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  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • 2020-2024  (14)
  • 2020-2022  (9)
  • 1960-1964  (6,795)
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  • 1
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    Optimised use of data fusion and memory‐based learning with an Austrian soil library for predictions with infrared data (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-12
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Infrared spectroscopy in the visible to near‐infrared (vis–NIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions is a well‐established approach for the prediction of soil properties. Different data fusion and training approaches exist, and the optimal procedures are yet undefined and may depend on the heterogeneity present in the set and on the considered scale. The objectives were to test the usefulness of partial least squares regressions (PLSRs) for soil organic carbon (SOC), total carbon (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉), total nitrogen (N〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) and pH using vis–NIR and MIR spectroscopy for an independent validation after standard calibration (use of a general PLSR model) or using memory‐based learning (MBL) with and without spiking for a national spectral database. Data fusion approaches were simple concatenation of spectra, outer product analysis (OPA) and model averaging. In total, 481 soils from an Austrian forest soil archive were measured in the vis–NIR and MIR regions, and regressions were calculated. Fivefold calibration‐validation approaches were carried out with a region‐related split of spectra to implement independent validations with n ranging from 47 to 99 soils in different folds. MIR predictions were generally superior over vis–NIR predictions. For all properties, optimal predictions were obtained with data fusion, with OPA and spectra concatenation outperforming model averaging. The greatest robustness of performance was found for OPA and MBL with spiking with 〈italic toggle="no"〉R〈/italic〉〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 ≥ 0.77 (N), 0.85 (SOC), 0.86 (pH) and 0.88 (C〈sub〉t〈/sub〉) in the validations of all folds. Overall, the results indicate that the combination of OPA for vis–NIR and MIR spectra with MBL and spiking has a high potential to accurately estimate properties when using large‐scale soil spectral libraries as reference data. However, the reduction of cost‐effectiveness using two spectrometers needs to be weighed against the potential increase in accuracy compared to a single MIR spectroscopy approach.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; data fusion ; independent validation ; infrared spectroscopy ; MBL ; nitrogen ; outer product analysis ; pH ; soil organic carbon ; spiking ; total carbon
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Temperature and soil moisture change microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Temperature and soil moisture are known to control pesticide mineralization. Half‐life times (DT〈sub〉50〈/sub〉) derived from pesticide mineralization curves generally indicate longer residence times at low soil temperature and moisture but do not consider potential changes in the microbial allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon (C). We aimed to determine carbon use efficiency (CUE, formation of new biomass relative to total C uptake) to better understand microbial utilization of pesticide‐derived C under different environmental conditions and to support the conventional description of degradation dynamics based on mineralization. We performed a microcosm experiment at two MCPA (2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid) concentrations (1 and 20 mg kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) and defined 20°C/pF 1.8 as optimal and 10°C/pF 3.5 as limiting environmental conditions. After 4 weeks, 70% of the initially applied MCPA was mineralized under optimal conditions but MCPA mineralization reached less than 25% under limiting conditions. However, under limiting conditions, an increase in CUE was observed, indicating a shift towards anabolic utilization of MCPA‐derived C. In this case, increased C assimilation implied C storage or the formation of precursor compounds to support resistance mechanisms, rather than actual growth since we did not find an increase in the 〈italic toggle="no"〉tfdA〈/italic〉 gene relevant to MCPA degradation. We were able to confirm the assumption that under limiting conditions, C assimilation increases relative to mineralization and that C redistribution, may serve as an explanation for the difference between mineralization and MCPA dissipation‐derived degradation dynamics. In addition, by introducing CUE to the temperature‐ and moisture‐dependent degradation of pesticides, we can capture the underlying microbial constraints and adaptive mechanisms to changing environmental conditions.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Changing environmental conditions alter the MCPA degradation dynamics and the allocation of pesticide‐derived carbon to anabolic or catabolic metabolism.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ejss13417-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:13510754:media:ejss13417:ejss13417-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (DFG)
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: DFG Priority Program 2322 “Soil System”
    Description: Ellrichshausen Foundation
    Description: Research Training Group “Integrated Hydrosystem modeling”
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5081655
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; anabolism ; carbon use efficiency ; catabolism ; effect of soil moisture and temperature ; gene‐centric process model ; MCPA biodegradation
    Language: English
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  • 8
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    Small lateral air pressure gradients generated by a large chamber system have a strong effect on CO2 transport in soil (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Gas transport in soils is usually assumed to be purely diffusive, although several studies have shown that non‐diffusive processes can significantly enhance soil gas transport. These processes include barometric air pressure changes, wind‐induced pressure pumping and static air pressure fields generated by wind interacting with obstacles. The associated pressure gradients in the soil can cause advective gas fluxes that are much larger than diffusive fluxes. However, the contributions of the respective transport processes are difficult to separate. We developed a large chamber system to simulate pressure fields and investigate their influence on soil gas transport. The chamber consists of four subspaces in which pressure is regulated by fans that blow air in or out of the chamber. With this setup, we conducted experiments with oscillating and static pressure fields. CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations were measured along two soil profiles beneath the chamber. We found a significant relationship between static lateral pressure gradients and the change in the CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 profiles (R〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 = 0.53; 〈italic toggle="no"〉p〈/italic〉‐value 〈2e‐16). Even small pressure gradients between −1 and 1 Pa relative to ambient pressure resulted in an increase or decrease in CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations of 8% on average in the upper soil, indicating advective flow of air in the pore space. Positive pressure gradients resulted in decreasing, negative pressure gradients in increasing CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 concentrations. The concentration changes were probably caused by an advective flow field in the soil beneath the chamber generated by the pressure gradients. No effect of oscillating pressure fields was observed in this study. The results indicate that static lateral pressure gradients have a substantial impact on soil gas transport and therefore are an important driver of gas exchange between soil and atmosphere. Lateral pressure gradients in a comparable range can be induced under windy conditions when wind interacts with terrain features. They can also be caused by chambers used for flux measurements at high wind speed or by fans used for head‐space mixing within the chambers, which yields biased flux estimates.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; advective flux ; chamber flux measurements ; static air pressure fields ; wind‐induced pressure pumping
