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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Proteinbedarf des Rehes (Capreolus capreolus L.) zur Erhaltung (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 43-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Nitrogen (N) balance studies were performed with adult roe bucks in metabolism cages. The animals were fed pelleted diets. To a basic ration with 5.6% crude protein (CP) varving amounts of purified protein were added, raising the crude protein content up to 21.8% of the food dry matter. The N losses via the faeces were 6.1 g/kg of dry matter intake. At body weight equilibrium 94.5% of the apparently digested N were recovered in the urine. With the basic ration the urinary N excretion was down to 0.12 g/day/kg body weight0.75. Even with this diet, part of the animals achieved a positive N balance and raised the body weigh. A calculation of the requirements for maintenance of a roe deer of 20 kg body weight results in 7.5 g apparently digestible CP. With the experimental diet, this was equivalent to 24.3 g CP/day in the food or 5.5% CP in the food dry matter. These requirements are lower than those assumed for roe deer up to now, but are in good accordance with those known for domestic ruminants.
    Abstract: Résumé Des expériences de l'équilibre azoté avec des chevreuils adultes, tenus dans des cages de métabolisme, étaient fait. Comme nourriture unique ils recevaient de fourrage comprimé. À une ration de base pauvre en protéine (5,6% de protéine brute) nous ajoutions des quantités variables de protéine purifiée de soya, augmentant ainsi la teneur de protéine brute jusqu'à 21,8%. Les pertes de nitrogène par la fiente faisaient 6,1 g/kg de la matière sèche du fourrage. Au poids de corps constant, 94,5% de la nitrogène apparemment digestée étaient retrouvés dans l'urine. La ration de base pauvre en protéine reduisait l'excrétion urinaire de nitrogène à 0,12 g/jour/kg poids du corps0,75. Même avec cette diète-là les chevreuils étaient capables d'atteindre une balance de nitrogène positive et de prendre du poids. D'après ces résultats, les besoins quotidiens pour l'entretien s'élévent—chez un chevreuil de 20 kg—à 7,5 g de protéine brute apparemment digestible. Cela correspondait—avec la diète experimentale—à 24,3 g/jour protéine brute dans le fourrage ou à 5,5% de protéine brute dans la matière sèche. La quantité de la protéine nécessaire pour les chevreuils est plus petite que l'on a supposé jusqu'à présent. Elle s'accorde pourtant bien avec les besoins des ruminants domestiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An ausgewachsenen Rehen wurden in Stoffwechselkäfigen Stickstoff-(N-)Bilanz-Versuche durchgeführt. Die Tiere bekamen pelletierte Alleinfutter vorgelegt. Eine proteinarme Basisdiät mit 5,6% Rohprotein (RP) in der Trockensubstanz wurde mit wechselnden Mengen gereinigten Sojaproteins verschnitten, so daß Diäten mit bis zu 21,8% RP entstanden. Die N-Verluste über den Kot betrugen 6,1 g/kg Futtertrockensubstanz. Vom scheinbar verdauten N wurden bei Gewichtskonstanz der Tiere 94,5% im Harn wiedergefunden. Bei der proteinarmen Basisdiät ging die Harn-N-Ausscheidung auf 0,12 g/Tag/kg Körpergewicht0,75 zurück. Auch mit dieser Diät waren die Rehe noch in der Lage, die N-Bilanz positiv zu gestalten und zuzunehmen. Der tägliche Bedarf zur Erhaltung bei einem Reh von 20 kg beträgt nach diesen Ergebnissen 7,5 g scheinbar verdauliches RP. Bei dem verwendeten Versuchsfutter entsprach das 24,3 g RP/Tag im Futter oder 5,5% RP in der Futtertrockensubstanz. Dieser Erhaltungsbedarf ist niedriger, als bisher für das Reh angenommen wurde, entspricht dagegen recht gut dem Bedarf von Hauswiederkäuern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901846
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gravidität der Gamsgaisen in den Julischen Alpen (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 50-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From 1967 until 1973 in the Julian Alps of Slovenia 78 female chamois of various ages were examined for pregnancy. Of these 69 so-calledyeld females (those with no calves) were harvested as usual, while 9 females with calves were shot especially for the study. Both groups revealed a gravidity of 80%, based on all females in the third to 18th year of life. Some females in the third year of life were found to be pregnant, compared with nearly half of those in the fourth year of life. In middle-age females (4–10 years) gravidity was 90%, and 83% in older animals. 8% more corpora lutea were found in the ovaries than the number of embryos. Several such cases were examples of accessory forms, which means that double ovulation had occurred.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Julischen Alpen Sloweniens wurden von 1967 bis 1973 78 erlegte Gamsgaisen verschiedenen Alters auf Trächtigkeit untersucht. Davon waren 69 als sog.Geltgaisen im Wege der Auslese abgeschossen worden. 9 kitzeführende aber speziell für die Untersuchungszwecke. Bei beiden Gruppen hatte die Trächtigkeit den gleichen Prozentsatz von 80, bezogen auf alle Gaisen vom dritten bis achtzehnten Lebensjahr. Im dritten Lebensjahr brunftete ein Teil der Gaisen erfolgreich (war trächtig), im vierten Lebensjahr etwas weniger als die Hälfte, im mittleren Alter (4–10 Jahre) lag die Trächtigkeit bei 90%, bei älteren Stücken bei 83%. Auf den Eierstöcken wurden 8% mehr Gelbkörperchen gefunden, als der Zahl der Embryonen entsprach. Bei einigen überzähligen Gelbkörperchen handelte es sich um atretische Formen, was bedeutet, daß die Gaisen zweimal ovulierten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901848
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fütterungsversuche mit Rebhühnern als Beitrag zur Frage der Ernährung des Rebhuhns in der Kulturlandschaft (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of studies of partridge in aviaries from 1968 to 1973 are reported. These results indicate that seeds are the only feasible winter fodder. Green feed is not necessary, as a rule. Seeds of the following plants were preferred by partridge:Ph. canariensis, Panicum sp.,Setaria sp.,Cannabis sativa, Phleum pratense, Lolium perenne, Agrostis alba gemcina. Seeds of the following wild herbs were infrequently selected:Atriplex sp.,Plantago sp.,Polygonum persicaria, Polygonum lapathifolium andRumex sp.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est fait état d'essais en volière avecPerdix perdix entre 1968 et 1973. L'alimentation hivernale n'est possible qu'au moyen d'une nourriture à base de grains. De la nourriture verte n'est pas fondamentalement nécessaire au cours de l'hiver. Sont préférées par la Perdrix les semences dePh. canariensis, dePanicum sp. etSetaria sp., deCannabis sativa, dePhleum pratense, deLolium perenne et d'Agrostis alba genuina. Les semences des espèces sauvages suivantes ne furent guère recherchées:Atriplex sp.,Plantago sp.,Polygonum persicaria etlapathifolium, Rumex sp.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Berichtet wird über Volierenversuche mit Rebhühnern in den Jahren 1968 bis 1973. Aus den Versuchen wird gefolgert, daß die Winterfütterung von Rebhühnern allein auf Sämereienbasis möglich ist. Grünfutter ist im Winter grundsätzlich nicht notwendig. Bevorzugt werden vom Rebhuhn die Samen des Glanzgrases (Spitz,Ph. canariensis), der Hirse (Panicum sp.Setaria sp.), des Hanfes (Cannabis sativa), des Thimothes (Phleum pratense), des Deutschen Weidelgrases (Lolium perenne) und des weißen Straußgrases (Agrostis alba genuina). Kaum Zuspruch fanden die Sämereien verschiedener Wildkräuter wie Melde,Atriplex sp., Wegerich,Plantago sp., Floh- und pfirsichblättriger Knöterich,Polygonum persicaria bzw.lapathifolium und Sauerampfer,Rumex sp.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901850
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rangordnung von Rehwild (Capreolus capreolus L.) an der Winterfütterung in einem schweizerischen Jagdrevier (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 53-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the winter of 1972/73 the rank-order of individually marked roe deer at an artificial feeding site was studied in the foothills of eastern Switzerland. The observed rank-order was almost linear and more or less stable throughout the winter. The only drops in rank were caused by casting of antlers and impairment through injury, whereas cleaning of antlers raised a buck's rank. Adult bucks dominated all other classes, and male fawns dominated almost all females The effects of age, antler size, distance from summer territory, and duration of stay in the feeding site area on rank were tested by rank correlations. In adult bucks, only distance from summer territory affected rank significantly, bucks from the vicinity being the most dominant. This result and the fact that the dominant bucks, who alone showed marking behaviour, were the most aggressive, suggest that roebucks are potentially territorial also in winter. Does were the higher in rank the earlier they were first observed visiting the feeding site, i.e. the more familiar they were with it. The rank of females was not affected by age. Occupied piles of food were sometimes successfully defended against higher ranking individuals.
    Abstract: Résumé En hiver 1972/73 le comportement agonistique et la hiérarchie sociale des chevreuils individuelement marqués fut examiné à une place à fourrage dans une chasse préalpine en Suisse. La hiérarchie était linéaire et ordinairement stabile. Des changement en hiérarchie sociale furent observés après la jeter et l'écurer des bois et après des blessures. Les brocards adultes dominaient toutes les autres classes. L'influence fut examiné avec des correlations de rang entrele rang et l'âge, la grandeur des bois, la distance entre la place à fourrage et le territoire en été, la première date d'observations à la place à fourrage. Le rang des brocards adultes est influencé de manière negative significante seulement par la distance: le plus près un brocard a son territoire en été, le plus il est dominant. Ce fait et le fait, que seulement les brocards des deux premiers rangs étalent un comportement de marquer laissent présumer qu'un comportement territorial éxiste en hiver aussi. Les femelles adultes n'étaient pas influencées par l'âge; mais le plus tôt qu'elles viennent à la place à fourrage en hiver le plus elles sont dominantes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Winter 1972/73 wurde das agonistische Verhalten und die Rangordnung von individuell markierten Rehen an einer Winterfütterung in den Voralpen der Ostschweiz untersucht. Die Rangordnung war beinahe linear und mehr oder weniger stabil. Rangverlust wurde nach Geweihabwurf und Verletzung, Ranggewinn nach Fegen des Geweihs beobachtet. Adulte Böcke dominierten alle anderen Klassen, und Kitzböcke dominierten fast alle Geißen. Die Beziehung zwischen Rang und Alter, Geweihgröße, Distanz zwischen Futterstelle und Sommereinstand sowie erstem Beobachtungsdatum an der Winterfütterung wurde mit Rangkorrelationen geprüft. Bei adulten Böcken hatte nur die Distanz zum Sommereinstand einen Einfluß auf die Ranghöhe: je kürzer diese Distanz, desto dominanter der Bock. Dies und die Tatsache, daß die ranghöchsten Böcke am aggressivsten waren und als einzige Markierverhalten zeigten, legt die Vermutung nahe, daß Rehböcke auch im Winter potentiell territorial sind. Geißen waren um so ranghöher, je früher sie erstmals an der Winterfütterung beobachtet worden waren. Dagegen hatte das Alter keinen Einfluß auf die Ranghöhe. In Besitz genommene Futterhaufen wurden manchmal erfolgreich gegen ranghöhere Tiere verteidigt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901849
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pesticid- und PCB-Rückstände in Organen von Wildtieren als Indikatoren für Umweltkontamination (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 70-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary During the years 1970 to 1973 we investigated 800 samples of organs, adipose tissue and eggs from 26 wild animals species gaschromatically in respect of chlorinated pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls. The most abundant pesticides were HCB and Lindane + Isomeres (Tab. 1). The pesticide- and PCB-concentrations in liver- and fat tissue of herbivores were about five times lower (ppb-values) than we found in carnivores, where the residues accumulated according to the nutrition chain (Tab. 2 and 3). The highest values we got from eggs of predatory birds and from codfish liver (ppm-values Tab. 2 and 3; for instance DDE and DDT + isomeres).
    Abstract: Résumé Au cours des années 1970 à 1973, 800 échantillons d'organes, de dépôts de graisse et d'oeufs, prélevés sur 26 espèces d'animaux sauvages, ont été analysés par chromatographie gazeuse en ce qui concernait leur teneur en pesticides chlorés et en PCB. Le PCB et les isomères du Lindane étaient les résidus les plus répandus (plus de 90%) (Tableau 1). Chez les Herbivores, la concentration en pesticide et en PCB dans le foie et dans les tissus de graisse était de l'ordre du ppb (Tableaux 2 et 3). Les plus hautes teneurs en résidus — DDE, DDT, et ses isomères, notamment — furent relevées dans les oeufs de Rapaces et dans les foies de Morue (de l'ordre du ppm) (cfr Tableaux 2 et 3).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Während der Jahre 1970 bis 1973 wurden 800 Organ-, Fett- und Eierproben von 26 Wildtierarten gaschromatographisch auf Rückstände an chlorierten Pesticiden und PCBs hin untersucht. Mit über 90% waren HCB und Lindan + Isomere am verbreitetsten (Tab. 1). Die Pesticid- und PCB-Konzentration im Leber- und Fettgewebe lag bei Herbivora im ppb-Bereich (Tab. 2 und 3), stieg jedoch im Rahmen der Nahrungskette bei Carnivora auf das Fünffache der bei Pflanzenfressern gefundenen Werte (Tab. 2 und 3). Die höchsten Rückstandsmengen-v.a. an DDE, DDT und Isomeren-fanden wir in Greifvogeleiern und in Dorschleber (ppm-Bereich siehe Tab. 2 und 3).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901854
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Referate (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 80-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901859
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jahrestreffen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft jagdlicher Forschungsstätten (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 79-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01901858
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der ökonomische Wert der Wildproduktion in Europa (ohne Sowjetunion) (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 85-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01889795
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Professor Fritz Nüßlein zur Vollendung des 75. Lebensjahres (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 119-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01889799
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Institut und Lehrkanzel für Wildbiologie und Jagdwirtschaft an der Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Wien geplant (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 120-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01889800
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Referate (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 120-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01889801
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beitrag zur Altersbestimmung beim Rotfuchs (Vulpes vulpes L., 1758) (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 96-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two methods for estimating age were applied on 1655 red foxes (871 males, 591 females and 193 of undetermined sex), 290 of which were found to be rabid. The first method uses age of teeth (cutting, shedding and attrition) as an indication to the age of the animal. The second (developed byvan Haaften [1969]) involved the dry weight of eye lenses. A comparison of the methods revealed that both were equally reliable for animals up to the age of two years. Neither method proved to be satisfactory for estimating age in adult animals, although the dry weight method seems to be the more informative one. The range in the dry weight of eye lenses is shown in table 5 for animals from 2 months to 2 years in graph 1 for animals up to 8 years. Graph 2 illustrates the relationship between age, dry weight of eye lens, and age of teeth.
