ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Der Fahrtabschnitt ARK XIVl2 führt in das Europäische Nordmeer. Die Forschungsarbeiten begannen zwischen Nordgrönland und Spitzbergen in der Framstraße und endeten zwischen Island und Grönland südlich der Dänemarkstraße. Damit erfolgte eine der umfassendsten Aufnahmen der hydrographischen Bedingungen dieses Seegebiets insbesondere, da dank der günstigen Eis- und Wetterbedingungen alle Meßkurse bis an die grönländische Küste reichten. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeiten lag bei physikalischen und chemischen Untersuchungen, die im Rahmen der Klimaforschung erfolgen, um die Mechanismen des Wärmeaustauschs zwischenOzean und Atmosphäre sowie den Kreislauf organischer Substanzen im Ozean zu erforschen. Bei den biogeochemischen Untersuchungen stand die chemische Zusammensetzung, Konzentration und Verteilung von gelöstem organischem Material (DOM) im Vordergrund. Ferner wurde die Abgabe des Treibhausgases Methan aus dem Ozean in die Atmosphäre untersucht.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - 1. Tropospheric aerosol. - 2. Stratospheric aerosol. - 3. Models of atmospheric aerosol. - Abstract. - References

Description / Table of Contents: English aquivalents of Russian terms are taken from fundamental publications such as "Geocryology", A. L. Washburn, 1979 and from the articles published in the "Permafrost and periglacial processes" journal, as well as from other papers. Alle English terms from the "Glossary of Permafrost and Related ground-ice terms" (National Research Council of Canada, 1988) also have been used in this glossary.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Foreword. - Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction: The Essentials of Environmental Physics. - 1.1 The Economic System. - 1.2 Living in the Greenhouse. - 1.3 Enjoying the Sun. - 1.4 Transport of Matter, Energy and Momentum. - 1.5 The Social and Political Context. - 6 References. - 2 Basic Environmental Spectroscopy. - 2.1 Introduction to the Solar Spectrum. - 2.1.1 Black Body Radiation. - 2.1.2 The Emission Spectrum of the Sun. - 2.2 Interaction of Light with Matter. - 2.2.1 The Transition Electric Dipole Moment. - 2.2.2 The Einstein Coefficients. - 2.2.3 Lambert-Beer's Law. - 2.3 Biomolecules, Ozone and UV Light. - 2.3.1 The Spectroscopy of Biomolecules. - 2.3.2 Solar UV and Life. - 2.3.3 The Ozone Filter. - Exercises. - References. - 3 The Global Climate. - 3.1 The Energy Balance: A Zero-Dimensional Greenhouse Model.- 3.2 Elements of Weather and Climate. - 3.3 Climate Variations and Modelling. - Excursion ??.Two Simple Examples of Chaos. - Exercises. - References. - 4 Energy for Human Use. - 4.1 Heat Transfer. - 634.2 Energy from (mainly) Fossil Fuels. - 4.2.1 Thermodynamic Variables. - 4.2.2 Conversion of Heat into Work and Vice Versa; Available Work. - Excursion 4A. Efficiency of a 'Real' Heat Engine. - Excursion 4B. Loss of Exergy in Combustion. - 4.2.3 Heat Engines: Conversion of Heat into Work. - 4.2.4 Internal Combustion Engines: Conversion of Chemical Energy into Work. - 4.2.5 Heat Pipes. - 4.2.6 Electricity. - 4.2.7 Energy storage and energy transport. - 4.2.8. Reducing pollution. - Excursion 4C. Energy Savings by Co-generation. - 4.2.9 Refrigeration. - 4.2.10 Transportation. - 4.3 The Price of Energy Conversion. - 4.4 Renewable Energy Sources. - 4.4.1 Solar Heat and Solar Electricity. - Excursion 4D. The Grätzel Cell. - 4.4.2 Wind Energy. - 4.4.3 Waves. - 4.4.4 Bioenergy. - 4.4.5 Hydropower and Fuel Cells. - 4.5 Nuclear Energy. - 4.5.1 Power from Nuclear Fission. - 4.5.2 Power by Nuclear Fusion. - 4.5.3 Radiation and Safety. - Excursion 4E. Electromagnetic Radiation and Health. - 4.5.4 Managing the Fuel Cycle ; Waste. - Exercises. - References. - 5 Transport of Pollutants. - 5.1 Diffusion. - Excursion 5A. Conservation of Mass. - 5.2 Flow in Rivers. - 5.3 Ground Water Flow. - 5.4 The