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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2010-2014  (2,109)
  • 1950-1954
  • 2012  (2,109)
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Years
  • 2010-2014  (2,109)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: Silurian and Devonian natural gas reservoirs present within New York state represent an example of unconventional gas accumulations within the northern Appalachian Basin. These unconventional energy resources, previously thought to be noneconomically viable, have come into play following advances in drilling (i.e., horizontal drilling) and extraction (i.e., hydraulic fracturing) capabilities. Therefore, efforts to understand these and other domestic and global natural gas reserves have recently increased. The suspicion of fugitive mass migration issues within current Appalachian production fields has catalyzed the need to develop a greater understanding of the genetic grouping (source) and migrational history of natural gases in this area. We introduce new noble gas data in the context of published hydrocarbon carbon (C 1 ,C 2+ ) ( 13 C) data to explore the genesis of thermogenic gases in the Appalachian Basin. This study includes natural gases from two distinct genetic groups: group 1, Upper Devonian (Marcellus shale and Canadaway Group) gases generated in situ, characterized by early mature ( 13 C[ C1 – C2 ][ 13 C 1 – 13 C 2 ]: 〈–9), isotopically light methane, with low ( 4 He) (average, 1 x 10 –3 cc/cc) elevated 4 He/ 40 Ar* and 21 Ne*/ 40 Ar* (where the asterisk denotes excess radiogenic or nucleogenic production beyond the atmospheric ratio), and a variable, atmospherically (air-saturated–water) derived noble gas component; and group 2, a migratory natural gas that emanated from Lower Ordovician source rocks (i.e., most likely, Middle Ordovician Trenton or Black River group) that is currently hosted primarily in Lower Silurian sands (i.e., Medina or Clinton group) characterized by isotopically heavy, mature methane ( 13 C [C1 – C2] [ 13 C 1 – 13 C 2 ]: 〉3), with high ( 4 He) (average, 1.85 x 10 –3 cc/cc) 4 He/ 40 Ar* and 21 Ne*/ 40 Ar* near crustal production levels and elevated crustal noble gas content (enriched 4 He, 21 Ne*, 40 Ar*). Because the release of each crustal noble gas (i.e., He, Ne, Ar) from mineral grains in the shale matrix is regulated by temperature, natural gases obtain and retain a record of the thermal conditions of the source rock. Therefore, noble gases constitute a valuable technique for distinguishing the genetic source and post-genetic processes of natural gases.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: The recognition of paleokarst in subsurface carbonate reservoirs is not straightforward because conventional seismic interpretation alone is generally not sufficient to discriminate karstified areas from their surroundings. In the Loppa High (Norwegian Barents Sea), a protracted episode of subaerial exposure occurring between the late Paleozoic and mid-Triassic—Late Permian to Anisian—resulted in a significant overprinting of the previously deposited carbonate units. Here, we map the extension of the karstified areas using an integrated approach consisting of (1) a core study of critical paleokarst intervals, (2) a three-dimensional (3-D) seismic stratigraphic analysis, and (3) a 3-D multiattribute seismic facies (SF) classification. A core retrieved in the flat-topped Loppa High revealed breccia deposits at least 50 m (164 ft) thick, which probably resulted from cave collapses following the burial of the karst terrain. The SF classification was tested on a 3-D cube to (1) discriminate the respective SF related to the breccia deposits compared with other SF and (2) to estimate their spatial extent. Seismic-facies analysis suggests that breccias occupied the topmost area of the structural high, extending up to 12 km (7 mi) in width, 46 km (29 mi) in length, and tens of meters in thickness. The inference of such a large amount of breccia suggests that a significant part of this terrain was derived from the amalgamation of successive cave-development events—including periods of subaerial exposure and subsequent burial and collapse—resulting in a coalesced collapsed paleocave system. Previous observations from the Loppa High revealed the presence of karst plains associated with sinkholes, caves, and other dissolution phenomena associated with the breccia facies, further suggesting that a large volume of carbonate rocks in this area was affected by subaerial exposure and karstification. Our integrated approach and proposed karstification model could be applied to similar sedimentary basins that accommodate deeply buried carbonate successions affected by protracted episodes of subaerial exposure, where only few wells as well as 3-D seismic data are available.
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  • 3
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    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: Unconventional gas (tight gas, coalbed methane, and shale gas) has become an increasingly significant source of energy. Economic production from such low-permeability reservoirs relies upon identifying regions of the reservoir that will yield the highest gas production rates. Currently available gas recovery technologies are highly dependent on the fracturability of the reservoir. Zones of enhanced brittleness and permeability within shale-gas reservoir horizons are a prerequisite for successful shale-gas recovery. Such brittle zones are directly linked with increased quartz and/or carbonate content within the mudstone. In mudstones with high clay-mineral content, quartz may be concentrated and redistributed as a result of burrowing activities of infaunal organisms. High-quality porosity and permeability zones in shale-petroleum reservoirs may be present in the form of silty and sandy tortuous strips of selectively concentrated grains of quartz that constitute burrow halos. Grain-selective burrows therefore can improve reservoir capacity, permeability, and fracturability and thus control the storativity of the shale-petroleum reservoir. This study presents three-dimensional reconstructions of three different types of Phycosiphon -like burrows and investigates the possible fluid-flow paths caused by the ichnofabric. The volumetric approach to the bioturbation generated by phycosiphoniform burrow makers used herein shows that the volume of sediment that becomes more porous and more permeable media within such bioturbated interval can range from 13 to 26% of the total volume. The quartzose strips of sediment caused by bioturbation are highly tortuous and interconnected vertically and horizontally, thereby increasing both horizontal and vertical permeability. Additionally, the quartz frameworks created by the burrows may locally increase fracturability within otherwise nonbrittle mudstones.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2012-10-01
    Description: Deep gas potential in the Polish Basin may factor significantly in European geopolitics, and thermal effects can influence that outcome there and elsewhere. Deep (〉3 km [9843 ft]) well data from the Kujawy area of the central Polish Basin reveal average geothermal gradient (36°C/km), thermal conductivity of Mesozoic strata ( k = 2.29 W/m K), and present-day heat flow ( Q = 82.4 mW/m 2 ) that is 3% less than that obtained using the entire borehole. The extrapolated surface temperature (–6.2°C) is in good agreement with temperatures during the Weichselian glaciation. The thermal conductivity of the Upper Permian Zechstein (4.89 W/m K) is in good agreement with values from the North Sea and northern Germany. Steady-state heat-flow theory (one-dimensional [1-D]) predicts present-day temperature (199°C) at the base of Zechstein cap rock at 6-km (19,685-ft) depth in Kujawy. This is reduced just more than 10°C by low Zechstein thermal gradients (16.8°C/km). Because of thermal refraction, two-dimensional and three-dimensional models of Zechstein salt pillows can significantly negate this cooling effect; however, such effects appear absent in the Kujawy wells studied. A widespread Early to Middle Jurassic (~195–175 Ma) hydrothermal event appears to have reached maximum in the Kujawy area. A 455°C paleotemperature at 7-km (22,966-ft) depth (Carboniferous) is predicted by 1-D conductive heat transfer; however, geologic evidence does not support this result. The discrepancy is reconciled by convective heat transfer with upward fluid flow (3.3 x 10 –10 m/s [10.8 x 10 –10 ft/s]), resulting in a maximum paleotemperature of 273°C at 7-km (22,966-ft) depth, despite a paleoheat flow of 142 mW/m 2 . The trend of intensity of the hydrothermal event correlates with the present-day heat-flow trend. Hydrothermal event sites are subparallel to the major northwest-southeast structural and regional heat-flow trend, whereas other sites as close as 14 km (45,932 ft) and without hydrothermal event are not. The decay of the hydrothermal event is consistent with localized cylindrical plumes (10-km [32,808-ft] radius) that cool by conduction. Results suggest a long-term (~185 m.y.) structural control on heat flow. Linear regression to vitrinite paleotemperatures yields a 185-Ma Jurassic surface temperature of approximately 21.3°C that is approximately 13°C higher than the present-day temperature for Warsaw, Poland. The duration of maximum reservoir and source rock paleotemperature (〈50 m.y.) is contrary to the kinetics of nitrogen and CO 2 -producing wells. Equilibrium thermodynamics predicts approximately 60% methane for present-day Kujawy reservoirs, with considerable uncertainty that should be removed by anticipated new deep drilling.
