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  • Chemistry  (13,373)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,389)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (14,762)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1925-1929
  • 1982  (7,709)
  • 1980  (7,053)
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Years
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (14,762)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bacterial amphophile ; Purification ; Chemistry ; Resorption ; Ca influx ; Cyclic AMP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The bone resorptive factor and amphipathic antigen (AcA) previously identified by us in preparations fromActinomyces viscosus have been partially purified, characterized chemically, and compared. They elute at the same location on chromatography with Ac 22. The fatty acid composition of AcA and the bone resorptive factor is the same. Some differences in carbohydrate composition are observed. TheActinomyces factor does not affect calcium influx or cyclic AMP in isolated bone cells. Therefore it is concluded that AcA stimulates resorption either by gaining entrance into bone cells or by way of a yet undetermined second messenger.
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  • 4
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Material Stressing under Rolling Contact - Influence of Friction and Residual StressesMaterial stressing of parts in rolling contact is in the main made up by the normal load to be transmitted, by surface friction due to slippage of the body in rolling contact and by residual stresses. The effects of varying slippage rates are described as well as the additional influence of residual stresses on magnitude, position and direction of load.By the aid of mere mechanical reflections the formation of flat and steep White Bands can be interpreted which are observed in long-lived ball bearings subjected to high stresses. The report shows that residual stresses and friction must not be neglected when describing the material stressing by rolling contact. This especially applies to residual stresses originating from rolling contact.
    Notes: Die Werkstoffanstrengung bei Wälzkontakt ist im wesentlichen gegeben durch die zu übertragenden Normalkräfte, die Reibung an der Oberfläche (durch das Gleiten der beiden Wälzpartner) und durch die Eigenspannungen. Die Wirkung unterschiedlich großer Gleitanteile wird dargestellt und der zusätzliche Einfluß von Eigenspannungen auf die Höhe, Lage und Richtung der Beanspruchung ausgewiesen.Anhand rein mechanischer Betrachtungen läßt sich die Entstehung von flachen und steilen Weißen Bändern deuten, die in langlebigen, hochbeanspruchten Kugellagern beobachtet werden. Der Bericht zeigt, daß Eigenspannungen und Reibung keinesfalls bei der Beschreibung der Werkstoffanstrengung durch Wälzbeanspruchung vernachlässigt werden dürfen. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die Eigenspannungen, die durch die Wälzbeanspruchung entstehen.
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  • 5
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 6
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 21-30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of Crack Initiation and Crack Propagation in Plain Carbon Steels by Means of Acoustic-EmissionCrack initiation and propagation has been studied during fatigue tests with ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic and pearlitic specimens by means of acoustic emission (A.E.) instrumentation. The ferrite and the ferrite-pearlite showed acoustic emission only in connection with fast yielding of large volumes. Early steps of crack initiation showed no detectable acoustic emission because of very small yielded volumes and small amounts of crack surface friction. Gapping of the cracks inhibited A.E. due to friction during the early steps of crack propagation. Pearlitic specimens showed strong A.E. prior to microscopic detection of cracks, ascribed to fast fracture modes.Cracks in ferritic and ferritic-pearlitic CT-specimens are only detectable by crack surface friction. The increase of yielded volume with the propagating crack is too small to be distinguished from friction noise. Pearlitic specimens showed strong burst-signal activity ascribed to cleavage fracture and fast fracture modes.Great differences in A.E. of specimens with the same microstructure are in most cases the result of differing crack surface topography and therefore very differing friction areas. Friction noise depends clearly upon loading conditions and crack surface geometry.
