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  • Articles  (88)
  • Microbial biomass  (88)
  • 2020-2020
  • 1995-1999  (88)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (88)
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  • Articles  (88)
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  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (88)
  • Biology  (90)
  • Geosciences  (87)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of different indices for nitrogen mineralization (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Soil organic matter ; Aerobic incubation ; CaCl2 extraction ; Soluble organic nitrogen ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Indices of N mineralization in soils of contrasting texture, pH, and organic matter contents were compared at different dates during the growing season. The indices were derived from a 12-week aerobic incubation, determination of the amount of microbial biomass at the start of the incubation, determination of the increase in NH 4 + after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h, and extraction of total soluble N with 0.01 M CaCl2. Cumulative mineral N increased linearly with time in the course of the incubations. Rates of mineralization in soil samples taken in March 1989 and 1990 were significantly correlated with soluble organic N, while correlations between the mineralization rate and the increase in NH 4 + after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2 h were poor for sandy soils and absent for loamy soils. Correlations between NH 4 + after boiling with 2 M KCl for 2h and the soil N concentration were highly significant, but no general relationship was found between the mineralization rate and the soil N concentration. Neither biomass N nor biomass C was significantly correlated with the mineralization rate or with one of the chemical indices. Among the methods tested, soluble organic N extracted with 0.01 M CaCl2 was the only method with any promise for routine measurement of the mineralization capacity of the individual sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336338
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of phospholipid- and lipopolysaccharide-derived fatty acids as an estimate of microbial biomass and community structures in soils (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fatty acids ; Phospholipids ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Microbial biomass ; Gram-positive bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Several soils subject to different cultivation and management practices were examined by analysis of fatty acid profiles derived from phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides, using an improved sequential method which is capable of measuring ester-linked and non-ester-linked phospholipid fatty acids (EL-PLFA, NEL-PLFA, respectively) and the hydroxy fatty acids in lipopolysaccharides. A good correlation was obtained (r〉0.90) between the soil biomass and total EL-PLFA in the soils investigated, which ranged from forest soils to a variety of agricultural soils. Elucidation of the composition of the community structure was an additional task. Eukaryotes can be differentiated from bacteria by the presence of polyunsaturated and ω-hydroxy fatty acids, both of which were much more abundant in the OF layer of the forest soil than in the remaining samples. A relatively low proportion of monomethyl branched-chain saturated fatty acids was obtained in the forest OF horizon, these being indicators for Gram-positive bacteria and actinomycetes. Various subclasses of proteobacteria produce β and mid-chain hydroxy fatty acids, which occur primarily in agricultural soils. The ratios between monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids seem to be very useful parameters of soil environmental conditions. In addition, on the basis of the differences in composition of the NEL-PLFA and hydroxy fatty acids of lipopolysaccharides, clear indications for the community structure of various soils were obtained. In the forest soils much more abundant anaerobic micro-organisms and relatively less abundant proteobacteria were present than in the other soils. In the cultivated soils, however, the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria was considerably higher. Furthermore, eukaryotes appeared to be pre-dominant in the soils once used for a manure deposit site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336146
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon and nitrogen relationships in the microbial biomass of soils in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Biomass C:N ratio Acidification ; Beech forest ; Soil organic C ; Total N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soils from 38 German forest sites, dominated by beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were sampled to a depth of about 10 cm after careful removal of overlying organic layers. Microbial biomass N and C were measured by fumigation-extraction. The pH of the soils varied between 3.5 and 8.3, covering a wide range of cation exchange capacity, organic C, total N, and soil C:N values. Maximum biomass C and biomass N contents were 2116 μg C m-2 and 347 μg N m-2, while minimum contents were 317 and 30 μg m-2, respectively. Microbial biomass N and C were closely correlated. Large variations in microbial biomass C:N ratios were observed (between 5.4 and 17.3, mean 7.7), indicating that no simple relationship exists between these two parameters. The frequency distribution of the parameters for C and N availability to the microflora divided the soils into two subgroups (with the exception of one soil): (1) microbial: organic C〉12 mg g-1, microbial:total N〉28 mg g-1 (n=23), a group with high C and N availability, and (2) microbial:organic C≤12 mg g-1, microbial:total N≦28 mg g-1 (n=14), a group with low C and N availability. With the exception of a periodically waterlogged soil, the pH of all soils belonging to subgroup 2 was below 5.0 and the soil C:N ratios were comparatively high. Within these two subgroups no significant correlation between the microbial C:N ratio and soil pH or any other parameter measured was found. The data suggest that above a certain threshold (pH 5.0) microbial C:N values vary within a very small range over a wide range of pH values. Below this threshold, in contrast, the range of microbial C:N values becomes very large.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336150