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  • 5
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    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Regional fracture systems are characterized by subparallel opening-mode fractures formed as a result of brittle deformation in the Earth's crust. Understanding the origin and distribution of these fracture systems is of great practical importance because they can control the flow of underground fluids, such as water, oil and gas, ore-forming fluids, and geothermal fluids. As the world's remaining hydrocarbon reserves continue to be depleted, the rapidly increasing importance of unconventional fractured reservoirs for oil and gas is widely recognized. Here, it is demonstrated that thermal contraction caused by cooling may be an important mechanism for creating tensile fractures in rock during major exhumation events. The extent of this phenomenon is particularly dependent on the magnitude of cooling and on the mechanical properties of the rock. Thermally induced fracture systems are more likely to develop in stiffer rocks, such as well-cemented sandstones and carbonates. The process described herein can be modeled and tested with field data and provides another mechanism to account for and to predict the presence of permeable tensile fractures in the subsurface.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Our hydrogeologic model tests the effectiveness of brine reflux as the mechanism for early dolomitization of the Permian San Andres Formation. Brine circulation is constrained by sequence-stratigraphic parameters and a heterogeneous distribution of petrophysical properties based on outcrop data. The model simulates accumulation of the San Andres platform and calculates fluid flow and solute transport in response to relative sea level fluctuations. It tracks porosity loss caused by compaction and the concomitant permeability feedback. The amount of dolomite potentially formed is calculated by means of a magnesium mass balance between brine and rock. Results show that (1) brine reflux is an effective mechanism to deliver magnesium to dolomitize large carbonate successions; (2) relative sea level–controlled transient boundary conditions result in intricate flow and salinity patterns that can generate irregular dolomite bodies with complex spatial distributions; (3) pervasive dolomitization can result from several short-lived reflux events by the amalgamation of brine plumes sourced in different locations and times; and (4) the model successfully recreates the dolostone and limestone patterns observed in San Andres outcrops.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: The function of normal faults in upsequence flow of gas has been examined using two-dimensional and three-dimensional seismic-reflection data from the southern Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. The spatial distributions of late-stage normal faults, gas chimneys, thickness of the Oligocene mudstone-rich seal (Otaraoa Formation), and modeled hydrocarbon expulsion volumes are compared. Gas chimneys are most common above Cretaceous source rocks modeled to have expelled hydrocarbons. Most (~70%) of the observed gas chimneys follow, and/or are rooted in, late-stage normal faults. These faults are the primary seal bypass mechanism for hydrocarbons, where they displace the seal (or intersect faults that displace the seal) and the seal is thick (e.g., more than ~340 m [~1115 ft]). Active vertical gas flow through the seal commenced after the onset of faulting (~3.6 Ma), whereas subseal lateral flow started significantly earlier at approximately 15 Ma and resulted in an early charge of structural highs. Gas flow up along faults in low-permeability mudstones (〈1 md) is channelized with steep chimneys commonly occurring close to fault tips and relay ramps. In these cases, gas flow may be focused by the presence of high densities of open fractures locally elevating upsequence bulk permeabilities to approximately 1 to 400 md.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: The aim of part 2 is to understand the development of complex hydraulic fractures (HFs) that are commonly observed in the field and in experiments but are not explained by most models. Our approach uses finite element simulations and a numerical rheology developed in part 1 to model damage fracturing, the fracturing process by damage propagation in a rock with elastic–plastic damage rheology. Using this rheology and a dynamic solution technique, we investigate the effect of far-field stresses and pressure distribution in the fracture on the geometric complexity of the fractures. The model is for the vertical propagation of an HF segment into an overlying bed located far from borehole effects. The layer is 2.3 m (7.5 ft) tall, has elastic–plastic damage rheology, and contains a 0.3-m (1-ft)–tall initial vertical fracture. Vertical and horizontal tectonic loads of 50 MPa (7252 psi) and 10 to 45 MPa (1450–6527 psi) are established, and then an internal fracture pressure of 10 MPa/s (1450 psi/s) is applied until the layer fails. The simulated fracturing is sensitive to the stress state and generated patterns range from single straight fractures to treelike networks. Reducing differential stress increases the injection pressure required to fracture and promotes off-plane damage, which increases fracture complexity. Consecutive periods of nonuniform weakening followed by unstable rupture generate multiple branches and segments. We find that the processes that form HF complexity occur under a range of in-situ reservoir conditions and are likely to contribute to complex far-field fracture geometry and enhanced network connectivity.
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  • 9
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    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Statistical stationarity is a key assumption for the many modeling techniques based on variograms and transiograms used for geostatistical reconstruction of the subsurface. Stationarity expresses the property that the rules of geometry and neighborhood in the model are translation invariant, that is, no directional change in either mean or variance is observed. These criteria are met when the lateral arrangement of lithologic elements into a facies mosaic is isotropic. The balance between isotropy and anisotropy is a defining statistic in the configuration of both real and modeled carbonate landscapes. Even a cursory look at a satellite image of a modern carbonate platform shows that gradients in environment and hydrodynamics cause radical departures from isotropy. Although reef-forming organisms have changed through time, we do not expect that ancient reef systems behaved any differently than today. Hence, significant anisotropy should also be anticipated in the vertical and lateral arrangements of lithologies in the subsurface. To maintain sufficient geologic realism, it is paramount that process-imitating and pattern-replicating models alike be capable of honoring an expected degree of nonstationarity. Despite this need, few studies exist that provide quantitative information to the reach and location of zones of geometric isotropy and anisotropy in carbonate systems, let alone methods with which this property can be assessed. In an effort to close this disjoint, we develop a method for evaluating a modern Pacific depositional system, the Saipan Lagoon, for which we have created a geographic information system stack consisting of mapped facies distributions and a seabed topographic model, both at meter-scale resolution. By developing a lagged spatial metric based on the Markov property of facies transitions, we demonstrate that the degree of anisotropy is influenced by water depth; the shallowest areas (〈5 m [〈16 ft]) of the platform interior tend to be anisotropic whereas areas at greater depth are isotropic. This behavior suggests a possible extension to a genetic rule set that could be imparted to subsurface models based on the environment of deposition. This marks an advance in the understanding and, ultimately, handling of geometric nonstationarity in models of carbonate depositional systems.
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  • 10
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    American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: In this series of studies, we develop a numerical tool for modeling finite deformation of reservoir rocks. We present an attempt to eliminate the main limitations of idealized methods, for example, elastic or kinematic, that cannot account for the complexity of rock deformation. Our approach is to use rock mechanics experimental data and finite element models (Abaqus). To generate realistic simulations, the present numerical rheology incorporates the dominant documented deformation modes of rocks: (1) rock mechanics experimental observations, including finite strength, inelastic strain hardening, strength dependence on confining pressure, strain-induced dilation, pervasive and localized damage, and local tensile or shear failure without macroscopic disintegration; and (2) field observations, including large deformation, distributed damage, complex fracture networks, and multiple zones of failure. Our analysis starts with an elastic–plastic damage rheology that includes pressure-dependent yield criteria, stiffness degradation, and fracturing via a continuum damage approach, using the Abaqus materials library. We then use experimental results for Berea Sandstone in two configurations, four-point beam and dog-bone triaxial, to refine and calibrate the rheology. We find that damage and fracturing patterns generated in the numerical models match the experimental features well, and based on these observations, we define damage fracturing, the fracturing process by damage propagation in a rock with elastic–plastic damage rheology. In part 2, we apply this rheology to investigate fracture propagation at the tip of a hydrofracture.
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Geologic sequestration of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is one of the most promising approaches to safely and effectively reduce emissions of CO 2 created through the oxidation of fossil fuels. Methods used by the petroleum industry in the characterization of hydrocarbon accumulations can be used to assess potential subsurface traps for sequestration purposes. In this article, we use these approaches to evaluate the characteristics of a naturally occurring accumulation of CO 2 in western Wyoming. The Moxa arch is a 200-km (124-mi)-long basement-involved anticline. The Mississippian Madison Formation and the Ordovician Bighorn Dolomite contain the most CO 2 within the structure. Relict anhydrite in these and other Paleozoic units was an important factor in evolving hydrocarbons into CO 2 through inorganic thermal sulfate reduction and, more importantly, in creating a seal to hold large columns of buoyant gas. Fluid-inclusion data sets have been particularly useful in understanding the sealing characteristics of the units within the Moxa arch and affirming that the Devonian Jefferson, Mississippian Amsden, and Triassic Dinwoody and Woodside formations have been very effective seals. Existing pressure data reveal that the two gas columns in the Madison and Bighorn formations lie on a similar gradient and share a common gas-water contact, yet are likely not in hydraulic communication. Currently, all available data suggest that both reservoirs share a fault-dependent spill point. By reconciling the spill points of the gas in the Madison and Bighorn reservoirs, their compositions, their initial and current pressures, their seal, and the uncertainties associated with injection of CO 2 can be identified and potentially derisked with additional information. If the Madison and Bighorn are filled to their fault-dependent spill point, it implies that additional storage capacity in the reservoir can only be obtained by production of the original gas column. This uncertainty may be abated if data from future drilling demonstrates that neither the Madison Formation nor the Bighorn Dolomite have a fault-dependent spill point, suggesting that these structures are underfilled with respect to their closure and possess additional storage capacity.
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Carbonate rocks are known for their heterogeneity and petrophysical complexity. This commonly leads to large uncertainties in reservoir models that are intended to predict fluid storage and fluid flow. In this article, focus is given to the characterization of pore systems at core-plug scale to provide improved models for permeability and saturation prediction. These methods fall under a wider rock-typing workflow. We examine the use of mercury-air capillary pressure data for rock-type definition and for predicting saturation and permeability. We present new methods for modeling saturation in rocks with multimodal pore-throat size distributions. The methods bear similarity to those previously published but with some key differences, mainly by relating the capillary pressure data to the pore systems representative for a rock type. We also present a new method for relating permeability to pore-throat sizes that is more versatile, in that it can be employed for all types of pore-throat size distributions—unimodal or multimodal. We demonstrate that a normalized pore-throat radius parameter forms a straight line relationship with permeability over six orders of magnitude. It appears to be a fundamental property for all pore systems so far examined. The wider implication of the workflows presented is that they offer better integration between the methods used for saturation prediction and the methods used for permeability prediction, something that is desirable for all subsurface studies.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Today, an increased emphasis on the distribution, potential volume, and cost to develop CO 2 geologic sequestration resources exists. In the presence of climate change, the need to make accurate and clearly understandable assessments of carbon sequestration potential, which can be used by the government and industry to plan for technology deployment, has never been greater. We compare three CO 2 storage assessment methodologies: the approach applied by the U.S. Department of Energy in its Carbon Atlas III, the modified U.S. Geological Survey methodology, and the CO 2 Geological Storage Solutions methodology. All three methodologies address storage resources in porous geologic media in sedimentary basins, namely oil and gas reservoirs and saline formations. Based on our analyses, these methodologies are similar in terms of computational formulation. We find that each of the proposed methodologies is science and engineering based. As such, they are important in identifying the geographical distribution of CO 2 storage resource and regional carbon sequestration potential at the national and basin-scale levels for use in energy-related government policy and business decisions. Policy makers need these high-level estimates to evaluate the prospective function that carbon capture and sequestration technologies can play in reducing CO 2 emissions over the long term. The value of these high-level assessments of CO 2 storage resource is to help inform decision makers in governments and industry as to whether carbon capture and sequestration is a climate mitigation option worth pursuing in particular regions.
