ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Since their introduction in the 1980's, wavelets have become a powerful tool in mathematical analysis, with applications such as image compression, statistical estimation and numerical simulation of partial differential equations. One of their main attractive features is the ability to accurately represent fairly general functions with a small number of adaptively chosen wavelet coefficients, as well as to characterize the smoothness of such functions from the numerical behaviour of these coefficients. The theoretical pillar that underlies such properties involves approximation theory and function spaces, and plays a pivotal role in the analysis of wavelet-based numerical methods. This book offers a self-contained treatment of wavelets, which includes this theoretical pillar and it applications to the numerical treatment of partial differential equations. Its key features are:〈P〉 1. Self-contained introduction to wavelet bases and related numerical algorithms, from the simplest examples to the most numerically useful general constructions.〈P〉 2. Full treatment of the theoretical foundations that are crucial for the analysis of wavelets and other related multiscale methods : function spaces, linear and nonlinear approximation, interpolation theory.〈P〉 3. Applications of these concepts to the numerical treatment of partial differential equations : multilevel preconditioning, sparse approximations of differential and integral operators, adaptive discretization strategies

Description / Table of Contents: The supply and protection of groundwater, the production of hydrocarbon reservoirs, land subsidence in coastal areas, exploitation of geothermal energy, the long-term disposal of critical wastes ... What do these issues have in common besides their high socio-economic impact? They are all closely related to fluid flow in porous and/or fractured rock. As the conditions of fluid flow in many cases depend on the mechanical behavior of rocks, coupling between the liquid phase and the rock matrix can generally not be neglected. For the past five years or so, studies of rock physics and rock mechanics linked to coupling phenomena have received increased attention. In recognition of this, a Euroconference on thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling in fractured rock was held at Bad Honnef, Germany, in November 2000. Most of the twenty papers collected in this volume were presented at this meeting. The contributions lead to deeper insight in processes where such coupling is relevant.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume, "Air Quality", contains many original findings on biomasss fires, transboundary pollution and associated haze and their impacts on health, biodiversity and economy and thus is expected to be a source book for research in South East Asia. Many of the results presented in this volume pertain to this region and are thus available under one "roof". Some papers could be discussed in graduate level classes dealing with Air Pollution, Air Quality, Cloud Physics and Biophysics. The scientific community will find this book a useful addition to their personal and institutional libraries.

Description / Table of Contents: In the wake of the disastrous tsunami which struck Papua New Guinea in 1998, this volume presents 20 state-of-the-art contributions on landslide tsunamis, including earthquake characteristics and ground motions, modeling of landslides in geotechnical engineering, field surveys on land and at sea, simulations of past, present, and potential future tsunamis, and theoretical studies of tsunami generation by landslides.

Description / Table of Contents: Vorwort Dieses Buch wurde für den Einsteiger geschrieben. Leicht verständlich sollte es sein. Da ich mich oft darüber ärgerte, dass ich von Einsteigerbüchern immer so bald im Regen stehen gelassen wurde, sollte dieses Buch so lange wie möglich nützlich sein. Also sollten zu möglichst vielen Stichworten, die einem Anfänger begegnen können, ein paar erklärende Worte fallen. Na ja, dann kann man ja gerade noch ein paar Worte dazu sagen, wie man das installiert und konfiguriert. Was sollte in das Buch hinein? Klar, die grundlegenden Befehle zum Umgang mit Dateien und Verzeichnissen sind wichtig. Die Editoren vi und emacs und die Shell sind die Standardwerkzeuge eines jeden UNIX-Anwenders und müssen natürlich erläutert werden. Neben diesen klassischen Themen will man aber auch mit einem CD-Brenner arbeiten. Auch die Administration darf nicht fehlen. Immerhin gibt es immer mehr Einzelplatzbenutzer, insbesondere im Bereich Linux und MacOS X, die letztlich ihr System auch selbst administrieren müssen. Wer es im professionellen Umfeld mit UNIX zu tun bekommt, wird schnell in das Umfeld der Administration geraten. Und dann wird man über kurz oder lang auch mal ein paar kleine Skripten zaubern müssen. Wenn man dann als Administrator Perl kennt, ist das nicht verkehrt. Auf der anderen Seite kann man in der heutigen Zeit das Thema grafische Oberflächen nicht mehr weglassen. Und dass eine Maschine ohne Netzwerk betrieben wird, ist im Internet-Zeitalter einfach unglaubwürdig. So kam dann eins zum anderen. Inzwischen ist dieses Buch fast schon eine UNIX-Enzyklopädie, aber immer noch soll es für den Anfänger leicht verständlich sein. Denn Verständlichkeit schätzt nicht nur der Anfänger, sondern auch der Profi, wenn ihm mal ein neues Thema begegnet...

