ALBERT

Beschreibung: Serial observations of temperature, salinity, oxygen, alkalinity and pH are presented. They were carried out during an anchor station of R. V. "Meteor" west of Cape Sao Vincente (Portugal) in the area of the maximum Mediterranean water outflow, which follows the continental slope off Portugal. Two observational results are pointed out: The Mediterranean water masses spread out into the Atlantic Ocean, consisting of two distinct layers at depths of 700 m (T = 12.0 °C, S = 36.15‰) and 1250 m (T = 11.3 °C, S = 36.40‰). The salinity proved to be the most significant indicatot of the observed stratification (see figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5). The values of dissolved oxygen content, alkalinity and pH in the very near bottom layer (1 m above the bottom at depths of 3250 m) are different from the values at depths of 15 m to 1000 m above the bottom (see figs. 11, 12 and table 1). As this phenomenon is not observed for the salinity, the changes may be interpreted in terms of chemical and biological processes at the sediment - water interface.

Beschreibung: The following tables show physical and chemical data observed by the "Meteor" in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormus. This study was performed in accordance with the general programme of the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) during the period from March 25 th until April 16th, 1965. The water temperature was measured by reversing thermometers; in most cases two instruments were used simultaneously. The absolute mean temperature difference of this double measurement is 0.0153 °C. The salinity was determined both by salinometer and by titration. In this case the absolute mean difference amounts to 0.0174‰. The computations of the density, the specific volume anomaly, the dynamic depth anomaly, the sound velocity and the interpolation for standard depths were carried out by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC), Washington.

Beschreibung: Changes in the dissolved oxygen content, the alkalinity, and the pH in sea water near the ocean floor are interpreted in terms of chemical and biochemical processes at the sediment water interface. A simple model provides a plausible explanation of the observed phenomena. Special emphasis is given to the importance of borate corrections in the calculation of the solution effects of calcium carbonate.

Beschreibung: Continuous Bathysonde profiles of temperature versus pressure were used to follow the depths of isotherms at a deep sea anchor station northwest of the Great Meteor Seamount (30 ° N, 28 ° W) from 19th to 27th of April 1967. Assuming temperature to be a conservative parameter, vertical velocities can be computed from the vertical displacements of isotherms, according to equations (1) or (7), respectively. Several advective terms of higher order, however, seem to be large compared to lower order terms (see equ. (7) and table 1). In addition, advective velocities are only known approximately for the period of the measurements. Therefore the total vertical velocity for each depth could not be determined. However, it can be assumed that vertical velocities of semi-diurnal tidal period are large compared, to vertical motions of other frequencies (see fig. 2). The vertical velocity of the semi-diurnal tidal motion can therefore be computed from equ. (10) (table 2). A subsequent approximation of the observed distribution of the vertical velocity component by eigenfunctions reveals a reasonable description of the baroclinic semi-diurnal tide by internal gravity wave modes of the order 1-4 (see fig. 5).

Beschreibung: Based on measurements during the "Atlantic Seamount Cruises 1967" with the German R. V. Meteor, (see Cwss et al., 1969; HORN et al., 1971), the fluctuations of temperature in the upper 275 meters are investigated. The analysis of 67 time-series yields the following : 1. Within the period range from 124 hours to 10 minutes fundamental oscillations and their harmonics occur permanently with relatively high amplitudes. These oscillations could be attributed to the diurnal (K1) and semidiurnal (M2) surface- and internal tidal waves as well as to their harmonics. It ought to be mentioned that in the surveyed area the K1-tide and the inertial wave have the same periods and could not be separated by spectrum analysis. 2. Interactions between the K1- or M2-waves and their harmonics by single superposition are shown in the observed periods. These two facts possibly can be explained by the perturbative influence of the Great Meteor Seamount on long wave motions. 3. Special investigations of the short period range lead to significant oscillations with periods between 15 and 40 minutes, which correspond to the Brunt-Väisälä-frequency calculated from the mean density distribution. 4. The diurnal variation of tempernture at the sea surface has a mean amplitude of 0.3 °C and a penetration depth of about 55 m. The mean vertical eddy conductivity amounts to 260 g cm-1 sec-1.

Beschreibung: Data obtained during the "Atlantic Seamounts Cruises 1967" with the German R.V. "Meteor" in the area of the Great Meteor Seamount (30 ° N, 28 ° W) are presented graphically. Sections of temperature, salinity, oxygen, pH and alkalinity (figs. 2-5) generally show horizontal homogeneity, which is obviously disturbed around the top of the seamount. This is conformed in greater detail by the results of two bathy thermograph-sections (figs. 6, 7). The time dependence of variations in stratification and currents is presented in figs. 8-10 and 12-17. They clearly indicate the presence of tidal motions, which are amplified in the area above the plateauby a factor of 4. The marked differences in the vertical amplitude distribution suggest the occurrence of internal (tidal) waves. Figs. 18 and 19 graph the residual currents, which show significant deviations from a uniform directional behaviour, especially in the bottom layer on top of the seamount. Various aspects of the data will be treated by HoRN (1971), HUSSELS (1971) and MEINCKE (1971).

Beschreibung: The first expedition planned for 1970 was conducted in the ocean area between the Iberian and West African coasts (north of 15 ° N and 30 ° W, see map). The first three sections of the expedition were devoted mainly to biological questions. The fourth and last cruise-section was concentrated on geological and geophysical problems relating to the exploration of the Iberian shelf and shelf margin. Since the activation of R.V. "Meteor" in 1964, biological work has predominantly centred round two questions: a) comparative studies on nutrient dynamics in poor and rich areas and b) communities in the open ocean and their diurnal periodic migrations. It was the purpose of the Canaries Basin expedition to supplement the data collected during previous research cruises, particularly the Atlantic Seamount cruises ("Meteor" cruise 8 and 9) in 1967 and the West African expedition ("Meteor" cruise 13) in 1968. Research work in the various disciplines of marine biology was carried out simultaneously with the collecting of chemical and physical data indispensable for the understanding of productivity, transport and decomposition of organic matter as well as affording an opportunity to observe biogenic sedimentation. In planning the cruise, special emphasis was laid on ensuring as close a coordination as possible between the individual working programmes; it was decided that of the vast number of problems presently confronting marine science, particularly in the biological field, only a few should be selected and these approached from diverse sides. Each cruise section was directed at one focal point, around which other investigations were grouped. Cruise section I. Nutrient dynamics in an upwelling water body off the West African coast. Cruise section II. Communities and environmental conditions in the region of the Great Meteor Seamount. Cruise section III. Metabolism and communities on the Iberian deep-sea bed. Cruise section IV. Testing of geophysical gear. Moreover, investigations on two important questions that for a considerable length of time have occupied the attention of planktologists and geologists at various German institutes covered several cruise sections: a) The structure of communities in the oceanic deep scattering layers and at the sea surface; an insight into the feeding migrations of these organisms is essential for an understanding of the vertical transport of organic matter in the open sea. b) The origin of sediments in the deep sea and on the Iberian shelf in relation to organic productivity and climatic and oceanographic fluctuations. The Canaries Basin expedition 1970 inaugurated the "Cooperative Investigations of the Northeastern Central Atlantic" (CINECA), a programme coordinated by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) on the recommendation of the FAO and IOC.

Beschreibung: The Persian Gulf situated in the arid climate region of the northern hemisphere shows special conditions in its hydrochemistry. The high evaporation, the lack of large rivers, and the exclusion of deep water from the Indian Ocean governs the nutrient cycle. At 95 stations in the deeper part of the Persian Gulf (Iran side), in the Strait of Hormuz, and in the Gulf of Oman determinations of dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic phosphate, silicate, and pH were carried out. The data are compiled in the data report (BRETTSCHNEIDER, GRASSHOFF, KOSKE & v. TREPKA 1970). The ammonia, nitrite and nitrate data from 30 stations are added to this report. On 4 selected transverse profiles for phosphate, and dissolved oxygen and on 1 length profile for phosphate, silicate, oxygen, and pH the distribution of these components is shown and the in- and outflow is characterized. It is also pointed out that the nutrients on their way into the Persian Gulf are diminished and that temporary replenishment supply from a layer of about 100 m depth in the Indian Ocean follows. On one horizontal map the phosphate distribution in the surface and 30 m layer gives reference to biological activity. One diagram where nitrogen components are plotted against phosphate shows that nitrate is a limiting factor for productivity. 02/P04-P and P04-P/S‰ diagrams enable the different waterbodies and mixed layers to be characterized.