    Abstract: Résumé 1655 renards—871 mâles, 591 femelles et 193 de sexe non déterminé—dont 290 sujets se sont avérés atteints par la Rage, ont fait l'objet d'une étude comparative sur les méthodes de détermination de leur âge par analyse de la dentition (émergence des dents, remplacement et degré d'usure) et par pesée du cristallin (van Haaften 1969). Des résultats satisfaisants ont été obtenus au moyen des deux méthodes jusqu'à l'âge de deux ans. Chez les sujets plus âgés, la méthode par examen de la dentition est impropre à une détermination correcte. En raison du manque de possibilités de comparaison avec des sujets d'âge connu, l'application de la méthode par pesée du cristallin à des sujets de plus de deux ans reste sujette à caution, mais cette méthode semble toutefois plus efficace que les autres. Le Tableau 5 donne le degré de variation des poids secs du cristallin de renards âgés de deux mois à deux ans. La figure 1 visualise ce degré de variation jusqu'à l'âge de 7 ans. La figure 2 permet la comparaison des pyramides des classes d'âge obtenues en appliquant les deux techniques de détermination.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1655 Rotfüchse—871 Rüden, 591 Fähen und 193 ohne Geschlechtsbestimmung—von denen sich durch die Laboruntersuchungen 290 als tollwütig erwiesen, wurden nach dem Zahnalter (Zahndurchbruch,-wechsel und-abnutzung) sowie auf Grund des Linsentrockengewichts nach der Methode vonvan Haaften (1969) auf ihr Alter untersucht und die beiden Methoden miteinander verglichen. Beide Arten der Altersfeststellung liefern für Jungfüchse und Altfüchse bis zu 2 Jahren verläßliche Ergebnisse. Bei älteren Füchsen versagt die Zahnaltersbestimmung. Auf Grund mangelnder Vergleichsmöglichkeiten mit Füchsen bekannten Alters läßt sich zwar über die Sicherheit der Altersbestimmung mittels Linsentrockengewicht bei älteren als 2jährigen Füchsen noch keine endgültige Aussage machen, doch erscheint die Methode aufschlußreicher als die anderen Arten der Altersbestimmung. Tabelle 5 gibt die ermittelten Schwankungsbreiten der Augenlinsentrockengewichte bei Füchsen von 2 Monaten bis 2 Jahren an, die in einer graphischen Darstellung (Abb. 1) bis zum 8. Lebensjahr fortgeführt wird. In einer weiteren Graphik (Abb. 2) werden die Alterspyramiden nach Linsentrockengewicht und Zahnalter gegenübergestellt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01889796
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Endoparasitenspektrums des Gemswildes in der Schweiz (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 115-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Organs of six chamois originating from two subalpine areas in Switzerland were examined. 18 different species of nematodes were found in the digestive tract (namelyTrichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia circumcincta, O. leptospicularis, O. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Skrjabinagia kolchida, S. lyrata, Rinadia mathevossiani, Spiculopteragia böhmi, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus capricola, Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus filicollis, N. helvetianus, Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum andChabertia ovina) and two additional species in the lungs (Protostrongylus rupicaprae andMuellerius capillaris). Two out of five animals examined were infected withEimeria spp. and three out of four animals withSarcocystis sp. The examination of 213 lungs of chamois from the cantons of Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Schwyz and Lucerne revealed 114 cases of protostrongylidoses due toProtostrongylus rupicaprae andNeostrongylus linearis and one case of dictyocaulosis. It is assumed that the trichostrongylid fauna of the chamois overlaps to a considerable extent with that of domestic ruminants, roe deer and red deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Des examens parasitologiques pratiqués chez six chamois du Jura d'Argovie et du Tössstock dans le Canton de Zurich ont mis en évidence 18 espèces de Nématodes du tube digestif (à direTrichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia circumcincta, O. leptospicularis, O. trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Skrjabinagia kolchida, S. lyrata, Rinadia mathevossiani, Spiculopteragia böhmi, Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus capricola, Cooperia oncophora, Nematodirus filicollis, N. helvetianus, Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum etChabertia ovina) et deux autres espèces dans les poumons (Protostrongylus rupicaprae etMuellerius capillaris). Deux animaux sur cinq étaient parasités parEimeria spp., trois sur quatre parSarcocystis. Sur 213 poumons examinés de chamois provenants des Cantons Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Schwyz et Lucerne 114 présentaient une infestation par des Protostrongylidés (Protostrongylus rupicaprae etNeostrongylus linearis) et 1 une infestation parDictyocaulus. On peut remarquer que la faune des Trichostrongylidés rencontrée chez les chamois est très proche de celle observée chez les ovins, caprins, bovidés domestiques ainsi que chez les chevreuils et cerfs d'Europe.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei sechs Gemsen aus dem Aargauer Jura und dem Tösstock im Kanton Zürich wurden 18 Nematodenarten im Magen-Darmtrakt und 2 weitere Arten in der Lunge gefunden. Bei 2 von 5 Tieren lag ein Befall mitEimeria spp. vor, 3 von 4 Tieren waren mitSarcocystis sp. infiziert. Von 213 Gemslungen aus den Kantonen Appenzell-Innerrhoden, Schwyz und Luzern wiesen 114 Protostrongyliden- und 1 Dictyocaulus-Befall auf. Es wird festgestellt, daß bei der Trichostrongylidenfauna der Gemse weitreichend Überschneidungen mit den Artenspektren bei Schaf und Ziege, Rind, Reh und Rotwild bestehen.
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    Der parasitologische Zustand von Gemspopulationen des schweizerischen Juras im Vergleich zu Alpengemsen (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 105-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Between the years 1970 and 1972 58 Swiss chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) from the Jura mountains were studied for parasites. They were collected within the region Waldenburg — Olten — western Weißenstein (canton Basel-Landschaft and Solothurn) and in the Chasseral (canton Berne). Originally they had been transferred from the Swiss Alps to the Jura, where they were acclimatized. The following endoparasites were found: 3 lungworms, 8 gastro-intestinal nematodes (in some cases the species was not identified), 1 trematode, 2 cestodes and coccidia. The extensity and intensity of the species found were compared with two studies from Austria, and, in the case of lungworms, with a Swiss and a German report as well. Parasitic intensity and extensity seem less in the Bernese than in the Basel-Land and Solothurn Jura mountains. But in the entire Jura they are found to a lesser extent than in the reported regions of the Alps; sometimes this difference is very clear (exception:Protostrongylus in the cantons Basel-Landschaft and Solothurn). From the limited parasitic intensity and the low death rate among the Jura chamois it can be concluded that the Jura mountains are a favourable environment for these animals; there seems to be no overpopulation effect. The limited parasitic extensity as well suggests that the chamois population is not too dense; in addition the biotope appears unfavourable for the free-living stages of the parasites and the influence of a contact between chamois and domestic animals unimportant. The range of species found on this study was as to be expected.
    Abstract: Résumé Pendant les années 1970–1972 des recherches parasitologiques ont été faites sur le chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra L.) dans le Jura Suisse. 58 chamois, capturés dans la région de Waldenburg — Olten — partie ouest du Weissenstein (canton de Bâle-campagne et de Soleure) et du Chasseral (canton de Berne) ont été examinés. Toutes ces populations proviennent de quelques animaux introduits des Alpes Suisses. Les endoparasites trouvés sont les suivants: trois nématodes bronchiques, 8 nématodes gastro-intestinaux (qui n'ont pas tous été déterminés jusqu'à l'espèce), un trématode, deux cestodes et des coccidies. La fréquence et l'intensité des atteintes ont été comparées avec celles décrites dans deux travaux autrichiens. Les résultats sur les vers bronchiques ont en outre été comparés avec ceux présentés dans une publication suisse et allemande. Intensité et fréquence des atteintes semblent être un peu plus faibles dans le Jura bernois que dans le Jura soleurois et de Bâle-campagne. En tout cas elles sont plus faibles que dans les régions alpines qui nous servaient de comparaison. (Il existe une exception chezProtostrongylus dans les cantons de Bâle-campagne et de Soleure.) La faible intensité des atteintes et le fait qu'on trouve rarement des animaux péris mène à la conclusion que l'état sanitaire général des chamois jurassiens est assez bon. Selon toute vraisemblance la qualité du biotope jurassien convient au chamois et sa densité n'est pas exagérée. En outre, la faible fréquence des parasites affaiblit l'idée d'une surpopulation du chamois et laisse supposer que le biotope n'est pas favorable aux parasites pendant leur développement à l'exterieur de l'hôte. Le contact avec des bêtes domestiques, fréquent dans certaines régions du Jura, ne semble pas jouer un rôle important. Le nombre des espèces ne differt pas de ce que l'on pouvait attendre.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1970–1972 wurden an 58 Schweizer Juragemsen (Rupicapra rupicapra [L.]) aus dem Raume Waldenburg — Olten — westlicher Weißenstein (Kantone Basel-Landschaft und Solothurn) und Chasseral (Kanton Bern) parasitologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Die untersuchten Tiere stammen alle aus Populationen, die auf Aussetzungen von Gemsen aus den Schweizeralpen zurückgehen. An Endoparasiten wurden drei Lungennematoden, acht Magen-Darmnematoden (teilweise nicht bis auf die Art differenziert), ein Trematode, zwei Cestoden und Coccidien nachgewiesen. Die Befallsextensitäten und-intensitäten wurden mit zwei Untersuchungen aus Österreich verglichen, im Falle der Lungenwürmer zusätzlich mit einer schweizerischen und einer deutschen Arbeit. Befallsintensität und-extensität scheinen im Bernerjura etwas geringer zu sein als im Baselbieter- und Solothurnerjura. An beiden Orten sind sie, teilweise sehr eindeutig, niedriger als in den Vergleichsgebieten der Alpen. (Ausnahme:Protostrongylus in den Kantonen Basel-Landschaft und Solothurn.) Aus der geringen Intensität und dem seltenen Auftreten von Fallwild wird geschlossen, daß die Kondition der Juragemsen gut ist. Das könnte auf Eignung des Juras als Gemshabitat und auf das Fehlen von Übervölkerungseffekten hinweisen. Die geringe Extensität läßt ebenfalls nicht überhöhte Dichte vermuten, zusätzlich einen für die freien Parasiten ungünstigen Biotop und einen geringen Einfluß des vorhandenen Kontaktes mit Haustieren. Das Artenspektrum liegt im Rahmen des zu Erwartenden.
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    Papillomatose bei einem Damhirsch (Cervus dama L. 1758) (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Papillomatosis was found in the praeputium of a male Fallow-deer.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est décrit un cas de papillomatose chez le daim dans la region du praeputium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen Fall von Papillomatose im Bereich des Praeputium bei einem freilebenden Damhirsch berichtet.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01902633
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    Fruchttod beim Reh (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 159-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A case of maceration of a fetus in the vagina of roe deer is reported.
    Abstract: Résumé Il est décrit la maceration d'un fetus dans la vagine chez le chevreuil.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Beobachtung von Fruchtmazeration in der Vagina beim Reh berichtet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01902634
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    Mißbildung an Rehbockschädel (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 161-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The formation of a bone case on the right half of a roe deer cranium is described, which is probably the result of a slow growing tumour.
    Abstract: Résumé Description d'une excroissance osseuse sur la partie doite du crâne causée vraisemblablement par le développement progressif d'une tumeur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird die Ausbildung einer Knochenkapsel an der rechten Schädelhälfte eines Rehbockes, die vermutlich durch eine langsam wachsende Geschwulst entstanden ist.
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    Dreiwurzlige Praemolaren bei Rotfüchsen (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Amongst 4 of 488 Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes L.) from the Canton of Berne (Switzerland), 5 Premolars with a third lateral root have been found (4 times in P2, 1 time in P4). Time and place of killing point to a genetic connection. Ecological aspects are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Chez 4 parmi 488 renards (Vulpes vulpes L.) du canton de Berne (Suisse), il y avait 5 prémolaires avec une troisième racine latérale (4 fois chez P2, 1 fois chez P4). Lieu et date des tirs indiquent une relation génétique. Des aspects écologiques sont discutés.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 4 von 488 Füchsen aus dem Kanton Bern (Schweiz) fanden sich 5 Prämolaren im Unterkiefer mit einer dritten lateralen Wurzel (viermal bei P2, einmal bei P4). Zeit und Ort der Abschüsse weisen auf eine genetische Verbindung hin. Ökologische Aspekte werden diskutiert.
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    Mallophaga in der Federspule des Auerhuhns (Tetrao urogallus L.) (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Two unusual finds ofGoniodes sp. are described in the present paper. In the first capercaillie cook, 8 specimens ofGoniodes sp. were found within the quill cavity of the 10th primary just moulted (Fig. 1, 2). A facultative occurrence of the respective Mallophaga in such an uncommon milieu follows from the finds of its excrements and of the damaged interior of the quill. Bloody remains of mesodermal tissue filling the cavity of quills in two middle rectrices and in one secondary respectively were found on another cock shot not far from the place of the foregoing observation. In this latter case, a blood consumation byGoniodes sp. is presumed in some of living larvae as well as of adults according to the colour of their intestine (Fig. 3, 4).
    Abstract: Résumé On rend compte de la découverte de 8 exemplaires deGoniodes sp. dans le calamus d'une des 10ièmes rémiges primaires, récemment muée, d'un Grand Tétras (figures 1 et 2). L'examen des matières fécales et des septa distaux du calamus interne atteint milite en faveur d'une colonisation facultative deGoniodes sp. dans un site aussi inhabituel. Dans un autre Grand Tétras tiré à proximité on a constaté que les septa du calamus interne avaient été ensanglantés au niveau des deux rectrices médianes et dans une rémige secondaire. La couleur du conduit intestinal de certaines larves et imagos indique qu'ils se sont nourris de sang (figures 3 et 4).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Fund von 8 ExemplarenGoniodes sp. in der Federspule einer frisch gemauserten 10. Handschwinge eines Auerhahnes beschrieben (21. 5. 1972 Abb. 1, 2). Der Kot und die beschädigte Federseele sprechen für ein fakultatives Besiedeln dieses für die o. g. Gattung abnormalen Lebensraumes. Ein anderer unweit des ersten Fundortes erlegter Auerhahn hatte eine blutige Federseele in den zwei mittleren Stoßfedern und einer Armschwinge; bei einigen Larven und VollkerfenGoniodes sp. deutet die Farbe des Darmkanals auf Blutaufnahme (13. 5. 1973 Abb. 3, 4).
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    Übereinstimmungen in der Gehörnform beim Rehbock (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 207-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The similarity of antler form, which can repeat itself for decades in a small region, is illustrated with the help of 4 photographs.
    Abstract: Résumé On relève, avec quatre documents photographiques à l'appui, les analogies de la forme des bois qui se sont reproduites sur un espace fort exigu, parfois au-delà de plusieurs dizaines d'années.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand von 4 Photos wird auf Ähnlichkeiten in der Gehörnform hingewiesen, die sich zum Teil nach Jahrzehnten auf engstem Raum wiederholten.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01905607
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    Dr. Heinrich Wolf 65 Jahre (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 215-215 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01905611
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    Zur Altersbestimmung beim Feldhasen (Lepus europaeus Pallas) (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 20 (1974), S. 209-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Three measurements were taken on each of 25 lower jaws of hare to estimate the possible interdependence in growth in length of the jaw, the tooth, and in width of the oral cavity. The date were not sufficient to establish clearly an age dependence, but a high probability points in this direction. This work will hopefully instigate further collection of data to enable age-estimation with the aid of age-dependent growth factors.
    Abstract: Résumé Trois mensurations (croissance en longueur du maxillaire inférieur, croissance en longueur des dents et croissance en largeur de la cavité dentaire) ont été effectuées sur les maxillaires inférieurs de 25 lièvres en vue de relever d'éventuelles corrélations avec leur âge. Malgré l'insuffisance du matériel examiné, une relation hautement probable a pu être mise en évidence. Ce travail devrait inciter les milieux cynégétiques à recueillir un matériel plus abondant qui permettrait d'élaborer une méthode de détermination de l'âge sur la base de ces relations biométriques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An 25 Unterkiefern von Hasen wurden drei Meßwerte zum Längenwachstum des Unterkiefers, zum Längenwachstum des Zahnes und zum Breitenwachstum der Zahnhöhle auf ihre möglichen Abhängigkeiten zum Alter überprüft. Für eine exakten Nachweis der Altersabhängigkeit reichte das Material nicht aus, aber die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit der Abhängigkeit konnte doch erhärtet werden. Durch diese Arbeit sollen größere Kreise veranlaßt werden, weiteres Kiefermaterial zu sammeln, um Abhängigkeiten nachweisen und zu einer Altersbestimmungsmethode ausbauen zu können.