    Print ISSN: 1075-9565
    Electronic ISSN: 1526-0984
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: Concerns about potential climate change related to greenhouse gas emissions have spurred researchers across the world to assess the viability of geologic storage of CO 2 . In the Illinois Basin in the United States, the Cambrian Mount Simon Sandstone has been targeted as a reservoir for carbon capture and storage (CCS). In this CCS system, the Eau Claire Formation is expected to serve as the primary seal to prevent upward migration of the CO 2 plume; however, little work has been done to specifically determine how well it will function as a seal. Although the lateral extent and thickness of the Eau Claire Formation, along with its generally low permeability, certainly make it a prime candidate to serve in this capacity, the primary depositional fabric and mineralogy, which are the fundamental controls on the petrophysical charter of this unit, remain poorly constrained. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the lithologic, mineralogical, and petrophysical properties of the Eau Claire Formation in an effort to characterize its potential as a functional seal in a CCS system. Sixty-six core-derived Eau Claire Formation samples from seven wells within the Illinois Basin are described using a combination of petrography, reflectance spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, geochemical, and petrophysical analyses. These analyses show that the Eau Claire Formation contains five different lithofacies (sandstone, clean siltstone, muddy siltstone, silty mudstone, and shale) with fine-scale heterogeneities in fabric and mineralogy that greatly influence the petrophysical properties. Porosity, permeability, and entry-pressure data suggest that some, but not all, lithofacies within the Eau Claire Formation have the capability to serve as a suitable CCS seal. Abundant authigenic minerals and dissolution textures indicate that multiple generations of past fluid-rock interactions have occurred within the Eau Claire Formation, demonstrating that much of the formation has behaved as a fluid conduit instead of as a seal. Minerals that would be potentially reactive in a CCS system (including carbonate, glauconite, and chlorite) are common in the Eau Claire Formation. Dissolution of these and other phases in the presence of carbonic acid could potentially jeopardize the sealing integrity of the unit. Although complexities in the sealing properties exist, the dynamics of the CCS system and the potential for precipitation of new minerals should allow the Eau Claire Formation to serve as an adequate seal.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2012-07-01
    Description: The main objective of this article is to obtain reservoir properties, such as porosity, both at the well locations and in the interwell regions from seismic data and well logs. The seismic and well-log data sets are from an oil field in eastern Saudi Arabia, and the main target is a Jurassic carbonate reservoir. The geology of carbonate reservoirs in Saudi Arabia is well understood. Reservoir porosity estimation is essential and needs to be determined for flow simulation and reservoir management.A major component of this study is establishing the relation between the P-impedance and porosity using well-log data. An amplitude-versus-angle seismic inversion algorithm was used to invert the three-dimensional impedance volumes (i.e., P-impedance and S-impedance) given partial angle stacks of seismic traces representing reflection amplitude variations with angle of incidence. These impedance volumes were used to estimate porosity between the well locations. The seismic and log data provided a-priori information (i.e., the initial starting model and source wavelet estimate) necessary for obtaining geologically consistent results.
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2012-07-01
    Description: The megacrack pattern of the ephemeral north Panamint dry lake, California, United States, is characterized by variably sized polygons with diameters ranging from hundreds of meters to meters. The evolution and subsurface extent of this polygonal pattern and a probable tectonic link are examined by ground resistivity measurements and surface mapping. Crack development is initiated by the shrinking of clays caused by changes in water content near the surface. For crack evolution, the following processes are proposed: Cavities develop at approximately 1-m (∼3-ft) depth during a subsurface phase, followed by the collapse of the overburden into the existing cavities to form the surface cracks. Cracks are filled by wind-blown sand and dried-out lake sediments from collapsing crack walls. Following burial, differences in competence between crack-fill and surrounding playa-lake sediments provide zones of structural weakness that might channelize stress release and faulting. Ground resistivity measurements confirmed the extent of the cracks to a depth of more than 3 m (〉9 ft). The megacrack pattern is compared to a Rotliegende (Upper Permian) tight gas field, located in the southern Permian Basin of northwestern Germany, situated in a comparable geologic setting. There, a multidirectional polygonal pattern is recorded on horizon slices of three-dimensional seismic data and compares well to our observations from the Panamint Valley. The Rotliegende pattern is associated with low-offset faults, which are proposed to be responsible for subtle reservoir compartmentalization.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2012-07-01
    Description: Geochemical analysis and field relations of linear dolomite bodies occurring in outcrop in the Mohawk Valley of New York suggest that the area has undergone a significant fault-related hydrothermal alteration. The dolomite occurs in the Lower Ordovician Tribes Hill Formation, which is regionally a Lower Ordovician shaley limestone with patchy dolomitization. The outcrop has an en echelon fault, fracture, and fold pattern. A three-dimensional (3-D) ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey of the quarry floor has helped to map out faults, fractures, anticlines, synclines, and the extent of dolomitization. Most of the dolomitization occurs in fault-bounded synclines or sags flanked by anticlines. The dolomite structures are highly localized, occurring around faults, and are absent away from the faults and fractures. Trenches cut across the outcrop help relate offset along faults to the overall geometry of the dolomitized bodies. Geochemical analysis, although helpful in characterizing the conditions of dolomitization, does not define its origin absolutely. This study uses fluid inclusions, stable isotopes, 3-D GPR, core analysis, and surficial observations, which all show a link between faulting, dolomitization, and other hydrothermal alteration. Although the outcrop is much too small and shallow to act as a producing gas field, it serves as a scaled analog for the Trenton–Black River hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs of eastern United States. It may therefore be studied to help petroleum geologists characterize existing gas plays and prospect future areas of exploration.
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2012-07-01
    Description: The geologic controls on reservoir properties and potential hydrocarbon (volatile, low-molecular-weight liquid and gas) resources of the Cretaceous Shaftesbury Formation in northeastern British Columbia have been investigated. Maturity varies from the oil to dry gas window (Tmax = 429–486°C), with increasing maturity and depth of burial toward the south. The Tmax, in degrees Celsius, is the oven temperature at the peak generation of S2 during pyrolysis. Total organic carbon (TOC) content ranges between 0.64 and 8.0 wt. %, with an average of 2.2 wt. %. The TOC content distribution mirrors the trends in maturity, with lower TOC content in areas of high maturity. Kerogen is characterized as either type II-III or type III. The quartz content ranges between 33 and 66%, with higher quartz content in areas with lower TOC content and greater maturities. Porosity ranges between 4.5 and 14.6%, with higher porosities observed within shallower wells, low quartz content, or maturities, or a combination of all three. The porosity is reduced in high-maturity samples by mechanical compaction and silica cementation. Total gas capacities range between 4.5 and 24.8 cm3/g, and gas-in-place (GIP) estimates are between 0.98 and 3.39 bcf/(section × meter). The calculated hydrocarbon generation is less than 3.6 bcf/(section × meter), with light liquid generation between 3.7 and 516.2 MMBO.Present-day depths and organic maturity have strong influences on the hydrocarbon capacity more so than TOC content. Deeper, higher maturity samples in the south have the largest total gas capacity and GIP estimates (0.98–3.39 bcf/[section × meter]). Maturity is within the dry gas window in the southern one-third of the study area. Highest volumes of light liquid hydrocarbons are found within the less mature northern part of the study area.
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2012-07-01
    Description: The origin of the immense oil sand deposits in Lower Cretaceous reservoirs of the Western Canada sedimentary basin is still a matter of debate, specifically with respect to the original in-place volumes and contributing source rocks. In this study, the contributions from the main source rocks were addressed using a three-dimensional petroleum system model calibrated to well data. A sensitivity analysis of source rock definition was performed in the case of the two main contributors, which are the Lower Jurassic Gordondale Member of the Fernie Group and the Upper Devonian–Lower Mississippian Exshaw Formation. This sensitivity analysis included variations of assigned total organic carbon and hydrogen index for both source intervals, and in the case of the Exshaw Formation, variations of thickness in areas beneath the Rocky Mountains were also considered. All of the modeled source rocks reached the early or main oil generation stages by 60 Ma, before the onset of the Laramide orogeny. Reconstructed oil accumulations were initially modest because of limited trapping efficiency. This was improved by defining lateral stratigraphic seals within the carrier system. An additional sealing effect by biodegraded oil may have hindered the migration of petroleum in the northern areas, but not to the east of Athabasca. In the latter case, the main trapping controls are dominantly stratigraphic and structural. Our model, based on available data, identifies the Gordondale source rock as the contributor of more than 54% of the oil in the Athabasca and Peace River accumulations, followed by minor amounts from Exshaw (15%) and other Devonian to Lower Jurassic source rocks. The proposed strong contribution of petroleum from the Exshaw Formation source rock to the Athabasca oil sands is only reproduced by assuming 25 m (82 ft) of mature Exshaw in the kitchen areas, with original total organic carbon of 9% or more.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Producers adjacent to a natural-gas storage field claimed that the natural gas they were producing was native gas from the area and not storage gas being pulled from the nearby gas storage field. The objective of this work is to apply a combination of area-specific and generic geochemical fingerprinting techniques to determine the source(s) of the natural gas being produced by third-party producers outside the gas storage field and to determine the extent of storage gas migration beyond geologic faults that lie between the production area and the gas storage field. An extensive set of natural-gas samples from the storage field, observation wells around the field, and third-party wells was analyzed for gas hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon compositions, as well as stable carbon isotopic compositions of methane and ethane. Gas chemical compositional data, including concentrations of the natural native gas tracer, helium, and ethane carbon isotope, were used to establish the unique fingerprints of native gas and storage gases (end-member sources) and to compare those end-member-source fingerprints to those of natural gas in the third-party wells. The analysis determined that gas in both the observation wells and third-party wells was, in fact, storage gas.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: This study has evaluated the hydrogeochemistry of some parts of the aquifer underlying and near Abakaliki City, Nigeria, to better understand the local groundwater quality conditions. Twelve representative groundwater samples from water boreholes (wells) in the study area were analyzed for their hydrogeochemical properties: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, chemical oxygen demand, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, , , Cl−, , and . The aquifer is situated in the fractured shales of Abakaliki Formation. The dominant ions in most samples are Ca2+, Mg2+, , and Cl−. Furthermore, strong positive correlations exist between EC-TDS, Na+-TDS, , and . Piper trilinear diagrams were used to classify the hydrogeochemical facies, which included Ca-Mg-Cl and Ca-Mg-Na-Cl-SO4 water types. Ratios of Na-Cl ranged from 0.12 to 0.73, with a mean of 0.55, which is consistent with those of fresh water. The results of this study indicate that the groundwater local to the Abakaliki City poses no threat to human consumption, health, or the environment because the concentrations of physicochemical parameters that can be used to evaluate drinking water quality are within the World Health Organization standard specification.