    Notes: An drei unlegierten Kohlenstoffstählen mit ferritischer, ferritischperlitischer und rein perlitischer Gefügestruktur wurden Untersuchungen über den Rißbeginn und den Rißfortschritt bei schwingender Beanspruchung mit Hilfe von Schallemissionsmessungen durchgeführt.Bei den Untersuchungen des Rißbeginnes konnten in den ferritischen und den ferritisch-perlitischen Werkstoffen nur rasch ablaufende Verformungsvorgänge mit ausreichendem Verformungsvolumen über die Schallemission registriert werden. Durch die örtlich begrenzten plastischen Verformungen und die geringen Flächenanteile der Rißuferreibung waren die Rißkeimbildungen nicht erfaßbar. Die ersten Stadien der Rißausbreitung ergaben ebenfalls, aufgrund des Klaffens der gebildeten Risse, keine registrierbare Schallemission durch Reibung. Bei perlitischen Werkstoffen kam es vor Erkennung eines mikroskopischen Risses zu starker Schallemission, die offensichtlich mit energiereichen Ereignissen, wie rasch ablaufenden Bruchmoden, im Zusammenhang stehen.Ein Riß ist bei Schwingungsbeanspruchung in ferritischen und ferritisch-perlitischen CT-Proben bei ausreichender Größe der Rißflächen nur über Reibung feststellbar. Der eigentliche Rißfortschritt konnte durch die geringe Volumenzunahme der plastischen Zone pro Lastwechsel nicht registriert werden. Bei perlitischen Proben trat vor allem bei grob lamellarer Ausbildung des Zementits eine starke Schallemission meist in Form von Burstsignalen auf, die vorwiegend auf die Bildung von Bruchmoden hoher Energie, wie z. B. Spaltbruch, zurückzuführen sein dürften.Die vielfach sehr starken Unterschiede der Schallemission beim Rißfortschritt in Proben gleicher Gefügeausbildung sind überwiegend der verschieden großen Rißflächenreibung durch die oft sehr unterschiedliche Topographie der Rißbruchflächen zuzuschreiben. Bei Änderung der Mittellast oder der Lastamplitude ist eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Reibungsgeräusches aus den Rißflächen von den Rißöffnungsverhältnissen hinter der Rißfront festzustellen. Nach einzelnen Überlasten während des Rißfortschrittes kann die Schallemission in gleicher Weise mit Veränderungen der Reibungsverhältnisse hinter der Rißspitze interpretiert werden.
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  • 7
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 60-67 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Applicability of the Potential Drop Technique for Crack Growth InvestigationsA potential drop method, based on the compensation concept is described; technical parameters and capability are discussed.Selected examples with metallic alloys for high temperature and heat resistant application demonstrate the applicability of the method for fatigue and creep crack growth investigations in the temperature range up to 1173 K and 1223 K, respectively. At room temperature and at 1173 K the results of the potential drop method are verified by optical means.
    Notes: Es wird eine Potentialsondenmethode nach dem Kompensationsprinzip vorgestellt; ihre technischen Merkmale sowie ihr Leistungsvermögen werden diskutiert.Anhand ausgesuchter Beispiele an metallischen Legierungen für den warmfesten und hitzebeständigen Anwendungsbereich wird ihr Einsatz in Versuchen zum Ermüdungs- bzw. 1223 K demonstriert. Bei Raumtemperatur sowie 1173 K wurden die Meßergebnisse durch Vergleichsmessungen mit optischen Mitteln verifiziert.
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  • 8
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 73-76 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hardening Behaviour of Steels by Cold WorkingContrary to common opinion work hardening increases with higher initial hardness (strength) of steel. This is proved by analysing stressstrain curves of tensile tests at overeleastic load carried out with normalized, hardened and tempered steel. Test results taken from literature are supported by own experiments. Practical application of this fact is discussed very shortly.
    Notes: Bei Stählen steigt im Gegensatz zur herrschenden Meinung die Kaltverfestigung (Aufhärtung) mit steigender Ausgangshärte oder -festigkeit an. Dies wird nachgewiesen an Ergebnissen aus Zugversuchen mit normalisierten und vergüteten Stählen. Ergebnisse der Literatur werden durch eigene Versuche ergänzt. Die praktische Nutzanwendung dieses Tatbestandes wird knapp andiskutiert.
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  • 9
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 101-110 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Polymeric Composite Materials. Part II: Experimental resultsThe technique of acoustic emission monitoring of polymeric composite materials is described. It is a high sensitive, quasi-nondestructive testing method that indicates the origin and the behaviour of flaws in such materials, when submitted to different load histories. In the usage of sophisticated signal-analysis-methods it is possible to distinguish between different types of failure mechanisms, such as fiber fracture, delamination or fiber pull-out. Imperfections can be detected while monitoring complex composite structures by acoustic emission measurements.