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    Über Waldtruthühner in Nordost-Mexiko (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 22-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the Mexican state of Nuevo León a two year freeland investigation of wild turkeys(Meleagris gallopavo) was undertaken. The transition zone between the open woodland formation of the lower slopes and the oak-pine forests of the middle slopes on the luv side of the eastern Sierra Madre Mountains provide an optimum habitat for the turkeys. Data on population density and habitat preferences with the seasonal changes over the course of the year were collected. The results provide an insight into the social and reproductive behaviour of the turkeys as well as a measure of success in brood rearing. Relationships were demonstrated between management for hunting and protection of this species, which is still relatively common in certain areas.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'Etat fédéral mexicain Nuevo León, deux années d'étude sur le terrain ont été consacrées au Dindon sauvage(Meleagris gallopavo). Un habitat optimal est constitué par la zone d'interpénétration entre les formations ouvertes du bocage des versants inférieurs et les chênaies (-pineraies) des versants moyens sur le flanc ouest, exposé au vent, de la Sierra Madre. Des données ont été rassemblées sur la densité de population et sur les éco-preferenda saisonniers. Les résultats livrent quelques indications sur le comportement social et sexual de l'espèce ainsi que sur le succès de l'élevage des jeunes. Sont évoquées les relations entre la gestion cynégétique et la protection de ce gallinacé forestier sauvage dont l'abondance, dans certains secteurs tout au moins, n'est pas négligeable.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Nuevo León wurde eine zweijährige Freilandstudie an Waldtruthühnern(Meleagris gallopavo) durchgeführt. Einen optimalen Habitat bietet die Verzahnungszone zwischen den offenen Buschwaldformationen der unteren Hanglagen und Eichen-(Kiefern-) Wäldern der mittleren Hanglagen an der Luvseite des östlichen Sierra-Madre-Gebirges. Es wurden Daten über die Populationsdichte und Habitatpräferenz im Wechsel der Jahreszeiten erhoben. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen zugleich Einblicke in das Sozial- und Fortpflanzungsverhalten sowie den Erfolg bei der Jungenaufzucht. Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen jagdlicher Bewirtschaftung und dem Schutz dieser in Teilgebieten noch recht häufigen Waldhuhnart aufgezeigt.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242436
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    Partielle Synostose der Stirnbeine am Schädel eines Rehbockes (Capreolus capreolus L.) (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 57-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Presented is a case of synostosis of the frontals in the folded region of the interfrontal suture in a roe buck, aged five years. The anomaly is interpreted as a result of irritation of the frontal periosteum caused by injuries during butting.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une difformité de la voûte crânienne au niveau du repli de la suture interfrontale chez un brocard de 5 ans. On considère que la cause de l'anomalie réside dans une stimulation de l'activité du périoste par suite d'une blessure provoquée par un coup asséné par les bois d'un rival.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beschrieben wird eine Verwachsung der Stirnbeine im Bereich des Faltteils derSutura interfrontalis bei einem fünfjährigen Rehbock. Als Ursache der Anomalie wird eine Periostreizung infolge Forkelverletzung angenommen.
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    Doppelmißbildung der Zehen (Polydactylie) an den Hinterläufen einer Rehgeiß (Capreolus capreolus L. 1758) (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 63-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A two years old doe(Capreolus capreolus) was found with four toes on both hind legs, i.e. a doubling of the Autopodium. We explain it as a teratologic formation/growth.
    Abstract: Résumé Une chevrette(Capreolus capreolus) avec quatre orteils aux deux pattes arrières est décrite, c'est-à-dire avec un dédoublement de l'autopode. On explique ce phénomène par la présence d'une formation tératologique.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer 2- bis 3jährigen Rehgeiß(Capreolus capreolus) ist eine beidseitige Vierzehigkeit der Hinterläufe, d.h. Doppelbildung des Autopodiums, nachgewiesen. Sie wird als teratologische Bildung gedeutet.
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    Deutscher Jagdtourismus in Kanada (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 43-56 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 1988 a questionnaire survey was conducted among all German hunters who hunted in Canada in the period 1985 to 1987. The objective was to determine the demographic and psychological characteristics of hunting tourists, the number and species of harvested game as well as to assess the costs. German hunting tourists are primarily middle aged and elderly men with a high social status. The pleasure of purely shooting the game is certainly not the main motivation for German hunters to go to Canada. Rather, the hunting experience in a natural setting, as is not any longer possible in Germany, is of primary importance. Trophy hunting is mainly for horn and antler trophies. Hence, the German hunter in Canada looks for game similar to that in Germany. Hunting and cultural traditions are a major consideration here. The interest in trophies is less among hunters that pursue predators. The hunting of this game fulfils the desire to have unique or exotic hunting experiences. The expenses for this type of hunting are relatively high for the individuals concerned. However, these costs amount to only a negligible fraction of the total hunting expenditures in Canada.
    Abstract: Résumé En 1988, une enquête écrite a été effectuée auprès des chasseurs allemands venus chasser au Canada entre 1985 et 1987. Le but de l'enquête consistait à caractériser le profil démographique et psychologique des touristes-chausseurs, à établir une statistique cynégétique et à faire une évaluation des dépenses exposées à cette occasion. Les chasseurs-touristes sont d'abord des hommes de la cinquantaine, de couches sociales élevées. Le plaisir du tir proprement dit n'est pas, de toute évidence, la motivation principale des touristeschasseurs allemands voyageant au Canada. L'experience cynégétique dans un environnement naturel, inexistant en Allemagne, est primordiale à leurs yeux. La chasse au trophée se concentre essentiellement sur les cervicornes et les cavicornes. Le chasseur allemand recherche donc au Canada des trophées analogues à ceux que l'on trouve en Allemagne. La tradition et la culture cynégétiques jouent ici certainement un rôle déterminant. Pour les amateurs de tableaux de chasse, l'intérêt pour le trophée passe en effet à l'arrière-plan. La chasse de ces espèces-gibier est motivée par une expérience cynégétique inhabituelle et exotique. Les dépenses pour certains touristes-chasseurs sont relativement élevées. Au total, elles ne constituent cependant pas une part significative par rapport à l'ensemble des dépenses liées à la chasse au Canada.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1988 wurde bei deutschen Jägern, die in den Jahren 1985 bis 1987 in Kanada auf der Jagd waren, eine schriftliche Befragung durchgeführt. Ziel war eine demographische und psychologische Charakterisierung der Jagdtouristen, eine Jagdstatistik und die Ermittlung der Kosten. Deutsche Jagdtouristen sind in erster Linie Männer mittleren bis höheren Alters aus hohen sozialen Schichten. Die Lust am reinen Töten ist ganz sicher nicht die Hauptmotivation für deutsche Jagdtouristen, nach Kanada zu fahren. Das Jagderlebnis in einer natürlichen Umgebung, die es in Deutschland nicht mehr gibt, ist ihnen offensichtlich am wichtigsten. Die Trophäenjagd konzentriert sich überwiegend auf Gehörn- und Geweihträger. Der deutsche Jäger in Kanada sucht also nach Trophäen, die denen in Deutschland ähnlich sind. Hier spielen sicherlich Jagdtradition und Jagdkultur eine entscheidende Rolle. Bei Beutegreifern tritt das Trophäeninteresse in den Hintergrund. Bei der Jagd auf diese Wildarten spielt die Motivation, außergewöhnliche oder exotische Jagderlebnisse zu haben, eine wesentlich größere Rolle. Die Aufwendungen sind für den einzelnen Jagdtouristen relativ hoch. Insgesamt bilden sie aber keinen nennenswerten Anteil an den Gesamtaufwendungen für die Jagd in Kanada.
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    Genetische Variabilität beim Mufflon(Ovis ammon musimon) (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 95-103 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the biochemical-genetic variability among European Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon) 31 isoenzyme systems were investigated using starch gel electrophoresis and enzyme specific analyses. A total of 34 animals from 4 different populations were used in the investigation. Only one genetic polymorphism(Es-2) was demonstrated out of 46 testable gene loci. With an average polymorphic rate of 2.2 % and an average heterozygotic rate of 1.1 %, the European wild sheep is one of the least biochemical-genetically variable species among large mammals investigated. The probable cause for this low variability could well be the small number of animals introduced into the European mainland which provided the basis for present populations. However, other possibilities influencing variability such as the pre-historical population history of the species and the cladogenesis of the Caprini are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin de déterminer la variabilité génétique au niveau biochimique chez le Mouflon(Ovis ammon musimon), 31 systèmes d'iso-enzymes, provenant d'un total de 34 animaux issus de 4 populations différentes, ont été analysés par électrophorèse horizontale au gel d'amidon et par des méthodes spécifiques aux analyses enzymatiques. Parmi 46 loci analysables un seul(Es-2) révéla un polymorphisme génétique. Avec un taux moyen de polymorphisme de 2,2 % et un taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de 1,1 %, le Mouflon fait partie des espèces montrant la variabilité génétique biochimique la plus faible parmi les grands mammifères étudiés jusqu'ici. Comme explication la plus vraisemblable de cette constatation, on invoque une acclimatation sur le continent européen ayant procédé au moyen d'un nombre réduit d'individus; d'autres influences déterminantes sont cependant avancées comme le développement des effectifs de l'espèce au cours de la préhistoire ainsi que la cladogenèse des Caprins.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch-genetische Variabilität beim Mufflon(Ovis ammon musimon) zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 34 Tieren aus 4 verschiedenen Beständen 31 Isoenzymsysteme mittels horizontaler Stärkegelelektrophorese und enzymspezifischer Nachweismethoden untersucht. Von 46 auswertbaren Genloci zeigte sich nur an einem(Es-2) ein genetischer Polymorphismus. Mit einer durchschnittlichen Polymorphierate von 2,2 % und einer durchschnittlichen Heterozygotierate von 1,1 % gehört das Muffelwild unter den bisher untersuchten Großsäugern zu den Arten mit der geringsten biochemisch-genetischen Variabilität. Als wahrscheinlichste Ursache für diesen Befund wird die von geringen Individuenzahlen ausgehende Einbürgerung dieses Wildschafes auf dem europäischen Festland vermutet; es werden jedoch auch andere mögliche Einflußgrößen, wie die prähistorische Bestandesgeschichte der Art und die Kladogenese der Caprini diskutiert.
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    2. Arbeitstreffen von Caprinae-Experten in Reno, Nevada (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 36 (1990), S. 271-272 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242404
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    Elektrophoretische Untersuchungen der Superoxiddismutase-Isoenzyme beim hessischen Rotwild (Cervus elaphus L.) (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 35-39 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) was investigated electrophoretically in 196 muscle-, heart- and liver samples of red deer from the forest Reinhardswald, a game preserve in Hessen, Western Germany. The banding patterns in the electropherograms can be interpreted as products of two loci, one of them coding for an enzyme of dimeric quarternary structure. The observed genotypic distribution does not fit Hardy-Weinberg expectations. An excess of heterozygotes is observed. This phenomenon is explained by a sample bias caused by deer management. This study is the basis for further wide ranging investigations, intended to evaluate consequences of wildlife management on the genetic structure of this deer population.
    Abstract: Résumé L'enzyme Superoxiddismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) a été étudié par électrophorèse continue et focalisation isoélectrique de 196 échantillons d'organes de cerfs provenant de la Réserve cynégétique de la Reinhardswald en Hesse. Les bandes électrophorétiques-types peuvent être interprétées comme étant le résultat de l'action de deux loci, le locus 1 codant un enzyme avec structure quaternaire dimérique. Un test de χ2 révèle que les fréquences observées du génotype s'écartent significativement des fréquences attendues, avec un excédent des hétérozygotes. Cette situation s'explique par le lâcher de cerfs hongrois dans la population autochtone avec, à chaque fois, des fréquences alléliques opposées et un tir sélectif. Ces recherches serviront à fonder des recherches ultérieures sur cette population en faisant appel à d'autres iso-enzymes afin de suivre les effets de la gestion cynégétique sur des paramètres génétiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Enzym Superoxiddismutase (SOD, E.C. 1.15.1.1.) wurde mittels der kontinuierlichen Elektrophorese und der isoelektrischen Fokussierung anhand von 196 Rotwild-Organproben aus dem Wildschutzgebiet Reinhardswald/Hessen untersucht. Das Bandenmuster im Elektropherogramm kann als das Produkt zweier Loci interpretiert werden, wobei Genort-1 ein Enzym mit dimerer Quartärstruktur codiert. Im Chi2-Test zeigt sich eine signifikante Abweichung der beobachteten von den erwarteten Genotyphäufigkeiten, ein Überschuß an Heterozygoten wurde beobachtet. Dieser Zustand ist durch das Aussetzen von ungarischem Rotwild in die autochthone Population mit jeweils entgegengerichteten Allelfrequenzen und selektivem Abschuß erklärbar. Die Untersuchungen dienen als Grundstein für nachfolgende Untersuchungen an dieser Population unter Verwendung weiterer Isoenzyme, um Auswirkungen des jagdlichen Managements auf genetische Parameter zu verfolgen.
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    IV. Referate (1991)
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    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 67-68 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    Untersuchungen zur genetischen Situation des Damwildes in Nordrhein-Westfalen (1991)
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    European journal of wildlife research 37 (1991), S. 69-77 
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    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to determine the genetic variability of fallow deer in hunting districts in Northrhine-Westphalia, 6 isoenzyme systems from liver tissue of 56 sample animals were analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Of the 11 gene loci studied, 8 were monomorphic. The average heterozygotic rate of all populations was 1.4 %, the average number of alleles per gene loci was 1.37. No significant differences were found among the populations. Measures concerning the management of fallow deer for hunting are discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Afin d'établir la variabilité génétique du Daim(Dama dama) sur le plan biochimique dans des territoires de Rhénanie-Westphalie, on a anlysé sur un ensemble de 56 individus six systèmes d'isoenzymes du tissu hépatique par électrophorèse. Des 11 loci géniques recensés, 8 étaient monomorphes. Le taux moyen d'hétérozygotie de toutes les populations s'élevait à 1,4 %, le nombre moyen d'allèles par locus génique à 1,37. Aucune différence significative ne fut décelée entre les populations. Une discussion porte sur les mesures de gestion cynégétique du Daim.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um die biochemisch erfaßbare genetische Variabilität von Damwild (Dama dama) in Revieren in Nordrhein-Westfalen zu ermitteln, wurden bei insgesamt 56 Individuen sechs Isoenzymsysteme aus Lebergewebe gelelektrophoretisch analysiert. Von den erfaßten 11 Genorten waren 8 monomorph. Die durchschnittliche Heterozygotierate aller Populationen betrug 1,4 %, die durchschnittliche Anzahl Allele pro Genort 1,37. Es fanden sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Populationen. Maßnahmen zur jagdlichen Bewirtschaftung des Damwildes werden diskutiert.
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    Bonner Jägertage 1992 (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of wildlife research 38 (1992), S. 283-292 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02242850
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    Cost-effective network design for groundwater flow monitoring (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 27-41 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Groundwater monitoring networks ; Information reliability ; Information scales ; Kalman filtering in groundwater
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The extensive use of groundwater resources has increased the need for developing cost-effective monitoring networks to provide an indication of the degree to which the subsurface environment has been affected by human activities. This study presents a cost-effective approach to the design of groundwater flow monitoring networks. The groundwater network design is formulated with two problem formats: maximizing the statistical monitoring power for specified budget constraint and minimizing monitoring cost for statistical power requirement. The statistical monitoring power constraint is introduced with an information reliability threshold value. A branch and bound technique is employed to select the optimal solution from a discrete set of possible network alternatives. The method is tested to the design of groundwater flow monitoring problem in the Pomona County, California.
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    Probabilistic modeling of aerated lagoons: A comparison of methodologies (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 65-81 
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    Keywords: Lagoons ; Ponds ; Facultative ; First-order kinetics ; Complete mixing ; Probabilistic ; Uncertainty ; Environmental ; Stochastic differential equations
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Two stochastic models are developed to describe the BOD output (i.e. effluent) variation of facultative aerated lagoons in series. One of the models uses the uncertainty analysis (UA) technique and the other is based on the moment equation solution methodology of stochastic differential equations (SDE's). The former considers a second-order approximation of the expectation (SOAE) and a first-order approximation of the variance (FOAV). The SDE model considers that output variability is accounted for by random variations in the rate coefficient. Comparisons are provided. Calibration and verification of the two models are aciieved by using field observations from two different lagoon systems in series. The predictive performances of the two models are compared with each other and with another SDE model, presented in a previous paper, that considers input randomness. The three methods show similar predictive performances and provide good predictions of the mean and standard deviation of the lagoon effluent BOD concentrations and thus are considered as appropriate methodologies.
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    Estimation of the annual maximum distribution from samples of maxima in separate seasons (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 89-103 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: maximum precipitation depths ; extreme-value distributions ; seasonal variation ; partial duration series ; model misspecification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Quantile estimates of the annual maximum distribution can be obtained by fitting theoretical distributions to the maxima in separate seasons, e.g. to the monthly maxima. In this paper, asymptotic expressions for the bias and the variance of such estimates are derived for the case that the seasonal maxima follow a Gumbel distribution. Results from these expressions are presented for a situation with no seasonal variation and for maximum precipitation depths at Uccle/Ukkel (Belgium). It is shown that the bias is often negligible and that the variance reduction by using seasonal maxima instead of just the annual maxima strongly depends on the seasonal variation in the data. A comparison is made between the asymptotic standard error of quantile estimates from monthlymaxima with those from a partial duration series. Much attention is paid to the effect of model misspecification on the resulting quantile estimates of the annual maximum distribution. The use of seasonal maxima should be viewed with caution when the upper tail of this distribution is of interest.