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Matrix-related pore networks in mudrocks are composed of nanometer- to micrometer-size pores. In shale-gas systems, these pores, along with natural fractures, form the flow-path (permeability) network that allows flow of gas from the mudrock to induced fractures during production. A pore classification consisting of three major matrix-related pore types is presented that can be used to quantify matrix-related pores and relate them to pore networks. Two pore types are associated with the mineral matrix; the third pore type is associated with organic matter (OM). Fracture pores are not controlled by individual matrix particles and are not part of this classification. Pores associated with mineral particles can be subdivided into interparticle (interP) pores that are found between particles and crystals and intraparticle (intraP) pores that are located within particles. Organic-matter pores are intraP pores located within OM. Interparticle mineral pores have a higher probability of being part of an effective pore network than intraP mineral pores because they are more likely to be interconnected. Although they are intraP, OM pores are also likely to be part of an interconnected network because of the interconnectivity of OM particles.In unlithifed near-surface muds, pores consist of interP and intraP pores, and as the muds are buried, they compact and lithify. During the compaction process, a large number of interP and intraP pores are destroyed, especially in ductile grain-rich muds. Compaction can decrease the pore volume up to 88% by several kilometers of burial. At the onset of hydrocarbon thermal maturation, OM pores are created in kerogen. At depth, dissolution of chemically unstable particles can create additional moldic intraP pores.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Shengli oil field, the second largest oil and gas field in China, is located in the Tertiary Dongying graben system in the southern Bohai Basin. Three petroleum systems, one for each mapped source rock, and as many as seven reservoir rocks are documented in the Dongying graben system, representing a complex migration and accumulation pattern. In addition, both the source and the reservoir facies are distributed unevenly throughout the system, requiring a complex distribution of possible migration pathways. Stratigraphic conduits, that is, sandy and conglomeratic facies, are mostly present in the northern graben flank area, where coarse sediments provide possible migration pathways. Over most of the basin, however, faults—active at different times throughout basin evolution—add important additional conduits for petroleum migration, as well as acting locally as seals, depending on their surrounding lithology and their respective sealing or leaking properties through time. This article aims to show that the Shengli oil field provides an excellent example of how three-dimensional petroleum systems modeling allows the assessment of fault behavior and timing to predict the distribution of hydrocarbons in a system.
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous sandstones of the Scotian Basin, offshore eastern Canada, are important gas reservoirs. Previous studies of fluid inclusions in Jurassic limestones and apatite thermochronology of Cretaceous sandstones have suggested a late Mesozoic thermal event. Fluid inclusions in different authigenic cements were analyzed to determine the temperature and composition of basinal fluid at the time of precipitation and the timing of hydrocarbon migration and entrapment. Fifty-one sandstone samples were analyzed for stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ13C) of carbonate cements.Trapping temperatures for primary aqueous inclusions hosted in quartz overgrowths (89–175°C) and in late carbonate cements (138–173°C) are higher than predicted by two-dimensional modeling from burial alone based on postrift geothermal gradients. These inclusions contain high-salinity fluids (mostly 19–22 wt. % NaCl equivalent). Second, predominantly aqueous inclusions have much lower salinities (5.2–6.7 wt. % NaCl equivalent), and some contain liquid hydrocarbons. Late Fe-calcite cement in Hauterivian sandstone shows negative values of δ13 CVPDB (−13.17 to −9.2‰), whereas cements in deeper and shallower sandstones have higher δ13C values.These data indicate that high-temperature, high-salinity fluids preceded hydrocarbon migration. The oldest and youngest rocks studied show less effect of high temperatures than do rocks that were buried to depths of at least 2 km (1.2 mi) after 135 Ma and before 100 Ma. Both fluid inclusions and δ13C of carbonate cement suggest that highest temperatures were achieved during burial at 115 to 105 Ma. This Early Cretaceous thermal event had a geothermal gradient of at least 55°C/km. It is earlier than the previously reported event based on apatite fission tracks but is consistent with the fission track data. The event is synchronous with regional evidence of volcanism, and its peak coincides with rapid salt-tectonic deformation in the deep basin. Hydrocarbon charge to the outer-shelf wells occurred after this thermal event and thus not before the Late Cretaceous.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: The Tarim Basin is one of the richest basins in oil and gas resources in China. The Cambrian and Middle–Upper Ordovician strata are the most important source rocks. Previous early Paleozoic thermal histories have led to varied hypotheses on the evolution of the lower Paleozoic source rocks, causing a significant impact on petroleum exploration in the basin. A new Paleozoic thermal history of the Tarim Basin was reconstructed in this article using the integrated thermal indicators of apatite and zircon (uranium-thorium)/helium ages, apatite fission tracks, and equivalent vitrinite reflectance data. The modeled results indicate that different parts of the basin experienced widely differing early Paleozoic thermal gradient evolution. The eastern and central regions of the basin experienced a decreasing thermal gradient evolution from 37 to 39°C/km during the Cambrian and Ordovician to 35 to 36°C/km in the Silurian, whereas the northwestern region of the basin had an increasing early Paleozoic thermal gradient evolution from 28 to 32°C/km in the Cambrian to 30 to 34°C/km in the Ordovician and Silurian. The Lower Cambrian thermal gradient resulted from the higher thermal conductivity of the 800- to 1000-m (2625- to 3280-ft) thickness of gypsum and salt in the Cambrian strata. The basin experienced an intracratonic phase during the late Paleozoic and a foreland basin phase during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, with the thermal gradient decreasing to the present-day value of 20 to 25°C/km. The sensitivity of thermal modeling by the best-fit method is less than ±5% in our study, and the differences of the early Paleozoic thermal gradient evolution in different regions of the basin may result in differential maturation of lower Paleozoic source rocks. The maturity histories of the source rocks, modeled based on the new thermal histories, indicate that the lower Paleozoic source rocks in most areas of the basin matured rapidly and reached the late mature to dry-gas stage during the Paleozoic but experienced slower maturation during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. These new data on the Paleozoic thermal history and lower Paleozoic source rock maturity histories of the Tarim Basin provide new insights to guide oil and gas exploration of the basin.
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: A three-dimensional physical experiment was conducted to study secondary oil migration under an impermeable inclined cap. Light-colored oil was released continuously at a slow rate of about 0.1 mL/min from a point at the base of an initially water-saturated porous model. With buoyancy as a primary driving force, a vertical cylindrical shape of an oil migration pathway was observed first, and then a layer-shaped lateral migration pathway was observed beneath the top inclined sealing plate once the oil cluster had reached the top cap. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to observe the migration processes—for example, morphology of the migration pathway, intermittency of oil bubbles, and variation of oil saturation within the migration paths. Results show that the snap-off phenomenon (related to fast local imbibition processes) occurred more commonly during vertical migration than it did during lateral migration. The lateral migration pathway that parallels to the top inclined cap has a typical vertical thickness of 2 to 4 cm (0.8–1.6 in.) (i.e., roughly 40–80 pores). This thickness is consistent with the prediction derived from scaling laws related to pore size and Bond number. Along the lateral migration direction, the sectional area and the horizontal width of the migration pathway fluctuate significantly, although the average oil saturation along the pathway remains almost the same. After stopping the initial oil injection, the sectional area of the migration pathway shrinks significantly. Therefore, we believe that this significant shrinking of the migration pathway is the main reason why only a relatively small volume of oil and gas has been lost during secondary migration.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2012-05-01
    Description: We integrated well logs and three-dimensional seismic data to describe a wedge of deformed shallow Frio rocks lying above a major bed-parallel decollement within the upper Oligocene Frio Formation located between the Houston and Norias deltas on the south Texas Gulf Coast. Our analyses show that the identified deformed shallow Frio rocks can be divided into proximal clay-rich and low-permeability sandstones characterized by discontinuous, mounded, and chaotic seismic events; near-proximal, clay-poor, and high-permeability sandstones characterized by parallel to subparallel bedded seismic events; and distal sand-, silt-, and mudstones composed of a mix of proximal and near-proximal rocks. All of the deformed rocks are composed of acoustic-impedance materials that are lower than those of the undeformed shallow Frio and are underlain by low-velocity, overpressured, shale-rich rocks. The mechanism that triggered the collapse of the shallow Frio and subsequent development of mass-transport deposits is attributed to an uprising, overpressured, shale-rich high and the development of a shelf-edge listric fault. Proprietary biostratigraphic data show that the collapse of the shallow Frio in areas between the Houston and Norias deltas occurred between 27.5 and 25.3 Ma—approximately the same time as the Hackberry collapse in the Mississippi delta. In the proximal area, interpreted paleowater depths from biostratigraphic data based on benthic foraminifers range from 60 to 120 ft (20–40 m) in a shallow neritic environment. In contrast, the distal area lies in paleowater depths interpreted to be between 120 and 300 ft (40–90 m) in a middle neritic environment.
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Sedimentary basins can be classified according to their structural genesis and evolutionary history and comprise tectonic and sedimentary cycles and stages, to which common elements of petroleum systems and plays may be linked. We describe a new method that allows easier and more efficient comparisons between petroliferous sedimentary basins with similar geologic characteristics. Using this method, we can make predictions of potential petroleum systems and plays occurring in underexplored basins or regions. In this article, the methodology is applied to the well-explored Gabon coastal basin (west African margin) and the conjugate Almada-Camamu Basin (Brazilian margin), which is a frontier basin. The two basins experienced a similar tectonostratigraphic evolution and share many similarities. We propose that petroleum systems and plays identified in the Gabon coastal basin might potentially also be present in the Almada-Camamu Basin. These could include a second lacustrine synrift petroleum system, as well as a fluviomarine transitional petroleum system. Potential, but not yet proven, reservoirs in the Almada-Camamu Basin include coarse sandstones surrounding basement highs within the synrift, synrift lacustrine carbonates, fluviomarine sandstones at the base of the transitional cycle, and early postrift ramp carbonates. The methodology and newly developed figures are particularly useful to obtain a first impression of the tectonostratigraphy, likely petroleum system and play development, and exploration history of potentially analogous basins. Furthermore, the approach allows for the recognition of important differences, raising questions that can be answered by more direct techniques.