Beschreibung: In July, August and September 1969 a joint German-Icelandic-Norwegian-Expedition investigated time- and space-dependent oceanographic processes in the Norwegian Sea (fig. 1) and in the waters east of theIcelandic Shelf as weil as the geological and geophysical structure of the Norwegian continental slope, the Norwegian Basin and the Jan-Mayen-Ridge. The participating research vessels were "Hafthor" from Iceland, "Helland-Hansen" from Norway, "Anton Dohrn" and "Planet" from the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and as shooting vessel "Nordkapp" from Norway. "Meteor" (FRG) was eliminated from the measuring programme because of engine trouble shortly before begin. Due to the prolonged activity of "Planet" the originally planned investigations were almost entirely able to be carried out. The measuring programme and the preliminary results of the geological and geophysical working groups are dealt with separately (Closs et al. 1972). Systematic sounding from "Planet" in the main working area between 62° and 63° N, and 3° 25' and 4° 50' E forms the basis for a special contour map (see supplement). As a result of improved mooring technique in the course of the expedition's oceanographic measuring programme an almost one hundred percental retrieval of instruments was achieved and herewith 49 current and 55 continuous temperature recordings over 12 to 45 days in depths between 10 and 800 m were obtained. Hydrographie sections, nine anchor- and driftstations as well as one in five days six times successively passed through triangular course gave information over stratification and its periodic changes. The distribution of stations and the position of the moored self-contained instruments in the main working area is found in figure 2. Figure 3 gives insight into the registration period and depth of the instruments of the by "Planet" in cross formation moored systems I to VI. Parallel to the work clone off Norway observations were made as to variability of physical and chemical parameters in east Iceland waters.

Beschreibung: During the "Atlantic Expedition" in 1965 (IQSY) a comprehensive bathymetric survey and a few hydrographic stations were made by R.V. "Meteor" in the equatorial region of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The survey results are shown in a bathymetric chart covering the western parts of the Romanche- and Chain Fracture Zones. West fo the original Romanche Trench another deep trench with a medium depth of 6000 m was discovered. The maximum sounding obtained was 7028 m. Both trenches apparently belong to the same fracture zone, but are distinctly separated from each other. The western boundary of the trench against the Brasil Basin is formed by a sill rising to a depth of about 4400 m. The serial hydrographic observations give some indications of the flow of the cold Westatlantic deep watet in the fracture zone area and its influence on the hydrographic conditions in the East-Atlantic Basin. The upper limit of the nearly homogenious Westatlantic bottom water with an Antarctic component lies in about 4400 m. The water mass entering the system of trenches of the Romanehe Fracture Zone over the western sill originates from the lower part of the discontinuity layer lying above the bottom watet. Potential temperatures of 0.6 °C were the lowest observed by "Meteor" in the western trench. There seems to be a remarkable tongue of relatively high salinity and a minimum of oxygen in the deep watet of this trench. At present we can only speculate upon the origin of this highly saline deep water tongue underneath the eastward moving relatively thin layer of less saline Westatlantic deep watet. In the range of the sill separating both trenches a lee-wave is indicated by the distribution of salinity and oxygen, which implies a vertical transport of water masses. Caused by this transport it is assumed that relatively cold watet may be lifted temporarily to a depth, where it can pass the northbounding ridge, thus getting directly into the Sierra Leone Basin. In the original Romanche Trench the cold Westatlantic deep water seems to fill the whole trough, but its extension remains limited to the trench itself. The water masses found east of the sill separating the trench from the East-Atlantic Basin originate from the lower part of the discontinuity layer. With potential temperatures of about 1.3 °C they are much warmer than those observed in the Romanche Trench bottom water.

Beschreibung: At first a technique is presented to evaluate repeated hydrographic sections. In order to separate the periodic variations and the fluctuations which arise as a result of the horizontal motion of the profiling ship, the data at defined locations are averaged relative to time. The procedure of averaging can be applied successfully to sets of sections repeated at a constant rate under the assumption that the spatial field is approximately stationary during the time of observation and that the energy of the overlapping temporal processes is concentrated over a few spectral bands. In these cases, the mean spatial distribution can be expected as a result. The periodic part is extracted as the deviation of the actual sections from the averaged section. This procedure was applied to a set of observations made at 28 discrete stations along a triangular course at the continental shelf off the coast of Norway during the expedition "Norwegian Sea 1969". Temperature sections were repeated six times at an interval of 18 hours. The average section shows the expected downsloping of the isotherms perpendicular to the continental shelf corresponding to the Norwegian current. lt turns out that the fluctuations with respect to time during the period of observation are probably produced by semidiurnal internal tides. Wavelength and phase velocity are estimated to be A = 22 km and c = 0.5 ms-1 respectively. The waves progress towards the shelf at right angles. For depths of 250-500 m at the continental slope a considerable amplification of wave is noticed.

Beschreibung: The seaward extension and vertical structure of the Coastal Current have been studied, on the basis of a repeated hydrographic section across the Norwegian Shelf off Stad. Current measurements were obtained from five anchor stations. The current ellipses do not reveal a consistent picture of the tidal current system, indicating that the observed currents may be influenced by internal tidal waves.

Beschreibung: The N2O in air and sea water from the Iceland-Faroe ridge was analyzed during the research vessel "Meteor's" cruise 20b from May 30 to July 4, 1970. Depths of the water samples varied from surface to 1000 meters. An improved analytical method yielded an average value of 0.495 micrograms of atmospheric N2O per liter (STP) of air. A slight N2O supersaturation of the water samples with respect to air was demonstrated.

Beschreibung: A bottom water sampler ("Suctor") for application in the deep-sea, in shallow waters and in estuaries is described. It is operated by hanging it on a wire and placing it on the sea floor. After waiting for 5-20 min for allowing the stirred sediment to be removed, an electrical pump installed in the sampler is operated from board of the ship. The bottom water sampler then samples simultaneously a volume of 10 litres from each 8 depths between O and 200 cm above the bottom. The samples are sucked into plastic bags through silicon rubber tubes; both the bags and the tubes can be kept extremely clean. The samples can be stored on board in the bags or can be connected to a filtering apparatus. During operation the bottom water sampler is connected with the ship by a wire, a conductor cable and the signals of the pinger device. Hence, its operation can be controlled on board at any time. During "Meteor" expedition 23 (summer of 1971) the sampler was used successfully between Madeira and the Straits of Gibraltar. Currents of 0-2 cm/sec were observed during operation by use of a Richardson current meter operatecl 44 cm above the bottom. The compass data of the current meter prove that the bottom water sampler maintained rigid contact with the sea floor. Analysis of particular organic nitrogen did not reveal significant gradients within the first two metres above the bottom.