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    Parameter identification in tidal models with uncertain boundary conditions (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 193-208 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic tidal modeling ; parameter identification ; model calibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a parameter estimation algorithm is developed to estimate uncertain parameters in two dimensional shallow water flow models. Since in practice the open boundary conditions of these models are usually not known accurately, the uncertainty of these boundary conditions has to be taken into account to prevent that boundary errors are interpreted by the estimation procedure as parameter fluctuations. Therefore the open boundary conditions are embedded into a stochastic environment and a constant gain extended Kalman filter is employed to identify the state of the system. Defining a error functional that measures the differences between the filtered state of the system and the measurements, a quasi Newton method is employed to determine the minimum of this functional. To reduce the computational burden, the gradient of the criterium that is required using the quasi Newton method is determined by solving the adjoint system.
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    On the distribution of flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 217-226 
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    Keywords: Exponential distribution ; bivariate exponential distribution ; distribution of flood volume ; partial duration series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A methodology based on the theory of stochastic processes is applied to the analysis of floods. The approach will be based on some results of the theory of extreme values over a threshold. In this paper, we focus on the estimation of the distribution of the flood volume in partial duration series analysis of flood phenomena, by using a bivariate exponential distribution of discharge exceedances and durations over a base level.
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    Editorial note (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 254-254 
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Rehabilitation and replacement of water distribution system components considering uncertainties (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 277-294 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Water distribution ; optimization ; nonlinear programming ; integer programming ; chance constraints ; rehabilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents the mathematical development of an integer — nonlinear programming chance — constrained optimization model for the minimum cost rehabilitation/replacement of water distribution system components. Particular attention is given to the handling of uncertainties in the roughness factors and the loading conditions including both the random demand and preassure head requirements. The advantages of the proposed model include the ability to: 1) handle the optimal timing of rehabilitation/replacement for water distribution system components; 2) link a mixed-integer linear program solver, a nonlinear program solver, and a hydraulic simulator into an optimization framework; 3) handle the uncertainties of some of the variables; 4) incorporate various kinds of cost functions; and 5) handle multiple loading conditions.
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    Assessment of reliability in water distribution networks using entropy based measures (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 309-320 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Entropy ; reliability ; redundancy ; water distribution networks ; nodal pair reliability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entropy based expressions for measurement of reliability and redundancy have recently been reported. These measures approach assessment of the reliability of the distribution network from the intrinsic redundancy of the network layout. The paper extends earlier work on entropy functions by including a more explicit statement of the alternate paths available in the network and by recognizing that under certain circumstances, e.g., failure of some part of the network work, an outflow link from a node under normal working condition may become an inflow link to the same node. The measures are assessed by comparison with parameters measuring Nodal Pair Reliability and percentage of flow supplied at adequate pressure for a range of networks and link failure conditions in this networks. The entropy measures are shown to reflect changes in the network reliability, as measured by these two comparative parameters, very well.
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    Evaluation of risk concepts in partial duration series (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 1-16 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Partial duration series ; unbiased risk ; Bayesian risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Conventional design practice aims at obtaining optimal estimates of floods with specified exceedance probabilities. Such estimates are, however, known on the average to be exceeded more frequently than expected. Alternatively, methods focusing on the expected exceedance probability can be used. Two different methods are considered here; the first is based on the sample distribution of true exceedance probabilities. The second is a Bayesian analogue using the likelihood function and a noninformative prior to describe the variability of exceedance probabilities. Appropriate analytical solutions are presented in both cases using the partial duration series approach.
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    Derivation of bivariate probability density functions with exponential marginals (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bivariate probability distribution ; random variables ; zero marginals ; Finch-Groblicki method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A vivariate probability density function (pdf),f(x 1,x 2), admissible for two random variables (X 1,X 2), is of the form $$f(x_1 x_2 ) = f_1 (x_1 )f_2 (x_2 )[1 + \rho \{ F_1 (x_1 ),F_2 (x_2 )\} ]$$ where ρ(u, v) (u=F 1(x 1),v=F 2(x 2)) is any function on the unit square that is 0-marginal and bounded below by−1 andF 1(x 1) andF 2(x 2) are cumulative distribution functions (cdf) of marginal probability density functionsf 1(x 1) andf 2(x 2). The purpose of this study is to determinef(x 1,x 2) for different forms of ρ(u,v). By considering the rainfall intensity and the corresponding depths as dependent random variables, observed and computed probability distributionsF 1(x 1),F(x 1/x 2),F 2(x 2), andF(x 2/x 1) are compared for various forms of ρ(u,v). Subsequently, the best form of ρ(u,v) is specified.
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    Entropy estimation of hydrological extremes (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 77-87 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Flood ; random ; distribution ; estimation ; probability ; entropy ; fractile constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The method of Relative Entropy with Fractile constraints (REF method) is explained and applied to model extreme compound hydrological phenomena, such as extreme sea levels under storm conditions. Also presented is a simple method of Tail Entropy Approximation (TEA), which amounts to a correction of traditional statistical estimates for extreme observations. Distribution assumptions are necessary but downplayed in the REF method, relegating the prior distribution to the role of an extrapolation function. The estimates are objective in an information-theoretical sense. They also satisfy a strict requirement of self-consistency that is generally not satisfied by standard statistical methods: invariance under monotonic transformations of the random variable. Historical records of storm surge levels in the Netherlands and annual maximum tidal heights for Sheerness, UK, are used as examples. Comparison is made with distributions obtained using other methods. It is concluded that the tail entropy approximation provides simple, objective estimates of extremes in the tail beyond the range of observations.
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    On the use of Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis in the simulation of random fields (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 125-134 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis ; random fields ; simulation ; non-homogeneous fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In several fields of Geophysics, such as Hydrology, Meteorology or Oceanography, it is often useful to generate random fields, displaying the same variabilitity as the observed variables. Usually, these synthetic data are used as forcing fields into numerical models, to test the sensitivity of their outputs to the variability of the inputs. Examples can be found in subsurface or surface Hydrology and in Meteorology with General Circulation Models (GCM). Different techniques have already been proposed, often based on the spectral representation of the random process, with, usually, assumptions of stationarity. This paper suggests that Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis, which leads to the decomposition of the covariance kernel on the set of its eigen-functions, is a possible answer to this problem. The convergence and accuracy of the method are shown to depend mainly on the number of EOFs retained in the expansion of the covariance kemel. This result is confirmed by a comparison with the turning band method and a matrix technique. Furthermore, a synthetic example of non-homogencous fields shows the interest of EOF analysis in the direct simulation of such fields.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01543054
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    A univariate model for long-term streamflow forecasting (1991)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 173-188 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Entropy ; spectral analysis ; streamflow forecasting ; univariate model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper, the first in a series of two, employs the principle of maximum entropy (POME) via maximum entropy spectral analysis (MESA) to develop a univariate model for long-term streamflow forecasting. Three cases of streamflow forecasting are investigated: forward forecasting, backward forecasting (or reconstruction) and intermittent forecasting (or filling in missing records). Application of the model is discussed in the second paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01544056
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    Modeling kinetic non-equilibrium using the first two moments of the residence time distribution (1991)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 155-171 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kinetic non-equilibrium ; residence time ; spatially variable chemical reactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A method for simulating field scale transport of kinetically adsorbing solutes is described. The non-equilibrium adsorption is modeled as a birth and death process and is coupled with the particle tracking approach using the first two moments of the distribution of the particle residence time, i.e., the time that a solute particle stays in the liquid phase. A single residence time distribution, regardless of the initial and final phase, is demonstrated to yield an accurate description of chemical kinetics in the vast majority of field scale problems. The first two moments of the residence time distribution are derived as a function of chemical reaction rates and the transport time interval Δt. It is shown that the first moment of the residence time represents a measure of the speed of the chemical reaction relative to the transport time scale Δt which is chosen depending on the velocity field. The second moment of the residence time reflects the relative importance of the chemical kinetics versus local equilibrium conditions for the given transport time step Δt. The simulated spatial moments of the contaminant plume are compared in the one-dimensional case with available analytical solutions to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed technique. A two-dimensional case for stratified formations is presented to study the transport behavior for heterogeneous velocity fields and variable distribution coefficient, hypothesized as being negatively correlated with hydraulic conductivity. The results show that the enhanced plume spreading and the statistics of the arrival time distribution appear to be more sensitive to the spatially variable distribution coefficient than to the kinetics alone. In fact, the second spatial moment was almost doubled in the case of spatially variable distribution coefficient.
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    Stochastic partial differential equations in groundwater hydrology (1991)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 239-251 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Parameter estimation ; maximum likelihood estimation ; stochastic partial differential equation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Part I of this series of two papers (Unny, 1989) dealt with the theoretical derivation of the moment equations for the stochastic partial differential equation in the water table depth forced by stochastic rainfall input. Part I also developed a maximum likelihood estimation procedure for parameter determination. The primary aim of the present manuscript is the application of the parameter estimation procedure to the Borden aquifer, an aquifer designated as an experimental site, where extensive field measurements have been carried out. Estimates of hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity for the Borden aquifer, derived from the maximum likelihood algorithm, have been compared with estimates obtained by “traditional” procedures. The paper also presents the simulated solution of the governing differential equation in the one dimensional problem applied to the Borden aquifer.
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    Technical reports (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 280-294 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    Drought monitoring (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 261-266 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Drought ; drought indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Drought detection, monitoring and indices are closely related to its definition. The specific definition chosen for a particular drought analysis will affect the procedures one uses in drought detection and monitoring. The traditional Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) has been proven to be ineffective in regions of predominantly irrigated agriculture. The recently developed ALERT (Automated Local Evaluation in Real Time) system is proposed for use in monitoring the spatial and temporal variations of drought in real time. The ALERT system uses standardized instruments, radio frequencies, software and hardware. It was originally developed as a flash flood waming system by local flood control districts and the National Weather Service. However, now it has expanded to over 100 other uses in the areas of natural and man-made disaster detection and warning. The successful ALERT system indicates the need for the continued development of a national drought monitoring index that is applicable to a wide range of climate, hydrologic and water resource environments.
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    In memory of Professor T. E. Unny (1992)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 1-2 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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    On the control of an infinite capacity storage system (1993)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 195-204 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Infinite dam ; resolvent operator ; Lévy process ; integrated Markov chain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We consider an infinite-capacity storage system. The cumulative input to the system is assumed to be either (a) a non-decreasing Lévy process or (b) an integrated continuous-time Markov chain. Reward accumulates at a rate depending on the instantaneous release rate. The objective is to choose the release rule in such a way as to maximize the expected total discounted return. In this note we show how to determine the expected discounted return when the release rate is either constant or a linear function of the content.
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    Stochastic perturbation analysis of groundwater flow. Spatially variable soils, semi-infinite domains and large fluctuations (1993)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 7 (1993), S. 213-239 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic hydrology ; perturbation ; random fields ; graph theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As is well known, a complete stochastic solution of the stochastic differential equation governing saturated groundwater flow leads to an infinite hierarchy of equations in terms of higher-order moments. Perturbation techniques are commonly used to close this hierarchy, using power-series expansions. These methods are applied by truncating the series after a finite number of terms, and products of random gradients of conductivity and head potential are neglected. Uncertainty regarding the number or terms required to yield a sufficiently accurate result is a significant drawback with the application of power series-based perturbation methods for such problems. Low-order series truncation may be incapable of representing fundamental characteristics of flow and can lead to physically unreasonable and inaccurate solutions of the stochastic flow equation. To support this argument, one-dimensional, steady-state, saturated groundwater flow is examined, for the case of a spatially distributed hydraulic conductivity field. An ordinary power-series perturbation method is used to approximate the mean head, using second-order statistics to characterize the conductivity field. Then an interactive perturbation approach is introduced, which yields improved results compared to low-order, power-series perturbation methods for situations where strong interactions exist between terms in such approximations. The interactive perturbation concept is further developed using Feynman-type diagrams and graph theory, which reduce the original stochastic flow problem to a closed set of equations for the mean and the covariance functions. Both theoretical and practical advantages of diagrammatic solutions are discussed; these include the study of bounded domains and large fluctuations.
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    Operator and integro-differential representations of conditional and unconditional stochastic subsurface flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 157-172 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Operator representations of stochastic subsurface flow equations allow writing their solutions implicitly or explicitly in terms of integro-differential expressions. Most of these representations involve Neumann series that must be truncated or otherwise approximated to become operational. It is often claimed that truncated Neumann series allow solving groundwater flow problems in the presence of arbitrarily large heterogeneities. Such claims have so far not been backed by convincing computational examples, and we present an analysis which suggests that they may not be justified on theoretical grounds. We describe an alternative operator representation due to Neuman and Orr (1993) which avoids the use of Neumann series yet accomplishes a similar purpose. It leads to a compact integro-differential form which provides considerable new insight into the nature of the solution. When written in terms of conditional moments, our new representation contains local and nonlocal effective parameters that depend on scale and information. As such, these parameters are not unique material properties but may change as more is learned about the flow system.
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    Groundwater contaminant transport including adsorption and first order decay (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 185-205 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Contaminant transport ; adsorption ; decay ; random walk ; killing ; Kolmogorov equations ; contamination of a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study deals with the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. The contaminant is subject to first order decay or linear adsorption. Its displacement can be modeled by a random walk process in which particles are killed at exponentially distributed times. Dirichlet problems are derived for the rate and mean time at which contaminated particles reach a particular part of the boundary of a certain domain. These Dirichlet problems are solved asymptotically for two types of 2D-flow patterns: flow parallel to the boundary of a domain and arbitrary flow towards a well in an aquifer.
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    Nonequilibrium statistical mechanical derivation of a nonlocal Darcy's Law for unsaturated/saturated flow (1994)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 8 (1994), S. 109-116 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unsaturated ; nonlocal ; memory ; statistical physics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract As illustrated variously by wetting and drying scanning curves, flow in unsaturated porous media is inherently nonlocal. This nonlocality is also manifest in hysteresis in the classical Darcy conductivity. It is the authors' belief that most current theories of unsaturated/saturated flow are often inadequate, as they do not account for spatial nonlocality and memory. Here we provide a fundamental theory in which nonlocality of the flow constitutive theory is a natural consequence of force balances. The results are derived from general principles in statistical physics and under appropriate limiting conditions, the classical Darcy's Law is recovered for saturated flow. A notable departure in this theory from other nonlocal flow theories is that a classical Darcy type equation on a small scale need not exist.
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    Inverse methods for subsurface flow: A critical review of stochastic techniques (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 1-26 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Inverse ; calibration ; estimation ; groundwater flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The development of stochastic methods for groundwater flow representation has undergone enormous expansion in recent years. The calibration of groundwater models, the inverse problem, has lately received comparable attention especially and almost exclusively from the stochastic perspective. In this review we trace the evolution of the methods to date with a specific view toward identifying the most important issues involved in the usefulness of the approaches. The methods are critiqued regarding practical usefulness, and future directions for requisite study are discussed.
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    Bayes estimate of the probability of exceedance of annual floods (1990)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Predictive distribution ; Bayesian approximation ; parameter uncertainty ; non-informative prior ; method of moments ; Gumbel distribution ; maximum likelihood estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper Lindley's Bayesian approximation procedure is used to obtain the Bayes estimate of the probability of exceedence of a flood discharge. The Bayes estimates of the probability of exceedence has been shown by S.K. Sinha to be equivalent to the estimate of the probability of exceedence from the predictive or Bayesian disribution, of a future flood discharge. The evaluation of complex ratios of multiple integrals common in a Bayesian analysis is not necessary using Lindley's procedure. The Bayes estimates are compared to those obtained by the method of maximum likelihood and the method of moments. The results show that Bayes estimates of the probability of exceedence are larger as expected, but have smaller posterior standard deviations.
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    Identification of wind stress on shallow water surfaces by optimal smoothing (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 105-119 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Kalman filtering ; Optimal smoothing ; Shallow water equations ; Wind stress ; On-line prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Using the state space approach, an on-line filter procedure for combined wind stress identification and tidal flow forecasting is developed. The stochastic dynamic approach is based on the linear twodimensional shallow water equations. Using a finite difference scheme, a system representation of the model is obtained. To account for uncertainties, the system is embedded into a stochastic environment. By employing a Kalman filter, the on-line measurements of the water-level available can be used to identify and predict the shallow water flow. Because it takes a certain time before a fluctuation in the wind stress can be noticed in the water-level measurements, an optimal fixed-lag smoother is used to identify the stress.