Description / Table of Contents: Part 1. Landform Modelling, General Considerations --- The Paradox of Equivalence of the Davisian End-Peneplain and Penckian Primary Peneplain / Hiroo Ohmori / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 3-32 --- Geomorphology: Boundaries between Media / Robert W. Blair, Jr. / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 33-42 --- Evolution of the Ocean Floor Morphostructure: Actualistic Model / Alexander V. Ilyin / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 43-59 --- Scale-Specific Landforms and Aspects of the Land Surface / Ian S. Evans / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 61-94 --- Part 2. Material Transport in Landform Modelling --- Simple Model for the Complex Dynamics of Dunes / Hiraku Nishimori and Hirohisa Tanaka / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 87-100 --- Green's Function of Mass Transport and the Landform Equation / Masashige Hirano / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 101-114 --- Towards Quantitative Modelling of Landform Evolution through Frequency and Magnitude of Processes: A Model Conception / Jochen Schmidt and Nicholas James Preston / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 115-129 --- Part 3. Fluvial Landform Structure: Mathematical and Physical Laws --- Planar Organization of River Networks: A Hidden Gamma Law Structure / Christophe Cudennec, Youssef Fouad and Irianto Sumarjo-Gatot / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 133-145 --- Tiling Properties of Drainage Basins and Their Physical Bases / Eiji Tokunaga / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 147-166 --- Mathematical Modeling of Landforms: Optimality and Steady-State Solutions / Scott D. Peckham / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 167-182 --- Part 4. DEMs, GIS and Modelling in Geomorphology --- A Simple GIS Model for Mapping Landslide Susceptibility / Richard J. Pike, Russell W. Graymer and Steven Sobieszczyk / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 185-197 --- Eigenvector Analysis of Digital Elevation Models in a GIS: Geomorphometry and Quality Control / Peter L. Guth / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 199-220 --- Multiresolution Spline Models and Their Applications in Geomorphology / Jan Rasmus Sulebak and Øyvind Hjelle / Concepts and Modelling in Geomorphology: International Perspectives, / pp. 221-237

Description / Table of Contents: Geophysicists use seismic signals to image structures in the Earth's interior, to understand the mechanics of earthquake and volcanic sources, and to estimate their associated hazards. Keiiti Aki developed pioneering quantitative methods for extracting useful information from various portions of observed seismograms and applied these methods to many problems in the above fields. This volume honors Aki's contributions with review papers and results from recent applications by his former students and scientific associates pertaining to topics spawned by his work. Discussed subjects include analytical and numerical techniques for calculating dynamic rupture and radiated seismic waves, stochastic models used in engineering seismology, earthquake and volcanic source processes, seismic tomography, properties of lithospheric structures, analysis of scattered waves, and more. The volume will be useful to students and professional geophysicists alike.

Description / Table of Contents: "Beyond Wavelets" presents state-of-the-art theories, methods, algorithms, and applications of mathematical extensions for classical wavelet analysis. Wavelets, introduced 20 years ago by Morlet and Grossmann and developed very rapidly during the 1980's and 1990's, has created a common link between computational mathematics and other disciplines of science and engineering. Classical wavelets have provided effective and efficient mathematical tools for time-frequency analysis which enhances and replaces the Fourier approach. However, with the current advances in science and technology, there is an immediate need to extend wavelet mathematical tools as well. "Beyond Wavelets" presents a list of ideas and mathematical foundations for such extensions, including: continuous and digital ridgelets, brushlets, steerable wavelet packets, contourlets, eno-wavelets, spline-wavelet frames, and quasi-affine wavelets. Wavelet subband algorithms are extended to pyramidal directional and nonuniform filter banks. In addition, this volume includes a method for tomographic reconstruction using a mechanical image model and a statistical study for independent adaptive signal representation. Investigators already familiar with wavelet methods from areas such as engineering, statistics, and mathematics will benefit by owning this volume. *Curvelets, Contourlets, Ridgelets, *Digital Implementation of Ridgelet Packets *Steerable Wavelet Packets *Essentially Non-Oscillatory Wavelets *Medical Imaging *Non-Uniform Filter Banks *Spline-wavelet frames and *Vanishing Moment Recovery Functions

Description / Table of Contents: Isotope geochemistry has produced many technical developments in the past decade or so that have revolutionized the potential information available on the tectonics of metamorphic belts from geochronology. These include the ability to date minerals and rocks on small spatial scales, scales that at last approach those from which other types of information — structural and petrological — are obtained. However, interpreting the new data, and their integration with the other datasets available, is not straightforward and requires careful chemical and textural observations that go hand-inhand with the geochronology. The increasing realization of the importance of this approach has led to a number of symposia at international conferences devoted to this topic in recent years. The set of papers in this book emanates from one such symposium and describes recent progress in integrating this new information with other datasets from metamorphic petrology on a mineral and sub-mineral scale.