Equations of Fluid Dynamics. - 5.5 Turbulence. - Excursion 5B. Turbulent Diffusion. - 5.6 Gaussian Plumes in the Air. - 5.7 Turbulent Jets and Plumes. - 5.8 Particle Physics. - Exercises. - References. - 6 Noise. - 6.1 Basic Acoustics. - 6.2 Human Perceptions and Noise Criteria. - 6.3 Reducing the Transmission of Sound. - 6.4 Active Control of Sound. - Exercises. - References. - 7 Spectra and Examples of Environmental Spectroscopy. - 7.1 Overview of Spectroscopy. - 7.1.1 Population of Energy Levels and Intensity. - 7.1.2 The Transition Dipole Moment: Selection Rules. - 7.1.3 Line Widths. - 7.2 Atomic Spectra. - 7.2.1One-Electron Atoms. - 7.2.2 Many-Electron Atoms. - 7.3 Molecular Spectra. - 7.3.1 Rotational Transitions. - 7.3.2 Vibrational Transitions. - 7.3.3 Electronic Transitions in Molecules. - 7.4 Scattering. - 7.4.1 Raman Scattering. - Excursion 7A. Resonance Raman Scattering. - 7.4.2 Rayleigh Scattering. - 7.4.3 Mie Scattering. - 7.5 Spectroscopy of the Inner Electrons of Atoms and Molecules. - 7.5.1 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy. - 7.5.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectra. - 7.5.3 The Auger Effect. - 7.5.4 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS and XPS). - 7.6 Examples of Environmental Analysis. - 7.6.1 Monitoring Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere with Satellites. - 7.6.2 Lidar: A Technique to Measure the Location of Atmospheric Pollution. - Excursion 7B. Lidar Measurements of Stratospheric Ozone. - Excursion 7C. Aerosol Concentrations in the Karkonosze Mountains, Poland. - 7.6.3 Energy-Selective Spectroscopy o fMolecules. - 7.6.4 Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE). - Exercises. - References. - 8 The Context of Society. - 8.1 Risk Estimation. - 8.2 Limits on Cheap Resources. - 8.3 Saving Energy Resources and Nature. - 8.4 Reviewing Our Thinking. - Excursion 8A. Self-Organized Criticality. - Exercises. - Essay Questions. - References. - Appendix A Gauss, Delta and Error Functions. - Appendix ? Some Vector Differentiations. - Appendix ? Physical and Numerical Constants. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Environmental physics, second edition presents a broad discussion of the physics which is used to analyse, prevent or reduce environmental problems. Both experimental and theoretical techniques are covered, including environmental spectroscopy, the generation of energy for human use, the transport of pollutants and the study of noise. Importantly, the final chapter places these issues firmly in the context of human society. New features: excursions on special topics such as the Grätzel solar cell, co-generation of heat and power, chaos, self-organized criticality; greater emphasis on the interpretation of spectra; more student exercises and more information to help the reader solve them; a manual with worked-out exercises is available for instructors. Environmental physics, second edition is a highly topical and timely textbook which will be invaluable to all students of environmental physics or environmental science, at both the undergraduate and postgraduate level. Environmental scientists who need to know how physical methods can be used to help their work, will also find this book extremely useful.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1 Late Weichselian lce Sheets in Eurasia and Greenland / Bjöm G. Andersen. - NORTHERN EUROPE. - Holland. - Germany. - Denmark. - Sweden. - Finland. - Poland. - Western USSR (including Baltic SSR). - Northwestern USSR. - Norway. - North Sea. - British Isles. - lceland. - SOUTHERN EUROPE. - BARENTS SEA AND ARCTIC ISLANDS. - ASIA. - GREENLAND. - REFERENCES CITED. - Chapter 2 Late Wisconsin Ice Sheets of North America / Paul A. Mayewski, George H. Denton, Terence J. Hughes. - INTRODUCTION. - LAURENTIDE ICE SHEET. - Eastern Sector. - Southern Sector. - Western Sector. - Northern Sector. - Northeastern