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Fifty years after deep‐ploughing: Effects on yield, roots, nutrient stocks and soil structure (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Deep‐ploughing far beyond the common depth of 30 cm was used more than 50 years ago in Northern Germany with the aim to break root‐restricting layers and thereby improve access to subsoil water and nutrient resources. We hypothesized that effects of this earlier intervention on soil properties and yields prevailed after 50 years. Hence, we sampled two sandy soils and one silty soil (Cambisols and a Luvisol) of which half of the field had been deep‐ploughed 50 years ago (soils then re‐classified as Treposols). The adjacent other half was not deep‐ploughed and thus served as the control. At all the three sites, both deep‐ploughed and control parts were then conventionally managed over the last 50 years. We assessed yields during the dry year 2019 and additionally in 2020, and rooting intensity at the year of sampling (2019), as well as changes in soil structure, carbon and nutrient stocks in that year. We found that deep‐ploughing improved yields in the dry spell of 2019 at the sandy sites, which was supported by a more general pattern of higher NDVI indices in deep‐ploughed parts for the period from 2016 to 2021 across varying weather conditions. Subsoil stocks of soil organic carbon and total plant‐available phosphorus were enhanced by 21%–199% in the different sites. Root biomass in the subsoil was reduced due to deep‐ploughing at the silty site and was increased or unaffected at the sandy sites. Overall, the effects of deep‐ploughing were site‐specific, with reduced bulk density in the buried topsoil stripes in the subsoil of the sandy sites, but with elevated subsoil density in the silty site. Hence, even 50 years after deep‐ploughing, changes in soil properties are still detectable, although effect size differed among sites.〈/p〉
    Description: BonaRes http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100022576
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; aggregates ; carbon sequestration ; deep‐ploughing ; macronutrients ; subsoil ; Treposol
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Vertical SOC distribution and aromatic carbon in centuries old charcoal‐rich Technosols (2022)
    Bonhage, Alexander ; Raab, Thomas ; Schneider, Anna ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-21
    Description: Charcoal‐rich Technosols on century‐old relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) are the subject of ongoing research regarding potential legacy effects that result from historic charcoal production and subsequent charcoal amendments on forest soil properties and forest ecosystems today. RCHs consist mostly of Auh horizons that are substantially enriched in soil organic carbon (SOC), of which the largest part seems to be of pyrogenic origin (PyC). However, the reported range of SOC and PyC contents in RCH soil also suggests that they are enriched in nonpyrogenic SOC. RCH soils are discussed as potential benchmarks for the long‐term influence of biochar amendment and the post‐wildfire influences on soil properties. In this study, we utilised a large soil sample dataset (n = 1245) from 52 RCH sites in north‐western Connecticut, USA, to quantify SOC contents by total element analysis. The contents of condensed highly aromatic carbon as a proxy for black carbon (BC) were predicted by using a modified benzene polycarboxylated acid (BPCA) marker method in combination with diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy‐based partial least square regression (r2 = 0.89). A high vertical spatial sampling resolution allowed the identification of soil organic matter (SOM) enrichment and translocation processes. The results show an average 75% and 1862% increase in TOC and BPCA‐derived carbon, respectively, for technogenic Auh horizons compared to reference soils. In addition to an increase in aromatic properties, increased carboxylic properties of the RCH SOC suggest self‐humification effects of degrading charcoal and thereby the continuing formation of leachable aromatic carbon compounds, which could have effects on pedogenic processes in buried soils. Indeed, we show BPCA‐derived carbon concentrations in intermediate technogenic Cu horizons and buried top/subsoils that suggest vertical translocation of highly aromatic carbon originating in RCH Auh horizons. Topmost Auh horizons showed a gradual decrease in total organic carbon (TOC) contents with increasing depth, suggesting accumulation of recent, non‐pyrogenic SOM. Lower aliphatic absorptions in RCH soil spectra suggest different SOM turnover dynamics compared to reference soils. Furthermore, studied RCH soils featured additional TOC enrichment, which cannot be fully explained now. Highlights BC to TOC ratio and high resolution vertical SOC distribution in 52 RCH sites were studied. RCH soils non‐BC pool was potentially different to reference soils. RCH soils feature TOC accumulation in the topmost horizon. There is BC translocation into buried soils on RCH sites.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; benzene polycarboxylated acid marker (BPCA) ; black carbon ; charcoal degradation ; charcoal kiln ; pyrogenic carbon ; relict charcoal hearth ; biochar
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    Potential erodibility of semi‐arid steppe soils derived from aggregate stability tests (2022)
    Koza, Moritz ; Pöhlitz, Julia ; Prays, Aleksey ; [et al.]
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-26
    Description: Erosion is a severe threat to the sustainable use of agricultural soils. However, the structural resistance of soil against the disruptive forces steppe soils experience under field conditions has not been investigated. Therefore, 132 topsoils under grass‐ and cropland covering a large range of physico‐chemical soil properties (sand: 2–76%, silt: 18–80%, clay: 6–30%, organic carbon: 7.3–64.2 g kg−1, inorganic carbon: 0.0–8.5 g kg−1, pH: 4.8–9.5, electrical conductivity: 32–946 μS cm−1) from northern Kazakhstan were assessed for their potential erodibility using several tests. An adjusted drop‐shatter method (low energy input of 60 Joule on a 250‐cm3 soil block) was used to estimate the stability of dry soil against weak mechanical forces, such as saltating particles striking the surface causing wind erosion. Three wetting treatments with various conditions and energies (fast wetting, slow wetting, and wet shaking) were applied to simulate different disruptive effects of water. Results indicate that aggregate stability was higher for grassland than cropland soils and declined with decreasing soil organic carbon content. The results of the drop‐shatter test suggested that 29% of the soils under cropland were at risk of wind erosion, but only 6% were at high risk (i.e. erodible fraction 〉60%). In contrast, the fast wetting treatment revealed that 54% of the samples were prone to become “very unstable” and 44% “unstable” during heavy rain or snowmelt events. Even under conditions comparable to light rain events or raindrop impact, 53–59% of the samples were “unstable.” Overall, cropland soils under semi‐arid conditions seem much more susceptible to water than wind erosion. Considering future projections of increasing precipitation in Kazakhstan, we conclude that the risk of water erosion is potentially underestimated and needs to be taken into account when developing sustainable land use strategies. Highlights Organic matter is the important binding agent enhancing aggregation in steppe topsoils. Tillage always declines aggregate stability even without soil organic carbon changes. All croplands soil are prone to wind or water erosion independent of their soil properties. Despite the semi‐arid conditions, erosion risk by water seems higher than by wind.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; climate change ; land use ; soil organic carbon ; soil texture ; water erosion ; wind erosion
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Non‐exchangeable stable hydrogen isotope ratios in clay minerals and soil clay fractions: A method test (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Stable hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H values) in structural hydroxyl groups of pedogenic clay minerals are inherited from the surrounding water at the time of their formation. Only non‐exchangeable H preserves the environmental forensic and paleoclimate information (δ2Hn value). To measure δ2Hn values in structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions, we adapted a steam equilibration method by accounting for high hygroscopicity. Our δ2Hn values for USGS57 biotite (−95.3 ± SD 0.9‰) and USGS58 muscovite (30.7 ± 1.4‰) differed slightly but significantly from the reported δ2H values (−91.5 ± 2.4‰ and −28.4 ± 1.6‰), because the minerals contained 1.1%–4.4% of exchangeable H. The low SD of replicate measurements (n = 3) confirmed a high precision. The clay separation method including destruction of Fe oxides, carbonates and soil organic matter, and dispersion did not significantly change the δ2Hn values of five different clay minerals. However, we were unable to remove all organic matter from the soil clay fractions resulting in an estimated bias of 1‰ in two samples and 15‰ in the carbon‐richest sample. Our results demonstrate that δ2Hn values of structural H of clay minerals and soil clay fractions can be reliably measured without interference from atmospheric water and the method used to separate the soil clay fraction. Highlights We tested steam equilibration to determine stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay. Gas‐tight capsule sealing in Ar atmosphere was necessary to avoid remoistening. Our steam equilibration method showed a high accuracy and precision. The clay separation method did not change stable isotope ratios of structural H in clay.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; controlled isotope exchange technique ; deuterium ; montmorillonite ; soil clay separation ; soil organic matter removal ; steam equilibration ; structural H ; USGS57 biotite ; vermiculite ; δ2H