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Salt canopies, formed by the coalescence of salt sheets, are an integral part of the slope and deep-water areas of many passive margin salt basins. A suture separates the two coalesced salt sheets (allosuture) or two lobes from a single salt sheet (autosuture), including any trapped sediments.Autosutures can form in two ways. An overriding autosuture is produced when part of a salt sheet overrides its neighbor in the direction of salt movement. The overridden roof subsides into the salt sheet, and these trapped sediments appear as intrasalt reflections on seismic data. An encircling autosuture forms when two lobes of a salt sheet separate to bypass an obstacle and then rejoin on the downstream side of the obstacle. Encircling autosutures tend to be short and parallel to the dominant salt-flow direction.Allosutures separate sheets sourced from two different feeders. If neither salt sheet overrides the other, the resulting suture is symmetric, forming an upright zone of roof sediments trapped between the two sheets. More typically, one salt sheet is more vigorous (generally the larger sheet or the one whose feeder is farther updip) and overrides the other. Sediments trapped in an asymmetric allosuture are mostly from the roof of the overridden sheet. The overriding sheet shears and extends the roof of the overridden sheet, detaching it from the base of the canopy and obscuring its origin.We present diagnostic criteria to distinguish between suture types and provide physical-model examples of each. This distinction between suture types is important because autosutures and allosutures have very different implications for canopy dynamics and evolution.
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: The Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous Bakken Formation is a widespread siliciclastic unit in the subsurface of the Williston Basin that is subdivided into three members: lower and upper organic-rich shale members and a dolomitic, silty, and sandy middle member. Although the unit has become one of the most active oil plays in North America and numerous sedimentologic studies have been made, no consensus about the depositional environments of the middle member has been achieved. Previous studies suggested several depositional and sequence-stratigraphic scenarios, including lowstand offshore-shoreface, normal-regressive offshore-shoreface, incised estuary, and falling-stage shoreface complexes for the middle member. We propose a new depositional and sequence-stratigraphic model and compare it with some previous interpretations. This new model includes a basal transgressive systems tract (TST) embracing shelf deposits, a highstand systems tract comprising shelf to lower shoreface environments, and an upper TST encompassing a brackish-water embayment complex and offshore to shelf settings. Petrophysical characterization of the sedimentary facies reveals that bay-mouth cross-stratified fine-grained sandstone, flaser-bedded very fine grained sandstone formed in wave-dominated tidal flats, offshore-transition highly bioturbated interbedded very fine grained sandstone and siltstone, and tidal-flat very fine grained sandstone with common mud drapes possess the best reservoir qualities. Recognition of a restricted embayment within the Bakken middle member has major implications for both exploration and production. Embayment facies with good reservoir quality constitute good oil prospects in localized areas, whereas fully marine facies may represent good oil prospects of more regional extent.
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: A geochemical study of 34 oil samples was conducted to understand the types and distributions of effective source rocks and evaluate the geographic extent of the petroleum systems in the Barents Sea and northern Timan-Pechora Basin. Taxon-specific, age-related, and source-related biological markers (biomarkers) and isotope data provided information on the depositional environment of the source rock, source input, and source age of the oil samples. A relationship between biomarker and diamondoid concentration was used to identify mixed oils having both oil window and highly cracked components. Compound-specific isotope analyses of diamondoids and n-alkanes were used to deconvolute cosourced oils and identify deep source rocks in the basin. Results suggest five major source rocks in the Barents Sea and the northern Timan-Pechora Basin: Upper Jurassic shale, Lower–Middle Jurassic shale, Triassic carbonate and shale, Devonian marl, and Devonian carbonate. The Upper and Lower–Middle Jurassic source rocks are dominant in the Barents Sea. Triassic source rock consists of carbonate in the onshore part of northern Timan-Pechora Basin and marine shale in the Barents Sea. The Devonian Domanik Formation carbonate source rock extends offshore into the southern Barents Sea. The high-maturity Domanik Formation could also be a secondary source rock for most of the mixed oils in the northern Timan-Pechora Basin. This detailed geochemical study provides a new and detailed understanding of petroleum systems in the Barents Sea and northern Timan-Pechora Basin.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: The nanometer-scaled pore systems of gas shale reservoirs were investigated from the Barnett, Marcellus, Woodford, and Haynesville gas shales in the United States and the Doig Formation of northeastern British Columbia, Canada. The purpose of this article is to provide awareness of the nature and variability in pore structures within gas shales and not to provide a representative evaluation on the previously mentioned North American reservoirs. To understand the pore system of these rocks, the total porosity, pore-size distribution, surface area, organic geochemistry, mineralogy, and image analyses by electron microscopy were performed. Total porosity from helium pycnometry ranges between 2.5 and 6.6%. Total organic carbon content ranges between 0.7 and 6.8 wt. %, and vitrinite reflectance measured between 1.45 and 2.37%. The gas shales in the United States are clay and quartz rich, with the Doig Formation samples being quartz and carbonate rich and clay poor. Higher porosity samples have higher values because of a greater abundance of mesopores compared with lower porosity samples. With decreasing total porosity, micropore volumes relatively increase whereas the sum of mesopores and macropore volumes decrease. Focused ion beam milling, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy provide high-resolution (∼5 nm) images of pore distribution and geometries. Image analysis provides a visual appreciation of pore systems in gas shale reservoirs but is not a statistically valid method to evaluate gas shale reservoirs. Macropores and mesopores are observed as either intergranular porosity or are confined to kerogen-rich aggregates and show no preferred orientation or align parallel with the laminae of the shale. Networks of mesopores are observed to connect with the larger macropores within the kerogen-rich aggregates.
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2012-06-01
    Description: Mature and aging clastic-dominated hydrocarbon fields commonly become increasingly difficult to produce, causing lower economic return than initially forecast. A major cause of this reduced economic viability is compartmentalization, defined as limitation on the ability to produce hydrocarbons resulting from permeability barriers within a field. Three primary causes of compartmentalization are structural variations in permeability, stratigraphic variations in permeability, and permeability reduction resulting from compaction adjacent to producing wellbores. Recognition and delineation of compartmentalization permit formulation of development and depletion plans to maximize recovery and economic value. Here, we examine one of 52 reservoir-scale faults that compartmentalize the eastern shallow oil zone (ESOZ), Elk Hills field, California. Using well-log, stratigraphic, structural, and pressure data, we apply standard fault seal analyses to the selected fault. Results are compared with known pressure conditions across the fault and show the fault capable of supporting pressure differentials two to three times those expected from standard static fault seal measures. Although this observation could be used as a basis for local calibration of standard fault seal measures for a dynamic seal, such an approach assumes that these fault seal mechanisms are in fact the cause of sealing behavior. Alternatively, one of the most significant changes in ESOZ reservoir conditions over the production lifetime of the field is the reduction of fluid pressure from approximately 1500 to approximately 200 psi (from ∼10.27 to ∼1.37 MPa). Decreasing fluid pressure would have driven stress states acting on faults in the reservoir from critical (near or at slip) to stable (nonslipping) conditions. Critically stressed faults and fractures are more transmissive than those that are noncritically stressed. We propose that decreasing fluid pressure can cause faults to become less leaky, causing production-induced reservoir compartmentalization.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: The Mount Simon Sandstone (Cambrian) has significant potential for use as a reservoir for geologic carbon sequestration in the Midwest region, but lithologic variations within the unit remain poorly understood. Petrophysical heterogeneities controlled by the changes in lithologic and diagenetic character challenge the process of estimating the storage capacity of this reservoir. Geophysical logs from wells across the Midwest region were interpreted to define three lithostratigraphic subunits within the Mount Simon Sandstone: an upper unit that has relatively high gamma-ray (GR) values caused by the admixture of argillaceous material; a middle unit defined by relatively lower GR values that result from a cleaner quartzose sandstone and potentially constitutes the main reservoir and flow unit within the formation (the GR values of this unit also display the lowest amount of vertical variability through the section); and a lowermost unit defined by GR values that, in general, progressively increase with depth toward the base of the formation. This downward increase is caused by the increased nonquartz fraction in the formation as the top of the Precambrian basement is approached. In all three units, but especially in the lowermost one, the admixture of feldspars and the presence of dissolution porosity complicate storage capacity calculation. In addition to quartz overgrowths and compaction phenomena that reduce pore volume, the presence of other diagenetic products further complicates the distribution of porosity and permeability within the unit. Storage capacity was calculated only for the middle unit within the Mount Simon Sandstone using values derived from GR and porosity geophysical logs (sonic, neutron, and density). The range of storage capacity found in this study is primarily controlled by reservoir thickness because the variation in porosity within this middle unit is less than that in the other units. However, an assessment of the vertical distribution of porosity and permeability at each site will be required to determine the best intervals with the best flow and storage properties.
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: Identifying the source of stray gas in drinking water supplies principally relies on comparing the gas composition in affected water supplies with gas samples collected in shows while drilling, produced gases, casing head gases, pipeline gases, and other potential point sources. However, transport dynamics of free and dissolved gas migration in groundwater aquifers can modify both the concentration and the composition of point source stray gases flowing to aquifers and occurring in the groundwater environment. Accordingly, baseline and forensic investigations related to stray gas sources need to address the effects of mixing, dilution, and oxidation reactions in the context of regional and local hydrology. Understanding and interpreting such effects are best addressed by collecting and analyzing multiple samples from baseline groundwater investigations, potential point sources, and impacted water resources.Several case studies presented here illustrate examples of the natural variability in gas composition and concentration data evident when multiple samples are collected from produced gases, casing head gases, and baseline groundwater investigations. Results show that analyses of single samples from either potential contaminant point sources or groundwater and surface water resources may not always be sufficient to document site-specific baseline conditions. Results also demonstrate the need to consistently sample and analyze a variety of baseline groundwater and gas composition screening parameters. A multidisciplinary approach is the best practice for differentiating among the effects of fluid and gas mixing, dilution, and natural attenuation.
