidate the relationships between sustainable conservation work and the symbolic as well as material practices of territorialization. Our investigation then puts focus on the fact that the conflictual border work appears also as an incorporated practice of subjects. Thus, while elaborating on a phenomenological approach, we explore the field of a contested conservation by employing the concept of intercorporeality. Such a “more-than-discursive” approach to human–animal relations, we finally argue, helps to reposition research for conservation as well as conservation practice towards learning about, and with, the lived bodies of all actors involved.

Description: For the first time since the reunification of Germany, right-wing activists and politicians have attempted to take over a university city, i.e. a place where the highly educated, creative, cosmopolitan, innovation-oriented groups should be more likely to question irrational populism than elsewhere. An internal organizational problem – in this case: the renaming of the University of Greifswald – which normally should be solved with on-board resources, was shifted to a regional political level as a dispute over Ernst Moritz Arndt. Arndt was one of the most aggressive nationalists in German history, whose name was given to the university under fascist rule in 1933. The dispute was emotionalized by demonstrations and letters to the editor of the regional newspaper, taken up by groups and parties predominantly from the right-wing spectrum. It was brought into a populist form, and pushed with high journalistic effort into the regional public sphere as a Pomeranian identity crisis. In spite of the enormous pressure from outside and the numerous attempts at intimidation, it is admirable that the University Senate members decided to discard the name of Arndt – 63 years after the end of World War II. Although the result of the renaming was noted nationwide, its dramatic circumstances and background were not presented. However, this would have been necessary in order to show how strong right-wing radicalism already is in some regions, by which coalitions it is further enhanced, how strongly it is favoured by the spatial over-centralisation of state institutions, and what a university has to afford in order to assert itself successfully in such an environment.

Description: Entrepreneurial and social urban policies contradictorily depend from each other: growth policies aiming to increase investment and population numbers produce a crisis of reproduction (i.e. housing or care); and social policies aiming to resolve this crisis allegedly require entrepreneurial policies as fuel for tax resources financing social goals. We investigate this interrelationship along the recent housing and childcare policies in the city of Hamburg, Germany. We show that as long as growth and competition are primary objectives of urban governments, a compensatory social policy is needed to legitimate the entrepreneurial axiom – and therefore has a specific character: social policy in the social-entrepreneurial city is actually addressing inequalities, but it eventually is aimed at all classes, secures capital accumulation and is gendered. This paper contributes to understanding urban crises of reproduction by exposing that current social policies aiming to solve this crisis merely consolidate the crisis-prone growth policies.

Description: The contemporary metropolis is characterised by an increasing diversity of its population, which is called “super-diversity” or “hyperdiversity” in the urban discourse. This epistemological realignment breaks new ground away from the classic Chicago School. Associated with this “diversification of diversity” (Vertovec, 2007:1025) is a fragmentation of the different social and ethnic groups in the city. However, the concept of super-diversity camouflages a separateness of these groups that is called newguineaisation in this paper. With that said, this new urban reality claims for empirical investigations of the societal implication of this phenomenon especially with regard to social cohesion in contemporary cities.

Description: Automobility still dominates transport and space in most European cities. However, more and more initiatives are being taken to encourage a transition towards low-carbon mobility. One of these is car-free housing, where residents commit to living without a private car. This paper addresses their profiles and motivations based on a questionnaire survey (N=571) and interviews (N=50) in nine housing developments in Germany and Switzerland. Residents are characterised by an overrepresentation of families and people with a high level of education, two population groups that are usually more motorised than average. Their motivations and long-term commitment to living car-free can be explained by not only practical reasons (e.g. availability of alternative modes) but also ecological awareness and social values (as shown by the importance of cooperative housing). This paper sheds light on these urban laboratories where the principles of a post-car system are implemented.

Description: The article examines how to adapt the global production network (GPN) approach to situations of natural resource extraction. Based on an integration of a political ecology perspective into GPN research, we exemplarily apply the GPN framework to the primary sector. Based on extensive qualitative fieldwork regarding Argentine lithium mining and Brazilian soy agribusiness we illustrate that particularly a political ecological environmental perspective allows for a more nuanced and critical analysis of ambiguous local development outcomes. While from a purely economic development perspective in both cases the economic activity (integrated into GPNs) is celebrated as an imperative economic growth driver, our framework helps identify the emergence of unilateral dependencies, a decline of social autonomy and an unequal distribution of environmental risks.