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    Advanced use into rainfall prediction of three-dimensionally scanning radar (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 135-150 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Radar ; rainfall prediction ; real-time prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A computational method for the determination of rainfall distribution for applications in short term rainfall prediction is presented here. The method is strongly influenced by the experience gained from the observation and analysis of data gathered on a heavy rainfall event in 1986 that occurred during the Baiu Season in Japan. The method is based on the concept that rainfall occurs as an interaction between an instability field, appropriately modeled, and a field of water vapor under the influence of topography. The results from this computational method showed good agreement with the temporal variation in the rainband that moved across the observation field in 1986. Towards determination of the parameters in the computational model, another method for the determination of the rainfield is also developed. This second method determines the rainfall distribution from estimation of the conversion rate of water vapor to liquid water through use of data from a three dimensional scanning radar. The results are consistent with those obtained from the first method.
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    Development of the instantaneous unit hydrograph using stochastic differential equations (1990)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 4 (1990), S. 151-160 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph ; Conceptual models ; Stochastic differential equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Recognizing that simple watershed conceptual models such as the Nash cascade ofn equal linear reservoirs continue to be reasonable means to approximate the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph (IUH), it is natural to accept that random errors generated by climatological variability of data used in fitting an imprecise conceptual model will produce an IUH which is random itself. It is desirable to define the random properties of the IUH in a watershed in order to have a more realistic hydrologic application of this important function. Since in this case the IUH results from a series of differential equations where one or more of the uncertain parameters is treated in stochastic terms, then the statistical properties of the IUH are best described by the solution of the corresponding Stochastic Differential Equations (SDE's). This article attempts to present a methodology to derive the IUH in a small watershed by combining a classical conceptual model with the theory of SDE's. The procedure is illustrated with the application to the Middle Thames River, Ontario, Canada, and the model is verified by the comparison of the simulated statistical measures of the IUH with the corresponding observed ones with good agreement.
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    An exact solution of solute transport by one-dimensional random velocity fields (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 45-54 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Solute transport ; random velocity ; Lagrangian description ; travel time ; nonlinear effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The problem of one-dimensional transport of passive solute by a random steady velocity field is investigated. This problem is representative of solute movement in porous media, for example, in vertical flow through a horizontally stratified formation of variable porosity with a constant flux at the soil surface. Relating moments of particle travel time and displacement, exact expressions for the advection and dispersion coefficients in the Focker-Planck equation are compared with the perturbation results for large distances. The first- and second-order approximations for the dispersion coefficient are robust for a lognormal velocity field. The mean Lagrangian velocity is the harmonic mean of the Eulerian velocity for large distances. This is an artifact of one-dimensional flow where the continuity equation provides for a divergence free fluid flux, rather than a divergence free fluid velocity.
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    Stochastic overland flows (1991)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 5 (1991), S. 89-104 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Overland flows ; nonlinear SPDE ; evolutionary probability distributions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A theoretical solution framework to the nonlinear stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE) of the kinematic wave and diffusion wave models of overland flows under stochastic inflows/outflows, stochastic surface roughness field and stochastic state of flows was obtained. This development was realized by means of an eigenfunction representation of the time-space overland flow depths, and by transforming the problem into the phase space. By using Van Kampen's lemma and the cumulant expansion theory of Kubo-Van Kampen-Fox, the deterministic partial differential equation (PDE) for the evolutionary probability density function (pdf) of overland flow depths was finally obtained. Once this deterministic PDE is solved for the time-varying pdf of overland flow depths, then the time-space varying pdf of overland flow depths can be obtained by a transformation given in the text. In this solution framework it is possible to incorporate the stochastic dynamic behavior of the parameters and of the forcing functions of the overland flow process. For example, not only the individual rainfall duration and fluctuating rain intensity characteristics but also the sequential behavior of rainfall patterns is incorporated into the evolutionary probability density function of overland flow depths.
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    Analysis of macrodispersion through volume-averaging: Moment equations (1992)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 5-25 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Solute transport ; Heterogeneity ; Dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Macrodispersion is spreading of a substance induced by spatial variations in local advective velocity at field scales. Consider the case that the steady-state seepage velocity and the local dispersion coefficients in a heterogeneous formation may be modeled as periodic in all directions in an unbounded domain. The equations satisfied by the first two spatial moments of the concentration are derived for the case of a conservative non-reacting solute. It is shown that the moments can be calculated from the solution of well-defined deterministic boundary value problems. Then, it is described how the rate of increase of the first two moments can be calculated at large times using a Taylor-Aris analysis as generalized by Brenner. It is demonstrated that the second-order tensor of macrodispersion (or effective dispersion) can be computed through the solution of steady-state boundary-value problems followed by the determination of volume averages. The analysis is based solely on volume averaging and is not limited by the assumption that the fluctuations are small. The large-time results are valid when the system is in a form of equilibrium in which a tagged particle samples all locations in an appropriately defined “phase space” with equal probability.
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    A theory of efficiency of storage-treatment systems (1992)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 89-101 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Detention storage ; Pollution control ; Non-point pollutant runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A simple expression is presented on the capability of storage-treatment systems to reduce non-point pollutant runoff load to natural waters. Their efficiency depends on the capacities of the facilities and probabilistic properties of runoff, such as interval, duration, volume, and concentration of runoff events. Assuming the compound Poisson process for runoff time series, the exact expressions of the ratio of treated load in terms of storage and treatment capacities are theoretically derived on the neighbourhoods of all boundaries of the domain on which the problem is defined. Then, an approximate expression over the whole domain is presented, of which the value and the first-order derivative coincide with those of the exact derived expressions near the boundaries. Accuracy is checked by Monte Carlo simulations.
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    On the generation of drought events using an alternating renewal-reward model (1992)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 55-68 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Drought severity ; Drought duration ; Renewal-reward process
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This research study focused on the hypothesis that extreme drought and high streamflow events come from different independent populations with different probability distributions which need to be studied separately, rather than considering the streamflow population as a whole. The inability of traditional streamflow generator models to consistently reproduce the frequency of occurrence of severe droughts observed in the historical record has been questioned by many researchers. Our study focused on the development of astochastic event generator model which would be capable of doing so. This was accomplished in a two-step process by first generating the drought event, and then deriving the streamflows which comprised that event. The model considered for this analysis was an alternating renewal-reward procedure that cycles between eventon andoff times, and is representative of drought or high streamflow event duration. The reward gained while the event ison oroff represents drought severity or high streamflow surplus. Geometric and gamma distributions were considered for drought duration and deficit respectively. Model validation was performed using calculated required capacities from the sequent peak algorithm.
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    Probabilistic sensitivity and modeling of two-dimensional transport in porous media (1992)
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 103-121 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Probabilistic model ; Sensitivity ; Contaminant transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A reliability approach is used to develop a probabilistic model of two-dimensional non-reactive and reactive contaminant transport in porous media. The reliability approach provides two important quantitative results: an estimate of the probability that contaminant concentration is exceeded at some location and time, and measures of the sensitivity of the probabilistic outcome to likely changes in the uncertain variables. The method requires that each uncertain variable be assigned at least a mean and variance; in this work we also incorporate and investigate the influence of marginal probability distributions. Uncertain variables includex andy components of average groundwater flow velocity,x andy components of dispersivity, diffusion coefficient, distribution coefficient, porosity and bulk density. The objective is to examine the relative importance of each uncertain variable, the marginal distribution assigned to each variable, and possible correlation between the variables. Results utilizing a two-dimensional analytical solution indicate that the probabilistic outcome is generally very sensitive to likely changes in the uncertain flow velocity. Uncertainty associated with dispersivity and diffusion coefficient is often not a significant issue with respect to the probabilistic analysis; therefore, dispersivity and diffusion coefficient can often be treated for practical analysis as deterministic constants. The probabilistic outcome is sensitive to the uncertainty of the reaction terms for early times in the flow event. At later times, when source contaminants are released at constant rate throughout the study period, the probabilistic outcome may not be sensitive to changes in the reaction terms. These results, although limited at present by assumptions and conceptual restrictions inherent to the closed-form analytical solution, provide insight into the critical issues to consider in a probabilistic analysis of contaminant transport. Such information concerning the most important uncertain parameters can be used to guide field and laboratory investigations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01591333
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    Contamination of a well in a uniform background flow (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 191-207 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic dispersion ; Fokker-Planck equation ; backward equation ; boundary layer ; complex potential function ; fraction of contaminated particles that enter a well
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe the transport of pollution in groundwater in the neighbourhood of a well in a uniform background flow. We compute the rate at which contaminated particles reach the well as a function of the place of the source of pollution. The motion of a particle in a dispersive flow is seen as a random walk process. The Fokker-Planck equation for the random motion of a particle is transformed using the complex potential for the advective flow field. The resulting equation is solved asymptotically after a stretching transformation. Finally, the analytical solution is compared with results from Monte Carlo simulations with the random walk model. The method can be extended to arbitrary flow fields. Then by a numerical coordinate transformation the analytical results can still be employed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581450
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    Generation of runoff series at ungauged locations using empirical orthogonal functions in combination with kriging (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 255-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Emprical Orthogonal Functions ; interpolating runoff ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The method of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF method) is combined with an objective interpolation technique, kriging, to generate runoff series at ungauged locations. In a case study the results are compared to series interpolated by a combination of EOF analysis and regression using catchment characteristics as independent variables. The results are also compared to linear weighting of an existing runoff series, a commonly used method for spatial interpolation. The influence of altitude on the runoff is studied comparing kriging based on 2 and 3 coordinates. The study showed that the capacity of EOF analysis combined with kriging is as good as the traditionally used linear weighting. The results, when altitude is included in the kriging, are improved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581620
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    Estimation of periodicities in hydrologic data (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 270-288 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Periodicities ; hydraulic cycle ; spectral methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Periodicites in hydrologic data are frequently estimated and studied. In some cases the periodic components are subtracted from the data to obtain the stochastic components. In other cases the physical reasons for the occurrence of these periodicities are investigated. Apart from the annual cycle in the hydrologic data, periods corresponding to the 11 year sunspot cycle, the Hale cycle and others have been detected. The conclusions from most of these studies depend on the reliability and robustness of the methods used to detect these periodicities. Several spectral analysis methods have been proposed to investigate periodicities in time series data. Several of these have been compared to each other. The methods by Siddiqui and Wang and by Damsleth and Spjotvoll, which are stepwise procedures of spectrum estimation, have not been evaluated. Two of the methods of spectral analysis proposed by Siddiqui and Wang and by Damsleth and Spjotvoll are investigated in this study by using generated and observed data. Siddiqui and Wang's method is found to be superior to the Damsleth and Spjotvoll's method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581621
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    On the shot-noise streamflow model and its applications (1992)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 6 (1992), S. 289-303 
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    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stream flow series ; shot-noise model ; sadolle-point approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we consider the shot-noise model of streamflow series. We show how design discharge can be obtained by the stochastic intensity of thinned Poisson processes describing the peaks over a threshold. The main result concerns the stationary distribution of peaks. We derive an explicit expression for this limit distribution in terms of its Laplace transform. Approximation formulas are developed making use of the saddle point method for the asymptotic evaluation of contour integrals and the Post-Widder formula for inversion of Laplace transforms. We illustrate this methods on the case of Gamma-distributed shots. The stationary peak distribution is used to approximate the maximum value distribution for larger time intervals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581622
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    Der Cholesterinspiegel im Plasma gesunder Menschen und seine Beeinflussung durch hohe Dosen L(+)-Ascorbinsäure (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 152-158 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A statistically significant depression of the cholesterol level by means of high doses of ascorbic acid was shown in healthy, normocholesterolemic men in the middle age group, who were previously well supplied with dietary ascorbic acid. The extent of cholesterol level decrease depended on the vitamin C dosage and became the clearer the longer ascorbic acid was administered. The correlation between the ascorbic acid status and arteriosclerosis is discussed as well as possible interpretations of the conflicting findings in the literature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine statistisch signifikante Senkung des Cholesterinspiegels durch hohe Dosen Ascorbinsäure wird beim gesunden, normocholesterinämischen Menschen der mittleren Altersgruppe mit guter Ascorbinsäureversorgung gezeigt. Der Umfang der Cholesterinspiegelsenkung ist von der Vitamin-C-Dosis abhängig und um so deutlicher, je länger die Ascorbinsäure zugefÜhrt wird. Zusammenhänge zwischen Ascorbinsäurestatus und Arteriosklerose werden besprochen und Möglichkeiten zur Erklärung unterschiedlicher Literaturbefunde erläutert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023914
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    Eisenaufnahme gesunder Klein- und Schulkinder mit herkömmlicher Kost (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 180-180 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023917
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    Buchbesprechungen (1973)
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    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 175-180 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02023916
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    Metabolische Wirkungen von Xylit während langdauernder parenteraler Zufuhr bei internistischen Erkrankungen (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 159-174 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei 231 Patienten wurden während der Infusionstherapie von sechs Tagen mit den Zuckern Xylit, Fructose und Glucose die Serumwerte fÜr Harnsäure, Bilirubin, anorganisches Phosphat, Harnstoff-Stickstoff und Gesamteiweiß beobachtet. Im einzelnen zeigen sich folgende Ergebnisse: 1. Xylit- und fructoseinduzierte Harnsäureanstiege konnten regelmäßig nachgewiesen werden. Die Maxima fanden sich am vierten bzw. am fÜnften und sechsten Tag nach Beginn der Infusionsbehandlung. Bereits während der Behandlung findet sich ein RÜckgang der mittleren Harnsäurekonzentration und nach Absetzen eine völlige Normalisierung. 2. Nach Infusion von Xylit und Fructose und deren Kombinationen erhöht sich vorÜbergehend die Bilirubinkonzentration. Die maximalen Anstiege werden nach Applikation von Xylit am zweiten und nach Infusion von Xylit und Fructose am vierten Tag gefunden. 3. Während der Infusionsbehandlung fanden sich bei 26% pathologische Werte fÜr das Serumphosphat. 25mal wurde eine Hyperphosphatämie und 26mal eine Hypophosphatämie beobachtet. 4. Die Harnstoff-Stickstoff-Konzentration im Serum zeigt eine Tendenz zur Verminderung. In 47 Fällen trat eine Hypoproteinämie auf, wobei der größte Abfall des Gesamteiweißes nach Xylit und Xylitkombinationen auftrat. 5. Bei Patienten mit Retention von Harnstoff-Stickstoff und Hyperurikämie fÜhrt die Infusionstherapie zu keinem weiteren Anstieg der Serumharnsäure. Jedoch wurde ein kontinuierlicher Anstieg des Harnstoff-Stickstoffs beobachtet.
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    Struktur und Geschmack süßer und bitterer Verbindungen (1973)
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    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 190-200 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02024683
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    Gesetz über Naturschutz und Landschaftspflege (1973)
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    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 181-189 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dieses Gesetz soll vor allem für die Wiederherstellung, die Sicherung und Entwicklung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Naturhaushaltes und der Vielfalt der natürlichen Umwelt sorgen. Es wird ein wirksames Instrument zur Planung und Steuerung der Funktionsabläufe im komplexen Wirkungsgefüge der natürlichen Faktoren darstellen und dem Menschen einen höchstmöglichen Nutzen und damit verbunden ein höchstmögliches Wohlbefinden für viele Generationen bringen. Da dem Bund auf dem Gebiete des Naturschutzes und der Landschaftspflege bisher nur die Rahmengesetzgebungskompetenz zusteht, lassen sich die obengenannten Aufgaben jedoch nur durchführen, wenn ihm dafür die volle Gesetzgebungskompetenz übertragen wird. Damit würden auch verbesserte Voraussetzungen für die internationale Zusammenarbeit geschaffen werden. Die Nutzungsmöglichkeiten der Natur sind nicht unbegrenzt. Die anwachsende Erdbevölkerung und ihre zunehmenden Ansprüche machen die Grenze bewußt, an die wir stoßen oder die wir überschreiten, wenn wir unsere natürliche Umwelt nicht haushälterisch bewirtschaften, also Umweltvorsorge nach ökologischen Kriterien im Sinne von Naturschutz und Landschaftspfiege treiben. Die Aufgabe der qualitativen Gestaltung unserer natürlichen Umwelt ist nicht länderweise, kaum national, nur weltweit zu lösen. Auch der Europarat und die Vereinten Nationen haben die Völker Europas aufgerufen, gegen die zunehmende Zerstörung der Natur aktiv vorzugehen. Diesem Ruf sind in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Bund und Länder, Städte und Gemeinden, insbesondere auch der Deutsche Naturschutzring und die ihm angeschlossenen Verbände gefolgt. Ihnen ist es gelungen, den Naturschutzgedanken wieder volkstümlich zu machen. Der Schutz der Natur ist eine Aufgabe, die alle Bürger angeht und bei der alle Bürger mithelfen können und müssen. „Jeder einzelne sollte erkennen“, so heißt es in der Europäischen Naturschutzdeklaration, „daß von seinem Interesse und seinem Engagement als Bürger die Erfüllung seiner berechtigten Wünsche nach einer besseren Umwelt abhängt“.