    Notes: Das quasi-zerstörungsfreie Werkstoffprüfverfahren der Schallemissionsmessung und dessen Anwendung bei polymeren Verbundwerkstoffen wird beschrieben. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht es, das Entstehen und das Verhalten von Werkstoffdefekten bei unterschiedlichen Lasteinwirkungen anzuzeigen. Mittels signalbewertender Analysenmethoden können die in Verbundwerkstoffen ablaufenden, unterschiedlichen Versagensmechanismen differenziert werden.Bei Bauteiluntersuchungen erweist sich das Schallemissionsmeßverfahren als außerordentlich sensitiv, um bauteilgefährdende Defekte und Werkstoffehler anzuzeigen.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 11
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 205-208 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Contribution to the Problem of Pressure-less Measurements of the Electric Conductivity of Powder MaterialsTwo authors (1, 2) proposed to use the electric conductivity of a loosely packed powder bed as the electric characteristics of the power material. The authors got reproducible and intercomparable results applying their method on various oxide powders, e.g. reduced MnO2 and mixed oxides. This is in contradiction to the common experience that in the range of small pressure, reliable results hardly can be obtained. Obviously, some special conditions have made the good results possible. Here below, the pressure-less method has been applied to four different powders: a species of MnO2, copper, Cd(OH)2 and PbO2.As the principal result, it has to be stated that the pressure-less method delivers reliable results only in the case of such powders, whose grain core resistance doesn't have to be neglected against the contact resistance between the grains. This condition is fulfilled here only in the case of manganese dioxide. Probably, the oxide powders under study in (1, 2) also have been in the correct range. In spite of this, the pressure-less method may not be applied on metal powders or on the metal-likek PbO2 powder. Also in the case of Cd(OH)2 masses, severe objections exist.
    Notes: Von zwei Autoren (1, 2) ist vorgeschlagen worden, die Leitfähigkeit einer Pulverschüttung als elektrische Kenngröße für den betreffenden Werkstoff zu verwenden. Das Verfahren ist in den beiden Arbeiten auf pulverförmige Oxide, z. B. reduziertes MnO2 und Mischoxide, angewendet worden und hat reproduzierbare und untereinander vergleichbare Meßwerte ergeben. Das widerspricht der bisherigen Erfahrung, wonach im Gebiet kleinster Drücke verläßliche Werte für die Leitfähigkeit nicht ermittelt werden können. Offenbar haben besondere Verhältnisse vorgelegen. In dieser Arbeit wird das drucklose Verfahren auf vier verschiedene Pulver angewendet: je ein Braunstein-, Kupfer-, PbO2- und Cd(OH)2-Pulver.Als wesentliches Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, daß nur solche Pulverproben bei der drucklosen Messung verläßliche Werte ergeben, bei denen der Widerstandsanteil des Korninneren neben dem Kontaktwiderstand nicht vernachlässigbar klein ist. Das ist hier nur bei dem Braunstein-Pulver der Fall, ebenso wahrscheinlich bei den von (1, 2) untersuchten Oxidpulvern. Auf Metallpulver oder auf das annähernd metallisch leitende PbO2-Pulver dagegen darf die drucklose Meßmethode nicht angewendet werden. Auch bei dem Cd(OH)2-Pulver bestehen Bedenken.
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  • 12
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 213-216 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Measurement of Residual Stress Reduction by Analysis of the Barkhausen-EffectResidual stresses and their variations under fatigue conditions have been measured by analysis of the Barkhausen-Effect.The stresses are proportional to the magnetic parameter M in a definite area.The investigations have been made on a high-strength fine-grained steel. under fatigue condition the relief of residual stresses is finished after a few stress cycles.By superposition of residual and load stresses the longitudinal stresses accept in consequence of the lateral contraction, whereas the transverse stresses are growing up in reason of their orientation to the direction of load stress.A change of the residual stress distribution could not be established.