Description: While the idea of extracting deep-seabed resources dates back to as early as the 1960s, it remained pure fiction for decades due to limited technical possibilities and prohibitive costs. In recent years, against the backdrop of changing technical possibilities and a persistently high demand for raw materials, deep-seabed mining (DSM) has returned to the international political agenda. While numerous fact-finding missions engage in mapping the ocean's resources and public–private partnerships prepare to make an active engagement in mining the seabed, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is entrusted with the development of a legal framework for possible future mining in accordance with the requirements defined under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The preparations for DSM are accompanied and ultimately shaped by a discourse on possible opportunities and risks of mining the deep seabed. The paper at hand traces dominant discursive positions and their narrative structures as a way of explaining the relative success or failure of DSM proponents who speak in favor of mining the seabed and DSM critics who warn against its striking environmental impacts and inestimable risks. We proceed from the observation that the historic discourse on the deep sea beyond national jurisdiction was rooted in what we call “narratives of promise” regarding global procedural and distributive justice, environmental health, and peaceful international cooperation. Our findings show how in today's debates the theme of global marine justice, which dominated the historic DSM discourse, is close to a “nonstory”. DSM is commonly narrated as a merely technocratic and apolitical process that appears to be free of social and environmental conflict. We conclude by arguing that to arrive at more successful critical narratives on DSM will require more pronounced depictions of the negative consequences in particular for humans, exposing the “politics” in DSM policy making and developing more competitive stories on alternatives to DSM.

Description: The study analyses the characteristic features of energy landscapes. By the example of the German energy transition, it is discussed in how far they are an expression of social inequality and injustice. Based on a review of the literature on socio-technical and socio-ecological dimensions of energy landscapes, the central findings will be integrated into Henri Lefebvre's concept “The Production of Space”. Thereby, those social spaces are identified which are constructed by the powerful actors of the energy transition on the basis of neoliberal spatial concepts and which become the origins of unequal and unjust energy landscapes. Furthermore, it will be discussed whether and how energy landscapes can be distinguished from other landscapes and where these boundaries run when the representative and discursive features of energy landscapes are brought to the fore. The study reveals that Lefebvre's spatial concept is well suited to expose the powerfully enforced and socially unbalanced territorial structures of energy landscapes and to distinguish them from the symbolic, emotional, and idealistic reference points that arise from the everyday life in these landscapes. It becomes clear that infrastructure measures for climate protection only appear socially viable if the production of sustainable energy landscapes is understood as the production of a discourse about sustainability, equality, and justice. Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen der Studie werden die charakteristischen Eigenschaften von Energielandschaften analysiert und dahingehend erörtert, wie sie am Beispiel der deutschen Energiewende Ausdruck gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheiten und Ungerechtigkeiten sind. Auf Basis eines Literatur-Reviews zu den soziotechnischen und sozioökologischen Dimensionen von Energielandschaften werden hierzu die zentralen Befunde in das von Henri Lefebvre entwickelte Konzept „Die Produktion des Raumes“ eingeordnet. Dadurch ist es möglich, jene sozialen Räume zu identifizieren, die von den machtvollen Akteuren der Energiewende auf Basis neoliberaler Raumkonzepte konstruiert und zu Ausgangspunkten ungleicher und ungerechter Energielandschaften werden. Des Weiteren soll erörtert werden, ob und wie Energielandschaften von anderen Landschaften abgegrenzt werden können und wo diese Grenzen verlaufen, wenn die repräsentativen und diskursiven Merkmale von Energielandschaften in den Vordergrund gerückt werden. Die Studie offenbart, dass Lefebvres raumtheoretisches Konzept sich gut dazu eignet, die mit Macht durchsetzten und sozial unausgewogenen territorialen Strukturen von Energielandschaften freizulegen und von den symbolischen, emotionalen und ideellen Bezugspunkten, die sich aus dem Leben der Menschen in diesen Landschaften ergeben, zu unterscheiden. Darüber hinaus wird deutlich, dass Infrastrukturmaßnahmen zum Klimaschutz nur dann gesellschaftlich tragfähig erscheinen, wenn die Produktion nachhaltiger Energielandschaften zuallererst als Produktion eines Diskurses um Nachhaltigkeit, Gleichheit und Gerechtigkeit begriffen wird.