Description / Table of Contents: Recycling of oceanic plate back into the Earth’s interior at subduction zones is one of the key processes in Earth evolution. Volcanic arcs, which form above subduction zones, are the most visible manifestations of plate tectonics, the convection mechanism by which the Earth loses excess heat They are probably also the main location where new continental crust is formed, the so-called ‘subduction factoiy’ About 400f modern subduction zones on Earth are intra-oceanic. These subduction systems are generally simpler than those at continental margins as they commonly have a shorter history of subduction and their magmas are not contaminated by ancient sialic crust. They are therefore the optimum locations for studies of mantle processes and magmatic addition to the crust in subduction zones. This volume contains a collection of papers that exploit the relative simplicity of intra-oceanic subduction systems to provide insights into the tectonic, magmatic and hydrothermal processes associated with subduction.

Description / Table of Contents: The 32 research papers in this volume examine the mode and nature of igneous, metamorphic, tectonic, sedimentological and biological processes associated with the evolution of ophiolites in Earth's history. Divided into six sections, the book presents a wealth of new data and syntheses from ophiotites around the world. Introductory chapters review the distribution of ophiolites in space and time and present a synoptic discussion on their importance in Earth history. Papers in the second section present diverse data from Tethyan ophiolites and provide refined geodynamic models for their evolution. The following two sections present case studies documenting magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic processes in ophiolite genesis and hydrothermal and biogenic alteration of fossil oceanic crust. Mechanisms of ophiolite emplacement are explored in Section V with a focus on the Semail massif (Oman). The last section examines the regional occurrence and geodynamic significance of ophiolite belts on different continents. The book reflects the contemporary work of the international community in a most up-to-date treatment of process-oriented questions on the evolution of ophiolites.

Description / Table of Contents: Pterosaurs were a peculiar group of Mesozoic vertebrates, which acquired the ability to fly in an original way, using a membrane attached to a single finger of the hand. Ever since the first description of a pterosaur skeleton in 1784, these remarkable animals have elicited much discussion and controversy among palaeontologists, and many basic questions about their origin, evolution and biology remain disputed. In the last few years, interest in pterosaurs has been revived by numerous discoveries of new and sometimes remarkably preserved specimens, which have enlarged and changed our picture of this group. The volume begins with descriptions of several new pterosaurs from the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous of Europe, North and South America, and Africa. Following this, alternative hypotheses of pterosaur phytogeny and evolution are put forward. Several papers discuss the functional anatomy of pterosaurs and its implications for aerial locomotion. The study of pterosaur footprints provides important new evidence concerning their terrestrial locomotion, and this approach is used in several contributions. A developing aspect of pterosaur research is bone histology, as shown by the final papers in this collection.

Description / Table of Contents: Sedimentary facies in the subsurface are usually interpreted from a epositional/stratigraphical perspective: the depositional layering is generally considered to remain undisturbed, except in a few settings. But, there is growing evidence that subsurface sediment mobilization (SSM) is more widespread than previously thought, as new observations arise from the ever-increasing resolution of subsurface data. Many examples are from hydrocarbon provinces but studies elsewhere, for example in preparation for the underground storage of hazardous waste, have yielded unexpected examples. Although until now the different aspects of SSM, including soft sediment deformations, sand injections, shale diapirs, mud volcanoes, etc, have been separated, the new discoveries emphasize their inter-connection, regardless of scale, depth, location, grain size or trigger mechanism. This volume integrates the different aspects of sediment mobilization in the subsurface and their structural consequences, allowing a more generaland a more coherent view of the subject.

Description / Table of Contents: ‘Commercial oil deposits in basement rocks are not geological “accidents” but are oil accumulations which obey all the rules of oil sourcing, migration and entrapment; therefore in areas of not too deep basement, oil deposits within basement rocks should be explored with the same professional skill and zeal as ccumulations in the overlying sediments’, Landes et al. (1960), AAPG Bulletin. Given that most OPEC countries are currently at or within 5% Production capacity, there is a growing need to look for ‘new oil’ and other hydrocarbons in non-traditional sources. While oil and gas fields in crystalline basement are still discovered mostly by accident, as shown in this book, such reservoirs can be very prolific, especially if the basement rock is highly faulted or fractured. The chapters in this volume cover a diverse range of topics related broadly to the theme of hydrocarbons in crystalline rocks, and challenge explorationists’ definition of basement rock, which needs to be less narrow and more responsive to new geological ideas.