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of agricultural traffic and crop management on collembola and microbial biomass in arable soil (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Collembola ; Microbial biomass ; Soil compaction ; Crop rotation ; Arable soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Collembola and microbial biomass C were investigated in a field experiment with controlled agricultural traffic and crop rotation over a period of 27 months. The wheel-induced compactive efforts were applied according to management practices within the crop rotation of sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley. Increasing wheel traffic produced increasing soil compaction, mainly due to a reduction in surface soil porosity. Increasing soil compaction was accompanied by a decrease in microbial biomass C and the density of collembola. The influence of soil compaction on microbial biomass C was smaller than that of the standing crop. However, for collembola, especially euedaphic species, a reduction in pore space appeared to be of more importance than the effects of a standing crop. Within the crop rotation, microbial biomass C and the density of collembola increased in the order sugar beet, winter wheat, and winter barley.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336153
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The short-term effects of cessation of fertiliser applications, liming, and grazing on microbial biomass and activity in a reseeded upland grassland soil (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 148-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Dehydrogenase activity Urease ; Phosphatase ; Respiration ; ATP ; Grazing Fertiliser ; Lime
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was conducted to determine the influence of a short-term (2 year) cessation of fertiliser applications, liming, and sheep-grazing on microbial biomass and activity in a reseeded upland grassland soil. The cessation of fertiliser applications (N and NPK) on a limed and grazed grassland had no effect on microbial biomass measurements, enzyme activities, or respiration. Withholding fertiliser and lime from a grazed grassland resulted in significant reductions in both microbial biomass C (P〈0.05) and dehydrogenase activity (P〈0.05) by approximately 18 and 21%, respectively. The removal of fertiliser applications, liming, and grazing resulted in even greater reductions in microbial biomass C (44%, P〈0.001) and dehydrogenase activity (31%, P〈0.001), and significant reductions in microbial biomass N (P〈0.005), urease activity (P〈0.05), phosphatase activity (P〈0.001), and basal respiration (P〈0.05). The abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi and the soil ATP content were unaffected by changes in grassland managements. With the cessation of liming soil pH fell from 5.4 to 4.7, and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. A significant negative linear relationship (r 2=0.97; P〈0.01) was found between increasing soil acidity and dehydrogenase activity. Possible mechanisms influencing these changes are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336151
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of beech litter fragmentation and glucose concentration on the microbial biomass in three different litter layers of a beechwood (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 155-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Beech litter ; Fragmentation ; Nutrient limitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In February 1993 samples of litter from three different litter layers (upper, intermediate, and lower) were taken from a beechwood growing on basalt soil. Using the substrate-induced respiration method, we investigated the influence of fragmentation and glucose concentration on the maximum initial respiratory response. Glucose concentrations ranged between 0 and 160000 μg g-1 dry weight. The initial respiratory response reached a maximum at 80000 μg glucose g-1 dry weight. The addition of higher concentrations of glucose resulted in negligible changes in respiration. Litter materials of four different size classes (intact leaves, fragmented 〈100 mm2, 〈25 mm2, and 〈5 mm2) were amended with 80000 μg glucose g-1 dry weight. Substrate-induced respiration was at a maximum in the size class 〈25 mm2. The addition of glucose to intact litter did not result in microbial growth. It is concluded that C is not the primary limiting element for the microflora in litter layers of the study site. Fragmentation of beech litter enabled the microorganisms to grow. Presumably, nutrients that limited microbial growth in intact litter were mobilized by the fragmentation procedure and enabled microorganisms to grow in fragmented litter materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336152
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of the selective inhibition method to determine bacterial: fungal ratios in three beechwood soils rich in carbon — Optimization of inhibitor concentrations (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Selective inhibition ; Prokaryote: eukaryote ratio Woodland soils ; Streptomycin ; Cycloheximide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial and fungal contributions to microbial respiration in three beechwood soils rich in C (two basalt soils and one limestone soil) were investigated by using streptomycin and cycloheximide to inhibit substrate-induced respiration after glucose (8000 μg g-1), N, and P addition to soil samples. The inhibitors were added as solutions (2000, 8000, and 16000 μg g-1) and the reduction in substrate-induced respiration after separate and combined inhibitor addition was measured in an automated electrolytic microrespirometer. Bacterial and fungal contributions to microbial respiration were calculated using the interval 6–10 h after inhibitor application. The microbial biomas was smaller in the two basalt soils (Oberhang and Mittelhang) than in the limestone soil (Unterhang). In the presence of both inhibitors, microbial respiration was inhibited by a maximum of 45, 45, and 25% in the two basalt soils and the limestone soil, respectively. Inhibition of microbial respiration was at a maximum at streptomycin and cycloheximide concentrations of 16000 μg g-1. The inhibitor additivity ratio approached 1.0 even at high inhibitor concentrations, indicating high inhibitor selectivity. Calculated prokaryote: eukaryote ratios indicated lower bacterial contributions to the microbial biomass in the Mettelhang (0.74) and Unterhang (0.73) than in the Oberhang (0.88) soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336155