Beschreibung: Hydrographie data (salinity, temperature, oxygen, silicate, and phosphate) obtained on 5 stations ("Meteor" cruise 23, leg C, 8 to 26 June 1971) on a section from Lisbon, Portugal, to 44° N, 43° W (Newfoundland Basin) by both water sampling and in situ observation by the "Bathysonde" (STD), are summarized. A strong core of Mediterranean water was found at the eastern boundary of the section (38.5° N, 11.5° W). At this station, the core is accompanied by low nutrient concentrations and brings about an extended oxygen minimum (ca. 500 to 1400 m depth). The core quickly weakens towards the west and is, at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, only apparent in the Bathysonde data. Two salinity maxima are observed within the core of Mediterranean water, the center of which speads along the isopycnal σt = 27.7. Dissolved oxygen shows a rapid concentration increase with depth below the Mediterranean water core; concentration variations with depth below the range of this increase are only small. The mean deep-water oxygen concentration increases from 5.5 ml/kg (below 2500 m) to 6.20 ml/kg (below 1500 m) in an east-west direction on the section. The upper boundary of the deep-water oxygen concentration range thereby rises from 2000 to 1300 m; this boundary marks the upper boundary of the Arctic Intermediate water. Core depths of Arctic Intermediate and of Iceland-Scotland overflow water, are derived from the potential-temperature/salinity diagrams obtained in the western basin, and are extended to the other stations by assuming lateral spreading to occur along isopycnal surfaces. The core depths for the Intermediate water obtained in this manner, are supported also by the potential-temperature to silicate relations. The bottom water of the westernmost station of the section, at 44° N, 43° W, is of Denmark Strait origin, and it produces a distinct reversal in the vertical trends of salinity, silicate, phosphate, and oxygen, at 4300 m depth. The concentration of the nuclear-weapon produced nuclide tritium increases within the Denmark Strait water core towards the bottom. Further tritium concentration peaks appear in the intermediate and deep water at this station. At the next Station east on the section at 43° N 34 ° W, tritium concentrations are essetially zero below 2000 m depth, and are distinctly smaller than on the westernmost station, between 600 m and 2000 m depth. This "Meteor" section was track F of the Atlantic network of the international Geochemical Ocean Sections Program (GEOSECS).

Beschreibung: At seven sites west of Gibraltar current and temperature variations of the Mediterranean outflow were observed during one month in spring 1971. This paper presents the obtained records of 29 current meters and 5 thermistor cables in the form of time series, amplitude spectra, and progressive vector diagrams as a basis for further evaluation. Characteristic featurcs of the currents like mean spceds, mean directions and the periodicity of the variation can be seen directly from the given plots.

Beschreibung: A new technique for the harmonic analysis of current observations is described. lt consists in applying a linear band pass filter which separates the various species and removes the contribution of non-tidal effects at intertidal frequencies. The tidal constituents are then evaluated through the method of least squares. In spite of the narrowness of the fitter, only three days of data are lost through the filtering procedure and the only requirement on the data is that the time interval between samples be an integer fraction of one day. This technique is illustrated through the analysis of a few French current observations from the English Channel within the framework of INOUT. The characteristics of the main tidal constituents are given.

Beschreibung: 14C concentrations, as weil as 13C, hydrographic and nutrient data are reported for 5 hydrographic stations that form a transatlantic section near 40° N ("Meteor" cruise no. 23, 1971). Precision (for 14C ± 0.3% or better) and comparability with literature data are specified. A planned intercomparison with the US GEOSECS program within the Newfoundland Basin deep water failed because of variability of water characteristics. The observed 14C values decrease from about Δ 14C = + 80‰ at the surface to -70‰ at 2000 m depth. Deeper down, the values west of the Midatlantic Ridge remain similar, whereas those east of the ridge decrease further, to about -110‰. It is shown that bomb-14C is prominent down to about 1500 m depth. Beyond this depth the bomb 14C component is small and is negligible in the eastern basin below 2800 m. On the basis of the 14C-tritium correlation, the distribution of natural 14C below about 1500 m depth is derived from the observations. In the deep and bottom water east of the ridge the 14C-salinity relationship seemingly is non-linear. Contrary to expectation, the 14C concentration in the bottom water is not lower than found on an US GEOSECS station near 10° N. Apparently, lateral concentration differences in the Northeast Atlantic bottom water as well as nonlinearity of the 14C-salinity relationship at 40°N do not exceed 10‰ in Δ 14C.

Beschreibung: The grazing of different copepodite stages of Calanus finmarchicus on natural phytoplankton populations was measured at different times of day and night during the Fladen Ground Experiment (FLEX), from the end of May to the beginning of June 1976, at the central position of the "FLEX box" (58° 55' 00" N, 0° 32' 05" E), on board of the R.V. "Meteor". A big difference between nocturnal and diurnal food intake was found, particularly for the stages V & IV, which at night ingest 4 to 10 times more than during daytime. The maximal daily food intake (24 hours), taking into account the different feeding rates at the different times of the day and expressed as percent of own carbon weight, was found to be 31 %, 83 %, 115 % and 148 % for the copepodite stages V, IV, III, II and I together, respectively, with an initial feeding threshold at about 50-60 µg C · l-1. The total grazing for the upper 40 m depth layer was calculated for each sampling time; a very pronounced grazing rhythm was found, due to the higher ingestion rates at night combined with the vertical migrations. Maximal night ingestions were 100-200 mg C/m2/hour at the end of May to 300-400 mg C/m2/hour at the beginning of June, compared with 1-20 mg C/m2/hour at midday. Making a balance of the positive influence of particulate primary production and the negative influence of grazing on the stock of particulate carbon, we could show that the main cause of the decline of the phytoplankton bloom in this period was Calanus grazing. Other zooplankton activities, namely respiration, production and faecal pellets excretion as measured by four other authors are in balance with our results of ingestion.

Beschreibung: "Auftrieb 75" was a joint cruise of R.V. "Meteor" and R.R.S. "Discovery" performed in the area 21-26° N off the northwest African coast during January-March, 1975. Current meter observations from six moorings and CTD/STD observations from three repeatedly covered sections of the cruise are analysed in order to describe the distribution of the water masses and its variability with the changes in the current system. The Canary Current is seen to pass through the northwestern corner of the expedition area, carrying with it a geostrophic eddy with a period in excess of 30 days. The eddy is probably another example of the type generally found in the open ocean circulation. Further south, offshore currents display large variations in strength and direction with a typical time scale of 10-14 days which are believed to reflect largescale mixing processes along the boundary of the Canary Current and the poleward flow of the coastal region, involving North Atlantic Central Water (NACW) and South Atlantic Central Water (SACW). The coastal upwelling undercurrent has been observed along the shelf edge but undergoes large variations in response to the wind and to variations in the horizontal divergence of the offshore currents. On the shelf the circulation responds to the local longshore wind to some extent but is also strongly affected by variations of the currents at the shelf edge. The distribution of water masses at intermediate depth ( 100-800 m) is analysed quantitatively based on the assumption that mixing between NACW and SACW is effective along surfaces of constant density only. lt is shown that most intense mixing occurs at about 22-23° N and is still very important further south. At 25-26° N SACW has been absorbed into the surrounding NACW water mass to a high degree, even in the undercurrent. Isolated bodies of water are found in the southern part of the expedition area, some of which are carried north in the undercurrent. The large variability in the water mass distribution at the source level of the upwelling probably has important consequences for the variations in the efficiency of biological production of the upwelling region.

Beschreibung: The main objectives of the Fladen Ground Experiment (FLEX) 1976 were an investigation of the dynamics of the mixed layer and the development of the spring plankton bloom. A quantitative consideration of individual chemical parameters (nutrients, particulate nitrogen and phosphorus) showed it to be advantageous to divide the water column into several layers which are separated from one another by measured temperature gradients. Measurements of particulate matter (phosphorus and nitrogen) revealed two plankton blooms at the central station. The first one (21.4.-14.5.76) was much more extensive than the second one, since the limiting thermocline was at a depth of about 60 m. Silicate was consumed most rapidly during this bloom and almost completely exhausted. The second bloom (19.-30.5.76) produced concentrations of particulate matter which were almost as high as the first one but were limited in only a few meters' water depth by a secondary thermocline, which prevented an influx of nutrients. Nitrate was completely exhausted during the second bloom. A high degree of nutrient depletion in the mixed layer from 24.4.-29.4. and from 22.5.-27.5.76 make these periods appear well-suited for determination of uptake rates. These periods are characterized. by a parallel course of concentration curves in the upper water layers for all nutrients except ammonium, and by the absence of !arge short-term fluctuations. Thus, disturbances due to hydrodynamic effects were minimal. The effects of tidal changes were minimized by using daily averages of the various concentrations. However, from 9.5.-13.5.7 6 in the upper layer a relatively strong and rapid increase was observed in the concentrations of all nutrients, which can probably only be explained by hydrodynamic influences. The nitrogen and phosphorus budgets can only be approximately balanced without considering dissolved organic matter. The strong decrease in dissolved inorganic nutrients during the first plankton bloom is almost comple,tely compensated by the increase in particulate matter. Not considering hydrodynamic influences, deficits after the plankton bloom could be explained by the fact that dissolved organic substances, as weil as sedimentaty matter and zooplankton, either were not considered at all, or at least not quantitatively. The time periods from 2.-7.4. and from 21.4.-14.5.76 show no strong short-term fluctuations in the nitrogen and phosphorus budgets and appear most suitable for calculations of mass fluxes, uptake and production rates, since biological-chemical processes seem to be dominant over hydrodynamic ones during these periods.