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    Reducing tillage intensity benefits the soil micro‐ and mesofauna in a global meta‐analysis (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Soil fauna drives crucial processes of energy and nutrient cycling in agricultural systems, and influences the quality of crops and pest incidence. Soil tillage is the most influential agricultural manipulation of soil structure, and has a profound influence on soil biology and its provision of ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to quantify through meta‐analyses the effects of reducing tillage intensity on density and diversity of soil micro‐ and mesofaunal communities, and how these effects vary among different pedoclimatic conditions and interact with concurrent management practices. We present the results of a global meta‐analysis of available literature data on the effects of different tillage intensities on taxonomic and functional groups of soil micro‐ and mesofauna. We collected paired observations (conventional vs. reduced forms of tillage/no‐tillage) from 133 studies across 33 countries. Our results show that reduced tillage intensity or no‐tillage increases the total density of springtails (+35%), mites (+23%), and enchytraeids (+37%) compared to more intense tillage methods. The meta‐analyses for different nematode feeding groups, life‐forms of springtails, and taxonomic mite groups showed higher densities under reduced forms of tillage compared to conventional tillage on omnivorous nematodes (+53%), epedaphic (+81%) and hemiedaphic (+84%) springtails, oribatid (+43%) and mesostigmatid (+57%) mites. Furthermore, the effects of reduced forms of tillage on soil micro‐ and mesofauna varied with depth, climate and soil texture, as well as with tillage method, tillage frequency, concurrent fertilisation, and herbicide application. Our findings suggest that reducing tillage intensity can have positive effects on the density of micro‐ and mesofaunal communities in areas subjected to long‐term intensive cultivation practices. Our results will be useful to support decision making on the management of soil faunal communities and will facilitate modelling efforts of soil biology in global agroecosystems. HIGHLIGHTS Global meta‐analysis to estimate the effect of reducing tillage intensity on micro‐ and mesofauna Reduced tillage or no‐tillage has positive effects on springtail, mite and enchytraeid density Effects vary among nematode feeding groups, springtail life forms and mite suborders Effects vary with texture, climate and depth and depend on the tillage method and frequency
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://doi.org/10.20387/bonares-eh0f-hj28
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agricultural land use ; conservation agriculture ; conventional agriculture ; soil biodiversity ; soil cultivation
    Language: English
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    Defining Hydrogeological Site Similarity with Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (2022)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Hydrogeological information about an aquifer is difficult and costly to obtain, yet essential for the efficient management of groundwater resources. Transferring information from sampled sites to a specific site of interest can provide information when site‐specific data is lacking. Central to this approach is the notion of site similarity, which is necessary for determining relevant sites to include in the data transfer process. In this paper, we present a data‐driven method for defining site similarity. We apply this method to selecting groups of similar sites from which to derive prior distributions for the Bayesian estimation of hydraulic conductivity measurements at sites of interest. We conclude that there is now a unique opportunity to combine hydrogeological expertise with data‐driven methods to improve the predictive ability of stochastic hydrogeological models.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic〉Article impact statement〈/italic〉: This article introduces hierarchical clustering as a method for defining a notion of site similarity; the aim of this method is to improve the derivation of prior distributions in Bayesian methods in hydrogeology.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/geostatDB
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/exPrior
    Description: https://github.com/GeoStat-Bayesian/siteSimilarity
    Keywords: ddc:551.49 ; hydrogeological sites ; hydrogeological modeling
    Language: English
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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  • 17
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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  • 19
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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  • 20
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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    Electronic Resource
    BRAINS TRUST (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00379.x
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND ELECTRONIC COMPUTATION TECHNIQUES IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The author describes conventional methods of highway planning and explains at what points modern methods, involving photogrammetric and electronic computation techniques, can be applied with advantage. Detailed accounts are given of the photogrammetric measurement of cross-sections and of programmes for the computation of masses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00378.x
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHOTOGRAMMETRY ROUND THE WORLD (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00386.x
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANE TABLE PHOTOGRAMMETRY WITH A LEICA CAMERA IN THE PUNJAB HIMALAYA (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A Leica camera on an indexing head was used to obtain photographic panoramas from three stations on a mountaineering expedition to Lahul in 1958. The field calibration of the camera presented some problems and various methods of calculating the focal length were investigated; a more convenient form of the Hotine method was derived. A map of the area at a scale of 1:50,000 was plotted from the photographs. The authors conclude that a good 35-mm. camera has some advantages over a plane table for exploration mapping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00365.x
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  • 28
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    THE THOMPSON-WATTS PLOTTER MODEL 2 (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper discusses the principal changes made to the Thompson- Watts plotter Model 1 as a result of experience gained with that instrument under test and in production. Some test results with the new instrument, Model 2, are given at the end of the paper. The opportunity is also taken to describe the variable magnification system of the instrument, not changed from Model 1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00367.x
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    DOPPLER NAVIGATION FOR SURVEY FLYING AND CONTROL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper is divided into two parts: the first discusses the practical navigation techniques evolved for air survey, and the second deals with the associated techniques of ground plotting and flight-line recovery. Both parts of the paper have a geophysical bias since it is in this field that most experience has been gained, but the basic principles apply equally to photographic survey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00380.x
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  • 30
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    A SLIDE RULE FOR THE COMPUTATION OF PRECISION TURNS IN AIR SURVEY NAVIGATION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Calculated precision turns can be valuable as an aid to visual navigation at all scales and under all conditions of air survey navigation. The turns can be performed either at a given rate of turn or at a given angle of bank, and a slide rule has been developed at the International Training Centre for Aerial Survey, Delft, on which the necessary calculations for either case can be performed quickly and easily. The accuracy of location aimed at is such that the threshold of the new run presents an angle-off of not more than 3° on the completion of the turn. Examples show that this can be achieved in normal practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00384.x
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    NOTES (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00388.x
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  • 32
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    STEREOSCOPY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRY (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Recent developments in stereoscopy are reviewed, and their relevance to photogrammetry discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00370.x
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  • 33
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    Gliding Championships (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00375.x
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  • 34
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Book reviews in this article: ELEMENTARY PHOTOGRAMMETRY. By D. R. Crone. INTERNATIONAL YEARBOOK OF CARTOGRAPHY (Vol. III, 1963). Editor, Eduard Imhof.