Description / Table of Contents: Humans have long marvelled at (and feared) the odorous and colourful manifestations of volcanic emissions, and, in some cases, have harnessed them for their economic value. The degassing process responsible for these phenomena is now understood to be one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions. Moreover the surface emissions of these volatiles can have profound effects on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment, and climate. Even more fundamental are the relationships between the history of planetary outgassing, differentiation of the Earth’s interior, chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the origin and evolution of life. This book provides a compilation of 23 papers that investigate the behaviour of volatiles in magma, the feedbacks between degassing and magma dynamics, and the composition, flux, and environmental, atmospheric and climatic impacts of volcanic gas emissions.

Description / Table of Contents: This title has arisen from the Geological Society of London conference of the same name. Since the publication of the predecessor of this book (‘Modern insights into structural interpretation, validation and modelling’, SP99, 1996, edited by Buchanan & Nieuwland) much progress has been made. This has been primarily thanks to the continuously increasing computing speed and computer memory capacity, which has positively affected all fields in structural interpretation, seismics and modelling, directly or indirectly. ‘New insights in structural interpretation and modelling’, presents a balanced overview of what the title promises. It is intended as a book that will serve the experienced professional as well as more advanced students in earth sciences, with a broad selection of topics ranging from classical field based studies to state of the art analogue and numerical modeling. The leaders of their fields have written some of the chapters, whereas younger authors with a fresh outlook and new ideas have written other chapters.

Description / Table of Contents: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is transforming the way earth scientists and engineers describe and interpret near-surface sedimentary environments in the field. Because of recent advances in equipment, GPR now provides continuous, high-resolution data that other geophysical investigative tools cannot achieve. GPR has proven useful in a wide array of environmental, geological, and engineering applications. Included in this book are practical guidelines for data collection and interpretation, from antennae configurations to sequence stratigraphy, together with new advances such as vertical radar profiles and 3-D GPR imaging for hydrocarbon reservoir modelling, designed to assist new and veteran users get the most from GPR. Case studies in this book detail GPR investigations in a wide array of sedimentary environments including alluvial fans, braided rivers, spits, beaches, sand dunes, lakes, bogs, and floodplains. Examples of GPR investigation applied to stratigraphic correlation problems in Holocene, Pleistocene, and ancient sediments; hydrocarbon reservoir modelling; and detection and mapping of contaminants, reservoir infilling, land mines, and fault displacements are included.

Description / Table of Contents: Intraplate strike-slip deformation belts are common tectonic features, particularly at convergent plate boundaries, where they are produced by both oblique convergence and continental indentation. These lithosphere-scale structures, which also occur in other geodynamic environments such as passive margins, are characterized by complex structural architectures, by the occurrence of large earthquakes, and by the fast uplift and/or subsidence of localized crustal sectors. Intraplate strike-slip belts can also control the ascent and emplacement of deeply sourced magmas. In some cases, intraplate strike-slip belts link with oceanic fracture zones and transform faults, transferring transform shear from the ridges to the interior of the plates. This evidence has an important impact of the classical concept of transform faulting. This volume contains 13 papers from an international field of contributors. Studies of intraplate strike-slip deformation belts from Africa, Antarctica, Eurasia, North America and South America are included.

Description / Table of Contents: This publication introduces the newly developed, integrated discipline of fracture and in-situstress characterization of hydrocarbon reservoirs, through 16 well-illustrated case studies. These cover a wide range of tools, from borehole Scale (logs and cores) to reservoir scale (3-D and 4-D seismic). It also covers surface studies (outcrop and remote sensing). In addition, it addresses the impact of fractures and in-situ stresses on fluid flows and their simulation. This volume deals with a subject that is gaining increasing interest with the advancement of technologies and shifting boundaries of marginal fields into more challenging ground. Fractures and their response to current-day in-situ stresses have become a crucial part of reservoir characterization in deep tight reservoirs. In addition, maturing reservoirs, which were considered as 'conventional' at discovery, are displaying symptoms characteristic of fractures and/or geomechanical contribution. This has lead to the need to delineate the fractures and the stresses in these reservoirs and revise reservoir management accordingly. The book will be of interest to a broad range of readers from both academic and industrial institutes, who are researching and dealing with hydrocarbon reservoir characterization, simulation and management.