Sector. - Interior Sector. - QUEEN ELIZABETH ISLANDS. - Late Wisconsin Maximum. - Late Wisconsin Recession. - CORDILLERAN ICE SHEET. - Late Wisconsin Maximum. - Late Wisconsin Recession. - NORTH AMERICAN ICE SHEETS: AN OVERVIEW . - Maximum and Minimum. - Reconstructions. - Fundamental Questions About Late Wisconsin Deglaciation. - Glaciological Speculations. - REFERENCES CITED. - APPENDIX. - Chapter 3 Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Mountain Glaciers and Small Ice Caps / John T. Hollin, David H. Schiling. - INTRODUCTION. - ALASKA. - WESTERN UNITED STATES. - MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA. - SOUTH AMERICA. - Venezuela. - Colombia. - Ecuador. - Peru. - Bolivia. - Chile and Argentina to Lat 36°30'S. - Chile and Argentina South of Lat 36°30'S. - Islas Juan Fernandez. - Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas). - Brazil. - Areas and Volumes. - NEWZEALAND. - AUSTRALIA, NEW GUINEA, AND SABAH. - The Australian Mainland. - Tasmania. - New Guinea and Sabah. - Conclusions. - AFRICA. - Northwest Africa and Atlantic Islands. - Mountains in Ethiopia. - Mountains Surrounding Lake Victoria. - South and West Africa. - SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS. - CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES CITED. - Chapter 4 Numerical Reconstruction of Valley Glaciers and Small Ice Caps / David H. Schilling, John T. Hollin. - INTRODUCTION. - VALLEY GLACIERS AND PERFECT PLASTICITY. - The Iterative Scheme. - The Shape Factor. - Choice of the Yield Stress. - Choice of Step Length, [Delta x]. - The First Step and the Snout. - Steep and Mountainous Areas. - The VALLEY Program. - ICE CAPS, WITH SLIDING AND ABLATION. - Perfect Plasticity. - Law of Sliding and Iterative Scheme. - The ABLATE Program. - Various Models and the Flow Law. - An Application of the ABLATE Program. - Some Remaining Problems. - CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES CITED. - Chapter 5 Numerical Reconstruction of Paleo-Ice Sheets / Terence J. Hughes. - ICE-BED COUPLING AND SUBGLACIAL HYDROLOGY. - SUBGLACIAL HYDROLOGY AND EROSION-DEPOSITION PROCESSES. - TOPOGRAPHIC CRITERIA FOR RECONSTRUCTING FORMER ICE SHEETS. - Subglacial Landscapes. - Ice Domes. - Ice Saddles. - Melting Zone. - Equilibrium Zone. - Freezing Zone. - Ice Streams. - BASIC EQUATIONS FOR STEADY-STATE CREEP IN ICE SHEETS. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS AND TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAMINAR FLOW. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS AND BASAL SLIDING. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS AND CONSTRUCTING ICE-SHEET PROFILES. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS FOR FROZEN AND MELTED BEDS. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS FOR FREEZING AND MELTING BEDS. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS FOR ICE STREAMS AND ICE LOBES. - BASAL SHEAR STRESS FOR ICE DIVIDES. - EVALUATING TERMS IN THE FLOW AND SLIDING LAWS FOR GLACIAL ICE. - RADIAL FLOW AND SNOW ACCUMULATION FOR ICE DOMES. - LATERAL SHEAR AND DOWNDRAW FOR ICE STREAMS. - ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENTS BENEATH ICE SHEETS. - SUMMARY. - REFERENCES CITED. - Chapter 6 The Last Great Ice Sheets: A Global View / Terence J. Hughes, George H. Denton, Björn G. Andersen, David H. Schilling, James L. Fastook, Craig S. Lingle. - AREAL EXTENT OF LATE WISCONSIN-WEICHSELIAN ICE SHEETS. - North America. - Greenland. - Eurasia. - Antarctica. - Minimum and Maximum. - Reconstructions of Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Ice Extent. - VERTICAL EXTENT OF LATE WISCONSIN-WEICHSELIAN ICE SHEETS. - The Critical Problem of Marine Ice Sheets. - Flowline Profiles for Variable Bed Topography. - Flowline Profiles for Variable Isostatic Compensation. - Flowline Profiles for Variable Basal Shear Stress. - Flowline Profiles for Present-day Ice Sheets. - Flowline Profiles for Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Ice Sheets. - Isostatic Conditions for Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Ice Sheets. - Basal Conditions for Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Ice Sheets. - Elevations and Volumes of Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Ice Sheets. - DISCUSSION. - REFERENCES CITED. - Chapter 7 History of the Marine Ice Sheet In West Antarctica During the Last Glaciation: A Working Hypothesis / Minze Stuiver, George H. Denton, Terence J. Hughes, James L. Fastook. - INTRODUCTION . - McMURDO SOUND AREA. - Ross Sea Drift: Description. - Ross Sea Drift: Interpretation. - Radiometric Dates and Ross Sea Drift. - Older Drift: Description and Interpretation. - Discussion. - TERRA NOVA BAY. - BEAUFORT AND FRANKLIN ISLANDS. - GLACIAL-MARINE SEDIMENTS IN THE ROSS SEA. - RECONSTRUCTION OF LATE WISCONSIN ANTARCTIC ICE SHEET. - Geologic Background. - Glaciological Background: Steady-State Model. - Conclusions. - DISINTEGRATION OF MARINE ICE SHEET IN WEST ANTARCTICA. - Disintegration Model. - Disintegration of Ice Shelves. - Late Wisconsin-Holocene Disintegration. - Disintegration during Super Interglacials. - SUMMARY. - REFERENCES CITED. - Chapter 8 The Arctic Ice Sheet: An Outrageous Hypothesis / George H. Denton, T erence J. Hughes. - ICE-SHELF ORIGIN OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE ICE DOMES. - Growth Rates of Arctic Ice Domes. - Sites for lnitiating Arctic Ice Domes. - Thickening Rates of Arctic Sea Ice. - Sites for Grounding Arctic Sea Ice. - Forming Arctic Ice Shelves on Deep Oceans. - Assessing the lce-Shelf Hypothesis for Forming Marine Ice Domes. - LA TE WISCONSIN-WEICHSELIAN ARCTIC ICE SHEET. - Ice Domes. - Ice Streams. - Ice Shelves. - DISINTEGRATION OF LATE WISCONSIN-WEICHSELIAN ARCTIC ICE SHEET. - Initiation of Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Glacial Surges. - Maintenance of Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Glacial Surges. - Environmental Impact of Late Wisconsin-Weichselian Glacial Surges. - CONCLUSIONS. - REFERENCES CITED. - INDEX.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Chapter 1 History of névé investigation. - Chapter 2 Melting of separate névés and of névé complexes under conditions of névé systems, and their geometrical parameters. - Chapter 3 Classification of névés and névé systems. - Chapter 4 Characteristics of névés and névé systems of low- and middle-mountain relief in the USSR. - Conclusion. - Abstract. - References

Description / Table of Contents: The record of tectonic and climatic processes through geological time is held within sedimentary rocks along with evidence for the evolution of life on Earth. The study of the formation, transport and deposition of material to form sedimentary rocks and the temporal and spatial relationships between strata is a fundamental part of the Earth sciences. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy aims to provide students who are starting to study geology at university level with an introduction to the continuum of scales of observation and interpretation which lie between the formation of a grain of sand and a fill of a sedimentary basin. In the first section of this book, the author treats the formation and transport of sediment in a largely descriptive manner and introduces the concepts of environments and facies. The full spectrum of continental and marine sedimentary environments is then covered in a series of chapters which consider the depositional processes and products which may be considered to be characteristic for each setting. In the final part, the principles of stratigraphy and interpretation of the fill of sedimentary basins are considered. The text and illustrations are designed to be accessible to those completely new to the subject whilst at the same time the book covers the concepts and terminology used in more advanced work.