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    Eine Möglichkeit zur Verbesserung der Eiweißqualität von Baladi-Brot durch Anreicherung mit synthetischen Aminosäuren (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 201-208 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Aminosäuregehalt des Baladi-Brotes wurde bestimmt, um den Mangel an bestimmten essentiellen Aminosäuren abzustellen. Gemessen am „provisional pattern“ der FAO, hat das Brotprotein einen FAO-Protein-Score von 61. Die limitierenden essentiellen Aminosäuren Lysin und Threonin wurden dann in freier Form zu Baladi-Brot-Diäten zugelegt, in denen das Baladi-Brot-Protein 10% der Diät ausmachte. Die Ergänzung des Baladi-Brotes mit 0,24 % L-Lysinhydrochlorid; 0,088 % DL-Threonin und 0,50 % DL-Methionin erwies sich am besten und erhöhte die „protein efficiency ratio“ des Proteins auf einen Wert von 3,31, verglichen mit einem Wert von 1,28 für Baladi-Brot-Protein mit Methioninzulage allein.
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    Hautfaltenveränderungen im Laufe einer Entfettungskur (1973)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 12 (1973), S. 218-223 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit dem ungarischen Chlorphentermin-Präparat Desopimon haben wir bei 20 Personen Entfettungskuren ausgeführt. Mit dem standardisierten Kaliber wurde an zehn Körperstellen die Hautfaltengrößen bestimmt. An Hand der Hautfaltengrößen ist die mengenmäßige Abnahme des Körperfettes gut zu verfolgen. Es wurde festgestellt, daß praktisch nur das Körperfett infolge der Entfettungskur abnimmt; eine gewisse Verminderung findet aber auch bei den anderen Körperelementen statt.
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    Verhaltensanalyse bei Eßstörungen (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verhaltensbedingungen undFunktionsanalyse als Basis fürVerhaltensmodifikation undVerhaltensänderung ; analyses ofbehavior ; behavioralconditionssymptoms ; behavioralmodification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Modification of behavior is based on an analysis of behavior. An investigation of behavioral disturbances with respect to conditions, trigger mechanisms, causes, as well as functions and effects on the patient is necessary.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine Verhaltensanalyse ist die Basis für eine Verhaltensmodifikation und Verhaltensänderung. Darüber hinaus ist es dringend notwendig, eine Bedingungs- und Funktionsanalyse zu erstellen. Zu fragen ist nach den Bedingungen, Auslösern, Voraussetzungen und Ursachen des Krankheitsverhaltens sowie seine Funktionen, Auswirkungen und Rückwirkungen für den Patienten.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019530
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    Buchbesprechungen (1990)
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    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 74-75 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02019536
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    Untersuchung von Basisdaten an Weight-Watchers-Gruppen als Parameter für Langzeiterfolge der Gewichtsreduktion (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 97-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Gewichtsreduktion ; Weight Watchers ; Effizienz ; weight reduction ; Weight Watchers ; efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The available data of members of Weight Watchers groups were statistically evaluated and their efficiency is discussed with respect to the underlying therapeutic concept. As a result of the data evaluation and the discussion of the literature it can be concluded: 1. The time of active membership in the group correlates with the weight loss. 2. Dropouts can be expected at the beginning of the therapy and have usually a greater obesity than other members. An early motivation has to consider the slower success in those people with a high degree of obesity. 3. A continuous motivation and re-motivation is of greatest importance to prevent any weight gain after the end of group therapy. This remotivation program should be established within the group; members who succeeded in losing weight should return for meetings at regular intervals.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Mitgliedern von Weight-Watchers-Gruppen werden die verfügbaren soziodemographischen Daten statistisch ausgewertet und auf ihre Aussagekraft bezüglich des zugrundeliegenden Therapiekonzeptes beurteilt. Aus den Untersuchungen und der vergleichenden Literaturdiskussion ergibt sich: 1. Die Dauer der aktiven Teilnahme in einer Gruppe entscheidet über das Ausmaß des erzielten Gewichtsverlustes. 2. Vorzeitige Aussteiger — Dropouts — sind zu Beginn der Therapie zu erwarten und haben meist ein höheres relatives Übergewicht als die übrigen Teilnehmer. Eine frühzeitige Motivation muß daher den bei stark Übergewichtigen sich nur langsam einstellenden Erfolg berücksichtigen. 3. Wesentliche Bedeutung für einen Langzeiterfolg hat die regelmäßige Nachsorge, d.h. Remotivation, wenn das Zielgewicht erreicht ist. Diese Nachsorge sollte weiterhin innerhalb der Gruppe in regelmäßigen Abständen erfolgen.
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    Cow's milk protein allergy — Results of skin-prick test with purified milk proteins (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 122-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: cow's milk proteinallergy ; purifiedmilkproteins ; skin-prick test ; main allergen ; Kuhmilchproteinallergie ; gereinigte Milchproteine ; Hauttest ; Hauptallergen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Diagnose von Milchproteinallergien ist schwierig. Aus diesem Grunde wurden hochgereinigte Hauptproteine der Kuhmilch (α-Lactalbumin, β-Lactoglobulin A + B, αs-Casein, β-Casein, κ-Casein) unter Anwendung des Hautpricktestes für die Differentialdiagnose bei Allergikern eingesetzt. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß Milchproteine bei Erwachsenen mit unklarer Anamnese nur selten Hautreaktionen auslösten, während bei 11 von 13 Kindern mit starkem Verdacht auf Milchproteinallergie deutliche Hautreaktionen beobachtet wurden. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung waren α-Lactalbumin und β-Lactoglobulin die Hauptallergene, weil sie mit höchster Prävalenz und Intensität Hautreaktionen auslösten. Reaktionen auf α- und κ-Casein erfolgten mit deutlich geringerer Häufigkeit und Intensität. In zwei Fällen wurde eine ausschließliche Reaktion auf α-Lactalbumin beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary The diagnosis of milk-protein allergies is difficult. Therefore, the main cow's milk proteins (α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin A + B, αs-casein, β-casein, κ-casein), purified to the highest available standards, were used for differential diagnosis of allergic individuals by applying skin-prick test. In the case of adults with uncertain medical history, milk proteins rarely caused skin reactions, while distinct skin reactions were observed in 11 of 13 children with strongly suspected milk-protein allergy. In the presented study α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin B were the main allergens, because skin reactions to these proteins were provoked with highest prevalence and intensity. Intensity and prevalence of reactions to α- and κ-casein were significantly less. In two cases skin reactions to α-lactalbumin were observed exclusively.
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    Einflüsse purinreicher Ernährung auf Gewichtsentwicklung, Kataboliten im Blutplasma und den Harnsäuretransport von Erythrozyten — eine Modellstudie an Hunden (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 135-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: purinreiche Nahrung ; Wachstum ; Metaboliten ; Harnsäuretransport ; Hund ; purine-rich diet ; growth ; metabolites ; uric acid transport ; dog
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a nutritional tolerance study 36 young dogs were fed over 52 weeks high or low purine diets at an average paired feeding intake of 0.6 and 80 mg purine-N/MJ per day. The high purine diet resulted in a significant decrease of growth rate by −23 % (Beagles) and −38 % (Dalmatians) and of feed efficiency (−29 and −42 %). The fasting levels of allantoin, uric acid and uracil in blood plasma were significantly increased. During the experiment a metabolic adaptation to the high purine diet decreased the plasma concentrations of uric acid, uracil and in part of allantoin. The high purine diet effected a significant increase of Km (2.5-fold) and of Vmax (1.6-fold) of uric transport through the erythrocyte membrane. The results documented disadvantageous effects of high purine nutrition during juvenile development.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einer Verträglichkeitsstudie erhielten 36 junge Hunde über 52 Wochen eine purinreiche oder purinarme Diät mit durchschnittlich 6 bzw. 80 mg Purin-N/MJ pro Tag bei gruppengleicher Aufnahme („paired feeding“). Die Hochpurin-Diät führte zu einer signifikanten Verminderung der Gewichtsentwicklung um −23% (Beagles) bzw. −38% (Dalmatiner) und der Futterverwertung (−29 bzw. −42%) sowie zu einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Nüchternwerte von Allantoin, Harnsäure und Uracil im Blutplasma. Während der Versuchsdauer machte sich eine metabolische Adaptation an die Hochpurin-Diät mit signifikanter Erniedrigung von Harnsäure, Uracil und teils auch Allantoin im Plasma bemerkbar. Die Hochpurin-Diät bewirkte eine signifikante Zunahme der Km (2,6fach) und Vmax (1,6fach) des Harnsäuretransports durch die Erythrozytenmembran. Die Ergebnisse belegen nachteilige Effekte purinreicher Ernährung während der Jugendentwicklung.
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    Effects of short chain fatty acids and K on absorption of Mg and other cations by the colon and caecum (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 162-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Mg absorption ; Na absorption ; K absorption ; short chain fatty acids ; colon ; caecum ; Mg-Absorption ; Na-Absorption ; K-Absorption ; kurzkettige Fettsäuren ; Kolon ; Zäkum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im distalen Kolon und Zäkum der Ratte wurde der Einfluß von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren (SCFA) auf die Mg-, Na- und Wasserabsorption mittels luminaler Perfusion der Darmsegmente in vivo untersucht. Der Effekt kurzkettiger Fettsäuren auf die K-Absorption im distalen Kolon sowie von K auf die Mg-Absorption im distalen Kolon und Zäkum wurde ebenfalls geprüft. Butyrat (60 mmol/l) sowie eine Mischung von SCFA (60 mmol/l Azetat, 20 mmol/l Propionat, 10 mmol/l Butyrat) stimulierten die Mg- und K-Absorption im distalen Kolon, während die Na- und Wasserabsorption unbeeinflußt blieben. Der Effekt auf die Mg-Absorption war pH-abhängig. Im Zäkum steigerte Butyrat die Na- und Wasserabsorption, nicht jedoch die Mg-Absorption. Azetat (60 mmol/l) beeinflußte die Elektrolytabsorption in beiden Darmsegmenten nicht. K (30 mmol/l) hemmte die Mg-Absorption im distalen Kolon, nicht jedoch im Zäkum. Aus diesen Befunden wird geschlossen, daß die bei der Fermentation von Kohlenhydraten im Dickdarm anfallenden kurzkettigen Fettsäuren die Mg-, K- und Na-Absorption durch Bereitstellung von Protonen für die in der apikalen Membran des Epithels lokalisierten Mg++/H+-, K+/H+- und Na+/H+-Austauscher stimulieren. K scheint im Kolon die Absorption von Mg durch Beeinträchtigung eines Mechanismus zu hemmen, der nicht auf kurzkettige Fettsäuren anspricht.
    Notes: Summary The influence of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) on Mg, Na, and water absorption was studied in the rat distal colon and caecum using an in vivo luminal perfusion technique. The effect of SCFA on K absorption by the distal colon and the effect of K on Mg absorption by the distal colon and caecum were also investigated. Butyrate (60 mmol/l) or a mixture of SCFA (60 mmol/l acetate, 20 mmol/l propionate, 10 mmol/l butyrate) stimulated Mg and K absorption by the distal colon, while Na and water absorption was not affected. The effect on Mg absorption was pH-dependent. In the caecum, butyrate enhanced Na and water absorption, but not Mg absorption. Acetate (60 mmol/l) did not influence electrolyte absorption by either intestinal segment. K (30 mmol/l) inhibited Mg absorption by the distal colon, but not by the caecum. It is concluded from these findings that SCFA deriving from fermentation of carbohydrates in the large intestine stimulate Mg, K, and Na absorption by delivering protons to Mg++/H+, K+/H+ and Na+/H+ exchangers located in the apical membrane of the epithelium. K seems to inhibit Mg absorption in the colon by affecting a mechanism which does not respond to SCFA.
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    Parenteral β-carotene administration to cows: effect on plasma levels, lipoprotein distribution and secretion in the milk (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 184-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: β-Carotin ; Vitamin A ; Lipoproteine ; Milch ; Rind ; β-carotene ; vitamin A ; lipoproteins ; milk ; bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung β-Carotin besitzt beim Rind sehr wahrscheinlich eine Bedeutung im Fruchtbarkeitsgeschehen. Es wurde deshalb an Kühen die Auswirkung einer parenteralen (intramuskulär und intravenös) Verabreichung von β-Carotin auf den β-Carotin-Blutspiegel und die Verteilung auf die Serumlipoproteinfraktionen sowie die Ausscheidung mit der Milch untersucht. Die parenterale Verabreichung von β-Carotin führte zu einem deutlichen Anstieg des β-Carotin-Blutspiegels. Zunächst kam es zu einem raschen Anstieg von β-Carotin in der „Very-low“- und der „Low-density“-Lipoproteinfraktion, deren Gehalt dann im weiteren Verlauf weitgehend konstant blieb. Der an die „High-density“-Lipoproteinfraktion gebundene Anteil stieg parallel zur Plasmakonzentration langsam kontinuierlich an. Die Verabreichung von β-Carotin hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Vitamin-A-Plasmawerte, führte aber zu einem Anstieg von β-Carotin und Vitamin A in der Milch. Es konnte damit gezeigt werden, daß die parenterale Gabe von β-Carotin nicht nur zu einem deutlich anhaltenden Anstieg des β-Carotin-Blutspiegels führte, sondern daß das injizierte β-Carotin auch von den physiologischen Trägerproteinen im Blut — den Lipoproteinen — transportiert wird und so in gleicher Weise für die peripheren Gewebe zur Verfügung steht wie über den Darmtrakt zugeführtes β-Carotin. Für die Verfügbarkeit von β-Carotin für die peripheren Gewebe spricht auch der Anstieg von β-Carotin und Vitamin A in der Milch. Der Anstieg von Vitamin A weist auf eine lokale Umwandlung von β-Carotin in Vitamin A in der Milchdrüse hin.
    Notes: Summary β-carotene has been considered to have a positive effect on fertility. Therefore the effect of a parenteral administration (intravenous or intramuscular) of β-carotene on plasma levels, its distribution among the lipoprotein fractions and its secretion in the milk was investigated in cows. A single parenteral administration of β-carotene resulted in a marked increase in total β-carotene in the blood. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-bound β-carotene increased rapidly in the initial phase and then remained rather constant. The proportion bound to the high density fraction (HDL), however, increased continuously, reaching maximum levels parallel to the total plasma concentration. β-carotene administration had no effect on vitamin A levels in plasma, but caused an increase of β-carotene and vitamin A in milk. The results show that the parenteral administration of β-carotene is not only an effective way to increase its blood plasma level but also results in a binding of β-carotene to its physiological carrier — the lipoproteins. β-carotene is therefore supplied to peripheral target tissue by the same carriers as those when β-carotene is administered orally. The availability of β-carotene for peripheral tissues is further supported by the increase in β-carotene in milk, as well as by the increase in vitamin A in milk which points to a local conversion of β-carotene into vitamin A in the mammary gland.