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    EDITORIAL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00377.x
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  • 36
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    THE B8-STEREOMAT (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Stereomat System has been adapted to a modified Wild B8 Aviograph Stereoplotter. A brief description is given of the new instrument and the principles employed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00382.x
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  • 37
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    A NOTE ON PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND SURVEYING IN CHINA AND JAPAN (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @photogrammetric record 4 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1477-9730
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.1964.tb00385.x
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  • 38
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    Miamiensis avidus n. g., n. sp., a Marine Facultative Parasite in the Ciliate Order Hymenostomatida (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Miamiensis avidus n. g., n. sp., a marine facultative parasite, is described. Morphological studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technique and living material was examined with phase microscopy. Particular attention was given the infraciliature of the buccal apparatus and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01766.x
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  • 39
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    The Behavior and Pathogenicity of Two Strains of Trichomonas gallinae in Cell Cultures (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A comparison of the effects upon trypsin-dispersed chick liver cell cultures of a virulent (Jones' Barn) and a non-pathogenic (Lahore) strain of Trichomonas gallinae revealed significant differences in behavior of the parasites in cell cultures and in the response of such cultures. The virulent strain multiplies faster in nutrient medium in the presence of cell cultures; stimulates great activity of the macrophages; is not handled effectively by these phagocytes in which it can multiply causing their ultimate destruction; is found significantly more often within the cytoplasm of the liver epithelial and fibroblast-like cells; causes very much more profound degenerative changes in all the cells, both invaded and non-invaded; and suppresses effectively the division rate of the fibroblast-like cells. On the other hand, the nonpathogenic strain multiplies at a lower rate in the presence of cell cultures; stimulates less activity of the macrophages; is handled readily by these phagocytes in which it multiplies only very rarely, if ever; is found seldom within the liver epithelial and fibroblast-like cells; causes far less degeneration of all the cell culture elements; and suppresses significantly less the dlvision rate of the fibroblast-like cells.At the end of a 20–24 hour period typically only a few living cells are left in cultures exposed even to attenuated isolates of the virulent strain, whereas those inoculated with the mild one do not show much degeneration even after 28 hours. The effects upon the cell cultures of cell-free filtrates of actively growing trichomonad cultures are relatively minor, but the changes caused by the filtrates of cultures of Jones' Barn strain appear to be more extensive than those caused by similar filtrates of Lahore strain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01779.x
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  • 40
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    Iron Deficiency and the Metabolism of Tetrahymena pyriformis (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. An iron deficiency was noted for Tetrahymena grown in a proteose-peptone-yeast extract medium. Thus, the addition of an iron chelate and glucose was found to give consistent and luxuriant growth, whereas a number of other additives, including sodium acetate, an inorganic salt mixture lacking iron, and vitamins were found to be without influence on growth rate or cellular yield.Iron-deficient cells showed a marked reduction of oxidative capacity when suspended in a non-nutrient medium as well as when supplied with oxidizable substrates. A 1 hour incubation of iron-deficient Tetrahymena with iron chelate restored oxidative capacity only when the cells were suspended in a nutrient (peptone) medium. Growth of Tetrahymena in media autoclaved with salts resulted in cells with a larger volume but with no increase in oxidative capacity.The addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol elevated respiration of cells suspended in a non-nutrient medium, and of iron deficient cells suspended in the growth medium, suggesting that this compound increases the availability of iron or iron containing compounds, or by-passes the limiting steps.Respiratory quotients were lowered by an iron deficiency and elevated when the cells were grown in the presence of iron and glucose. This suggests more complete utilization of the carbohydrate, possibly due to the activity of a number of enzymes known to be iron-containing metalloproteins that are required for oxidative glucose dissimilation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01785.x
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  • 41
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    Beschreibung einiger Kulturamöben mariner Herkunft (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Small amebas are difficult to describe because of the lack of permanent morphological criteria. Investigations from the nuclear division and physiological points of view may be useful, but the study of motion and behaviour under natural conditions gives better results in order to show the natural relationship. Descriptions of four new forms of small marine amebas are given. These species belong to the genera Rugipes, Acanthamoeba, Flabellula and Vahlkampfia.
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  • 42
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    Studies on the Macronucleus of Paramecium aurelia. II. Development of Macronuclear Anlagen (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The development of the macronuclear Anlagen of Paramecium aurelia was studied by means of electron, light and ultra-violet microscopy of timed stages following conjugation. In the youngest Anlagen, no differentiated structures could be made out, and staining reactions gave little or no indications of the presence of DNA or RNA. As development proceeds, a number of conspicuous “sponge-like” RNA-containing bodies surrounded by a “matrix” containing DNA can be seen. Eventually these RNA bodies develop DNA centres and apparently disintegrate, yielding the “large bodies” characteristic of the mature macronucleus, and the “small bodies” then also appear. The relation of these observations to interpretations of the structural elements in the macronucleus is discussed.
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  • 43
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    Isospora spilogales n. sp. and I. sengeri n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Spotted Skunk, Spilogale putorius ambarvalis (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two new species of Isospora are described from the feces of an eastern spotted skunk Spilogale putorius ambarvalis imported into Montana from Florida. The oocysts of I. spilogales n. sp. are 29 to 38 by 22 to 28 μ and contain 2 sporocysts measuring 17 to 22 by 13 to 16 μ; a few Caryospora-like oocysts containing a single sporocyst were considered abnormal I. spilogales oocysts. The oocysts of I. sengeri n. sp. are 16 to 23 by 12 to 18 μ and contain 2 sporocysts measuring 10 to 14 by 8 to 12 μ.
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  • 44
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    Comparative Metabolism of C14-Glucose in Two Strains of Trypanosoma cruzi (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The Tulahuen and Peruvian strains of Trypanosoma cruzi have been compared as to their ability to metabolize C14-glucose uniformly labeled, or labeled in carbons 1, 2, or 6. Most of the radioactivity from uniformly labeled glucose is incorporated into organic acids in both strains, but significant radioactivity is also recovered in CO2. The Tulahuen strain has a slightly higher rate of glucose consumption, and the rate of incorporation of uniformly labeled glucose-C14 into CO2 is also higher. More radioactivity is incorporated into proteins from uniformly labeled glucose-C14 in the Tulahuen strain, but the radioactivity recovered in total organic acids is fairly similar in both cases. On the basis of the rates of C14O2 production from C14-glucose specifically labeled in carbons 1, 2, or 6, as well as the rates of incorporation into glycerol from uniformly labeled C14-glucose and glucose-6-C14, it is considered that the reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway play a more important role in the Tulahuen strain. The pentose phosphate pathway accounts for 41.4% of the glucose catabolized by the Tulahuen strain compared to only 27.9% in the Peruvian strain. It is suggested that differences in the participation of alternative pathways of carbohydrate metabolism may have some relationship to pathogenicity.
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  • 45
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    The Genus Dactylosoma (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Dactylosoma is a genus of blood protozoa which undergo schizogony, without producing pigment, in the red cells of the lower vertebrates, especially amphibia. The best known species is D. ranarum, but even for this species the life cycle, except as it occurs in the erythrocyte, and the vector remain unknown. Study of slides from the blood of two species of Formosan frogs, Rana guentheri and R. limnocharis, revealed Dactylosoma ranarum in the former, and what appeared to be a new species, for which the name Dactylosoma taiwanensis is proposed, in the latter. Rana limnocharis has not previously been known to be a host of Dactylosoma, nor has this genus of parasite been reported from Formosa. Dactylosoma ranarum, though not known from many species of frogs and toads, occurs in Asia, Africa, Europe, and in Central and South America. This suggests that it must have been a parasite of Anura for a very long time. Since frogs and toads are incapable of long migrations and are very intolerant of salt water, so wide a distribution may also have palaeogeographic significance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01792.x
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  • 46
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    Morphogenesis and Division in Chains of Tetrahymena pyriformis GL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The formation of chains was induced both in exponentially growing and in synchronized cultures of Tetrahymena Pyriformis GL, by application of one or two hr 34°C shocks. An arrest in constriction along the division furrow is brought about as a result of prolonged exposure to 34° during an early phase of cell division.After return to optimal temperatures, the chains remain in their original tandem configuration. They possess two sets of cortical structures, and generally also two macronuclei.Subsequently, two new oral primordia appear, one in each component. These primordia develop in synchrony with each other. The later development of the chains is correlated with the placement of the oral primordia. In some situations, these primordia form immediately posterior to the pre-existing oral areas and replace them; in these cases, the original division furrow is obliterated, and irregular and probably unstable homopolar doublets form. More frequently, one or both of the oral primordia are normal division primordia. In these cases, the original oral area of the anterior component persists, while that of the posterior component is resorbed. The original fission line persists, and two new fission lines are formed anterior to each of the new oral primordia. When constriction takes place along the new fission lines, the original arrested fission line is occasionally reactivated, and the chain then divides into four cells. More often, the original furrow is not reactivated (or only incompletely reactivated), and the chain divides into two or three cells, depending on how close the two new division furrows are to each other.The chains ultimately give rise to normal clones of singlet cells. No clones of doublets were observed.In the Discussion, the synchronization of developmental events in the two components of the chain is emphasized. The cases of reactivation of the original fission line in synchrony with constriction along the newly formed fission lines seem to indicate that furrowing results from an interaction of a preformed cortical site (fission line) with a pervasive substance which acts to trigger constriction.