Description / Table of Contents: Iwan Papnin. Beim Lesen dieses Namens wird sich sicher mancher an die dramatische Drift des sowjetischen Forschers und seiner drei Kameraden, Jewgeni Fjodorow, Ernst Krenkel und Pjotr Schirschow, auf einer Eisscholle im Nördlichen Eismeer in den Jahren 1937/38 erinnern. Dieser Abschnitt seines Lebens, als Leiter der Station "Nordpol-1", der ihn weltbekannt machte, nimmt in den fesselnden autobiographischen Aufzeichnungen selbstverständlich einen wichtigen Platz ein. Aber im Unterschied zu früheren Veröffentlichungen sind hier auch seine schwere Kindheit und Jugend unter dem Zarismus geschildert sowie seine aktive Teilnahme an der Großen Sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution, an den Kämpfen der Krimpartisanen, am Schutz und an der Festigung der jungen Sowjetmacht in den Reihen der Tscheka. Des Weiteren ist sein gesamter großer Beitrag zu den welthistorischen Leistungen der UdSSR auf den Gebieten der Arktis- und Antarktisforschung, der Erschließung der nördlichen Gebiete der Sowjetunion, der Ozeanologie und der Biologie der Binnengewässer enthalten: als Leiter von Polarstationen, der Hauptverwaltung Nördlicher Seeweg, nach 1945 der Abteilung Meeresexpeditionen der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR und der biologischen Station Borok. In den Jahren des Großen Vaterländischen Krieges war er als Beauftragter des Staatlichen Verteidigungskomitees für die reibungslose Arbeit der Häfen Archangelsk und Murmansk verantwortlich, die für den Nachschub strategische Bedeutung hatten. Somit erschließen die Memoiren des zweifachen Helden der Sowjetunion und mehrfachen Trägers des Leninordens Iwan Papanin den beispielhaften Lebensweg eines sowjetischen Kommunisten, der sich vom Arbeiter zu einem hervorragenden Wissenschaftler entwickelte. Zugleich stellen die Erinnerungen ein Hohelied dar auf den selbstlosen Einsatz der sowjetischen Menschen für die friedliche Forschung wie bei der Verteidigung ihrer sozialistischen Heimat.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: List of Illustrations. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Parts of the Spectrum. - 1.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Flux. - 1.2.2 Terrestrial lnfrared Flux. - 1.3 Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media. - 1.3.1 Feedback Processes. - 1.3.2 Types of Matter that Affect Radiation. - 1.4 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres. - 1.4.1 Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws. - 1.4.2 Minor Species in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.3 Optical Line-of-Sight Paths. - 1.4.4 Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres. - 1.4.5 Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks. - 1.5 Density Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6 Vertical Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6.1 The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean. - 1 .6.2 Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties. - 1.6.3 Sea-Surface Temperature. - 1.6.4 Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity. - 1.7 Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units. - 1.8 Summary. - 2 Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation. - 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Geometrical Optics. - 2.3 Radiative Flux or Irradiance. - 2.4 Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments. - 2.4.1 Relationship between Flux and Intensity. - 2.4.2 Average Intensity and Energy Density. - 2.5 Some Theorems on Intensity. - 2.5.1 lntensity and Flux from an Extended Source. - 2.6 Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance. - 2.7 The Extinction Law. - 2.7.1 Extinction = Scattering + Absorption. - 2.8 The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 2.9 Summary. - 3 Basic Scattering Processes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Lorentz Theory for Radiation- Matter Interactions. - 3.2.1 Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium. - 3.2.2 Scattering from Density Irregularities. - 3.2.3 Scattering in Random Media. - 3.2.4 First-Order and Multiple Scattering. - 3.3 Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator. - 3.3.1 Case ( 1 ): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile. - 3.3.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering. - 3.3.3 Natural Broadening. - 3.3.4 Pressure Broadening. - 3.3.5 Doppler Broadening. - 3.3.6 Realistic Line-Broadening Processes. - 3.3.7 Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering. - 3.4 The Scattering Phase Function. - 3.4.1 Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function. - 3.5 Mie-Debye Scattering. - 3.6 Summary. - 4 Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media. - 4.2.1 Solids. - 4.2.2 Aerosols. - 4.2.3 Liquids. - 4.3 Molecular Absorption in Gases. - 4.3.1 Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws. - 4.3.2 Planck's Spectral Distribution Law. - 4.3.3 Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules. - 4.3.4 Inelastic Collisional Processes. - 4.3.5 Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions. - 4.4 The Two-Level Atom. - 4.4.1 Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation. - 4.4.2 Effects of Collisions on State Populations. - 4.5 Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands. - 4.5.1 Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator. - 4.5.2 Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator. - 4.5.3 Line Strengths. - 4.6 Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible. - 4.7 Summary. - 5 Principles of Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Boundary Properties of Planetary Media. - 5.2.1 Thermal Emission from a Surface. - 5.2.2 Absorption by a Surface. - 5.