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    Role of vitamin D metabolites in the prevention of the osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in the axial and appendicular skeleton of the rat (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 229-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: ovariectomy ; quantitativebonehistomorphometry ; bonemineralization ; osteopenia ; vitamin D ; Ovariektomie ; quantitative Knochenhistomorphometrie ; Knochenmineralisation ; Osteopenie ; Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 40 Fischer-344-Ratten (10 Wochen alt, 130 g KG) wurden entweder beidseitig ovariektomiert (OVX) oder scheinoperiert (SHAM). Die Ratten wurden in folgende Gruppen eingeteilt: SHAM; OVX; OVX + 15 ng 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2)D3]/Tier/Tag (d); OVX + 30 ng 1α,24R,25-Trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3]/Tier/d; OVX + 15 ng 1,25(OH)2)D3/Tier/d + 30 ng 1,24,25(OH)3D3/ Tier/d. 4 Wochen post Operationem wurde mit der oralen Verabreichung der Vitamin-D-Metaboliten begonnen. Urin- und Blutproben wurden mehrfach während des Experiments entnommen. 21 Wochen post Operationem wurden alle Ratten getötet und die proximale Tibia sowie der erste Lendenwirbelkörper für eine statische histomorphometrische Auswertung unentkalkt eingebettet. Die Ovariektomie verursachte eine Abnahme der trabekulären Knochenmasse um 40% im Lendenwirbelkörper und um 69% in der Tibiametaphyse. Verglichen mit den scheinoperierten Tieren, ging der Knochenverlust bei OVX-Ratten mit mä\ig erhöhten biochemischen und histomorphometrischen Parametern der Knochenformation und -resorption einher. Die Behandlung der OVX-Ratten mit 1,25(OH)2)D3, 1,24,25(OH)3D3 oder der Metabolitkombination verhinderte die durch die Ovariektomie induzierte Osteopenie im trabekulären Knochen des Lendenwirbels und teilweise auch der Tibiametaphyse, wobei diese Wirkung durch eine Hemmung der Knochenresorption zustande kam. Die mit 1,25(OH)2)D3 allein oder in Kombination mit 1,24,25(OH)3D3 behandelten Ratten zeigten jedoch eine Hyperkalzämie, Hyperphosphatämie, Hyperkalzurie und eine gestörte Knochenmineralisation. Andererseits führte die Behandlung von OVX-Ratten mit 1,24,25(OH)3D3 allein nur zu einer leichten Zunahme des Serumkalziumspiegels und erzeugte keine Störung der Knochenmineralisation. Weiterhin wirkte 1,24,25(OH)3D3 in Kombination mit 1,25(OH)2)D3 den ungünstigen Effekten von 1,25(OH)2)D3 auf die Knochenmineralisation teilweise entgegen. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, da\ sich die Wirkungen von 1,24,25(OH)3D3 auf den Knochenstoffwechsel möglicherweise von denen des 1,25(OH)2)D3 unterscheiden und da\ 1,25(OH)2)D3 und insbesondere 1,24,25(OH)3D3 eventuell auch für eine wirksame Prophylaxe der postmenopausalen Osteoporose geeignet wären.
    Notes: Summary Forty Fischer-344 rats (10 weeks old, 130 g BW) were either bilaterally ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated (SHAM). The rats were allocated to the following groups: SHAM; OVX; OVX + 15 ng 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]/rat/d; OVX + 30 ng 1α,24R,25-trihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,24,25(OH)3D3]/ rat/d; OVX + 15 ng 1,25(OH)2D3/rat/d + 30 ng 1,24,25(OH)3D3/rat/d. The vitamin D metabolites were fed orally starting 4 weeks after surgery. Urine and blood samples were taken at several time points during the experiment. Twenty-one weeks after surgery all rats were sacrificed, and the proximal tibiae and the first lumbar vertebrae were processed undecalcified for static bone histomorphometry. Ovariectomy induced a 40% reduction in vertebral cancellous bone area, and a 69% reduction in tibial cancellous bone area. This bone loss in OVX rats was associated with moderately increased biochemical and histomorphometric indices of bone formation and resorption as compared to values in sham-operated animals. Through inhibition of bone resorption, treatment of OVX rats with 1,25(OH)2D3, 1,24,25(OH)3D3, and the metabolite combination prevented the ovariectomyinduced osteopenia in the lumbar vertebra, and partially prevented cancellous bone osteopenia in the tibial metaphysis. However, OVX rats receiving 1,25(OH)2D3 alone or in combination with 1,24,25(OH)3D3 exhibited hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and impaired bone mineralization. Treatment of OVX rats with 1,24,25(OH)3D3 alone, on the other hand, only slightly increased serum calcium levels and did not impair bone mineralization. Furthermore, the inclusion of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 with 1,25(OH)2D3 partially antagonized the untoward effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on bone mineralization. These data suggest that the actions of 1,24,25(OH)3D3 on bone metabolism might differ from that of 1,25(OH)2D3, and that 1,25(OH)2D3 and, particularly, 1,24,25(OH)3D3 may be potentially effective agents for the prophylaxis of postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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    Vitamin A status in different stages of schistosomal cases and the effectiveness of oral vitamin A therapy (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: bilharzial patients ; vitamin A status ; serum retinol level ; night blindness ; oral vitamin A therapy ; Bilharziose ; Vitamin-A-Status ; Retinol-Serum-Spiegel ; Nachtblindheit ; orale Vitamin-A-Therapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei\ig an Bilharzie erkrankte Patienten wurden auf ihren Vitamin-A-Status hin untersucht. 30% dieser Patienten hatten nüchtern gemessen einen sehr niedrigen Retinol-Serum-Spiegel, der noch unterhalb der Toleranzgrenze von 20 Μg/dl lag. Ferner litt ein Drittel dieser Patienten an Nachtblindheit. Innerhalb dieser Patientengruppe erwies sich die orale Vitamin-A-Therapie als sehr effektiv, um den Vitamin-A-Mangel auszugleichen.
    Notes: Summary Thirty bilharzial patients were studied for their vitamin A status. Of the patients, 30% were found to have low-fasting serum retinol level below the acceptable level of 20 Μg/dl and one-third were presented with night blindness. Oral vitamin A therapy was effective in correcting the vitamin A deficiency among this group of patients.
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    Untersuchungen über den Metabolismus von Panthenol bei Patienten mit postoperativer Darmatonie (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 29 (1990), S. 270-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Panthenol (Dexpanthenol) ; Pantothensäure ; Metabolismus ; postoperative Darmatonie ; D-pantothenyl alcohol ; pantothenic acid ; metabolism ; postoperativeintestinalatony
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of this study was the examination of the metabolism and mechanism of action of D-pantothenyl alcohol in patients with postoperative intestinal atony. Seven metabolically healthy patients were examined on the 4th day following colorectal surgery, before bowel activity had started. Increased urinary excretion of the vitamin pantothenic acid was noted following the intravenous application of 2 gm of D-pantothenyl alcohol. Ten to 30% of the administered dose D-pantothenyl alcohol is excreted in the urine as pantothenic acid within 24 h. Simultaneously, the urinary excretion of Β-alanine, a pantothenic acid component, is increased. D-pantothenyl alcohol was metabolized to pantothenic acid in all the patients examined. Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, a key substance in the intermediary pathway of metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a role in the synthesis of acetylcholine from choline (a co-enzyme of Cholinacetylase). Peristalsis induced by D-pantothenyl alcohol may be due to the increased synthesis of coenzyme A and acetylcholine in the autonomic nerve plexus of the intestinal tract.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel der Untersuchungen war es, den Metabolismus und den Wirkungsmechanismus von Panthenol (Dexpanthenol, Bepanthen®) bei Patienten mit postoperativer Darmatonie zu ermitteln. Es wurden 7 stoffwechselgesunde Patienten am 4. postoperativen Tag nach elektiven kolorektalen Operationen untersucht, die postoperativ noch nicht abgeführt hatten. Nach intravenöser Applikation von 2,0 g Panthenol kommt es bei allen Patienten zu einer signifikant vermehrten Ausscheidung des Vitamins Pantothensäure (Vitamin-B-Komplex) im Urin. Zwischen 10 und 30% der verabreichten Panthenolmenge werden innerhalb von 24 Stunden als Pantothensäure im Urin ausgeschieden. Gleichzeitig wird der Pantothensäurebestandteil Β-Alanin vermehrt im Urin ausgeschieden. Panthenol wird demnach bei allen untersuchten Patienten zu Pantothensäure metabolisiert. Pantothensäure ist ein Bestandteil des Coenzyms A, einer der Schlüsselsubstanzen des Intermediärstoffwechsels. Das Coenzym A ist auch an der Synthese von Acetylcholin aus Cholin beteiligt (als Coenzym der Cholinacetylase). Der peristaltikanregende Effekt des Panthenols könnte durch eine vermehrte Synthese von Coenzym A und Acetylcholin in den autonomen Nervenplexus des Intestinaltraktes erklärt werden.
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    Wirkung von Maillard-Produkten und Lysinoalanin auf die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 50-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Maillard-Produkte ; LAL ; Bioverfügbarkeit ; Eisen ; Kupfer ; Zink ; Maillard products ; LAL ; bioavailability ; iron ; copper ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Bioavailability of iron, copper, and zinc was investigated in suckling rats. The essential trace elements were given once either with several isolated Maillard products and with LAL, respectively, or with differently heat-treated formula diets. The isolated substances revealed effects on bioavailability of all the elements tested, either on the preresorptive or on the postresorptive level. The formula diets affected only the bioavailability of copper — even when fed for several weeks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Bioverfügbarkeit von Eisen, Kupfer und Zink untersucht, wenn diese essentiellen Spurenelemente 1. mit einigen isolierten Maillard-Produkten bzw. LAL, oder 2. mit thermisch unterschiedlich belasteten Testnahrungen einmalig an Säuglingsratten verabreicht wurden. Durch die isolierten Testsubstanzen ließen sich bei allen drei Elementen Effekte auf der präresorptiven und/oder postresorptiven Ebene erzielen. Die Testnahrungen beeinflußten — auch wenn sie fünf Wochen lang verfüttert wurden — nur die Bioverfügbarkeit des Kupfers.
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    Ankündigungen/Ausschreibungen (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 73-74 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
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    Function of vitamin E in physical exercise: a review (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 89-97 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Vitamin E ; antioxidant ; free radicalmuscle damage ; exercise ; Vitamin E ; Antioxidans ; Muskelschädigung ; Ausdauertraining
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ältere Studien haben gezeigt, daß Vitamin E die sportliche Leistungsfähigkeit bei Schwimmern nicht zu steigern vermag. Trotzdem ist das Vitamin für die Skelettmuskulatur der Sportler wichtig: Als das bedeutendste lipidlösliche Antioxidans in Zellmembranen schützt Vitamin E das Muskelgewebe bei aeroben physischen Belastungen, bei denen der Energiestoffwechsel stark beschleunigt ist, vor übermäßiger Peroxidation von ungesättigten Fettsäuren in Zellmembranen. In verschiedenen Labors führte Ausdauertraining von Versuchstieren zu denselben oxidativen Muskelschädigungen wie Vitamin-E-Mangel: Die Peroxidationsprodukte Pentan und Malondialdehyd waren erhöht, und Muskelenzyme waren vermehrt ins Plasma gelangt. Bei Tieren mit Vitamin-E-Mangel werden die Muskelschäden durch Ausdauertraining verstärkt, während sie durch Vitamin-E-Supplementierung vermindert werden. Präliminäre Studien am Menschen weisen ebenfalls auf eine antioxidative Schutzwirkung von Vitamin E gegen Muskelschädigung hin. Das zeigt sich in reduzierter Bildung von Pentan und in vermindertem Übertritt von Muskelenzymen ins Plasma nach Ausdauertraining. Bei einer Expedition von Bergsteigern ins Himalajagebiet stellten die Autoren ebenfalls eine signifikante Schutzwirkung von Vitamin-E-Supplementierung fest. Diese äußerte sich in einer erhöhten anaeroben Schwelle und in reduzierter Pentankonzentration im Atem bei Belastung.
    Notes: Summary Even though vitamin E may not improve physical achievements in sports competitions, as shown in several swimming experiments, it is important for the health of skeletal muscle: in its role as the major lipid-soluble chainbreaking antioxidant in lipid cell membranes, vitamin E protects muscle tissue in aerobic exercise, in which oxygen metabolism and, consequently, free radical production are greatly accelerated. Animal studies in several laboratories have shown that endurance exercise results in the same type of oxidative muscle damage as does vitamin E deficiency: there is an increase in the peroxidation products pentance and malondialdehyde and in enzymes leaked from muscles to plasma. Oxidative tissue damage in vitamin-Edeficient animals is exacerbated by endurance training and, conversely, it is reduced by high-dose vitamin E supplementation; also, preliminary studies in humans have demonstrated antioxidant protection by high-dose vitamin E supplementation. After endurance exercise leakage of enzymes into the plasma and output of pentane in the breath were significantly reduced. During a high-altitude expedition in the Himalayas, protection was shown to be significantly better in the supplemented group than in the placebo group, as determined by anaerobic threshold and pentane exhalation.
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    Verdaulichkeit, intestinale Passagezeit und Energiewert von Weizenkleie im Modellversuch an Sauen (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 118-130 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Verdaulichkeit ; Passagerate ; Ballaststoffe ; Weizenkleie ; energetischer Nährwert ; digestibility ; rate of passage ; dietary fiber ; wheat bran ; energy value
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An energy metabolism trial was conducted with four sows allocated to each of four levels of wheat bran (7, 14, 21 or 28 g/kg body weight0.75 · day). During 2-week experimental periods half the number of animals received increasing levels of the wheat bran supplementation, the other sows were fed in decreasing order. The basal diet was given constantly at a level of 36 g/kg Bw0.75. Total digestibility of energy was determined by the collection method. For partioning the digestible energy into a prececal and postileal component the diet was supplemented with 0,3 % Cr2O3, and samples of digesta taken by means of a cecum cannula were analyzed for this marker. The rate of passage of food was evaluated by using plastic pellets fed orally as well as inserted into the cecum. During each experimental period a complete energy balance was performed according to the methods of indirect calorimetry. The digestibility and metabolizability of wheat bran energy over the total alimentary tract was 60 % and 57 %, respectively. As a percentage of the total digestible energy, 70 % were found in the prececal site of the digestive tract, and 30 % in the hindgut fermentation. The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy (ME) for energy retention was 66.2 %. Utilization of hindgut energy was lower by about a quarter than utilization of energy digested in the small intestine. The mean contents of ME of wheat bran amounted to 10.1 kJ/g dry matter. The ME of the wheat bran fiber (non-starch poly-saccharides) was calculated to be 5 kJ/g. The excretion of short-chain fatty acids in the feces was only 1–2 % of fecal energy. The rate of passage of food decreased from 78 h (basal diet alone) to 52 h with the highest wheat bran supplementation. The prececal retention time was only 20 % of the total rate of passage through the alimentary tract.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Gesamtstoffwechselversuch erhielten vier Sauen in jeweils zweiwöchiger Periode eine tägliche Zulage von 7, 14, 21 bzw. 28 g Weizenkleie pro kg Lebendmasse0,75. Die Grundration wurde in einer konstanten Menge von 36 g/kg LM0,75 und Tag gefüttert. Zur Messung der präzäkalen Verdaulichkeit wurden dem Futter 0,3 % Cr2O3 zugemischt und Zäkumsaft den kanülierten Tieren entnommen. Die Passagerate des Futters wurde mit Hilfe von peroral und intrazäkal applizierten Kunststoffmarkern erfaßt. In allen Versuchsperioden wurde von jedem Einzeltier eine komplette Energiebilanz erstellt. Die Verdaulichkeit der Energie aus Kleie betrug im gesamten Verdauungstrakt 60 %, die Umsetzbarkeit der Energie 57 %. Davon beliefen sich der präzäkale Anteil auf 70 % und der postileale Anteil auf 30 %. Die energetische Verwertung der umsetzbaren Energie für den Energieansatz betrug 66,2 %. Die postileal abgebaute Kleie wurde um rund ein Viertel schlechter verwertet als die im Dünndarm zur Resorption vorliegende Kleieenergie. Der Gehalt an umsetzbarer Energie in der Kleie errechnete sich auf 10,1 kJ/g Trockenmasse. Der energetische Wert von Ballaststoffen in der Weizenkleie ist auf 5 kJ/g zu beziffern. Die Ausscheidung von kurzkettigen Fettsäuren im Kot war mit 1–2 % der Kotenergie sehr gering. Die Passagezeit des Futters im gesamten Verdauungstrakt verringerte sich von 78 h ohne Kleiezulage auf 52 h in Kleiestufe 28. Die präzäkale Aufenthaltsdauer des Markers betrug nur ein Fünftel der gesamten Passagezeit.