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2012-03-01
    Description: Most surface water and shallow groundwater occurring in northeastern Nebraska are of the calcium bicarbonate type, with minor concentrations (e.g., 10–200 mg/L) of sulfate (SO4). Examination of historical water quality data (major cations and anions) for Ponca Creek, a predominantly ephemeral stream in northeastern Nebraska, revealed that SO4 concentrations ranged from about 110 to almost 1000 mg/L and contribute to a calcium sulfate hydrochemical facies. Consequently, most SO4 concentrations were above the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency secondary maximum contaminant level in drinking water of 250 mg/L. Sulfate concentrations for the same period for a nearby stream, Verdigre Creek, range from about 20 to 120 mg/L. Research into probable sources of the elevated SO4 in Ponca Creek revealed that a Late Cretaceous shale, the Pierre Shale, occurs at or near the land surface throughout most of the creek's drainage area, whereas alluvium, other Quaternary deposits, or the Tertiary Ogallala Formation comprises the streambed in Verdigre Creek. The Pierre Shale, encompassing soils formed on this Cretaceous shale, is rich in sulfate-bearing minerals (e.g., gypsum, pyrite, jarosite) that comprise the principal source of the high sulfate in drainage basin soils, alluvium, creek discharge, and shallow groundwater of the Ponca Creek watershed. A public domain geochemical speciation software (Visual MINTEQ) was used to investigate aqueous SO4 geochemistry of Ponca Creek flow. Calculated saturation indices for Ponca Creek waters suggest that they are slightly undersaturated with respect to gypsum and anhydrite despite significant sulfate dissolution and are slightly supersaturated with respect to calcite in numerous samples.
    Print ISSN: 1075-9565
    Electronic ISSN: 1526-0984
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: The lyso-phospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate modulates lymphocyte trafficking, endothelial development and integrity, heart rate, and vascular tone and maturation by activating G protein-coupled sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. Here, we present the crystal structure of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 fused to T4-lysozyme (S1P(1)-T4L) in complex with an antagonist sphingolipid mimic. Extracellular access to the binding pocket is occluded by the amino terminus and extracellular loops of the receptor. Access is gained by ligands entering laterally between helices I and VII within the transmembrane region of the receptor. This structure, along with mutagenesis, agonist structure-activity relationship data, and modeling, provides a detailed view of the molecular recognition and requirement for hydrophobic volume that activates S1P(1), resulting in the modulation of immune and stromal cell responses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338336/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3338336/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanson, Michael A -- Roth, Christopher B -- Jo, Euijung -- Griffith, Mark T -- Scott, Fiona L -- Reinhart, Greg -- Desale, Hans -- Clemons, Bryan -- Cahalan, Stuart M -- Schuerer, Stephan C -- Sanna, M Germana -- Han, Gye Won -- Kuhn, Peter -- Rosen, Hugh -- Stevens, Raymond C -- AI055509/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI074564/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM073197-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055509/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI055509-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI074564/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U01 AI074564-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094618/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM094618-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 MH084512/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U54 MH084512-04/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Y1-CO-1020/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Y1-GM-1104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):851-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1215904.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Receptos, 10835 Road to the Cure, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. mhanson@receptos.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344443" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anilides/chemistry ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Models, Molecular ; Muramidase/chemistry ; Mutagenesis ; Organophosphonates/chemistry ; Protein Conformation ; Receptors, Lysosphingolipid/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/*chemistry/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/genetics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 27;336(6080):401. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6080.401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 40
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1031. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6072.1031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383819" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):881. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6109.881.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; *Ice Cover ; *Islands
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: Policies to reduce emissions from deforestation would benefit from clearly derived, spatially explicit, statistically bounded estimates of carbon emissions. Existing efforts derive carbon impacts of land-use change using broad assumptions, unreliable data, or both. We improve on this approach using satellite observations of gross forest cover loss and a map of forest carbon stocks to estimate gross carbon emissions across tropical regions between 2000 and 2005 as 0.81 petagram of carbon per year, with a 90% prediction interval of 0.57 to 1.22 petagrams of carbon per year. This estimate is 25 to 50% of recently published estimates. By systematically matching areas of forest loss with their carbon stocks before clearing, these results serve as a more accurate benchmark for monitoring global progress on reducing emissions from deforestation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Nancy L -- Brown, Sandra -- Hagen, Stephen C -- Saatchi, Sassan S -- Petrova, Silvia -- Salas, William -- Hansen, Matthew C -- Potapov, Peter V -- Lotsch, Alexander -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1573-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1217962.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecosystem Services Unit, Winrock International, Arlington, VA 22202, USA. nharris@winrock.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Asia ; Biomass ; *Carbon ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developing Countries ; *Ecosystem ; Latin America ; Monte Carlo Method ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Soil ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 43
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):784. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6070.784.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344418" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 44
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dernburg, Abby F -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):681-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1222647.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA. afdernburg@lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Fungal/*physiology ; *Meiosis ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics
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  • 45
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉zur Hausen, Harald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 25;336(6084):978-9. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6084.978.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Economic Recession ; Europe ; Greece ; International Cooperation ; *Research ; *Science
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: New manufacturing technologies under the banner of rapid prototyping enable the fabrication of structures close in architecture to biological tissue. In their simplest form, these technologies allow the manufacture of scaffolds upon which cells can grow for later implantation into the body. A more exciting prospect is the printing and patterning in three dimensions of all the components that make up a tissue (cells and matrix materials) to generate structures analogous to tissues; this has been termed bioprinting. Such techniques have opened new areas of research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Derby, Brian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):921-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1226340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK. brian.derby@manchester.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioprinting/*methods ; Cartilage/cytology/physiology/radiation effects ; Humans ; Photochemical Processes ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Regenerative Medicine ; Tissue Engineering/*methods ; *Tissue Scaffolds
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  • 47
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-01-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 6;335(6064):24. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6064.24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22223784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; Climate ; *Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; *Oceanography ; Oceans and Seas ; *Research ; Seawater/microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartmann, Aaron C -- Levin, Lisa A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):668-9. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.668-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; *Ecosystem ; *Seawater
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2012-06-02
    Description: Interacting sets of actin assembly factors work together in cells, but the underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. We used triple-color single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to image the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the formin mDia1 during filament assembly. Complexes consisting of APC, mDia1, and actin monomers initiated actin filament formation, overcoming inhibition by capping protein and profilin. Upon filament polymerization, the complexes separated, with mDia1 moving processively on growing barbed ends while APC remained at the site of nucleation. Thus, the two assembly factors directly interact to initiate filament assembly and then separate but retain independent associations with either end of the growing filament.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613992/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3613992/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Breitsprecher, Dennis -- Jaiswal, Richa -- Bombardier, Jeffrey P -- Gould, Christopher J -- Gelles, Jeff -- Goode, Bruce L -- GM083137/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM43369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM81648/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM063691/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM081648/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM083137/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM098143/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R37 GM043369/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 EB009419/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007596/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 1;336(6085):1164-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1218062.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22654058" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*metabolism ; Actins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein/chemistry/*metabolism ; Animals ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/metabolism ; Profilins/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Protein Multimerization ; Rabbits
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: Homoatomic triple bonds between main-group elements have been restricted to alkynes, dinitrogen, and a handful of reactive compounds featuring trans-bent heavier elements of groups 13 and 14. Previous attempts to prepare a compound with a boron-boron triple bond that is stable at ambient temperature have been unsuccessful, despite numerous computational studies predicting their viability. We found that reduction of a bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-stabilized tetrabromodiborane with either two or four equivalents of sodium naphthalenide, a one-electron reducing agent, yields isolable diborene and diboryne compounds. Crystallographic and spectroscopic characterization confirm that the latter is a halide-free linear system containing a boron-boron triple bond.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Braunschweig, Holger -- Dewhurst, Rian D -- Hammond, Kai -- Mies, Jan -- Radacki, Krzysztof -- Vargas, Alfredo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1420-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1221138.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wurzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wurzburg, Germany. h.braunschweig@uni-wuerzburg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):879-81. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6109.879.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Global Warming ; *Ice Cover ; Spheniscidae/*physiology
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1146-7. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6111.1146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Consumer Advocacy/standards/*trends ; Consumer Organizations/standards/*trends ; *European Union ; Food Labeling/*standards ; *Food Safety ; *Food, Genetically Modified ; Guidelines as Topic/standards ; Italy ; Plants, Genetically Modified
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dever, Thomas E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 29;336(6089):1645-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1224439.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. tdever@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22745408" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation/*genetics ; *Codon, Initiator ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Protein Biosynthesis/*genetics ; *RNA, Transfer, Leu
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2012-10-09
    Description: Plants defend themselves against attack by natural enemies, and these defenses vary widely across populations. However, whether communities of natural enemies are a sufficiently potent force to maintain polymorphisms in defensive traits is largely unknown. Here, we exploit the genetic resources of Arabidopsis thaliana, coupled with 39 years of field data on aphid abundance, to (i) demonstrate that geographic patterns in a polymorphic defense locus (GS-ELONG) are strongly correlated with changes in the relative abundance of two specialist aphids; and (ii) demonstrate differential selection by the two aphids on GS-ELONG, using a multigeneration selection experiment. We thereby show a causal link between variation in abundance of the two specialist aphids and the geographic pattern at GS-ELONG, which highlights the potency of natural enemies as selective forces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zust, Tobias -- Heichinger, Christian -- Grossniklaus, Ueli -- Harrington, Richard -- Kliebenstein, Daniel J -- Turnbull, Lindsay A -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 5;338(6103):116-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1226397.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8057, Switzerland. tobias.zuest@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23042895" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological/*genetics ; Animals ; Aphids/*physiology ; Arabidopsis/*genetics ; *Genetic Loci ; Geography ; Herbivory/*physiology ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Species Specificity
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):783-4. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6070.783.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Budgets ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Research Support as Topic/economics ; United States ; United States Government Agencies/economics
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2012-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3820285/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3820285/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brennan, Matthew D -- Cheong, Raymond -- Levchenko, Andre -- CA65145/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM072024/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM084322/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM072024/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM103520/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 RR020839/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 19;338(6105):334-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1227946.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23087235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; *Information Theory ; Ligands ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; *Signal Transduction ; *Uncertainty