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporal and spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Excreta ; Fertiliser ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Silvopastoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a field study to assess the effect of increasing the frequency of split applications of N fertiliser on the pattern of plant uptake, soil N availability, and microbial biomass C and N. Measurements were taken during the growing season in different positions relative to young trees (Prunus avium L.) in an upland silvopastoral system in its first year after establishment. At fertiliser rates of 72 and 144 kg ha-1 N applied as NH4NO3, increasing the number of split applications increased N uptake by the pasture. Mineral forms of soil N measured 2 weeks after application indicated that residual NH inf4 sup+ -N and total mineral N were also greater in this treatment on certain dates. Soil NO inf3 sup- -N was positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and nitrification reached a maximum in early May and declined rapidly thereafter except within the herbicide-treated areas around the trees where soil moisture had been conserved. Results of the study suggest that high NO inf3 sup- -N in herbicide-treated areas was probably caused by mineralisation of grass residues and low uptake by the tree rather than by preferential urine excretion by sheep sheltering beside the trees. Mean microbial biomass C and N values of 894 and 213 kg ha-1, respectively, were obtained. Microbial C was slightly increased by the higher frequency of split applications at 144 kg ha-1 N and was probably related to the greater herbage production with this treatment. Microbial N was not significantly affected by the N treatments. Both microbial biomass C and N increased during the growing season, resulting in the net immobilisation of at least 45 kg ha-1 N which was later released during the autumn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336156
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil microbial biomass and organic matter composition in soils under cultivation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 197-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil organic matter ; Cultivation ; CPMAS 13C-NMR ; Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Alkylic carbon ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To determine whether there is a relationship between the composition of soil organic matter and the activity of the soil microbial biomass, the composition of the organic matter in 12 typical arable soils in Northwest Germany was investigated by wet chemical analysis and CPMAS cross polarization magic angle spinning 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The data were correlated with the microbial biomass as estimated by substrate-induced respiration. A strong correlation between the microbial biomass and alkylic C compounds was observed (r=-0.960***). Recalcitrant substances were enriched in this fraction, which were classified as humic acids according to the wet chemical procedure. The microbial decomposition of these humic acids is probably retarded, due to their chemical structure and/or physical bonding, when the soil microbial biomass activity is limited.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336159
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extractability of labelled microbial biomass N by electro-ultrafiltration and CaCl2 extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil drying ; Extractable organic N ; 15N isotope dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory soil incubation and a pot experiment with ryegrass were carried out in order to examine the extractability of microbial biomass N by using either 10-mM CaCl2 extraction or the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method. The aim of the experiment was to test the hypothesis whether the organic N (Norg) extracted by EUF or CaCl2 from dried soil samples represents a part of the microbial biomass. For the laboratory incubation a 15N-labelled Escherichia coli suspension was mixed with the soil. For the pot experiment a suspension of 15N-labelled bacteria was applied which had previously been isolated from the soil used. Soil samples of both treatments, with and without applied bacterial suspension, were extracted by EUF and CaCl2. The extractability of applied microbial biomass was estimated from the difference in extractable Norg between the two treatments. In addition, the N isotopic composition in the upper plant matter, in the soil, and in organic and inorganic N fractions of EUF and CaCl2 extracts was analysed. Both experiments showed that the applied microbial biomass was highly accessible to mineralization and thus represented potentially mineralizable N. However, this mineralizable N was not extractable by CaCl2 or by the EUF method. It was, therefore, concluded that the organic N released on soil drying and which was thus extractable was derived from the non-biomass soil organic matter. The result suggests that both extraction methods may provide a suitable index for mineralizable N only in cases where the decomposable organic substrates are derived mainly from sources other than the living soil biota.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335960
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