Description: This article observes the Latin American debate on “territory” through the lens of the “territorial-peace” approach agreed in the peace accord between the Colombian government and the FARC guerrillas in 2016. It explores the different notions of territory entailed in this concept and shows that the territorial-peace approach builds on a political-programmatic understanding of territory due to its rural focus. An ethnographic analysis of the urban renewal programme PRIMED, implemented at the disputed urban periphery of Colombia's second city, Medellín, in the 1990s, demonstrates how this programme anticipated the idea of territorial peace in a conflictive urban context. The ethnography reveals the ambiguities and inconsistencies of the production of urban territory, both as state space and as the space of subaltern social groups, through territorial peacebuilding. The discussion why PRIMED challenges the political-programmatic understanding of territory in the territorial-peace debate concludes with highlighting why it makes a difference approaching territorial peace as a “political project to be achieved” or as an unpredictable process of territorialisation and why this distinction matters if the territorial-peace approach is to be extended to urban contexts.

Description: This paper discusses the need for a deeper critical interrogation of participatory mapping (PM) method as a tool for social justice. This stance is informed by the author's involvement in a NGO and community-led PM project in an informal settlement in Khayelitsha (Cape Town, South Africa). The paper argues that academic PM literature is ill-equipped to truly examine its potential for social justice. Firstly, this is due to the PM empowerment framework having shifted from an emancipatory aim to a governing tool. Secondly, this shift does not allow for the consideration of the power relations inherent to PM to be engaged with. This paper concludes by engaging the three epistemological and postcolonial roots of PM in order to provide a starting point for (re)centering PM on social justice.

Description: Law is on the one hand indispensable for the constitution of space, and, on the other, legal orders emerge or develop in specific local situations. Does the question of the law exist in geographical theories and how has it been received? The article raises the issue of a missing link in geographical theorisation: Are the legal dimensions of social spatialities sufficiently considered? This text aims at enriching geographical theory formation through legal dimensions, especially by translating legal studies’ contributions into geographical questions who experience a specific spatial turn. On the one hand, the concept “geographicity of Law” is being developed for this purpose. On the other hand, two examples will be used to illustrate how geographical theory can benefit from legal dimensions: the right to public space and the issue of urbanness.

Description: The focus of this intervention follows the ongoing COVID-19 crisis and its consequences. With both health and the economy as central to this crisis, besides each amplifying the other, in some regards, the two also might stand in conflict. However, both are definitely delivering a number of consequences for humans in different regions and life circumstances across the globe. With the help of several examples, this paper sets out to visualize the unequal distribution of duties, strains, exposure and aftermath of the current health crisis.

Description: This article investigates how new digital technologies are established in agriculture. It does so by drawing upon empirical data from a qualitative case study with a Swiss based but internationally operating start-up that has recently obtained the first authorisation to spray crop protection products on vineyards and fruit plantations with their home-made drone. Conceptually the article takes inspiration in Actor-Network-Theory (ANT) and challenges common understandings of overly urban centred approaches of how new technologies find entry in public policies. The authors argue that instead of seeing a straightforward process of implementing the new drone technology, there has been a joint-effort between the private company and federal institutions to experiment, improve and regulate the functioning of the sprayer drone. A process that is, so is argued, heavily marked by knowledge transfers and formalisations of new private-public alliances, that have been channelled through three particular spatial categories, relating to policy experiments, socio-technical experiments and strategic experiments.

Description: This article deals with one of the most controversial topics in urban studies related to mobile capital and mobile people. At first glance this seems to be contradictory since numbers of short-term rentals have decreased dramatically due to the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. However, this paper is not about numbers and statistics. Instead it discusses structural issues regarding governance and power relations which remain important topics (especially) in times of crisis. It provides insights regarding the following issues: firstly, it deconstructs different “myths” that still surround short-term rentals and Airbnb and secondly, it delineates the structural power of Airbnb as a new urban institution. This helps us to understand some of the conflicts over Airbnb and the pitfalls with current forms of regulation on the one side as well as showing the complexity and agency of short-term rentals on the other.

Description: The article brings together Peter Sloterdijk's theory of spheres and literatures on the socio-spatial implications of the functioning of software. By examining the growing personalization of search results for recreational places on spatial media like Foursquare, we make the case for Sloterdijk's conceptualization of “foam” offering an interesting contribution to the analysis and critique of contemporary algorithmic life, in particular with regard to the liquidity and fragility of the forms of togetherness in “co-isolation” created by such applications. In emphasizing the impermanence and ambiguities of these fleeting mediations, the article also points to the politics of these algorithmic foams, whose logics of categorization and socio-spatial sorting become increasingly difficult to understand, politically address or challenge.