    Notes: Eigenspannungen und ihre Veränderungen unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung wurden durch Analyse des Barkhausen-Rauschens ermittelt. Die Spannungen sind in einem begrenzten Bereich dem magnetischen Parameter M proportional.Die Untersuchungen wurden an einem hochfesten Feinkornbaustahl durchgeführt. Bei Ermüdungsbeanspruchung ist der Eigenspannungsabbau nach wenigen Lastspielen beendet.Durch die Überlagerung von Eigen- und Lastspannungen nehmen die Längsspannungen infolge der Querkontraktion weiter ab, während die Querspannungen, da sie in Richtung der Belastung liegen, erhöht werden.Eine Veränderung der Eigenspannungsverteilung konnte nicht festgestellt werden.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Materials Performance and Materials Selection under the Aspect of Cooling Water Corrosion of Heat ExchangersFor the chemical process industry cooling water corrosion problems are of special importance. Of the known corrosion phenomena nearly all can be observed with heat exchangers depending on water quality and material used. By appropriate water treatment, favourable design measures and optimum materials selection the corrosion problem on the cooling water side of heat exchangers can be solved. Water treatment and design measures are only casually delt with in this paper which emphasizes the aspects of materials selection. Using the proper material is of special importance for once-through cooling systems. For this reason the performance of various materials is described, e. g. unalloyed steel, unalloyed steel protected by organic coatings, austenitic 18 Cr-9 Ni-steels, ferritic Cr-steels, ferritic-austenitic steels, copper and copper alloys, titanium. For a variety of operating conditions the materials selection criteria are described. Finally, some aspects of corrosion economics in selecting materials are discussed.
    Notes: Für die chemische Industrie haben die Probleme der Korrosion in Kühlwässern besondere Bedeutung. Eine Vielzahl der bekannten Korrosionserscheinungen kann je nach Wasserqualität und eingestztem Werkstoff an Wärmetauschern beobachtet werden. Durch geeignete Wasserbehandlung, durch konstruktive Maßnahmen und nicht zuletzt durch eine optimale Werkstoffauswahl wird versucht, das Problem der Kühlwasserkorrosion zu lösen. Die beiden erstgenannten Punkte können allerdings hier nur am Rande behandelt werden. Die Werkstoffauswahl ist für die Konstruktion eines Wärmetauschers, insbesondere in Durchlaufsystemen, von besonderer Wichtigkeit. Das Verhalten der verschiedensten Werkstoffe (z. B. unlegierter Stahl, unlegierter Stahl + organische Beschichtungen, austenitische 18/8-CrNi-Stähle, ferritische Cr-Stähle, ferritisch-austenitische Stähle, Kupfer und Kupferlegierungen, Titan) in Kühlwässern wird beschrieben; entsprechende Auswahlkriterien werden angegeben. Abschließend werden einige wirtschaftliche Überlegungen zur Werkstoffauswahl dargestellt.
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  • 14
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A60 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 15
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Carbon Fibres - Production, Properties and ApplicationsCarbon fibres are primarily regarded as a reinforcing material for resins, but can also be used in metal or carbon matrices. It is anticipated that over the next few years the present inception phase will develop into one of rapid business growth. The expected turnover and price developments, as well as the main fields of application are discussed.A great variety of carbon fibre types are available, whose properties are dictated by differences in the basic structure, yielding an exceptional range of properties from the isotropic low modulus to the high strength, high modulus, highly anisotropic HT and HM carbon fibres. The method of manufacture and the precursor materials are described, in particular the individual processing steps and changes accompanying the pyrolysis of PAN fibres. Future improvements in processing technology and precursor quality, promise a significant increase in the already very high properties level.