Beschreibung: The monthly mean meteorologically induced circulation of the North Sea for the period 15 March to 15 April 1976 (JONSDAP '76 INOUT period) is computed using two numerical models. One has a fine grid resolution, is two-dimensional, comprehensively non-linear and covers the North Sea. The other has a coarser grid resolution, is three-dimensional, and linear except for the inclusion of quadratic bottom friction. The depth variation of the two horizontal components of current in this model is accomplished using an expansion of time and horizontally dependent coefficients and depth dependent functions. The three-dimensional modelling technique presented here is sufficiently flexible to allow an arbitraty space and time variation of vertical eddy viscosity, although still retaining a continuous representation of current in the vertical, and allowing for variable bottom topography. Preliminary results presented here for the meteorologically induced circulation of the North Sea during JONSDAP '76 agree weil with present knowledge of the circulation of the North Sea. Comparing surface and bottom currents computed with the 3 D shelf model, it is evident that the windinduced flow varies considerably in both magnitude and direction between sea surface and sea bottom. The distribution of depth mean current computed with the 3 D shelf model over the North Sea is nearly identical to that computed with the 2 D North Sea model. This is particularly encouraging since the 3 D shelf model does not contain the advective terms, which are present in the 2 D model, and has a coarser resolution.

Beschreibung: The ecology of the lower marine fungi, namely the thraustochytrids, in the Fladen Ground area (FLEX box) and other parts of the North Sea was studied during 5 cruises in 1975 and 1976. The number of fungi/liter and the number of species showed seasonal fluctuations in the surface water samples from all the stations. A high number was found in September 1976 and a low number in March 1976. These numbers, however, revealed no seasonal fluctuations in the underlying sediments. In both the surface waters and the sediments, a consistently low number of fungi was recorded for certain stations and a high number of fungi for others, the reason for this being unknown. The sediments revealed a very high number of fungi/liter. Observations on the distribution of various species are presented. Certain species occurred more frequently at some stations than at others; certain species occurred more in the water column, e. g. Ulkenia minuta, and still others in the sediments, e. g. Thraustochytrium multirudimentale.

Beschreibung: In the framework of the Fladen Ground Experiment 1976, zooplankton samples were taken during the phytoplankton spring bloom in April-May and after the bloom in June. The plankton was collected with two samplers, a towed multiple high-speed sampler and a newly developed swing net for local sampling. The results of both methods are compared. The mean number and dry weight per m3 are given for the common species, as weil as the density of fecal pellets. The calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus formed 63 %, resp. 90 % of the biomass. The population composition, distribution, dry weight/length relationship and productivity of this species is studied in more detail. The high abundance of fecal pellets, eggs and young stages during the spring bloom indicate a high zooplankton activity in this period. The low density of these indicators and the apparent descent of the older Calanus stages to deep water layers in June signify the dependency of the zooplankton activity on the phytoplankton density. The estimated daily production of Calanus during the phytoplankton bloom was 20 mgC/m2. The significance of the seasonal vertical migration and the role of zooplankton in the northern North Sea ecosystem is discussed. lt is concluded that the Zooplankton could have checked the low algal density in May-June after the spring bloom, but it is far from certain that it stopped the phytoplankton outburst at the end of April and early May.

Beschreibung: During the culmination of the phytoplankton spring bloom in the Fladen Ground area in April-Mai 1976, gross primary production was between 1500 and 2000 mg particulate C m-2 day-1, at a crop density (mainly diatoms of the genus Chaetoceros) of about 1500-3500 mg C m-2. Estimates of the C : chlorophyll a ratio in living cells were much lower than those reported in the literature, possibly because part of what is measured as "chlorophyll a" by the common fluorometric method is associated with particles that are not reported as cells. Most of the dark 14C fixation during the bloom's climax was due to abiotic processes. Excretion of 14C-labeled carbohydrates did not account for a significant fraction of the total photosynthetic rate. The low crop after the bloom period, in June, corresponded with nutrient depletion of the euphotic zone. The low photosynthetic efficiency in June may have been a gross underestimate. The presence of relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll derivatives signifies that the algal crop was consumed by heterotrophs, but at a lower rate in April/May than during the June cruise when particularly high molar ratios of phaeophorbide a and phaeophytin a relative to chlorophyll a were found. The high respiratory rate relative to autotrophic production in June manifested itself also in high dark 14C fixation values. The high concentration of phaeophorbide a in the upper 40 m and its scarcity below this depth during the spring bloom climax in April/May implies that copepod grazing at that time took place principally in the euphotic zone. The remarkably high concentration of chlorophyllide a in the surface layer during the bloom period indicates that the part of the crop that was destroyed by the grazers while eating was occasionally as high as the part that was actually ingested.

Beschreibung: During the Fladen Ground Experiment (FLEX, March 26-June 6, 1976) quantitative investigations of herbivorous zooplankton were performed. For that purpose 1785 water samples (5 or 10 l) were taken with a rosette sampler at the central station (pos. 58° 55' N, 0° 32' E) from nine to ten standard depths and filtered through 30 µm gauze filters. The development of the most important Zooplankton groups at the central Station is presented in depth-integrated time series (0-100 m) of individuals per m2. The number of individuals of Calanus finmarchicus was converted to biomass (dry weight). At the end of the sampling at the central station the standing stock of Calanus finmarchicus showed about 18 g dry weight per m2. Numerical values for the time lags between different plankton groups are calculated with the aid of the cross-correlation function. The time lag between the diatom ad copepod egg peaks is only up to 2.75 days; that between diatoms and the larvae of bottom invertegrates is 5 days. Between the copepod eggs and the maximum number of nauplii (N I-N VI) there is a time lag of 10.75 days. Another 10.25 days lie between the maximum numbers of nauplii and copepodites (C I-C VI). Considering the depth-integrated time series of the abundance of Calanus finmarchicus copepodites, a succession of the Stages seems to exist. Nevertheless, numerical values for the time lags between the different developmental stages cannot be calculated unambiguously by the cross-correlation technique. This is probably caused by extreme simultaneous fluctuations, especially of the numbers of all stages of Calanus finmarchicus in the last phase of the sampling at the central station.

Beschreibung: The third phase of the cooperative data collection program JONSDAP begun in 1970 by the countries bordering on the North Sea was planned to include for the first time biological and chemical measurements in 1976, as well as physical ones. Intensive measurement programs were performed, one concentrating on the currents flowing into and out of the open boarders of the North Sea (INOUT) for 40 days in March/ April and one in which the dependence of the spring plankton bloom on the vertical temperature structure was studied in the Fladen Ground area for 100 days from March to June (FLEX). Around 90 % of the planned program with moored systems and 75 % of the measurements from moving ships were able to be carried out successfully. The large quantities of data required the establishment of two data centers. The current data were collected in Liege, all data from the FLEX box in Hamburg. A cooperative JONSDAP format was agreed on for the exchange of data. Graphic presentations of the data have been compiled in the two-volume Draft FLEX/IN OUT Atlas and distributed to all JONSDAP '76 participants, one of the main purposes of which being the facilitation of interdisciplinary evaluations, now that the intradisciplinary data processing has almost been completed - as presented in this volume.