Description: In this intervention, we reflect on the potential of environmental justice and climate justice approaches to reveal the politics of climate change adaptation. Taking the attempts at dealing with extreme flooding events in Venice as an example, we illustrate that different dimensions at the core of the environmental justice concept (distributive and procedural justice and justice as recognition) are helpful to analyse and to politicise climate change adaptation interventions. We call for a transformative research agenda to reconfigure interventions and expertise to more closely account for the socio-political processes and narratives shaping coastal environments and to foster multiple epistemologies. Above all, this entails strengthening the inclusion of local (environmental) knowledge, the involvement of the populations affected by interventions in adaptation planning and the open discussion of political questions and values shaping interventions.

Description: In conditions of unavoidably increasing mutual ignorance among human geographers about each others' areas of expertise, the question of how to pursue dialogue in a mutually respectful way that promotes insight and learning is ever more pressing. The dialogue between Carolin Schurr and Peter Weichhart in Kiel in 2019 offers instructive examples of how this issue can be addressed. The first, shorter part of the contribution is devoted to the substantive question of the unity of geographic inquiry, which was the subject matter of the dialogue. The bulk of the discussion, however, is devoted to analysing the dynamics of the dialogue itself, with a special focus on the sometimes very subtle and unintended ways in which positionalities leave their mark.

Description: Soil development in high mountains: an example from the Steingletscher foreland, Switzerland. Three soil profiles on moraines of different age were studied, and chemical analyses were made. The oldest soil (age 10 000 years) an iron-humus podzol, showed distinct horizons, the second one (age 300-350 years) showed signs of beginning podzol formation; tendencies to horizons could be seen from the chemical analyses but hardly by the eye. The youngest profile (age 120-130 years) was still an undeveloped raw soil, and not even the chemical analyses showed any differentiation.

Description: Ziel der Untersuchung ist die Ermittlung der Einzelhandelskapazitäten des Lebensmittelsektors in den dem Hauptgeschäftszentrum von St. Gallen nachgelagerten Subzentren. Die Erfassung der Versorgungssituation von der Angebotsseite her erfolgt auf der Grundlage einer Strukturkennziffer. In einem zweiten Schritt wird der Auslastungsgrad der verfügbaren Kapazitäten im Lebensmittel- Einzelhandel abgeleitet. Als Datenbasis dient einerseits die Beschäftigtenzahl in den untersuchten Einzelhandelseinrichtungen und andererseits die Bevölkerungszahl innerhalb der normativ abgegrenzten Versorgungsbereiche. Die Konstruktion gründet auf dem versorgungspolitischen Postulat, mindestens den täglichen Bedarf in Fußgängerdistanz decken zu können. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit, welche die Untersuchung der untersten Stufe der Bedarfsdeckung zum Gegenstand hat, sind die Kaufkraftwanderungen unberücksichtigt geblieben. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Untersuchung, die als Teilstudie einer weiterführenden Arbeit verstanden sein will, haben höchstens tendenzielle Gültigkeit. Sowohl aufgrund der empirischen Basis als auch des methodischen Ansatzes sind keine schlüssigen Aussagen bezüglich der Angemessenheit des räumlichen Versorgungsnetzes möglich. Als erste Annäherung gewinnen die Resultate jedoch insofern praktische Relevanz, als sich am Beispiel der Stadt St. Gallen zeigen läßt, daß die ermittelten Kapazitätsverhältnisse den politisch-normativen Postulaten vielfach nicht bzw. knapp zu entsprechen vermögen. Gilt es überdies die Funktions- und Lebensfähigkeit von Zentren zu beurteilen, so ist einerseits der Betrachtungshorizont über die rein tägliche Bedarfsdeckung hinaus zu erweitern und andererseits den Ansprüchen sowohl der Zentrumsbenützer als auch der Einrichtungsträger vermehrt Rechnung zu tragen. Erst der Grad der Übereinstimmung der Anforderungsprofile beider Gruppen von Akteuren gibt Aufschluß über den Erfüllungsgrad einer bedürfnis- und siedlungsgerechten Versorgung der Bevölkerung mittels Zentren. Diese Überlegungen zeigen, daß nur ein umfassender Ansatz Transparenz in das städtische Versorgungsgefüge bringen kann.