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  • 47
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    Specific Incorporation of Precursors into DNA by Feeding Labeled Bacteria to Paramecium aurelia (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Studies were carried out on the introduction of labeled precursors into the DNA of Paramecium aurelia (syngen 4, stock 51) by way of the bacteria that are used for food. A thymine-requiring strain of Escherichia coli (15 T−) was labeled by growth in either H3-methyl thymidine or 2-C14 bromouracil, washed free of the exogenous label, and fed to the paramecia. The tritium label from the bacteria was incorporated almost exclusively into the DNA of the paramecia, whereas it was much less specifically incorporated when introduced directly from the medium. The Cu label from bromouracil was also incorporated mainly into the DNA of the paramecia although a small amount appeared in RNA. The formation of labeled food vacuoles was followed. Food vacuoles were formed at a nearly constant rate, with the total number of vacuoles increasing throughout the cycle. The lifetime of the vacuoles was about 2.5 hours. Incorporation of the label into the DXA of the paramecia begins within a few minutes of the formation of the first labeled vacuole. DNA synthesis begins about 1.5 hr after the previous fission (total cell cycle about 5.8 hr) and progresses at a nearly constant rate throughout the remainder of the cycle.
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  • 48
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    Calcium45 Turnover in a Mineralizing Coccolithophorid Protozoan (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Ca45 addition to cultures of Hymenomonas, a coccolithophorid chrysomonad, cultivated axenically, led to the autoradiographic confirmation of the intracellular nature of coccolithogenesis. Quantitative studies with isotopically enriched Ca+2 indicate the greatest activity resides in the intracellular fraction. Age of the cultures at the time of isotope addition did not appear to affect the specific activity of the coccoliths. Exchange between cell-free isotopically enriched coccoliths and the environment was also demonstrated. The findings are discussed especially from the viewpoint that the initial intracellular deposition of CaCO3 onto a preformed organic matrix is considered to be an animal rather than a plant characteristic.
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  • 49
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    Cellular Narcosis of Paramecium multimicronucleatum by Xenon and Other Chemically Inert Gases (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Xenon applied at sufficient pressures ranging from 30 pounds per square inch to 225 p.s.i. caused reduction in contractile vacuole activity, increase in cellular volume, expansion of the surface region, cessation of forward movement, and cytolysis of paramecia. Krypton at 915 p.s.i. prevented contractile vacuole activity, but forward movement continued for at least 30 min. When subjected to 115 p.s.i. of N2O, paramecia moved in slow oscillations, and contractile vacuoles failed to empty. At 265 p.s.i. of N2O movement ceased and cytolysis resulted. The pressure required to terminate movement in the same time interval following application of the pressure was less for N2O than for xenon. The expansion of the surface of the cells suggests that inert gases produce narcosis by dissolving into this region.
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  • 50
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    Leptomonas mirabilis Roubaud 1908 in a Central American Blowfly (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The isolation of a culture of Leptomonas mirabilis from the fly Cynomyopsis cadaverina from Guatemala shows that this flagellate is not a stage of Herpetomonas muscarum. It is characterized by giant forms that reach 200 μ in length.All records of giant leptomonads from flies are reviewed. This species was established in culture only by the addition of mosquito extract to the medium. Division of the giant flagellates appears to occur by equal binary fission.
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    The Taxonomy of Pyxidiella curvicaula (Penard) (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The peritrich Pyxidiella curvicaula (Penard) was observed in the activated sludge of an English sewage works and was successfully cultured in the laboratory.A number of observations were made upon clonal cultures of P. curvicaula which indicated that this species is colonial at one stage in the asexual life cycle. The branching of the colonial adult is more complex than originally described, and a maximum of 17 individuals has been observed upon one stalk.Since P. curvicaula is in reality a colonial peritrich, it should therefore be transferred to the genus Opercularia Stein, with the name of the species changed to Opercularia curvicaula.
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    Factors Influencing the in vitro Culture of the Rumen Ciliate Ophryoscolex purkynei Stein (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. A method for the in vitro culture of O. purkynei was developed which permitted the continuous culture of this protozoon in clone culture for a. period of 32 months. The shortest division time was 24 hr. The concentration of cells varied between 700 and 1000/ml in the routine procedure. Variations in spination which occurred in the clone culture suggested that this characteristic was of doubtful taxonomic importance.Ground wheat and alfalfa served as substrates but soluble sugars did not. Green plant material appeared to be necessary for continued growth of the protozoa. Ingestion of a large streptococcus was demonstrated by vital staining of a mixed population of bacteria with tetrazolium prior to incubation with the protozoan suspension in the presence of wheat. O. purkynei can tolerate exposure to variations in osmotic pressure, temperature, and oxygen which are consonant with its transfer in nature by grooming or ingestion of contaminated food or drink.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01796.x
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    Comparison of the Life Cycle of Leptomonas oncopelti and Phytomonas elmassiani (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. After several years of field work devoted primarily to determining the incidence of infection of the common milkweed Asclepias syriaca with the trypanosomatid Phytomonas elmassiani, the life cycle of this parasite was determined under controlled conditions. Upon ingestion of phytomonads by the bug Oncopeltus fasciatus, reproduction apparently ceases but growth of individual phytomonads continues until they assume relatively giant proportions. Ten days after ingestion, giant forms are found in the hemocoel of the bug and by 12 days similar forms are present in the salivary glands. In this latter organ, unequal fission takes place with the ultimate formation of numerous forms similar to those found in the plant. Within 2 weeks after these infected bugs had fed on milkweeds, parasites were detected in the latex of formerly non-parasitized plants. The lack of reproduction in the alimentary tract, the formation of giant forms, and the migration through the hemocoel to the salivary glands contrast markedly with the development of Leptomonas oncoptlti in the same bug. In the latter organism, budding leads to the formation of leishmaniform organisms which pass out with feces and are presumably the infective stage of the leptomonad.
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    Relations Between Temperature Sensitivity and Morphogenesis in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. The division delay responses of Tetrahymena (“set-back” curves) which result from heat shocks of the type used in synchronizing studies have been examined in logarithmic and synchronized T. pyriformis GL. The curves indicate an increasing sensitivity to heat shocks with increasing cell age, a sudden sharp increase just prior to the “transition point” and a loss of sensitivity at the transition point. A correlated study of morphogenesis in the synchronous generation suggests that the sudden increase in thermal sensitivity before the transition point is due to a dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of the developing oral primordium which can be induced at this time. The results also suggest that the “stabilization” of the primordium which follows the transition point may occur at more than one developmental stage, i.e., is not stage-specific. It is suggested that stabilization may therefore be due to conditions lying outside the primordium.