Description / Table of Contents: The study of sediments and sedimentary basins in terms of their tectonic environment requires a multidisciplinary approach and has increasingly drawn both techniques and objectives from fields outside sedimentology. The application of different theoretical, experimental and empirical resources provided by structural geology, geochemistry, geophysics, scale modelling, and field geology, complement sedimentological methods, with the combined aim of achieving a deeper understanding of the origins, evolution and significance of sedimentary sequences in terms of their tectonic history. Studies presented in this volume range across a wide spectrum from the analysis of sedimentary sequence architecture at basin scale down to the chemical properties of individual grains, and include studies from a range of tectonic settings. The volume will be of interest to those involved with, or contemplating, studies involving the linkages between tectonics and sedimentation, as well as a wider audience to whom the results of such studies may provide fresh insight.

Description / Table of Contents: Applications of X-ray computed tomography in the geosciences / F. Mees, R. Swennen, M. Van Geet and P. Jacobs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 1-6, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.01 --- Applications of high-resolution X-ray computed tomography in petrology, meteoritics and palaeontology / W. D. Carlson, T. Rowe, R. A. Ketcham and M. W. Colbert / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 7-22, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.02 --- Computed tomography in petroleum engineering research / S. Akin and A. R. Kovscek / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 23-38, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.03 --- Study of the microgeometry of porous materials using synchrotron computed microtomography / K. W. Jones, H. Feng, W. B. Lindquist, P. M. Adler, J. F. Thovert, B. Vekemans, L. Vincze, I. Szaloki, R. Van Grieken, F. Adams and C. Riekel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 39-49, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.04 --- Porosity measurements of sedimentary rocks by means of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (μCT) / M. Van Geet, D. Lagrou and R. Swennen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 51-60, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.05 --- Quantitative characterization of fracture apertures using microfocus computed tomography / K. Vandersteen, B. Busselen, K. Van Den Abeele and J. Carmeliet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 61-68, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.06 --- Three-dimensional visualization of fractures in rock test samples, simulating deep level mining excavations, using X-ray computed tomography / E. Sellers, A. Vervoort and J. Van Cleynenbreugel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 69-80, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.07 --- Geostatistics and the representative elementary volume of gamma ray tomography attenuation in rock cores / J. R. Vogel and G. O. Brown / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 81-93, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.08 --- Porosity and fluid flow characterization of granite by capillary wetting using X-ray computed tomography / Y. Géraud, F. Surma and F. Mazerolle / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 95-105, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.09 --- Direct imaging of fluid flow in fault-related rocks by X-ray CT / T. Hirono, M. Takahashi and S. Nakashima / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 107-115, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.10 --- Rock drying tests monitored by X-ray computed tomography — the effect of saturation methods on drying behaviour / B. Rousset-Tournier, F. Mazerolle, Y. Géraud and D. Jeannette / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 117-125, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.11 --- Characterization by X-ray computed tomography of water absorption in a limestone used as building stone in the Oviedo Cathedral (Spain) / V. G. Ruiz de Argandoña, A. Rodriguez-Rey, C. Celorio, L. Calleja and L. M. Suárez del Rio / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 127-134, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.12 --- Estimation of porosity and hydraulic conductivity from X-ray CT-measured solute breakthrough / S. H. Anderson, H. Wang, R. L. Peyton and C. J. Gantzer / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 135-149, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.13 --- Assessment of soil structure using X-ray computed tomography / H. Rogasik, I. Onasch, J. Brunotte, D. Jegou and O. Wendroth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 151-165, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.14 --- 3D soil image characterization applied to hydraulic properties computation / J. F. Delerue, E. Perrier, A. Timmerman and R. Swennen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 167-176, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.15 --- Evaluation of local porosity changes in limestone samples under triaxial stress field by using X-ray computed tomography / C. O. Karacan, A. S. Grader and P. M. Halleck / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 177-189, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.16 --- Monitoring void ratio redistribution during continuous undrained triaxial compression by X-ray computed tomography / P. R. Thomson and R. C. K. Wong / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 191-198, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.17 --- The use of X-ray computed tomography in the investigation of the settlement behaviour of compacted mudrock / M. A. O’Neill, A. K. Goodwin and W. F. Anderson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 199-204, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.18 --- Industrial X-ray computed tomography studies of lake sediment drill cores / A. Flisch and A. Becker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 205-212, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.19 --- Analysis of analogue models by helical X-ray computed tomography / G. Schreurs, R. Hänni, M. Panien and P. Vock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 213-223, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.20 --- Preliminary microfocus X-ray computed tomography survey of echinoid fossil microstructure / S. R. Stock and A. Veis / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 215, 225-235, 1 January 2003, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.215.01.21