Beschreibung: Measurements of nutrients and the elements phosphorus and nitrogen from the central station in FLEX '76 were used to calculate mass fluxes and budgets for these elements in defined time and depth intervals. The intervals were defined using hydrodynamic and biological criteria. Within these periods rates of increase and decrease were calculated for nitrate, ammonium, phosphate, particulate nitrogen and phosphorus. These rates were also calculated for the layer above and below the main thermocline. The element budget was balanced within some of the defined intervals. This was possible by only considering biological, chemical, and vertical physical interactions at the central station. At the beginning of the phytoplankton bloom we found fluxes with a maximum of 28 ngat · l-1 · d-1 for phosphorus and 590 ngat · l-1 · d-1 for nitrogen. Interaction diagrams are shown for mass fluxes for three periods during the plankton bloom.

Beschreibung: Since both German research vessels „Meteor" played a major role in G. Dietrich's work, it seemed appropriate to present his bibliography in this series. An assessment of his scientific achievements was given at an earlier date (H. U. ROLL 1973: In memoriam GüNTER DIETRICH 1911-1972. - ,,Meteor" Forsch.­ Ergebn. A, No. 12: V-X).

Beschreibung: Vertical velocity spectra can be determined by three different indirect methods: Following isopycnal surface displacements, following isothermal surface displacements, or calculating water particle displacements from temperature time series at fixed pressure levels, with the mean vertical temperature gradient used for the conversion factor. This third method is the easiest to perform. Data from GATE 1974, obtained by CTD profiling onboard R. V. "Meteor" and by temperature measurements on moorings, are used to check whether the three methods are equivalent. lt is shown that autospectra do not differ significantly within the 95 % confidence intervals, and either method can be applied. This does not infer an equivalence with respect to the actual data points since individual events were found in the low-passed time series with deviations occurring between displacement curves obtained by the different methods. These events were apparently due to the advection of another water mass.

Beschreibung: The research programmes of the German groups in JASIN 1978 are summarized, comprising projects that concern the planetary boundary layer, the radiation budget, the oceanic mixed layer and thermocline and the trace element exchange. Lists of the participating scientists and technicians are included. Brief descriptions of the field activities on board the three ships and the aircraft are given, including maps and stations lists.

Beschreibung: A first survey of the entire temperature data base from the central station is presented. The development and the changes of the sea surface temperature, the thermocline, and the heat content due to meteorological forces, are described.

Beschreibung: A description is given of part of the data on residual currents which were obtained during the INOUT phase of JONSDAP '76. This current measuring programme was the result of a concerted effort of North Sea bordering countries and was aimed at a better understanding of residual water movements in the North Sea. One of the first results of INOUT is the possibility to compare estimates of simultaneously occurrmg inflow/outflow through several North Sea boundary sections. It appears that major inflow/outfow occurs in the neighbourhood of the Norwegian Trench. Estimates for other boundaries are significantly lower. Matching the objectives of INOUT several charts are presented showing measured residual water movements under influence of some "persistent" winds that is to say, during situations with spatial homogeneous windfields not changing too rapidly in time. Under such conditions it is possible to identify residual current systems. However, as can be expected, in cases of spatially inhomogeneous winds and/or winds changing rapidly in time it is harder to interpret the current measurements. In those cases it is necessary to use mathematical North Sea models with the proper wind field input. The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) took care that these windfields were stored on magnetic tape during INOUT for this purpose.

Beschreibung: Recordings were made of the voltage differences between the ends of two submarine cables crossing the Pentland Firth; the recordings covered the period from February to October 1976 and thus included the period of the JONSDAP '76 oceanographic experiment in the North Sea. The noise level on these recordings was found to be greater than for similar recordings on cables crossing the Dover Strait and the North Channel of the Irish Sea; reasons for this increased noise level are discussed. Tidal analyses of the recordings were made for six discrete sets of recordings, each of 29 days duration; these analyses produced consistent results for the five major semi-diurnal constituents, namely N2, V2, M2, S2 and K2. However, an examination of the propagation of the M2 tidal constituent in this region showed that the phase of M2, as calculated from the cable recordings, did not obviously aeeord with the ove1·all pattern of propagation of that constituent. Tentatively it was concluded that cable measurements represent the integrated effect of flow over an area surrounding the Pentland Firth where this flow varies widely in both phase and direction. A calibration coefficient for the cable, relating voltage to flow, was calculated by equating the annual variation in the amplitude of the M2 constituent (measured by the cable) with the annual variation in the conduetivity of sea water in the region. The residual component of cable voltage was compared with residual components of (a) the sea surface elevation at Wick and (b) currents derived from current meter measurements at a nearby location in the North Sea; also with wind recordings at Wick. These comparisons indicated that there was neither a significant wind-driven flow through the Pentland Firth, nor a seasonally varying residual flow. It is suggested that a significant component of both the residual flow (as measured by the cables and by the current meters) and the residual elevations at Wick is associated with the propagation of "external surges" into this region.

Beschreibung: A simple model is used to simulate the dynamics of phytoplankton and phosphate from April 19 to May 16 during the Fladen Ground Experiment. The model describes the development of vertical profiles in time. lt allows changes of phytoplankton standing stock by turbulent diffusion, sinking of cells, primary production, respiration, mortality and grazing, and changes of phosphate concentration by turbulent diffusion, nutrient uptake and remineralization. The model is used as a means of checking the consistency of the biological assumptions made with the observed phosphate concentration, phytoplankton cell counts and primary production. Local turbulent diffusion coefficients, underwater light climate and Zooplankton standing stock in terms of total copepods are given quantities, the former from a physical upper layer model, the latter two from data. Simulations show that if phytoplankton standing stock and primary production are reproduced fairly well, then phosphate is still too high and vice versa. lt appears that the conversion factor expressing the amount of phosphate necessary to produce l g carbon is crucial. Relating this ratio to the observed decrease of phosphate and the primary production the simulation reproduces the exponential growth phase weil but fails for the rest. This indicates the need of a variable conversion factor in the model, depending on the status of the bloom. lt can be shown that turbulent diffusion is indispensable for the development of the spring bloom. Further it is shown that as a consequence of the assumptions made about two thirds of primary production are taken up by zooplankton. An estimate of potential grazing of copepods shows that copepods starve or have other food sources than living phytoplankton.

Beschreibung: The figures contain section data of S, t, total P, N03, chlorophyll a, total particulate P and total phytoplankton. The data indicate that primary production had started only along Norway, probably due to the high stability caused by the presence of water of Baltic origin. Three runs were made; differences between them are discussed in relation to results of current measurements.

Beschreibung: Tracking a balloon with a single ship-based theodolite, is a method which has been used for a long time to determine the wind profile over the sea. There are two main sources of error: (a) the incorrect estimate of the height of the balloon and (b) the pitch and roll motions of the ship. In this paper the effects of both errors are investigated. The ship's motion is simulated with use of a transformation from a fixed (earth) to a moving (ship) coordinate system. Some examples are presented to illustrate the magnitude of these effects.

Beschreibung: From 8 April to 4 May 1976 chemical changes in the marine environment and primary production were studied in the area of the northern North Sea (Fladen Ground). During most of the observation time, when the ship was keeping close to the central position, the influence of patchiness and advection by currents was relatively small. Under such favourable conditions it was possible to follow the temporal changes and processes in the water during the first phase of the spring phytoplankton bloom. After 19 April a distinct thermocline was established. At the same time the nutrient and C02 concentrations in the surface water began to decrease, due to the uptake by the growing phytoplankton. Before the start of the phytoplankton bloom the ratios (by atoms) were N : Si : P = 14 : 6.5 : 1.0. The ratios of nutrient and C02 uptake into the phytoplankton were ΔC : ΔN : ΔSi : ΔP = 120 : 19 : 9 : 1.0. During periods with high irradiance a remarkable diurnal rhythm of temperature and 02 concentration in the surface water could be observed. From the pH, temperature, salinity und alkalinity data the mean net primary production during the first 12 days of the phytoplankton bloom ( 19 April to 1 May) was calculated. lt was about 2.0 ± 0.4 gC · m-2 • d-1. The same result was obtained from the phosphate data.