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    Ribonucleosides as minor milk constituents (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 138-152 
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    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Ribonucleosides ; RNAcatabolism ; bovinemilk ; goatmilk ; colostral phase ; lactation period ; minor milkconstituents ; buttersera ; intrinsicindicators ; differentiation ofbutter types ; HPLC ; Ribonucleoside ; RNA-Katabolismus ; Kuhmilch ; Ziegenmilch ; Kolostralphase ; Laktationsperiode ; minore Milchinhaltsstoffe ; Butterseren ; intrinsische Indikatoren ; Differenzierung von Buttersorten ; HPLC
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ribonucleoside gehören zu den minoren Inhaltsstoffen der Milch und zeigen ein tierartentypisches Ribonucleosidmuster. Neben den unmodifizierten Komponenten Adenosin, Cytidin, Guanosin, Inosin und Uridin wurden modifizierte Verbindungen wie N1-Methyladenosin und N6-Carbamoylthreonyladenosin, die aus dem Transfer RNA-Katabolismus stammen, in Einzel- und Sammelmilchen einer kleinen Herde Deutscher Schwarzbunter nachgewiesen und quantitativ über eine gesamte Laktation bestimmt. Die Verlaufsstudie hat gezeigt, daß die Konzentrationsspiegel dieser minoren Komponenten mit Ausnahme der Kolostralphase über die gesamte Laktationsperiode nur einer geringen Schwankungsbreite unterliegen. Ribonucleosidmuster sind deshalb zur Kennzeichnung von Milchen verschiedener Herkunft und Verarbeitung geeignet. Beispielhaft wurden deshalb Ribonucleoside im Verlaufe des Butterungsprozesses bilanziert und gezeigt, daß diesen minoren Komponenten „finger-print“-Eigenschaften zukommen, die zur Differenzierung der von der Butterverordnung definierten drei Buttersorten geeignet sind.
    Notes: Summary Ribonucleosides are minor milk constituents and show a typical pattern which is assumed to be species-specific. As well as the unmodified components adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, inosine, and uridine, modified compounds such as N1-methyladenosine and N6-carbamoylthreonyladenosine — products of the transfer RNA catabolism — have been identified and quantified in individual and bulk herd (race: German black pied) milk samples throughout a whole lactation period. The results of our longitudinal study have shown that — with the exception of the colostral phase — the levels of these minor constituents vary only slightly throughout lactation. These findings imply that ribonucleosides are useful for characterizing milk of different species and technological treatment. Ribonucleosides were determined and balanced, for example, in the course of the churning process, showing that the pattern of these minor milk constituents is useful as a “fingerprint” that allows differentiation between the three butter types defined in the German Federal Butter Ordinance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610069
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    In-vitro-Untersuchungen zum Einfluß verschiedener Mischungsverhältnisse an ω-3-und ω-6-Fettsäuren auf die Thrombozytenaggregation und Thromboxansynthese in Humanthrombozyten (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 192-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Eicosapentaensäure ; Docosahexaensäure ; Linolsäure ; Thrombozytenaggregation ; Thromboxan-B- und Prostaglandin-E-Synthese ; eicosapentaenoicacid ; docosahexaenoicacid ; linoleicacid ; plateletaggregation ; thromboxane B andprostaglandin Esynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to estimate the influence of the tested fatty acids on platelet aggregation, synthesis of prostaglandin E and thromboxane B in vitro, platelet rich plasma (PRP) was incubated with the ω-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with linoleic acid as representative of the ω-6 fatty acids, as well as with mixtures of EPA and DHA and all fatty acids, resp., with and without addition of α-tocopherol. For the determinations, platelets were prepared from blood of young adult male volunteers (age 26.6±8 years). Platelet aggregation and synthesis of thromboxane were measured after 30 and 60 min of incubation. Smoking habits were not regarded. The incubation of platelets with DHA and EPA itself, as well as the mixture of fatty acids dominated by ω-3 fatty acids (ω-3/ω-6 = 15/1) caused a significant decrease (p〈0.05) of collagen-induced platelet aggregation. Tocopherol, linoleic acid, and the linoleic-acid-rich mixtures (ω-3/ω-6 = 1/4) caused only a slight inhibition of platelet aggregation. No uniform influence of ω-3 fatty acids could be observed that showed their influence on synthesis of thromboxane to be of importance for the promotion of platelet aggregation. EPA and the mixture of EPA and DHA did decrease thromboxane synthesis significantly (p〈0.05). On the other hand, single incubation with DHA as well as with linoleic acid rich mixtures caused a statistically not significant increase of rate of the synthesis, which did not increase the aggregation. This observation indicates the formation of less effective TXA3. An influence of tocopherol could also not be observed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Durch Inkubation plättchenreichen Plasmas (PRP) mit gleichen molaren Mengen an Eicosapentaen-, Docosahexaensäure (EPA, DHA) als wichtigsten Vertretern der ω-3-Fettsäuren (FS) und Linolsäure als Vertreter der ω-6-FS sowie Mischungen aus zwei bzw. den drei Fettsäuren mit und ohne Tocopherolzusatz sollte der Einfluß der getesteten Fettsäuren auf die Thrombozytenaggregation und die Thromboxan-B- bzw. Prostaglandin-E-Synthese untersucht werden. Die Untersuchungen wurden mit Thrombozyten von jungen, erwachsenen Männern (Durchschnittsalter 26,6±8 Jahre) durchgeführt. Die Messung der Aggregation und der Thromboxansynthese erfolgte nach 30- und 60minütiger Inkubation. Das Rauchverhalten wurde nicht berücksichtigt. Bei Inkubation der Thrombozyten mit DHA und EPA jeweils allein sowie mit einer FS-Mischung, in der die ω-3-FS dominierten (ω-3/ω-6 = 15/1), war ein significanter Rückgang (p〈0,05) der kollageninduzierten Thrombozytenaggregation zu beobachten. Tocopherol, Linolsäure und die linolsäurereichen Medien (ω-3/ω-6 = 1/4) inhibierten die Aggregation nur geringfügig. Bei der Thromboxansynthese, die bei der Anregung der Thrombozyten zur Aggregation eine wichtige Rolle spielt, konnte kein einheitlicher Einfluß der ω-3-FS gefunden werden. EPA und die Mischung aus EPA und DHA senkten die TXB-Synthese signifikant (p〈0,05). Die alleinige Inkubation mit DHA sowie die linolsäurereichen Medien führten dagegen zu einem tendenziellen Anstieg der Syntheserate, der jedoch die Aggregation nicht steigerte. Diese Beobachtung weist auf die Bildung des weniger aggregatorisch wirkenden TXA3 hin. Ein Einfluß von Tocopherol war auch hier nicht festzustellen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610342
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  • 95
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    Heat-induced changes in casein-derived phosphopeptides (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 30 (1991), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: phosphopeptides ; casein ; heating ; dephosphorylation ; nutritive value of proteins ; Phosphopeptide ; Casein ; Erhitzung ; Dephosphorylierung ; nutritive Proteinqualität
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phosphopeptide können als Carrier für Calcium und Spurenelemente dienen. Im Hinblick auf diese spezifischen nutritiven Effekte wurden die hitzeinduzierten Veränderungen tryptischer Phosphopeptide untersucht, die aus Natrium-Caseinat als Modellsystem freisetzbar waren. Sowohl die Mikrowellen als auch die Backofenerhitzung führte zu einer deutlichen Verringerung an peptidgebundenem Phosphor (Dephosphorylierung) und Abnahme der im tryptischen Hydrolysat gelösten Caseinophosphopeptide. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß die Hydrolyse von Phosphoseryl- zu Serylresten der vorherrschende Abbauweg zu löslichen Proteolyseprodukten war, während Lysinoalanyl-Casein offensichtlich nur im pH-4.6-unlöslichen Anteil des tryptischen Hydrolysates vorlag.
    Notes: Summary Phosphopeptides derived from casein may function as carriers for calcium and trace elements. In regard to such specific nutritive effects, the heat-induced changes in tryptic phosphopeptides liberated from bovine sodium caseinate as a model system were investigated. Both microwave and oven heating resulted in a marked loss of peptide-bound phosphorous (dephosphorylation) and a decrease of caseinophosphopeptides in the soluble part of the tryptic hydrolysate. It is concluded that hydrolysis of phosphoseryl to seryl residues was the prevailing degradation step to soluble proteolytic products, whereas lysinoalanyl-casein is claimed to be present almost exclusively in the pH 4.6-insoluble part of the tryptic digest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610346
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  • 96
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    Bioavailabilities of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium from whey mineral complex in growing male rats (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 258-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Whey minerals ; Ca availability ; P utilization ; bone ; Molkenminerale ; Ca-Verfügbarkeit ; P-Nutzung ; Knochen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Ca, P und Mg aus dem Mineralkomplex der Molke (WMC) wurde in bezug auf die Mineralbilanz und Knochenbeschaffenheit an wachsenden männlichen Ratten untersucht und mit Rinderknochenasche (BBA) und CaCO3 verglichen. Der Einfluß der Ca-Quelle auf die Futteraufnahme, Körpergewichtszunahme und Futterverwertung war nicht signifikant (p〉0,05). Bei einer Zulage von 0,3 % Ca in Form von WMC war das Trockengewicht der Rattenfemora erheblich höher als bei den mit BBA gefütterten. Die Femora von Ratten, welche 0,3 % Ca in Form von WMC erhielten, speicherten signifikant mehr P als die der mit BBA bzw. CaCO3 gefütterten, der Energieaufwand bis zum Femurbruch der mit WMC gefütterten Ratten war bedeutend höher als bei den Ratten, die mit 0,2 bzw. 0,3 % Ca als BBA gefüttert wurden. Die bezüglich der Bruchfestigkeit festgestellte Tendenz traf auch auf die Knochendichte zu. Unter den drei Rattengruppen wurden keine bedeutenden quantitativen Unterschiede in der Ca-Bilanz festgestellt; bei den mit WMC gefütterten Ratten zeigte sich jedoch eine signifikant höhere P-Retention als bei den anderen Gruppen. Die Konsequenzen für die biologische Verfügbarkeit von Ca aus WMC und deren Auswirkungen auf die Nutzung von P und Mg werden besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The bioavailabilities of Ca, P and Mg from whey mineral complex (WMC) were studied from the viewpoint of the mineral balance and bone properties in growing male rats and compared with bovine bone ash (BBA) and CaCO3. Ca source showed no significant effect on feed intake, body weight gain or feed efficiency (p〈0.05). When the dietary Ca level was 0.3 %, the dry weight of the femur in rats fed WMC was significantly higher than that in rats fed BBA. The femur P content of rats fed 0.3 % Ca as WMC was significantly higher than that of rats fed BBA or CaCo3. The breaking energy of the femur from rats fed WMC was significantly higher than that from rats fed BBA at a Ca level of 0.2 % or 0.3 %. There was the same tendency in bone densities as was observed in breaking properties. There was no significant difference in quantitative values for Ca balance among three groups of rats, whereas those rats fed WMC had a significantly higher P retention than other groups. Ca bioavailability from WMC and the effect on the utilization of P and Mg were discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610074
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  • 97
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    Buchbesprechungen (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 300-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610078
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  • 98
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    Untersuchungen zur Hitzeschädigung von Weizengluten: Ermittlung des intermediären Lysinabbaus bei Küken mittels Isotopentechnik (14C-U-L-Lysin-Oxidation) (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 31 (1992), S. 283-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Lysin ; Hitzeschädigung ; Weizengluten ; 14C-Lysinoxidation ; Masthähnchenküken ; Lysine ; heat modification ; wheat gluten ; 14C-lysine-oxidation ; broiler chickens
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The aim of our experiments was to identify a restricted lysine bioavailability after heating of wheat gluten by estimating a reduced metabolic14C-lysine degradation. In two trials, male broiler chickens were fed with six diets based on wheat and wheat gluten (gluten untreated or heated), but differing in lysine content according to lysine supplementation. In trial 1 animals were fed restrictively, in trial 2 they were fed ad libitum. For estimation of metabolic lysine degradation all animals received an additional i.v. injection of14C-U-L-lysine 3 weeks posthatching, followed by hourly collection of14CO2 up to 3 h after injection. There were no differences between groups receiving untreated or heated gluten concerning weight gain and N-balance if the lysine supplementation was medium or high. When applying a lysine supply close to the requirement level or above the requirement the lysine degradation to14CO2 (% of the dose) and the specific radioactivity of CO2 in animals receiving heated gluten was significantly lower compared to the corresponding group with untreated gluten. It can be concluded that reduced bioavailability of lysine due to heat treatment of gluten might be indicated by means of weight gain or N-balance only at lysine supply levels below the requirement. In contrast, measurements of lysine degradation by means of14CO2-excretion after i.v. lysine injection indicate the heat-damaging effect, especially at lysine levels close to the requirement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Ziel der hier dargestellten Versuche war die Beantwortung der Frage, ob die verminderte biologische Verwerbarkeit von Lysin nach Hitzeschädigung von Weizengluten durch einen verminderten intermediären14C-Lysinabbau bei Küken nachweisbar ist. In 2 Versuchen erhielten Masthähnchenküken Diäten auf der Basis von Weizen und Weizengluten (unbehandelt oder erhitzt), die sich weiterhin durch die Höhe der Lysinzulage unterschieden. In Versuch 1 wurde restriktiv gefüttert, in Versuch 2 ad libitum. Zur Bestimmung des intermediären Lysinabbaus wurde allen Tieren in der 3. Lebenswoche zusätzlich eine i.v. Injektion von14C-U-L-Lysin verabfolgt und anschließend die14CO2-Ausscheidung bis zur 3. Stunde nach der Injektion gemessen. Bei mittleren oder hohen Lysinzulagen bestanden hinsichtlich der Lebendmassezunahme und der N-Bilanz keine Differenzen zwischen den Gruppen. Bei einer Lysinversorgung um und oberhalb des Bedarfswerts waren der Lysinabbau zu14CO2 (in % der verabreichten Dosis) und die spezifische Radioaktivität des CO2 bei den Tieren, die erhitztes Gluten erhielten, signifikant geringer als bei der entsprechenden Gruppe mit unbehandeltem Gluten. Es wird geschlußfolgert, daß die verminderte biologische Verwertbarkeit des Lysins durch die Hitzebehandlung des Glutens sich in der Lebendmassezunahme und N-Bilanz nur bei einer Lysinversorgung unter dem Bedarf niederschlägt. Im Gegensatz dazu war mittels14CO2-Ausscheidung der Effekt der Hitzeschädigung speziell bei einer Lysinzufuhr um den Bedarfswert nachweisbar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610077
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  • 99
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    Comparative absorption of ferrous and heme-iron with meals in normal and iron deficient subjects (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 67-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Iron-absorption ; heme-iron ; Eisen-Resorption ; Haem-Eisen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die relative intestinale Resorption von Haem- und Nichthaem-Eisen in Verbindung mit einer standardisierten Testmahlzeit wurde bei fertilen Frauen sowohl bei normalen Versuchspersonen als auch bei Frauen im Eisenmangel gemessen. Im Eisenmangel wurde das Haem-Eisen deutlich besser resorbiert (16.13%±S.D. 8.0 gegenüber 4.59±3.4, p〈0.01, sowie 22.03±8.9 gegenüber 9.45±7.8, p〈0.05). Für die gezielte Prophylaxe eines Eisenmangels mit kleinen, nebeneffektfreien Dosierungen ist Haem-Eisen daher eine wertvolle Komponente, welche die Resorption um 40% steigert. Haem-Eisen verursacht keine hohen Konzentrationen freier Radikale im intestinalen Lumen, die möglicherweise schädlich wirkendes zweiwertiges Eisen induziert.
    Notes: Summary The relative intestinal absorption of heme- and non heme-iron in connection with a standardized test meal was studied in a group of fertile women given 16 mg Fe in the form of FeSO4 and 2 mg Fe in the form of hemoglobin. Both in normal subjects and in women with iron deficiency, the heme-iron was significantly better absorbed (16.13%±S.D. 8.0 vs 4.59±3.4, p〈0.01 and 22.03±8.9 vs 9.45±7.8, p〈0.05). For targeted prophylaxis of iron deficiency with small, side-effect-free doses, heme-iron is thus a valuable component which increases the absorption by about 40%. Heme-iron does not cause high concentrations in the intestinal lumen of free radical inducing, possibly harmful ferric iron.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610086
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  • 100
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    Kongreßankündigungen/Ausschreibungen (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 32 (1993), S. 76-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01610089
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