Description / Table of Contents: Exactly 100 years before the publication of this volume, the first paper which calculated the half-life for the newly discovered radioactive substance U-X (now called 234Th), was published. Now, in this volume, the editors Bernard Bourdon, Gideon Henderson, Craig Lundstrom and Simon Turner have integrated a group of contributors who update our knowledge of U-series geochemistry, offer an opportunity for non-specialists to understand its basic principles, and give us a view of the future of this active field of research. In this volume, for the first time, all the methods for determining the uranium and thorium decay chain nuclides in Earth materials are discussed. It was prepared in advance of a two-day short course (April 3-4, 2003) on U-series geochemistry, jointly sponsored by GS and MSA and presented in Paris, France prior to the joint EGS/AGU/EUG meeting in Nice. The discovery of the 238U decay chain, of course, started with the seminal work of Marie Curie in identifying and separating 226Ra. Through the work of the Curies and others, all the members of the 238U decay chain were identified. An important milestone for geochronometrists was the discovery of 230Th (called Ionium) by Bertram Boltwood, the Yale scientist who also made the first age determinations on minerals using the U-Pb dating method (Boltwood in 1906 established the antiquity of rocks and even identified a mineral from Sri Lanka-then Ceylon as having an age of 2.1 billion years!) The application of the 238U decay chain to the dating of deep sea sediments was by Piggott and Urry in 1942 using the "Ionium" method of dating. Actually they measured 222Ra (itself through 222Rn) assuming secular equilibrium had been established between 230Th and 226Ra. Although 230Th was measured in deep sea sediments by Picciotto and Gilvain in 1954 using photographic emulsions, it was not until alpha spectrometry was developed in the late 1950's that 20Th was routinely measured in marine deposits. Alpha spectrometry and gamma spectrometry became the work horses for the study of the uranium and thorium decay chains in a variety of Earth materials. These ranged from 222Rn and its daughters in the atmosphere, to the uranium decay chain nuclides in the oceanic water column, and volcanic rocks and many other systems in which either chronometry or element partitioning, were explored. Much of what we learned about the 238U, 235U and 232Th decay chain nuclides as chronometers and process indicators we owe to these seminal studies based on the measurement of radioactivity. The discovery that mass spectrometry would soon usurp many of the tasks performed by radioactive counting was in itself serendipitous. It came about because a fundamental issue in cosmochemistry was at stake. Although variation in 235U/238U had been reported for meteorites the results were easily discredited as due to analytical difficulties. One set of results, however, was published by a credible laboratory long involved in quality measurements of high mass isotopes such as the lead isotopes. The purported discovery of 235U/238U variations in meteorites, if true, would have consequences in defining the early history of the formation of the elements and the development of inhomogeneity of uranium isotopes in the accumulation of the protoplanetary materials of the Solar System. Clearly the result was too important to escape the scrutiny of falsification implicit in the way we do science. The Lunatic Asylum at Caltech under the leadership of Jerry Wasserburg took on that task. Jerry Wasserburg and Jim Chen clearly established the constancy and Earth-likeness of 235U/238U in the samplable universe. In the hands of another member of the Lunatic Asylum, Larry Edwards, the methodology was transformed into a tool for the study of the 238U decay chain in marine systems. Thus the mass spectrometric techniques developed provided an approach to measuring the U and Th isotopes in geological materials as well as cosmic materials with the same refinement and accommodation for small sample size. Soon after this discovery the harnessing of the technique to the measurement of all the U isotopes and all the Th isotopes with great precision immediately opened up the entire field of uranium and thorium decay chain studies. This area of study was formerly the poaching ground for radioactive measurements alone but now became part of the wonderful world of mass spectrometric measurements. (The same transformation took place for radiocarbon from the various radioactive counting schemes to accelerator mass spectrometry.) No Earth material was protected from this assault. The refinement of dating corals, analyzing volcanic rocks for partitioning and chronometer studies and extensions far and wide into ground waters and ocean bottom dwelling organisms has been the consequence of this innovation. Although Ra isotopes, 210Pb and 210Po remain an active pursuit of those doing radioactive measurements, many of these nuclides have also become subject to the mass spectrometric approach. In this volume, for the first time, all the methods for determining the uranium and thorium decay chain nuclides in Earth materials are discussed. The range of problems solvable with this approach is remarkable-a fitting, tribute to the Curies and the early workers who discovered them for us to use.