Beschreibung: During the 1971 "Meteor" survey of the Mediterranean Outflow, seven current meter moorings were deployed and several hydrographic stations executed. The time series data from almost all the current meters revealed a solitary increase in temperature with an amplitude of ≃ 1 °C and a duration of 2-4 days. The present analysis of the event shows that it was due to a thickening of the Mediterranean Outflow and an increase in the volume transport. The origin of the event is traced to the source of the Outflow from where it propagated with a speed of 16 cm s-1. Coinciding with the time at which the event passed the Strait of Gibraltar, the cross channel water level difference revealed an anomalous variation of about 8-cm amplitude and 3-day duration. Through conversion the magnitude of this fluctuation is now shown to simply a significant increase in the Outflow volume transport. An investigation of the reigning meteorological conditions indicates that, simultaneously, an impulse of water in the Alboran Sea was transported westwards by the wind. Through a qualitative and quantitative approach, the atmospheric forcing of the Western Mediterranean is thus linked to a large variation in the Outflow structure.

Beschreibung: Measurements by CTDs (Multisonde, Bathysonde) and current profilers were carried out onboard the research vessels "Meteor" and "Planet" during the Joint Air-Sea Interaction Project (JASIN) in 1978. Data from these observations are presented in the form of mean distributions with their standard deviations, as time series and as profiles during the "multiship experiments". Selected time series of terms derived from the data are added: current shear, Vaisala frequency and Richardson Number. The text also contains information concerning instrument calibration and data processing.

Beschreibung: The three Federal German research vessels "Planet", "Meteor" and "Poseidon" participated in the Second Multiship Experiment during JASIN 1978 as stationary ships with CTD yo-yo profiling. The analysis is concerned mainly with the weakly stratified layer between the seasonal thermocline and the turbulent mixed layer. The thermoclinic structure of a front in that layer and its tidal/inertial displacement is described and is shown to be in accordance with current meter data from the H2 mooring. It is shown that the CTD yo-yos cannot be treated as pure time-series but that the movement of the ships relative to the seabed and relative to the front has to be taken into account. The method of isopycnic analysis was used to eliminate the effect of internal waves. Temporal coordinates can be converted to spatial coordinates allowing for the tidal/inertial movements. Thus high resolution sections through the front can be given. The thermohaline structure is described on density levels in the seasonal thermocline and in the weakly stratified layer above it.

Beschreibung: On a cruise from the eastern into the western Mediterranean Sea in November/December 1978 a total of 126 samples were collected from 8 vertical profiles and 7 coastal stations for trace metal analysis. The sampling, processing and analysis was performed under strict "clean room" conditions. The concentration of the open-sea samples are close to oceanic results gathered under similar conditions. The grand averages from all profiles ( ± st. dev. of the individual samples) of 0.40 ± 0.16 µg l-1 Zn, 17.4 ± 7.4 ng l-1 Cd, 0.21 ± 0.07 µg l-1 Cu, 0.21 ± 0.13 µg l-1 Mn and 0.25 ± 0.09 μg l-1 Fe indicate that a "metal problem" does not exist in the open Mediterranean. A biologically mediated depletion in surface waters or correlation with nutrients have not been observed under the conditions established on this cruise. This is probably due to low primary production and seasonal advection processes prevailing in this sea. The data for manganese show generally higher values in the surface layer (0-75 m) than in deep waters. This could evidently proved in the nearshore profile indicating a terrigenous source for manganese.

Beschreibung: We present field measurements of air-sea gas exchange by the radon deficit method that were carried out during JASIN 1978 (NE Atlantic) and FGGE 1979 (Equatorial Atlantic). Both experiments comprised repeated deficit measurements at mixed position over periods of days or longer, using a previously described precise and fast-acquisition, automatic radon measuring system. The deficit time series exhibit variations that only partly reflect the expected changes in gas transfer. By evaluating averages over each time series we deduce the following average gas transfer velocities (average wind velocity and water temperature in parentheses): JASIN phase 1: 1.6 ± 0.8 mid (at -6 mis, 13 °C) JASIN phase 2: 4.3 ± 1.2 mid (at -8 mis, 13 °C) FGGE: 1.2 ± 0.4 mid (at -5 mis, 28 °C) 0.9 ± 0.4 mid (at -7 mis, 28 °C) 1.5 ± 0.4 mid (at -7 mis, 28 °C) The large difference between the JASIN phase 2 and FGGE values despite quite similar average wind velocity becomes even larger when the values are corrected to a common temperature. Both values are, however, fully compatible with the range of gas transfer velocities observed in laboratory experiments and the conclusion is suggested that their difference is caused by the highly different wind variability in JASIN and FGGE. We conclude that in gas exchange parameterization it is not sufficient to consider wind velocity only. A comparison of our observations with laboratory results outlines the range of variation of air-sea gas transfer velocities with wind velocity and sea state. We also reformulate the radon deficit method, in the light of our observed deficit variations, to account explicitely for non-stationarity and horizontal inhomogeneity in the near-surface radon deficit layer (i.e., mixed-layer and upper thermocline). We show that neglection of non-stationarity and horizontal inhomogeneity in previous radon work introduces considerable uncertainty in deduced gas transfer velocities. We furthermore discuss the observational requirements that have to be met for an adequate exploitation of the radon deficit method, of which an observation area of minimum horizontal inhomogeneity and monitoring of the remaining inhomogeneities are thought to be the most stringent ones.

Beschreibung: In general the natural aerosol reacts very sensitively to the change of relative humidity. This behaviour could be observed from August to September during the Atlantic "Meteor" -Expedition 1965, but not during the periods January to May 1969 and July to August 1974. There are some reasons for the assumption that this is an effect of organic material in the surfaces of the particles. But we do not know if this is an effect of different seasons or of increasing pollution of the atmospheric aerosol.

Beschreibung: Data from two current meter moorings and thermosa�linograph records from the Scotia Sea are presented. Results from the first mooring site demonstrate the ex�change of Antarctic Bottom Water between the northern Scotia Sea and the Argentine Basin. The sec�ond current data set illustrates the permanent deep counter current on the continental rise of the southern Drake Passage. Surface temperature and salinity rec�ords describe the position of the Polar Front and the Weddell-Scotia-Confluence during early austral sum�mer 1980/81.

Beschreibung: From 27 Janua1y to 23 June 1979 R. V. "Meteor" surveyed the central equatorial Atlantic on a section along 22° W from 3° N to 2° S. During the observation period, a hydrographic section down to 600 m was repeated ten times with a continuous "Howaldt-Bathysonde" CTD and a rosette sampler. The station distance was 10 to 15 nm. The water samples were used to recalibrate salinity and to determine oxygen, nutrients and chlorophyll a. An undulating CTD system ("Delphin") was towed on 11 sections. A profiling distance of one to two nautical miles and a profile depth of 90 m was obtained. Five current meter arrays were moored along 22° W between 3° N and 1° S from January to March 1979. In May and June two moorings were installed at 2° N and at the equator. On the buoys measurements of wind speed and direction were obtained. At 43 stations a wire-guided Aanderaa profiling current meter was successfully lowered. Drifting buoy experiments were repeated three times with clusters of 5 to 10 buoys. A fourth experiment took place in 1978 in the Gulf of Guinea. On the way from and to port XBT sections were carried out. The data sets obtained by these instruments are presented in this data report.