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces. - 5.2.4 Surface Reflection: The BRDF. - 5.2.5 Albedo for Collimated lncidence. - 5.2.6 The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence. - 5.2.7 Analytic Reflectance Expressions. - 5.2.8 The Opposition Effect. - 5.2.9 Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface. - 5.2.10 Transmission through a Slab Medium. - 5.2.11 Spherical, or Bond Albedo. - 5.3 Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media. - 5.3.1 Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission. - 5.3.2 Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering. - 5.4.1 Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry. - 5.4.2 Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry. - 5.4.3 Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry. - 5.5 Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 5.6 Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission. - 5.7 Radiative Heating Rate. - 5.7.1 Generalized Gershun's Law. - 5.7.2 Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency. - 5.7.3 Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate. - 5.8 Summary. - 6 Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components. - 6.2.1 Lower Boundary Conditions. - 6.2.2 Multiple Scattering. - 6.2.3 Azimuth lndependence of Flux and Mean Intensity. - 6.3 Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field. - 6.4 Spherical Shell Geometry. - 6.5 Nonstratified Media. - 6.6 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 6.6.1 Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction. - 6.7 Examples of Phase Functions. - 6.7.1 Rayleigh Phase Function. - 6.7.2 The Mie-Debye Phase Function. - 6.8 Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering. - 6.8.1The [Delta]-Isotropic Approximation. - 6.8.2 The [Delta]- Two-Term Approximation. - 6.8.3 Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations. - 6.8.4 The [Delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N. - 6.8.5 Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling. - 6.9 Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory. - 6.9.1 Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination. - 6.9.2 Prototype Problem 2: Constant lmbedded Source. - 6.9.3 Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem. - 6.9.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface. - 6.10 Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneaus Media. - 6.11 Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field. - 6.12 Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13 Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13.1 The Escape Probability. - 6.14 Summary. - 7 Approximate Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering. - 7.2.1 Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scaltering Series. - 7.2.2 Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem. - 7.3 The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering. - 7.3.1 Approximate Differential Equations. - 7.3.2 The Mean lnclination: Possible Choices for [My]. - 7.3.3 Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach. - 7.3.4 Prototype Problem 2: lmbedded Source. - 7.3.5 Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence. - 7.4 Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab. - 7.5 Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.1 Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations. - 7.5.2 The Backscattering Coefficients. - 7.5.3 Two-Stream Salutions for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.4 Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.5 Generalized Two-Stream Equations. - 7.6 Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method. - 7.7 Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method. - 7.8 Summary. - 8 Accurate Numerical Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method - Isotropic Scattering. - 8.2.1 Quadrature Formulas. - 8.2.2 The Double-Gauss Method. - 8.3 Anisotropic Scattering. - 8.3.1 General Considerations. - 8.3.2 Quadrature Rule. - 8.4 Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.4.1 Two- and Four-Stream Approximations. - 8.4.2 Multistream Approximation ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5 Matrix Eigensolutions. - 8.5.1 Two-Stream Salutions ( N = 1). - 8.5.2 Multistream Solutions ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5.3 Inhomogeneous Solution. - 8.5.4 General Solution. - 8.6 Source Function and Angular Distributions. - 8.7 Boundary Conditions - Removal of Ill-Conditioning. - 8.7.1 Boundary Conditions. - 8.7.2 Removal of Numerical lll-Conditioning. - 8.8 Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media. - 8.8.1 General Solution - Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions. - 8.8.2 Source Functions and Angular Distributions. - 8.8.3 Numerical lmplementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.9 Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field. - 8.9.1 The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure. - 8.9.2 Computed lntensity Distributions for the Standard Problem. - 8.10 The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem. - 8.10.1 Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 8.10.2 Quadrature and General Solution. - 8.10.3 Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions. - 8.11 The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods. - 8.11.1 Matrix-Exponential Solution - Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules. - 8.11.2 Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods. - 8.11.3 Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules - Adding of Dissimilar Layers. - 8.12 Other Accurate Methods. - 8.12.1 The Spherical-Harmonics Method. - 8.12.2 Invariant lmbedding. - 8.12.3 Iteration Methods. - 8.12.4 The Feautrier Method. - 8.12.5 Integral Equation Approach. - 8.12.6 Monte Carlo Methods. - 8.13 Summary. - 9 Shortwave Radiative Transfer. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Solar Radiation. - 9.3 Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - 9.3.1 Gaseaus Absorption and Penetration Depth. - 9.3.2 Optical Properlies of Atmospheric Aerosols. - 9.3.3 Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds. - 9.3.4 Optical Properties of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.5 Optical Properties of the Ocean. - 9.3.6 Optical Properties of Snow and Ice. - 9.4 Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere. - 9.4.1 Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean. - 9.4.2 Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds. - 9.4.3 Computation of Photolysis Rates. - 9.4.4 UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance. - 9.4.5 UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth 's Surface. - 9.4.6 Comparisan of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface. - 9.5 Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean. - 9.5.1 Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean. - 9.5.2 Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water. - 9.5.3 Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factars. - 9.5.4 Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance. - 9.5.5 Modefing the UV Transmission into the Ocean. - 9.5.6 Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean. - 9.6 Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice. - 9.7 Summary. - 1 0 Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Transmission in an Isolated Line. - 10.2.1 Isolated Lorentz Line. - 10.3 Band Models. - 10.3.1 The Elsasser Band Model. - 10.3.2 Distributed Line lntensities. - 10.3.3 Random Band Model. - 10.3.4 MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model. - 10.4 Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media. - 10.4.1 Method of the k-Distribution. - 10.4.2 k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model. - 10.5 Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneaus Media. - 10.5.1 The H- C-G Scaling Approximation. - 10.5.2 LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneaus Paths. - 10.5.3 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations. - 10.5.4 The Correlated-k Method. - 10.5.5 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method. - 10.6 Summary. - 11 Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media. - 11.1 lntroduction. - 11.2 Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions. - 11.2.1 Monochromatic Flux Equations. - 11.2.2 Wide-Band Emittance Models. - 11.2.3 Narrow-Band Absorption Model. - 11.2.4 Band Overlap. - 11.2.5 The Diffusivity Approximation. - 11.2.6 Equationsfor the Heating Rate. - 11.2.7 Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium. - 11.2.8 Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates. - 11.3 The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols. - 11.3.1Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud. - 11.3.2 Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds. - 11.3.3 Accurate Treatment Including Scattering. - 11.4 Summary. - 12 The Role of Radiation in Climate. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity. - 12.3 Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity. - 12.4 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium. - 12.5 The Concept of the Emission Height. - 12.6 Effects of spectral window. - 12.7 Radiative forcing. - 12.8 Climate impact of clouds. - 12.8.1 Longwave Effects of water clouds. - 12.8.2 Shortwave effects of water clouds. - 12.8.3 Combined shortwave and longewave effects of clouds. - 12.9 Climate impact of cloud height. - 12.10 Cloud and aerosol forcing. - 12.10.1 Aerosol forcing. - 12.11 Water-Vapor Feedback. - 12.12 Effects of carbon dioxide changes. - 12.13 Greenhouse effect from individual gas species. - 12.14 Summary. - Appendices. - A Nomenclature: Glossary of symbols. - B Physical constants. - C Model atmospheres. - D Ocean optics nomenclature. - E Reflectance and transmittance at an interface. - Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Radiative transfer is important to a range of disciplines, from the study of greenhause warming to stellar atmospheres and ocean optics. This text provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer for senior undergraduate and graduate students of atmospheric, oceanic, and environmental sciences. With an emphasis on formulation, judicial approximations and numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equation, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean fills a gap between descriptive texts covering the physical processes and the practical numerical approaches needed in research. Designed to convey physical insight into the transfer process, it can also be used as a self-contained manual for practitioners who require accurate modeling of the effects of solar and infrared radiation on natural systems. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean includes a unified treatment of radiation within both the atmosphere and ocean, boundary properties (such as reflectionand absorptance of solid surfaces), heuristic models (Lorentzatom, two-level atom, rotating vibrator), and extensive use of two-stream and approximate methods. State of the-art computational methods are illustrated by a thorough treatment of the discrete-ordinates technique and the correlated-k band absorption method. Exercises and problem sets provide practice in both formulation and solution techniques. Applications to the subjects of solar UV penetration of the atmosphere / ocean system and the greenhause effect serve to illustrate the use of such techniques in modern research. This self-contained, systematic treatment will prepare the student in solving radiative transfer problems across a broad range of subjects.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Introduction. - I. FUNDAMENTALS. - 2. Probability theory. - 3. Distributions of climate variables. - 4. Concepts in statistical inference. - 5. Estimation. - II. CONFIRMATION AND ANALYSIS. - 6. The statistical test of a hypothesis. - 7. Analysis of atmospheric circulation problems. - III. FITTING STATISTICAL MODELS. - 8. Regression. - 9. Analysis of variance. - IV. TIME SERIES. - 10. Time series and stochastic processes. - 11. Parameters of univariate and bivariate time series. - 12. Estimating covariance functions and spectra. - V. EIGEN TECHNIQUES. - 13. Empirical orthogonal functions. - 14. Canonical correlation analysis. - 15. POP analysis. - 16. Complex eigentechniques. - VI. OTHER TOPICS. - 17. Specific statistical concepts in climate research. - 18. Forecast quality evaluation. - VII. APPENDICES. - References

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Basic Equation of the Material Transport Process. - 3 Fundamental Equations of Advection. - 4 Tidal Current. - 4.1 Resonance Tide and Tidal Current. - 4.2 Tide and Tidal Current in the Channel. - 4.3 Influence of Earth Rotation. - 4.4 Effect of Bottom Friction. - 4.5 Internal Tide and Tidal Current. - 5 Residual Flow. - 6 Tide-Induced Residual Current. - 7 Density-Driven Current. - 7.1 Water Density. - 7.2 Heat and Salt Budgets. - 7.3 Density-Driven Current Due to River Discharge. - 7.4 Density-Driven Current Due to the Buoyancy Supply from the Open Ocean. - 7.5 Density-Driven Current Due to Buoyancy Input from River and Open Ocean. - 7.6 Density-Driven Current Due to the Topographic Heat Accumulation Effect. - 7.7 Density-Driven Current Due to the Horizontal Distribution of Vertical Diffusivity. - 8 Wind-Driven Current. - 8.1 Wind Stress on the Sea Surface. - 8.2 Ekman Spiral. - 8.3 Langmuir Circulation. - 8.4 Amplification of Diurnal Tidal Current by Land-Sea Breeze. - 8.5 Coastal Upwelling. - 8.6 Horizontal and Vertical Circulations. - 8.7 Shelf Wave. - 9 Diffusion and Dispersion. - 9.1 The Concept of Diffusion. - 9.2 The Concept of Dispersion. - 9.3 Estimating Method of the Magnitude of Dispersion Coefficient. - 9.4 Methods to Estimate the Horizontal Eddy Diffusivity. - 9.5 Estimating Method of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity. - 9.6 Double Diffusion. - 10 Water Exchange and Residence Time. - 10.1 Water Exchange Ratio Near the Strait. - 10.2 Water Exchange Ratio in the Whole Bay. - 10.3 Average Residence Time. - 10.4 Estimating the Remnant Function in the Field. - 11 Diagnostic Model and The Euler-Lagrange Method. - 11.1 Diagnostic Model. - 11.2 Euler-Lagrange Method. - 12 Ecosystem Model. - 12.1 Formulation. - 12.2 Examples of an Ecosystem Model. - Index.