Description / Table of Contents: Since the dawn of life on earth, organisms have played roles in mineral formation in processes broadly known as biomineralization. This biologically-mediated organization of aqueous ions into amorphous and crystalline materials results in materials that are as simple as adventitious precipitates or as complex as exquisitely fabricated structures that meet specialized functionalities. The purpose of this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry is to provide students and professionals in the earth sciences with a review that focuses upon the various processes by which organisms direct the formation of minerals. Our framework of examining biominerals from the viewpoints of major mineralization strategies distinguishes this volume from most previous reviews. The review begins by introducing the reader to over-arching principles that are needed to investigate biomineralization phenomena and shows the current state of knowledge regarding the major approaches to mineralization that organisms have developed over the course of Earth history. By exploring the complexities that underlie the "synthesis" of biogenic materials, and therefore the basis for how compositions and structures of biominerals are mediated (or not), we believe this volume will be instrumental in propelling studies of biomineralization to a new level of research questions that are grounded in an understanding of the underlying biological phenomena.

Description / Table of Contents: Disaster impacts are increasing in severity. Annual direct losses for weather-related events have increased from $3.9 million in the 1950s to $63 million in the 1990s. Moreover, a number of ongoing trends have the potential to cause even more severe and broader disaster impacts than ever before. These include increased environmental degradation, the impacts of climate change, population growth in cities, and globalization. In developing countries, disasters can cause major setbacks to economic and social development, inflict massive casualties, and cause the diversion of funds from development to emergency relief and recovery. By applying innovative approaches to disaster risk reduction and by empowering people through effective disaster reduction strategies, communities and government will be more resilient when disaster strikes and better able to protect their lives, homes, livelihoods and assets.

Description / Table of Contents: As frontier exploration in Africa moves into ever-deeper water and new basins, there is an increasing need to mitigate the high costs by reducing risk. One way of doing this is by drawing on knowledge from other areas. The book includes regional papers ranging from syntheses on a continental scale to details of the salt tectonics of the West African margin. It also addresses the need to continue using technologies to their limits by including papers on topics as diverse as gravity interpretation and fluid inclusion studies. The book provides essential reading for those requiring further insight into the origins of Africa's diverse petroleum systems, and will be key to geologists and geophysicists involved in the exploration for and exploitation of oil and gas throughout Africa. Of particular note is the supplementary CD-ROM containing maps of Africa's petroleum basins classified by age of target reservoir system.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume focuses on Late Mesoproterozoic to early Cambrian events related to Gondwana assembly and break up. The nineteen papers provide a comprehensive review including advanced knowledge and new data from all critical areas of East Gondwana. The recent knowledge of the evolution of East Gondwana, which was regarded as an integral part of the Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Rodinia, is the major theme of the volume, which is reinforced by highlighting this radical and new understanding of the evolution of this region. This volume is of use as both a text and reference book for Earth Science postgraduates, and should appeal worldwide to professional geologists with an interest in Rodinia, Gondwana and that important transition from the Proterozoic to the Phanerozoic Earth.

Description / Table of Contents: World energy demand will rise by two thirds between now and 2030, and the world economy will falter if these energy supplies are not available. How much investment will be required to satisfy this need and can it be financed is looked into, in an attempt to quantify global energy investment needs, fuel-by-fuel and region-by-region. The global financial system has the capacity to fund the required investment, but are the conditions right? For some sectors and regions, the prospects are good. For others, the outlook is bleak. The total figure which emerges for the required global investment over 30 years is large - $16 trillion, but there are no claims that this will be validated in 30 years time. Policymakers perhaps will have failed if the energy economy has not been reshaped to make it more sustainable. Issues looked at by the World Energy Investment Outlook 2003 are global energy investment needs to 2030, financing global energy investment, as well as specifically oil, natural gas, coal, electricity and advanced technologies.