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: In a superconductor, the ratio of the carrier density, n, to its effective mass, m*, is a fundamental property directly reflecting the length scale of the superfluid flow, the London penetration depth, lambda(L). In two-dimensional systems, this ratio n/m* (~1/lambda(L)(2)) determines the effective Fermi temperature, T(F). We report a sharp peak in the x-dependence of lambda(L) at zero temperature in clean samples of BaFe(2)(As(1)(-x)P(x))(2) at the optimum composition x = 0.30, where the superconducting transition temperature T(c) reaches a maximum of 30 kelvin. This structure may arise from quantum fluctuations associated with a quantum critical point. The ratio of T(c)/T(F) at x = 0.30 is enhanced, implying a possible crossover toward the Bose-Einstein condensate limit driven by quantum criticality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hashimoto, K -- Cho, K -- Shibauchi, T -- Kasahara, S -- Mizukami, Y -- Katsumata, R -- Tsuruhara, Y -- Terashima, T -- Ikeda, H -- Tanatar, M A -- Kitano, H -- Salovich, N -- Giannetta, R W -- Walmsley, P -- Carrington, A -- Prozorov, R -- Matsuda, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1554-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1219821.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-07-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zutic, Igor -- Lee, Jeongsu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 20;337(6092):307-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1225219.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University at New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. zigor@buffalo.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22822141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2012-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 20;335(6066):274-5. doi: 10.1126/science.335.6066.274.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267783" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2012-11-03
    Description: Multiple cancer-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been mapped to conserved sequences within a 500-kilobase region upstream of the MYC oncogene on human chromosome 8q24. These SNPs may affect cancer development through altered regulation of MYC expression, but this hypothesis has been difficult to confirm. We generated mice deficient in Myc-335, a putative MYC regulatory element that contains rs6983267, a SNP accounting for more human cancer-related morbidity than any other genetic variant or mutation. In Myc-335 null mice, Myc transcripts were expressed in the intestinal crypts in a pattern similar to that in wild-type mice but at modestly reduced levels. The mutant mice displayed no overt phenotype but were markedly resistant to intestinal tumorigenesis induced by the APCmin mutation. These results establish that a cancer-associated SNP identified in human genome-wide association studies has a functional effect in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sur, Inderpreet Kaur -- Hallikas, Outi -- Vaharautio, Anna -- Yan, Jian -- Turunen, Mikko -- Enge, Martin -- Taipale, Minna -- Karhu, Auli -- Aaltonen, Lauri A -- Taipale, Jussi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 7;338(6112):1360-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1228606. Epub 2012 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Science for Life Center, Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli/genetics/pathology ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Colon/metabolism/pathology ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Humans ; Ileum/metabolism/pathology ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/*genetics
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: Pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes are essential for ensuring reductional segregation in meiosis. However, the mechanisms by which chromosomes recognize their homologous partners are poorly understood. Here, we report that the sme2 gene encodes a meiosis-specific noncoding RNA that mediates homologous recognition in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The sme2 locus shows robust pairing from early in meiotic prophase. The sme2 RNA transcripts accumulate at their respective gene loci and greatly enhance pairing of homologous loci: Deletion of the sme2 sequence eliminates this robust pairing, whereas transposition to other chromosomal sites confers robust pairing at those ectopic sites. Thus, we propose that RNA transcripts retained on the chromosome play an active role in recognition of homologous chromosomes for pairing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ding, Da-Qiao -- Okamasa, Kasumi -- Yamane, Miho -- Tsutsumi, Chihiro -- Haraguchi, Tokuko -- Yamamoto, Masayuki -- Hiraoka, Yasushi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):732-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1219518.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosomes, Fungal/*physiology ; Genes, Fungal ; *Meiosis ; Models, Genetic ; Prophase ; RNA, Fungal/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Schizosaccharomyces/*genetics/physiology ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Telomere/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic ; mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/genetics
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  • 62
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurita, Naoyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1242-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1223527.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan. nkurita@jamstec.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22679088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brosi, Berry J -- Biber, Eric G N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):802-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1220660.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Studies, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. bbrosi@emory.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22903999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Databases, Factual ; Endangered Species/*legislation & jurisprudence/*statistics & numerical data ; Population ; Regression Analysis ; Turtles ; United States
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  • 64
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-06-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rath, Johannes -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 8;336(6086):1231. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6086.1231-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22679081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; *Public Policy ; *Research Support as Topic ; *Security Measures
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suresh, Subra -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 25;336(6084):959. doi: 10.1126/science.1224580.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; *International Cooperation ; Peer Review, Research/*standards ; *Research ; *Science
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brouns, Stan J J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):808-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1227253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6703 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. stan.brouns@wur.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904002" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophages/*immunology ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; *DNA Cleavage ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/*metabolism ; *Inverted Repeat Sequences ; RNA/*metabolism ; Streptococcus pyogenes/*enzymology
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  • 67
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helander, Michael G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 20;336(6079):302-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1220829.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada. michael.helander@utoronto.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 68
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurzban, Robert -- Barrett, H Clark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1056-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1219232.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. kurzban@psych.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cultural Evolution ; Female ; Humans ; *Mental Processes ; *Problem Solving ; *Social Behavior
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  • 69
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-01-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Midgley, Guy F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):174-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1217245.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Climate Change and Bioadaptation, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Rhodes Drive, Cape Town 7735, South Africa. g.midgley@sanbi.org.za〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Plants
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2012-05-05
    Description: Hirota et al. (Reports, 14 October 2011, p. 232) used spatial data to show that grasslands, savannas, and forests represent opposing stable states. Reanalyzing their data and drawing from temporal studies, we argue that spatial analyses underestimate the bistability of grasslands and savannas due to limitations of substituting space for time. We propose that temporal and spatial data are needed to predict critical transitions between grasslands and savannas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ratajczak, Zak -- Nippert, Jesse B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 4;336(6081):541; author reply 541. doi: 10.1126/science.1219346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Kansas State University, 116 Ackert Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA. zarata@ksu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22556235" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Ecosystem ; *Trees ; *Tropical Climate
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brouwer, Piet W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 25;336(6084):989-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1223302.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dahlem Center for Complex Quantum Systems and Institut fur Theoretische Physik, Freie Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany. brouwer@zedat.fu-berlin.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22628643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-07-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Divakaruni, Ajit S -- Murphy, Anne N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jul 6;337(6090):41-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1225601.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Pharmacology Department, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22767917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anion Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Membranes/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*metabolism ; Pyruvic Acid/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: We present a DNA library preparation method that has allowed us to reconstruct a high-coverage (30x) genome sequence of a Denisovan, an extinct relative of Neandertals. The quality of this genome allows a direct estimation of Denisovan heterozygosity indicating that genetic diversity in these archaic hominins was extremely low. It also allows tentative dating of the specimen on the basis of "missing evolution" in its genome, detailed measurements of Denisovan and Neandertal admixture into present-day human populations, and the generation of a near-complete catalog of genetic changes that swept to high frequency in modern humans since their divergence from Denisovans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617501/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3617501/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, Matthias -- Kircher, Martin -- Gansauge, Marie-Theres -- Li, Heng -- Racimo, Fernando -- Mallick, Swapan -- Schraiber, Joshua G -- Jay, Flora -- Prufer, Kay -- de Filippo, Cesare -- Sudmant, Peter H -- Alkan, Can -- Fu, Qiaomei -- Do, Ron -- Rohland, Nadin -- Tandon, Arti -- Siebauer, Michael -- Green, Richard E -- Bryc, Katarzyna -- Briggs, Adrian W -- Stenzel, Udo -- Dabney, Jesse -- Shendure, Jay -- Kitzman, Jacob -- Hammer, Michael F -- Shunkov, Michael V -- Derevianko, Anatoli P -- Patterson, Nick -- Andres, Aida M -- Eichler, Evan E -- Slatkin, Montgomery -- Reich, David -- Kelso, Janet -- Paabo, Svante -- GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM040282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM100233/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM40282/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 12;338(6104):222-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1224344. Epub 2012 Aug 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. mmeyer@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936568" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Fossils ; Gene Flow ; Gene Library ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; *Heterozygote ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neanderthals/*genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2012-04-21
    Description: Prion conversion from a soluble protein to an aggregated state may be involved in the cellular adaptation of yeast to the environment. However, it remains unclear whether and how cells actively use prion conversion to acquire a fitness advantage in response to environmental stress. We identified Mod5, a yeast transfer RNA isopentenyltransferase lacking glutamine/asparagine-rich domains, as a yeast prion protein and found that its prion conversion in yeast regulated the sterol biosynthetic pathway for acquired cellular resistance against antifungal agents. Furthermore, selective pressure by antifungal drugs on yeast facilitated the de novo appearance of Mod5 prion states for cell survival. Thus, phenotypic changes caused by active prion conversion under environmental selection may contribute to cellular adaptation in living organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suzuki, Genjiro -- Shimazu, Naoyuki -- Tanaka, Motomasa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Apr 20;336(6079):355-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1219491.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Protein Conformation Diseases, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517861" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Antifungal Agents/*pharmacology ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Ergosterol/biosynthesis ; Fluorouracil/pharmacology ; Microbial Viability ; Prions/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Fungal/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/*drug effects/genetics/*physiology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Solubility ; *Stress, Physiological
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  • 75
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-09-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762587/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3762587/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kushner, Jake A -- 1R01AG040110/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- 1R01DK064101/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DK079638/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG040110/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK081469/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 31;337(6098):1051-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1227506.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉McNair Medical Institute, Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. kushner@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22936766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Epithelial Cells/*physiology ; Epithelium/*physiology ; Esophagus/*cytology/*physiology ; *Regeneration ; Stem Cells/*physiology
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: Renewable and cheap materials in electrodes could meet the need for low-cost, intermittent electrical energy storage in a renewable energy system if sufficient charge density is obtained. Brown liquor, the waste product from paper processing, contains lignin derivatives. Polymer cathodes can be prepared by electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole to polypyrrole in solutions of lignin derivatives. The quinone group in lignin is used for electron and proton storage and exchange during redox cycling, thus combining charge storage in lignin and polypyrrole in an interpenetrating polypyrrole/lignin composite.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milczarek, Grzegorz -- Inganas, Olle -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1468-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1215159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electric Capacitance ; Electrochemical Techniques ; *Electrodes ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ion Exchange ; Lignin/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Pyrroles/*chemistry ; Renewable Energy
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  • 77
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-08-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ravishankara, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 17;337(6096):809-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1227004.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chemical Sciences Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305, USA. a.r.ravishankara@noaa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22904003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/*chemistry ; *Convection ; Ozone/*chemistry ; *Seasons ; *Steam ; *Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2012-11-28