Beschreibung: S02 concentration and sulfate in maritime aerosols were analyzed during the Atlantic-expedition 1969 (GARP) as a contribution to the atmosphedc sulfurbudget. Discontinuous methods for analysis were applied. The results show with respect to S02 a decreasing concentration from the temperate latitudes towards the tropics, indicating continental origin of this trace-gas. The concentration of sulfate-aerosols reveals no meridional trend. The "background" concentration of sulfate-aerosols is composed of a continental and a maritime component.

Beschreibung: Data on the N20 content in air and water over the North Atlantic from 10° S to 60° N along 30° W are presented. The N20 mixing ratio in air shows low values for air masses originating from West Africa suggesting N20 sinks in these arid areas. The N20 concentration in surface water is 1.5 to 3 times higher than the equilibrium from the air indicating that this part of the Atlantic Ocean is a source for atmospheric N20. In deeper layers of the ocean there is an indication of N20 destruction.

Beschreibung: From 9th of March to 4th of May 1969 measurements of raindrops has been carried out at the Atlantic Expedition of the "Meteor". The main part (584) of the 720 spectra is measured in the zones near the equator. Normally the rainfalls contain only small drops and are very intensive. 676 spectra had been measured, which have 85 % of all drops per ms with a diameter smaller or equal to 1.25 mm. The intensities of these spectra grow up to 250.3 mm/h. Wide spectra are rare and always intensive (R greater 10.0 mm/h). The radarequation Z = aRb, calculated from R (intensity of rain [mm/h]) and Z (radarreflectivity [mm6/m3]) both of them deduced from our measurements, deviates from the usual form Z = 200 Rl.60 and has the value Z 137 Rl.26. The comparison of the spectra measured on border of the "Meteor" with these of the maritime station of high latitude Reykjavik and the station near equator Entebbe shows, that the spectra of the "Meteor" are more equal to these of Reykjavik as to these of Entebbe. This ist confirmed by the difference of the radar-equation, which is for Reykjavik Z = 106 Rl.2 3 and for Entebbe Z = 278 Rl.30.

Beschreibung: The equilibrium radii of mar1t1me aerosol particles are calculated for the purpose of describing quantitatively the changes in the standard visibility or in the scattering coefficient, which result from changes in the humidity. No assumptions are made with regard to particular particle size distributions. Changes in the density and in the refractive index of the aerosol droplets and insoluble ingredients are admitted. The results are illustrated with an aqueous NaCl-aerosol and are compared with the measurements of other authors. A close mathematical relationship is found to exist between the wavelength dependence of the scattering coefficient for haze and its changes with humidity. Applied to the measurements from the Atlantic "Meteor"-Expedition 1965, there follows a deformation of the oceanic particle size distributions in the range below 1 µm radius. Above 98 % humidity there result characteristic changes in the size distributions of any aerosol, which agree with frequently observed changes in time of the wavelength dependence of the atmospheric scattering coefficient.

Beschreibung: During the 14th expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" from the 2nd of July to the 7th of August 1968 continously recording instruments for measuring the C02 partial pressure of seawater and atmospheric C02 were developped by the Meteorological Institute, University of Frankfurt/M. During the Faroer expedition instrumental constants, such as relative and absolute accuracy, inertia and solvent power were tested. The performance of discontinous analyses of water samples was adopted to shipboard conditiones and correction factors depending on water volume, depth of sampling and water temperature were measured. After having computed average values of the continous records (atmosp. C02 content, C02 partial pressure, water temperature) geographical distribution, diurnal variation and dependence of diurnal averages were tested. At four different locations c02 partial pressure was measured in various depths. During the voyage from the Faroer islands to Helgoland the measured concentrations of atmospheric C02 content and C02 partial pressure were tested with respect to a correlation of the geographical latitude.

Beschreibung: The concentration of C02 in the layer of air near the ocean surface and in the surface water itself were measured continuously during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. Of particular interest is the meridional profile of each component measured between 10° S and 60 ° N latitude at a constant longitude of 30° W. The variation with latitude of the vertical distribution of C02 partial pressure in water, as determined from the extensive data of Wattenberg (Meteor Expedition 1925 /27) and from five profiles resulting from the presently described expedition, helps explain the latitudinal dependence of the C02 content of Atlantic surface water. If one assumes an increase in the vertical mixing of the surface layers of the ocean due to surface cooling, as occurs in winter, then a seasonal trend to the partial pressure of the C02 in the surface water is to be expected north of about 40 ° N latitude. A spatial analog to such a temporal trend may be exemplified by the observation of gradually increasing Pco2 values with decreasing temperature as the measuring ship travelled northward from 40° N. The variation with latitude of the C02 concentration in the atmosphere has been found to be an order of magnitude smaller than that in the water, suggesting that the amount of C02 in the water has only a minor influence over the meridional distribution of C02 in the atmosphere.

Beschreibung: The results of records of the sea surface temperature and the water temperature near the surface during ATEX-Expedition are reported. Three records of 5, 2 and 4 days show, that surface temperature at nighttime is 0.5°C, at the hours before noon is 0.35°C below the temperature in some decimeters. Probably the variation is caused by the absorption of sun radiation in a thin layer with mainly molecular heat transfer. In agreement with such assumption the records show that at the surface the maximum temperature appears before the maximum in the water and that the variation at the surface is 0.1° -0.15°C greater than that for the water near the surface.

Beschreibung: The construction characteristics and the technical data of a Lidar-System are described. This system was placed in operation on board the W.F.S. "Planet" during the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment (ATEX). The laser transmitter is a ruby giant-pulse laser with a chemical Q-switch which transmits short light pulses of high power vertically into the atmosphere. The light which is scattered in the atmosphere, is collected by the receiver by a telescopic mirror. The receiver is placed adjacent to the transmitter. The special characteristics in the construction of the Lidar-system for shipboard operation and the difficulties with the operation of the equipment on board the ship, especially in tropical regions, are described.

Beschreibung: During the atlantic expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" 1969 the variation of the electric field strength with altitude up to 170 m was measured by means of a captive balloon and a special radiosonde. The measurements were carried out on a rubber boat far away from the influence of the ship. The electrode effect has been found at all 5 profiles. The altitude of its upper boundary varied from measurement to measurement. The mean value was about 50 m. Considering the electrode effect and the measured small ion density the vertical current density above the ocean is only 0.9 x 10-12 A/m2. The total vertical current to the earth surface results in 665 A instead of the value 1530 A accepted up today.

Beschreibung: The muon component of the cosmic rays has been measured by the German research vessel "Meteor" during the Atlantic Expedition IQSY 1965. The momentum distribution and charge ratio of the penetrating component of the cosmic radiation at sea level have been determined over the range (0,2-30) GeV/c at the geomagnetic equator. A magnetic spectrograph has been used for these measurements based on spark chamber technique for track location. There exists a significant difference in the low energy part between the muon equator spectrum in comparison with the spectrum at high geomagnetic latitudes (Kiel) and no difference concerning the charge ratio. The total integral measured latitude effect amounts to 15%.

Beschreibung: One main point of the air electric investigations at the Atlantic 1965 and 1969 was the record of the potential gradient in the troposphere with free and captive balloon ascents. The course of the field vs. altitude above the sea differs from that over land. A remarkable enlargement of the field strength occurs at the altitude of the passat inversion. The electric voltage between ionosphere and earth could be obtained by integrating the potential gradient over the altitude. Such computations have been made by balloon ascents simultaneous over the ocean and at Weißenau (South Germany). From 15 simultaneous measurements the average value of the potential of the ionosphere over the ocean is 214 kV and over South Germany 216 kV, that means very close together. Because of the small differences also between the single values it can be concluded that in generally the ionosphere potential has an equal value over these both places at one moment. From the potential of the ionosphere VI, the field strength E0 and the conductivity λ0, both measured at the sea surface, the columnar resistance R could be derived to 2.4x1017 Ωxm2. By correlation of the single values of the ionosphere potential with the potential gradient measured simultaneously at the surface of the sea a linear proportional relationship exists; it follows from this result, that R is nearly constant. The mean value of the air-earth current density over the ocean could be calculated by using the measured values of the small ion density with respect to the electrode effect prooved at the equator station (see Part III). The current density was only 0.9 x 10-12 A/m2, which means, a three and a half times smaller value than estimated by Carnegie and accepted up to now. Therefore it seems to be necessary to correct the former calculations of the global current balance.