Description / Table of Contents: In the two decades since J. Alexander Speer's Zircon chapter in Orthosilicates (Reviews in Mineralogy, Vol. 5), much has been learned about the internal textures, trace-element and isotope geochemistry (both radiogenic and stable) and chemical and mechanical stability of zircon. The application of this knowledge and the use of zircon in geologic studies have become widespread. Today, the study of zircon exists as the pseudo-discipline of "zirconology" that involves materials scientists and geoscientists from across a range of sub-disciplines including stable and radiogenic isotopes, sedimentology, petrology, trace elements and experimental mineralogy. Zirconology has become an important field of research, so much so that coverage of the mineral zircon in a review volume that included zircon as one of many accessory minerals would not meet the needs or interests of the zirconology community in terms of depth or breadth of coverage. The sixteen chapters in this volume cover the most important aspects of zircon-related research over the past twenty-years and highlight possible future research avenues. Finch and Hanchar (Chapter 1) review the structure of zircon and other mineral (and synthetic) phases with the zircon structure. In most rock types where zircon occurs it is a significant host of the rare-earth elements, Th and U. The abundances of these elements and the form of chondrite-normalized rare-earth element patterns may provide significant information on the processes that generate igneous and metamorphic rocks. The minor and trace element compositions of igneous, metamorphic and hydrothermal zircons are reviewed by Hoskin and Schaltegger in Chapter 2. The investigation of melt inclusions in zircon is an exciting line of new research. Trapped melt inclusions can provide direct information of the trace element and isotopic composition of the melt from which the crystal formed as a function of time throughout the growth of the crystal. Thomas et a!. (Chapter 3) review the study of melt inclusions in zircon. Hanchar and Watson (Chapter 4) review experimental and natural studies of zircon saturation and the use of zircon saturation thermometry for natural rocks. Cation diffusion and oxygen diffusion in zircon is discussed by Cherniak and Watson (Chapter 5). Diffusion studies are essential for providing constraints on the quality of trace element and isotope data and for providing estimates of temperature exposure in geological environments. Zircon remains the most widely utilized accessory mineral for U- Th-Pb isotope geochronology. Significant instrumental and analytical developments over the past thirty years mean that zircon has an essential role in early Achaean studies, magma genesis, and astrobiology. Four chapters are devoted to different aspects of zircon geochronology. The first of these four, Chapter 6 by Davis et a!., reviews the historical development of zircon geochronology from the mid-1950s to the present; the following three chapters focus on particular techniques for zircon geochronology, namely ID-TIMS (Parrish and Noble, Chapter 7), SIMS (Ireland and Williams, Chapter 8) and ICP-MS (Kosier and Sylvester, Chapter 9). The application of zircon chronology in constraining sediment provenance.and the calibration ofthe geologic time-scale are reviewed by Fedo et al. (Chapter 10) and Bowring and Schmitz (Chapter 11), respectively. Other isotopic systematics are reviewed for zircon by Kinny and Maas (Chapter 12), who discuss the application of Nd-Sm and Lu-Hf isotopes in zircon to petrogenetic studies, and by Valley (Chapter 13), who discusses the importance of oxygen isotopic studies in traditional and emerging fields of geologic study. As a host of U and Th, zircon is subject to radiation damage. Radiation damage is likely responsible for isotopic disturbance and promotes mechanical instability. There is increasing interest in both the effect of radiation damage on the zircon crystal structure and mechanisms of damage and recrystallization, as well as the structure of the damaged phase. These studies contribute to an overall understanding of how zircon may behave as a waste-form for safe disposal of radioactive waste and are discussed by Ewing et a!. (Chapter 14). The spectroscopy of zircon, both crystalline and metamict is reviewed by Nadsala et a!. (Chapter 15). The final chapter, by Corfu et al. (Chapter 16), is an atlas of internal textures of zircon. The imaging of internal textures in zircon is essential for directing the acquisition of geochemical data and to the integrity of conclusions reached once data has been collected and interpreted. This chapter, for the first time, brings into one place textural images that represent common and not so common textures reported in the literature, along with brief interpretations of their significance. There is presently no comparable atlas. It is intended that this chapter will become a reference point for future workers to compare and contrast their own images against. The chapters in this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry were prepared for presentation at a Short Course, sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) in Freiburg, Germany, April 3-4, 2003. This preceded a joint meeting of the European Union of Geology, the American Geophysical Union and the European Geophysical Society held in Nice, France, April 6-11, 2003.

Description / Table of Contents: Russia is a key energy producer and exporter. IEA co-operation with the Russian Ministry of Energy dates back to the early 1990s; a Memorandum of Understanding was signed in 1994. To date, the co-operation has focused largely on gas supply security, energy efficiency, the investment framework and energy sector transparency. Recent developments in Russia’s energy policy have demonstrated an increased interest in renewable energy sources. This publication is intended to support Russian-IEA co-operation by analyzing the prospects for developing a renewable energy market in Russia. By contributing to the evolving discussions on Russian policy in the sphere of renewable energy, this study supplements the “Russian Energy Survey” released by the IEA in March 2002.