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    Giemsa Stain for the Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis. II. Changes in Erythrocytes Infected with Babesia bigemina and B. argentina (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic stippling, intensification of the cell margin, and alterations in color, which have been reported in erythrocytes parasitized by Plasmodium falciparum in man, have been seen also in bovine erythrocytes parasitized by either Babesia bigemina or B. argentina. These changes appear to be identical in the human and bovine infections.Tests with each component of Giemsa stain in simple aqueous solutions alone and in various combinations with eosin, together with tests with Giemsa stains containing one azure component, showed that demonstration of the changes depends on the presence of azure A and eosin and on prolonged staining times at pH 7.2 to 7.4. Specific tests suggested that the changes represent catabolic by-products of the parasites.
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    Giemsa Stain for the Diagnosis of Bovine Babesiosis. I. Staining Properties of Commercial Samples and Their Component Dyes (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 11 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS. Studies on the composition of commercial Giemsa stain and its effect upon staining quality are reported. These studies were supplemented by observations on the preparation of the components of Giemsa stain and their staining properties in aqueous solution, in Nocht's solution, and in laboratory prepared Giemsa stains containing one azure component. Five groups of commercial batches were differentiated on the basis of their staining reactions on thick and thin films of bovine blood containing Babesia bigemina and B. argentina. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis showed that four groups differed in the proportions of the thiazine components present, while the fifth-group did not appear to be Giemsa stain. Comparison of their staining effects with those obtained with each component in laboratory prepared stains indicated that the major effects of commercial batches on both blood cells and parasites were due to the thiazine component or components in highest proportions, with satisfactory staining of protozoa associated with those batches containing high proportions of methylene blue and azure B and low proportions of the remaining thiazine components.The function of each component of Giemsa stain is defined and the need for the proper balancing of thiazine eosinates with free azure is shown. Close correlation was obtained between analysis by spectrophotometry and chromatography and direct staining tests when samples initially with low MX values were re-examined spectrophotometrically after removal of their methylene violet content. The existence of a leuco form of eosin is reported and its possible significance to the Romanowsky effect is discussed.
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    IMPACT OF THE INCOME TAX ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUPS OF FAMILIES IN THE UNITED STATES (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 10 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1475-4991
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    THE EFFECTS OF REDISTRIBUTION ON SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL INCOME AND HOUSEHOLD NET INCOME IN GERMANY IN 1955 AND 1959 (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 10 (1964), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOMES IN NORWAY (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 10 (1964), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    THE USE OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS FOR LONG-RANGE PLANNING IN JAPAN (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    PREFACE (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    THE USE OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTING FRAMEWORKS FOR ECONOMIC POLICY AND DEVELOPMENT FORECASTING: A SURVEY OF ISRAEL'S RESEARCH EXPERIENCE 1958–61 (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    INCOME REDISTRIBUTION THROUGH TAXATION AND SOCIAL SERVICES: SOME INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 10 (1964), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    L'UTILISATION DES COMPTES NATIONAUX POUR LA POLITIQUE ECONOMIQUE ET LES MODÈLES EN FRANCE (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN 1959, 1957 AND 1953 (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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    ESTIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TAX BURDEN (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    REDISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN DENMARK BEFORE AND AFTER THE WAR (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Review of income and wealth 10 (1964), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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    NATIONAL ACCOUNTING PRACTICE IN THE GERMAN FEDERAL REPUBLIC (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    AN INTERINDUSTRY MODEL OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION FOR ECONOMIC PLANNING IN NORWAY (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    NATIONAL ACCOUNTING AND ECONOMIC POLICY DECISIONS (with special reference to the Netherlands) (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Topics: Economics
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    ÜBER DIE DIMENSIONIERUNG UND DAS VERHALTEN VON REGELKREISEN IM SEISMISCHEN VERSTÄRKER (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The purpose of the automatic gain control in seismic amplifiers is to balance the slow decrease of the signal in such a manner that its energy does not exceed the capacity of the recording system. At the same time the interesting seismic content of the signal has to be preserved as undistortedly as possible. At first, the technical data of AGC circuits are calculated. The characteristic curves of circuits with one, two, and three time constants are computed. In circuits with two and more time constants an oscillating of the AGC is possible. In order to guarantee aperiodic operation, the ratio of the time constants must not fall below a certain value. As long as these technical conditions are complied with, the free choice of the largest time constant remains open and can be accommodated to the geophysical conditions.From the endeavour to balance the slow decrease of the signal as well as possible, an upper limit for the choice of the time constants can be derived. A lower limit is obtained from the condition that the seismic content of the signal has to be preserved. The determinant time constant should lie between the two limits and differ from them as much as possible.Finally, the problem of the amplifier “squeezed” by energy pulses is touched.
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    BOOK REVIEW (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:P. F. Shokin, Gravimetry (Apparatus and Methods for Measuring Gravity)
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    SOME PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SEISMIC SCALING LAWS FOR UNDERWATER EXPLOSIONS (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The paper deals with quantitative seismic measurements near underwater explosions. The blastings were carried out in an artificial small pond, the records were taken in adits, situated vertically below the charge. The range of charges extended from one detonator to 200 g of Ammon-Gelit explosive.Conventional seismic scaling by comparing amplitude and size of charge does not yield a simple power law, the exponent being larger for smaller charges and vice versa. This result is due to the different frequency-spectra of the seismic pulses, as shown by harmonic analysis. In contrast to this, the seismic energy as calculated from the records is directly proportional to the size of charge over the whole range.During the Lago Lagorai experiments in 1962 some quantitative seismic measurements near the shot point were also carried out. The relevant results are compared with the preceding ones and some differences are discussed.Some conclusions can be drawn:〈list xml:id="l1" style="custom"〉1The normal methodes, investigating the amplitude only, gives in many cases no clear description; this is especially true for nearby measurements with widely varying frequencies. Therefore it is suggested to extend conventional seismic scaling by including information on the frequency-spectrum and the kinetic energy of the seismic signal.2In order to get clear experimental data for theoretical investigations, it is necessary to extend the recording over a half-space, i.e. in adits or boreholes.3Influences of shape and size of the lake, in which the shots are fired, should be taken into account, too.
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    A LABORATORY STUDY OF STREAMING POTENTIALS (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The magnitude of the streaming potential due to the passage of a liquid through a porous medium is examined, under conditions similar to those found in an aquifer under the action of a pumping well. Three models simulate flow in channels, conduits, and unconfined aquifers for several grain sizes of sands and for several resistivities of fluids. The ratio of the streaming potential to the pressure difference is constant for a selected sand and fluid, decreases as grain size increases, is essentially independent of the geometry of the flow, increases slightly as the permeability decreases, and decreases as the salt concentration increases. Extremely low streaming potentials can be expected near a pumping well.
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    TIDAL GRAVITY CORRECTIONS FOR 1965 (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0345.2003.02049.x-i1
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    BOOK REVIEW (1964)
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    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Book received in this Articles:P. E. Potter and F. J. Pettijohn, Paleoccurrents and Basin Analysis
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1964)
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Book Review in This Article:Robert L. Miller and James Steven KahnYe. P. Fedorov, Nutation and Forced Motion of the Earth's Pole. Translated from the Russian by Bertha Swirles Jeffreys, Foreword by Sir Harold Jeffreys.
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    AMELIORATION DU RAPPORT SIGNAL / BRUIT A L'AIDE DU FILTRAGE EN EVENTAIL (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Case history of the use of fan filtering for improving reflection continuity without destroying their character. The field technique is described: wide-band, large dynamical range recording with a programmed gain control and a very slow A.G.C., small distance between trace centers, high cutoff wave-number.Although the total amount of mixing due to fan filtering is rather high, a broad spectrum was obtained and inverse convolution filtering was used to improve trace resolution.