    Description: Greater understanding of the mechanisms contributing to chemical and enzymatic solubilization of plant cell walls is critical for enabling cost-effective industrial conversion of cellulosic biomass to biofuels. Here, we report the use of correlative imaging in real time to assess the impact of pretreatment, as well as the resulting nanometer-scale changes in cell wall structure, upon subsequent digestion by two commercially relevant cellulase systems. We demonstrate that the small, noncomplexed fungal cellulases deconstruct cell walls using mechanisms that differ considerably from those of the larger, multienzyme complexes (cellulosomes). Furthermore, high-resolution measurement of the microfibrillar architecture of cell walls suggests that digestion is primarily facilitated by enabling enzyme access to the hydrophobic cellulose face. The data support the conclusion that ideal pretreatments should maximize lignin removal and minimize polysaccharide modification, thereby retaining the essentially native microfibrillar structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ding, Shi-You -- Liu, Yu-San -- Zeng, Yining -- Himmel, Michael E -- Baker, John O -- Bayer, Edward A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 23;338(6110):1055-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1227491.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA. shi.you.ding@nrel.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23180856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Wall/*chemistry ; Cellulases/*chemistry ; Cellulose/chemistry ; Clostridium thermocellum/*enzymology ; Lignin/chemistry ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Molecular Imaging ; Nanoparticles/*chemistry ; Plant Cells/*chemistry ; Polysaccharides/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods ; Trichoderma/*enzymology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hellstrom, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1387-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1224185.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. j.hellstrom@unimelb.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Caves ; Engraving and Engravings/*history ; Humans ; Paintings/*history ; *Radiometric Dating
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  • 80
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Gordon D -- Denning, David W -- Levitz, Stuart M -- 097377/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):647. doi: 10.1126/science.1222236.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582229" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research/economics ; Financing, Government ; Fungal Vaccines ; Humans ; *Mycoses/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Research Support as Topic
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2012-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mervis, Jeffrey -- Malakoff, David -- Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):456-61. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6106.456.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 82
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strano, Michael S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 16;338(6109):890-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1231024.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. strano@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23161982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cholesterol/*chemistry ; DNA/*chemistry ; Ion Channels/*chemistry ; *Lipid Bilayers ; *Nanostructures
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-02-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwier, Timothy S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 10;335(6069):668-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1218285.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, USA. zwier@purdue.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22323809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biphenyl Compounds/*chemistry ; Oligopeptides/*chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis/*methods
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-08-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dickey, B F -- R01 HL097000/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 24;337(6097):924-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1227091.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. bdickey@mdanderson.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22923570" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cilia/*physiology ; Glycosaminoglycans/*physiology ; Humans ; Lung/*physiology ; *Models, Biological ; Mucins/*physiology ; *Mucociliary Clearance ; Mucus/*physiology ; Respiratory Mucosa/*physiology
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2012-02-04
    Description: An obstacle to the use of graphene as an alternative to silicon electronics has been the absence of an energy gap between its conduction and valence bands, which makes it difficult to achieve low power dissipation in the OFF state. We report a bipolar field-effect transistor that exploits the low density of states in graphene and its one-atomic-layer thickness. Our prototype devices are graphene heterostructures with atomically thin boron nitride or molybdenum disulfide acting as a vertical transport barrier. They exhibit room-temperature switching ratios of approximately 50 and approximately 10,000, respectively. Such devices have potential for high-frequency operation and large-scale integration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Britnell, L -- Gorbachev, R V -- Jalil, R -- Belle, B D -- Schedin, F -- Mishchenko, A -- Georgiou, T -- Katsnelson, M I -- Eaves, L -- Morozov, S V -- Peres, N M R -- Leist, J -- Geim, A K -- Novoselov, K S -- Ponomarenko, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 24;335(6071):947-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1218461. Epub 2012 Feb 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22300848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 86
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwerger, Wilhelm -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 3;335(6068):549-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1218074.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany. zwerger@ph.tum.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22301312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-11-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haward, Marcus -- Jabour, Julia -- Press, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 2;338(6107):603. doi: 10.1126/science.338.6107.603.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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  • 88
    Publication Date: 2012-03-17
    Description: Models for the growth of continental crust rely on knowing the balance between the generation of new crust and the reworking of old crust throughout Earth's history. The oxygen isotopic composition of zircons, for which uranium-lead and hafnium isotopic data provide age constraints, is a key archive of crustal reworking. We identified systematic variations in hafnium and oxygen isotopes in zircons of different ages that reveal the relative proportions of reworked crust and of new crust through time. Growth of continental crust appears to have been a continuous process, albeit at variable rates. A marked decrease in the rate of crustal growth at ~3 billion years ago may be linked to the onset of subduction-driven plate tectonics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dhuime, Bruno -- Hawkesworth, Chris J -- Cawood, Peter A -- Storey, Craig D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 16;335(6074):1334-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1216066.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK. b.dhuime@bristol.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22422979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-05-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strain, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 May 11;336(6082):664-5. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6082.664.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22582239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; *Introduced Species ; *Lakes ; *Seawater ; *Ships ; United States
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-11-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwane, Alix Peterson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 2;338(6107):617-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1230292.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. alix.zwane@gatesfoundation.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23118174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Attention ; *Decision Making ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Poverty/*psychology ; *Socioeconomic Factors
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  • 91
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-12-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brenner, Sydney -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Dec 14;338(6113):1427-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1232919.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Janelia Farm Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. sydney.brenner@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Science Disciplines/*history/trends ; DNA/chemistry/*history ; History, 15th Century ; History, 16th Century ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval
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  • 92
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-02-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quintana-Murci, Lluis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Feb 17;335(6070):806-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1219299.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Unit of Human Evolutionary Genetics, CNRS URA3012, Paris, France. quintana@pasteur.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22344433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Proteins/*genetics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-08-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Aug 10;337(6095):636-8. doi: 10.1126/science.337.6095.636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879478" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Body Temperature ; Crops, Agricultural/microbiology ; Food Microbiology ; *Fungi/classification/pathogenicity/physiology ; Fungicides, Industrial ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Mycoses/epidemiology/*microbiology/transmission/veterinary ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Reproduction ; Reproduction, Asexual
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2012-01-17
    Description: Slimak et al. (Reports, 13 May 2011, p. 841) reanalyzed the lithic assemblage from the northern site of Byzovaya (Russia) and concluded that it was Mousterian and produced by Neandertals. The previous interpretation of this assemblage as falling within Early Upper Paleolithic variability remains the most parsimonious explanation; pending additional fossil discoveries, there is no evidence supporting the occurrence of Neandertals at these high latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwyns, Nicolas -- Roebroeks, Wil -- McPherron, Shannon P -- Jagich, Adam -- Hublin, Jean-Jacques -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jan 13;335(6065):167; author reply 167. doi: 10.1126/science.1209908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. nicolas_zwyns@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246757" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Archaeology ; *Hominidae ; Humans
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brito, Lidia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1396. doi: 10.1126/science.1224531.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Science Policy and Capacity-Building, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 75352 Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700913" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Developing Countries ; *Environment ; Goals ; United Nations
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2012-11-01
    Description: Johnson and colleagues (Reports, 18 May 2012, p. 904) claim that conspecific negative density dependence is a pervasive mechanism driving forest diversity, especially for rare tree species. We show that their results are due to a statistical bias in their analysis caused by the exclusion of joint absences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dickie, Ian A -- Hurst, Jennifer M -- Bellingham, Peter J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Oct 26;338(6106):469; author reply 469. doi: 10.1126/science.1225520.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Landcare Research, Lincoln, 7640 New Zealand. dickiei@landcareresearch.co.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23112313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2012-11-10
    Description: Mitochondria must grow with the growing cell to ensure proper cellular physiology and inheritance upon division. We measured the physical size of mitochondrial networks in budding yeast and found that mitochondrial network size increased with increasing cell size and that this scaling relation occurred primarily in the bud. The mitochondria-to-cell size ratio continually decreased in aging mothers over successive generations. However, regardless of the mother's age or mitochondrial content, all buds attained the same average ratio. Thus, yeast populations achieve a stable scaling relation between mitochondrial content and cell size despite asymmetry in inheritance.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602416/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3602416/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rafelski, Susanne M -- Viana, Matheus P -- Zhang, Yi -- Chan, Yee-Hung M -- Thorn, Kurt S -- Yam, Phoebe -- Fung, Jennifer C -- Li, Hao -- Costa, Luciano da F -- Marshall, Wallace F -- 5R01GM097213-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50GM081879/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM097017/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM026259/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM070808/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01GM097017/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 9;338(6108):822-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1225720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, USA. susanner@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23139336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: G1 Phase ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mitochondria/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; *Mitochondrial Size ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/cytology/*growth & development/*ultrastructure ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; rab GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2012-03-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strittmatter, Warren J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 23;335(6075):1447-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1220725.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. warren@neuro.duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy/*metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/*metabolism ; Brain/*metabolism ; Male ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2012-06-16
    Description: Aboveground consumers are believed to affect ecosystem functioning by regulating the quantity and quality of plant litter entering the soil. We uncovered a pathway whereby terrestrial predators regulate ecosystem processes via indirect control over soil community function. Grasshopper herbivores stressed by spider predators have a higher body carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than do grasshoppers raised without spiders. This change in elemental content does not slow grasshopper decomposition but perturbs belowground community function, decelerating the subsequent decomposition of plant litter. This legacy effect of predation on soil community function appears to be regulated by the amount of herbivore protein entering the soil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hawlena, Dror -- Strickland, Michael S -- Bradford, Mark A -- Schmitz, Oswald J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 15;336(6087):1434-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1220097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, 370 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. dror.hawlena@mail.huji.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22700928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/metabolism ; Biomass ; Carbon/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Energy Metabolism ; Fear ; *Food Chain ; Grasshoppers/chemistry/*physiology ; Herbivory/physiology ; Insect Proteins/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen/analysis/metabolism ; *Plants ; *Predatory Behavior ; Soil/chemistry ; *Soil Microbiology ; Spiders/*physiology ; *Stress, Physiological
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2012-06-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kupferschmidt, Kai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Jun 22;336(6088):1493. doi: 10.1126/science.336.6088.1493.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22723386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cholera/*epidemiology/*microbiology ; *Epidemics ; Feces/microbiology ; Haiti/epidemiology ; Humans ; Nepal/epidemiology ; Serotyping ; United Nations ; Vibrio cholerae/classification/*isolation & purification ; Vibrio cholerae O1/classification/isolation & purification ; Water Microbiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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