Beschreibung: During the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment measurements of the vertical aerosol distribution up to altitude of 3.5 km and also measurements of the cloud base up to 14 km were carried out. These measurements utilized the Lidar-system which is described in the first part of this paper. The haze measurements are discussed in connection with aerological measurements. A positive relation between backscatter function and relative humidity was found. In addition there exists a correlation with the wind velocity. The measurements of the standard visibility for a special weather condition are also considered in the discussion. The determination of the altitude of the cloud together with the measurements of its radiation temperature at the cloud base is given.

Beschreibung: During the Atlantic Expedition of 1969 (GARP) on the research vessel "Planet" measurements of the vertical profile of the C02-concentration in the lower atmospheric layers were made. For these measurements a special apparatus was develloped which is described.

Beschreibung: During the third part of the Atlantic Expedition 1969 from 10° S to 60° N along 30 ° W, measurements of the complete size distribution of atmospheric aerosols over the whole size range from about 10-7 to 10-2 cm radius were made. This was possible by the simultaneous operation of different methods which are critically discussed. The results obtained are the first of its kind and are of general interest despite some methodical shortcomings. North of the equator the ship passed through air masses of West African origin and the influence of Sahara dust on the marine aerosols could be documented in a unique way. The Sahara dust component was restricted to the size range of 10-5 to 10-3 cm radius. Throughout the voyage particles up to 10-2 cm radius were always found to be present, similar to findings over continents. Of special interest is the observation that the size distribution extends to very small particles, suggesting continuous aerosol production over the ocean.

Beschreibung: The atmospheric space from 11° N to 5° S along the Somali-coast of East-Africa over the western part of the Arabian Sea has been investigated making use of the aerological measurements, gained during the International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) 1964/65. On the basis of the analyses obtained, an attempt is made to compute a heat budget for this space. In particular the following components have been taken into account: the net-radiation flux in the atmosphere (GN), the turbulent flux of sensible heat (Qs) and of latent heat (QL) from ocean to the atmosphere above, the potential (P), the sensible (I) and the latent energy (E). The vertical velocity component (ω) has been carefully determined making use of the adiabatic method but considering nonadiabatic effects of various kind lateron. From the vertical divergence of the net-radiation flux the cooling by long wave radiation was computed. Maximum effect of this process was obtained in the monsoon inversion (-5.4°C/day). Above the tropical tropopause the atmosphere shows maximum warming of 1.8°C/day. The intensity of the turbulent flux of sensible and latent heat is mainly determined by the windfield and by the local differences in the watertemperature. Maximum values are for Qs = 12·10-4 cal cm2 sec-1 and for QL = 140·10-4 cal cm2 sec-1 (Bowen-ratio R = Qs/QL = 8.5%, mostly not more than 4-5%). The computation of the vertical velocity rests besides the thermodynamic method (adiabatic) on a consideration of various non-adiabatic effects such as radiation, flux of sensible and latent heat. The following distribution has been obtained: Below the monsoon inversion a rising motion (maximum -30·10-4 mb/sec ≈ +2.8 cm/sec) and above a sinking motion (maximum +20·10-4 mb/sec ≈ -3.4 cm/sec) upwards to the tropical tropopause (near 90 mb). Above the tropopause weak rising motion (-2·10-4 mb/sec ≈ +1.3 cm/sec) was obtained. An attempt to compute various terms (in total 7) of the heat budget equation shows, that horizontal advection of various energy forms are only of importance in the monsoon layer (below the inversion) and above the tropical tropopause. In all height-intervalls considered the vertical advektion of the energy forms is dominant. The results of the budget-computation are presented in graphical form.

Beschreibung: During the Atlantic Expedition 1965 (IQSY) with the research vessel "Meteor" an extensive aerological programme was performed in order to investigate the lower trade wind regime. In this study energy and mass transport in the atmospheric layer below the top of the trade inversion was estimated on the basis of 4 to 8 radiosonde and radar wind measurements. The experiment took place on an anchoring station at the intersection of the Equator and 30° W longitude from September 12 to October 11, 1965. With the aid of simple model assumptions a mean sinking rate through the inversion of 540 m/d was derived. This value is determined mainly by the net radiative cooling and the prerequisite of no heating due to condensation. From the temporal variations of the daily averages of the thermal energy content within the inversion layer and the height of its boundaries it seems to be evident that changes of a quasi-equilibrium of mean subsidence and turbulent mixing at the inversion base are compensated by vertical motions of the inversion. The effect of strong mixing at the inversion base is supported by the fact that remarkable turbulent upward transport of latent heat is required at this level.

Beschreibung: The records of the potential gradient over the ocean obtained during the Atlantic Expedition of the research vessel "Meteor" in 1965 show a strong fluctuation of the values. Their frequency behaviour has been investigated. First a separation of different types of fluctuation has been made with regard to visual impression. Then power spectra of selected records were calculated. They show a F-5/3-range (F = frequency) in the interval of periods between 0.2 and 10 minutes for the most frequent visual type. For longer periods the ascent becomes more flat. This result can be explained by the assumption that the fluctuations are effected by the convective vertical air exchange over the sea.

Beschreibung: During the Northeast-Atlantic-Expedition of 1971, C02 concentration in the air layer near the ocean surface and C02 partial pressure in the surface water was measured between Lisbon and Weather Ship D as well as between Weather Ship D and Hamburg. These measurements were supplemented by depth profiles of C02 partial pressure in the ocean. The resulting zonal distribution is discussed. An interesting aspect of the C02 concentration values in the air layer above the ocean is their significant correlation with the temperature difference between air and water. The possible meaning of this correlation with the regard to the exchange of C02 between ocean and atmosphere is demonstrated by estimating the C02 flux for a particular case. The annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is discussed for two points on longitude 30° W at which the route of the 1971 expedition intersects the route of the 1969 expedition. It is deduced that in temperate latitudes the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water is related to that of surface-water temperature. Based on this relationship and on the PC02 decrease of 35 ppm measured between April and June it is estimated that the annual variation of C02 partial pressure in surface water for the oceanic area around 50° N 30° W amounts to 60 ppm ± 15 ppm.

Beschreibung: The diurnal variation in the concentration of C02 in the air and in the water near the ocean surface has been measured during the Atlantic Expedition of 1969. While at the Drift Station in the NE-trade wind belt, a mid-day minimum in the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere was found similar to that measured by Kumvrn (1968) 1965 in the SE-trade wind belt. At the Equator Station under the influence of the intertropical convergence zone, on the other hand, a mid-day maximum was found. Statistical correlations between the C02 concentrations and various meteorological parameters could not be used to reveal the origin of such differing diurnal variations. By using a simple computer model it appears that a diurnal trend to the intensity of oceanic sources of C02 may be responsible for the diurnal variation of C02 in the atmosphere. Since the variations in the concentration of C02 in the near-surface waters were found to be too small to explain the variations observed in the atmosphere, other processes were discussed which lead to a stronger variation of C02 concentration in the laminar boundary film of the ocean surface. Since the C02 system in sea water is a function of both the temperature and the salinity, the concentration of C02 in the boundary film may be strongly influenced by the fluxes of radiation and evaporation. The diurnal variations found at the Equator Station can then be explained primarily through the variations in the temperature of the boundary film. At the Drift Station, however, an enrichment of salt content in this film through a greater evaporation rate may be the basis for the variations of C02 there. Such deviations in the concentrations of C02 between the laminar surface film and the near-surface waters seem important to the exchange of C02 across the sea-air interface.