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    GRATICULES FOR THE COMPLETE DETERMINATION OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF HOMOGENEOUSLY MAGNETIZED CYLINDRICAL BODIES WITH ARBITRARY CROSS SECTION AND FINITE LATERAL EXTENSION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Graticules are known for the calculation of the magnetic field of homogeneously magnetized “two-dimensional” structures. For bodies whose lateral dimensions are comparable with the dimensions of the cross section and/or the distance between the point of observation and the structure, these graticules allow an approximative computation of the field in the plane of symmetry only. The degree of approximation can be improved by means of end corrections, but the amount of work involved increases rapidly. Moreover, even with end corrections the applicability of the graticules is still restricted to cases of rather simple geometry.In this paper, a set of graticules is proposed which already incorporates all end corrections. The set consists of three graticules, and it can be shown that at any point of observation lying outside the body each graticule needs be applied once only in order to calculate any component of the magnetic field produced by a homogeneously magnetized cylinder of arbitrary cross section, finite lateral extension and arbitrary spatial orientation.Curves and tables have been prepared, which allow the construction of the graticules under consideration. The application is illustrated by a hypothetical example. Possibilities for further improvements of the method are discussed.
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    EIN NÄHERUNGSVERFAHREN ZUR BERECHNUNG VON GRAVITATIONS-ANOMALIEN FÜR BELIEBIG GEFORMTE INHOMOGENE MASSEN MIT DEM DIGITAL-RECHNER (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: By this method an approximation of gravity-anomaly of an inhomogeneous mass with any form is calculated. The mass is inbedded in a homogeneous medium. The density of the medium differs from the density-distribution of the mass.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (1964)
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    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Book Review in this Article:H. Israel and A. Krebs, Nuclear Radiation in GeophysicsB. A. Tkhostov, Initial Rock Pressures in Oil and Gas DepositsJohn S. Steinhart and Robert P. Meyer, Explosion Studies of Continental Structure
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    PROPRIETES DE FILTRAGE DES FORMULES UTILISEES POUR LA TRANSFORMATION DES CARTES GRAVIMETRIQUES (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Pour caractériser les anomalies de la carte initiate et de la carte transformeé, on définit des indices de netteté désingés respectivement par I0 et I et on étudie le rapport I/I0 pour diverses formules appliquées à trois anomalies typiques (sphère, anticlinal, faille). Les courbes obtenues permettent d'introduire, par analogie avec les circuits électriques, des notions telles que profondeur de coupure et pente.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01890.x
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    CRITICAL-ANGLE EFFECTS IN SEISMIC EXPLORATION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: In the case where a medium of velocity α1 is underlain by a medium of higher velocity α2, no propagation of compressional elastic wave energy into the lower medium takes place at angles of incidence exceeding a certain critical value. This so-called critical angle –which is a measure of the actual velocity-contrast –is furthermore marked by a sharp increase in the amount of reflected compressional energy. An investigation has been made to find out whether this critical-angle effect might be usable as a velocity-contrast indicator in seismic exploration.Model experiments confirmed the expectation that this effect should be manifest at the surface under ideal conditions.Two small-scale field set-ups showed that the effect is actually measurable in the field (in one case after applying corrections for planting variations).Finally a seismic line along the shore of the North Sea provided the data for contrast analysis over a considerable distance along the base of the Tertiary. Comparison of the measured changes in contrast and subcrop velocities obtained at those locations where subsurface data from independent sources were available, showed good agreement.It is concluded that critical-angle shooting may be used to indicate subcrop changes along a reflector, or even to obtain the same sub-stratum velocity as is sought in conventional refraction work, at considerably shorter operating distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01913.x
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  • 85
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    EINIGE ERGEBNISSE DER VIBRATORTECHNIK IN DER INGENIEURGEOPHYSIK (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Nach einer kurzen Einführung über das Prinzip der Vibratortechnik werden Ergebnisse vibratorseismischer Arbeiten auf Platten (Eis, Betonplatten, Straßendecken) mitgeteilt. Der Auswertung wurden Biegewellen zugrunde gelegt und die ermittelten experimentellen Ergebnisse mit theoretischen Dispersionskurven verglichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01906.x
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  • 86
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    DESIGN OF SUB-OPTIMUM FILTER SYSTEMS FOR MULTI-TRACE SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Using optimum filter theory as a starting point, we describe a method for the design of practical multi-trace seismic data processing systems. We assume the inputs to be the superposition of signal, coherent noise, and incoherent noise. The signal and coherent noise moveouts are described statistically by their probability densities. Our approach is to split the system into two stages. The first stage achieves optimum noise suppression but distorts the signal. The signal distortion is reduced in the second stage by an optimum finite memory inverse filter.The system that is obtained using our method of design depends upon the form of the probability density functions. We show two examples, ghost suppression and velocity filtering. In ghost suppression we choose a model with moveouts known exactly, which corresponds to delta functions for the probability densities. In velocity filtering the signal and coherent noise moveouts are equally probable within non-overlapping ranges.The resulting system in each case is both simple and effective. In ghost suppression a simple shift and subtract cancels the coherent noise. The signal distortion is reduced by an inverse filter. The velocity filter system consists of differentiated moving averages applied to each trace, followed by a 90° phase shift and a low pass filter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01896.x
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  • 87
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    THE USE OF ISOCHRON CHARTS IN SEISMIC REFRACTION INTERPRETATION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A graphical method of interpreting refraction data is presented based upon wave front construction in which different overburden velocity distributions can be used. The wave fronts are constructed with the aid of an Isochron Chart. By using two or more Isochron Charts, the effect of velocity variations above the refractor of interest can be allowed for.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01898.x
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  • 88
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    VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE STANDARD LINEAR SOLID (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This study is an attempt to find a phenomenological model which will behave in a manner similar to that of common earth materials in regard to the dependence of attenuation and phase velocity on frequency.An analysis of two commonly employed rheological models, Maxwell's and Kelvin-Voigt's and their variants, is presented indicating that these models are too simple to conform phenomenologically to the behavior of rocks. It is shown that a linear combination of the Maxwell and Kelvin-Voigt models, known as the standard linear solid, comes closer to giving an adequate description of the behavior of some earth materials, than either one of the two models.A method of determining the viscoelastic constants of a solid is presented provided that its attenuation and dispersion curves are known. The viscoelastic constants (relaxation times and/or viscosity coefficients) of the solid are determined by superimposing the experimental curves on master curves, and reading the constants off the theoretical curves.An analysis of published experimental data is presented, indicating that the present model is capable of accounting for at least some attenuation and dispersion phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01891.x
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  • 89
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    THE GROWTH OF LAMBS AT PASTURE (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Two groups of ewes, each containing single and twin lambs, were folded over a ‘worm-free’ pasture, with a creep provided for the lambs, allowing them to graze ahead of the ewes. The lambs of one group received supplementary feeding. Higher growth rates of the Iambs were recorded than those previously reported by other workers. The growth rates of twin lambs were improved more than those of singles and the lambs receiving supplementary feeding gained at a significantly faster rate than those on pasture only. Faecal egg counts indicated that worm infestation in the lambs was maintained at a very low level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01195.x
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  • 90
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    THE EFFECT OF WHITE CLOVER AND NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER ON THE PRODUCTION OF A SWARD (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Data from an experiment already reported (2) are used to examine a statistical method proposed by Walker et al. (8) for apportioning the nitrogen harvested in grass in a grass/ legume sward to legume, fertilizer and soil. Multiple regressions of the yield of N in the grass (Gn) upon N harvested in the associated legume (Cn) and N applied in fertilizer (Fn) were highly significant; but they were very variable, mainly because of the strong (negative) correlation between Cn and Fn. In some cases the coefficient for clover N was negative, in some cases the coefficient for fertilizer N exceeded unity; and the residual constant varied widely among 4 sets of plots on the same soil. The interpretation of such equations in physical terms is criticized on these grounds. The use of pure grass swards in conjunction with mixed swards gave estimates of the recovery of fertilizer N, and of the transfer of N from clover to grass, which agreed better with other published data than did the coefficients in a multiple regression. A simple regression of the estimate of transferred N in the grass upon the N harvested in the clover yielded a second constant. This constant, which varied considerably from one series of plots to another, is thought to indicate interactions between the various sources of N, which would be attributed to a direct effect of soil N if the multiple regressions were interpreted as Walker et al. suggest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01196.x
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  • 91
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    THE DIGESTIBILITY AND VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF S22 AND H.1 RYEGRASS, S170 TALL FESCUE, S48 TIMOTHY, S215 MEADOW FESCUE AND GERMINAL COCKSFOOT (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Pure swards of S22 Italian ryegrass, H.1 hybrid ryegrass, S170 tall fescue, S48 timothy, S215 meadow fescue and Germinal cocksfoot were each harvested at several stages of maturity during first growth in the spring, and in the subsequent regrowths. Each batch of herbage was fed to sheep in a digestion trial under conditions of voluntary intake. Results from the first growth herbages showed the expected fall in digestibility with increasing maturity. However, the digestibility of S22, H.1, S170 and S48 began to fall well before ear emergence, whereas the digestibility of Germinal fell only slowly up to the time of ear emergence, as had been found previously with S24 and S23 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot. The rate of fall of digestibility in H.1 and S48 (0.4 units/day) also appeared to be lower than with the perennial ryegrasses and cocksfoot (0.5 units/day). The monthly regrowths within each herbage were of similar digestibility, but the mean digestibility of regrowths differed between herbages, being highest for S215 and lowest for Germinal and S170. The grasses with highest digestibility in the early Spring, in particular S22 ryegrass, were not, however, always the most digestible in the subsequent regrowths. The numbers of sheep fed on each herbage were insufficient to show whether there were significant differences in voluntary intake between different herbage species of the same digestibility. It is suggested that an intake/digestibility relationship, based on data from more animals, should be developed for each herbage species. Only if different relationships are found can it be concluded that factors other than level of digestibility have an effect on intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01177.x
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    STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF GRASSES ON RED SOILS OF RANCHI (INDIA) (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01183.x
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    COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVITY OF HERBAGE VARIETIES ON UPLAND PEAT (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The productivity and persistence of 27 varieties of herbage plants were compared, following sowing on a blanket peat after ploughing. Yields were estimated from 3–5 cuts per year for 5 growing seasons. The top yields in each year ranged from 2510 lb/ac. in the 5th year when no nitrogenous fertilizer was applied up to 4700 lb/ac. in the 3rd year when given 174 lb N/ac. Such levels are slightly less than half the level expected on lowland, but livestock output on hill land is far lower than on lowland. Varietal differences were significant, with red fescues, especially S59 smooth-stalked meadow grass, S170 tall fescue, S143 cocksfoot, Yorkshire fog and S53 meadow fescue giving top yields and persistence. Aberystwyth varieties were in all cases superior to other varieties. S50 timothy and S23 perennial ryegrass were persistent but production was low. The conclusions are compared with those of other investigators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01141.x
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    The efficiency of utilization of fresh grass (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01150.x
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    GRASSLAND RECORDING. IV (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The traditional method of calculating field output by the utilized-starch-equivalent (U.S.E.) system is compared with a recommended simpler and quicker method. The concept of calculating a U.S.E. factor is introduced and forms the basis for the new method. A monthly U.S.E. factor is used, in conjunction with monthly cow-day (CD.) records to calculate U.S.E. Savings of at least 50% may be expected. Agreement between the two methods is very close and the more seasonal nature of the calculation for sheep and non-milking cattle under the new method may be preferable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01155.x
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  • 96
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    A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF GEOPHONE PARAMETERS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Normally only operational checks are made on geophones in the field because of the lack of suitable test equipment. The test method described here was developed to enable accurate (better than 1 %) measurements to be made, in the field, of all geophones in common use which have natural frequencies of i c/s or greater.The portable field instrument is simple to operate and can be used to test refraction and reflection geophones, either singly or in series strings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01914.x
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    REFRACTION SEISMICS WITH AN ANISOTROPIC OVERBURDEN: A GRAPHICAL METHOD OF INTERPRETATION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An analytical expression for the time-distance curve of seismic waves travelling in a medium consisting of intrinsically anisotropic layers with arbitrarily dipping plane interfaces can be given in terms of the “co-ordinates” of the interfaces (length h of the perpendicular from the shotpoint to the interface, strike ν and dip α of the interface) if for each layer the velocity is given as a function of the orientation of the wave normal. The interpretation of the time-distance curve is understood as the inverse process, namely finding an expression for the co-ordinates in terms of some characteristics of the time-distance curve, e.g. intercept times and apparent velocities. In addition, it is useful to know where the “limiting ray”, which is the ray connecting shotpoint and last geophone, enters and leaves a specific layer, for it is only on the medium between these two points that information can be obtained by interpretation. As ray and wave normal do not generally coincide in anisotropic media, the location of these points cannot be calculated from the co-ordinates and the direction of the wave normal without recourse to the functional dependence between the directions of ray and wave normal.An analytical solution of this problem would involve the solution of a number of equations, implicitly containing several parameters. Successive approximation would be rather cumbersome. Instead, a graphical method is proposed which yields all pertinent information without calculation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01912.x
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    THE KÖNIGSBERGER RATIO AND THE DIPPING-DYKE EQUATION (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 12 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the effect that the Königsberger ratio, the ratio of remanent to induced magnetization, has in modifying the dipping-dyke equation. Many reversed dykes are found on aeromagnetic maps and their presence indicates that remanent magnetism must often play a significant part in the magnetic expression of normally-polarized dykes. The methods for the measurement of remanent magnetization and susceptibility (k) are outlined, and the relationship between k and volume % magnetite (V) is discussed. It is proposed that a good approximation is k= 0.15 (x−1 - x), where x=1-V/100. The general equation for the dipping dyke, which includes the contribution of remanent magnetization, is given. A method of obtaining k from the magnetic map is also derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1964.tb01916.x
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    STUDIES IN CALF MANAGEMENT (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: In 1960 spring-born calves were reared indoors or at pasture on 3 dairy farms near Hurley. In the following year the experiment was repeated on 3 farms in the nortli-east and on 2 in the south-west of England.Several calves died, and this may have been because of inadequate milk feeding. Generally, however, the growth of calves reared at pasture was comparable with that of animals reared indoors. Tfie use of grass enabled substantial savings to be made in the amount of concentrate feedingstuffs and hay fed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01197.x
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    THE GRASSES AND GRASSLAND CULTIVATION OF BRITAIN (1964)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Grass and forage science 19 (1964), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.1964.tb01140.x
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