    Notes: Kohlenstoffasern sind vor allem als hochwertige Verstärkungskomponente in Verbundwerkstoffen mit Kunstharzen aber auch mit Metallen und Kohlenstoff als Matrix zu betrachten. Es ist vorauszusehen, daß die Phase der Markteinführung in den nächsten Jahren von einer starken Wachstumsphase abgelöst wird. Die zu erwartende Mengen- und Preisentwicklung sowie die sich abzeichnenden Hauptanwendungsgebiete werden diskutiert.Zum Verständnis der Eigenschaften der verschiedenen auf den Markt eingeführten Kohlenstoffasertypen werden deren Struktur und die Beziehungen zu den wichtigsten Fasereigenschaften behandelt. Daraus lassen sich auch die ungewöhnlichen Variationsmöglichkeiten ableiten  -  von den hochanisotropen HF- und HM-Fasern bis zu den isotropen Fasern.Die Faserherstellung und die verwendeten Rohstoffe werden beschrieben. Hierbei wird auf die Verfahrensschritte und auf die beim thermischen Abbau ablaufenden Vorgänge am Beispiel der PAN- Faser näher eingegangen. Die Weiterentwicklung der Herstellungs-technologie als auch der Rohfaserqualität läßt für die Zukunft noch eine fühlbare Steigerung des bereits heute hohen Eigenschaftsniveaus erwarten.
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  • 16
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 287-293 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue Crack Propagation of High Strength AlloysInvestigations of the crack propagation behaviour under variable amplitude loading conditions show a strong influence of sequence effects. The fatigue crack propagation as a consequence of changes in the loading conditions is not linear. New continuum mechanical analyses enable an interpretation of the influence of sequence effects on fatigue crack propagation by considering the plastic deformations and displacements around the crack tip and their correlation to the crack closure behaviour. In order to enable a direct investigation of the crack propagation and crack closure behaviour in the scanning electron microscope a special loading equipment was designed. The investigations led to the following results: there existed only a weak correlation between the crack propagation rates and mechanisms at the side surfaces and on the fracture surfaces of the specimens,the crack propagation behaviour was significantly influenced by the microstructural constitution of the alloy,the continuum mechanical analyses could be corroborated in the tests.For the tests the high strength aluminum alloys 2024-T3 and X-7075 were applied.
    Notes: Bei der Betriebsbelastung schwingbeanspruchter Bauteile treten deutliche Last-Reihenfolgeneinflüsse auf. Die Rißausbreitung folgt diesen Änderungen in den Beanspruchungsbedingungen nicht linear. Neuere Erkenntnisse der Kontinuumsmechanik ermöglichen die Beurteilung von Reihenfolgeneinflüssen auf das Rißausbreitungsverhalten, bei denen insbesondere der Einfluß plastischer Verformungen und Verschiebungen auf das Rißschließverhalten berücksichtigt werden. Mit Hilfe einer speziellen Belastungsvorrichtung konnten die Rißausbreitung und die Rißschließung direkt im Rasterelektronenmikroskop untersucht werden. Es konnte festgestellt werden, daß an der Probenoberfläche und im Probeninnern Rißfortschritt und Rißausbreitungsmechanismus nicht vollständig korrelieren,der Mikromechanismus der Rißausbreitung deutlich durch die Mikrostruktur beeinflußt wird,die kontinuumsmechanischen Vorhersagen über den Rißschließvorgang weitgehend zutreffen.Die Versuche wurden mit den hochfesten Aluminiumlegierungen Al 2024-T3 und X-7075 durchgeführt.
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  • 17
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A68 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 361-367 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Mechanische Eigenschaften von SiliciumnitridDie mechanischen Raumtemperatureigenschaften von reaktionsgebundenem und heißgepreßtem Siliciumnitrid werden unter Berücksichtigung des Gefüges dieser Werkstoffe besprochen.Materialbedingte Gefügeeigenschaften zeigen einen ausgeprägten Einfluß auf die Festigkeit. Bei reaktionsgebundenem Siliciumnitrid sind dies der Volumenanteil der Porosität und die Porengrößenverteilung im Werkstoff. Im Falle des heißgepreßten Siliciumnitrids beeinflussen der Volumenanteil der während der α/β-Phasenumwandlung gebildeten stäbchenförmigen β-Körner und deren Korngrößenverteilung die Festigkeit.
    Notes: The room temperature mechanical properties of reaction bonded and hot-pressed silicon nitride are reviewed with respect to the microstructure of the material. It is shown that the strength of these compounds is predominantly controlled by microstructural features. These are the volume fraction of porosity and the pore size distribution for reaction bonded Si3N4, and the volume fraction of elongated transformed β grains and their grain size for hot-pressed Si3N4.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A79 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. A86 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 411-414 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 11 (1980), S. 423-434 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kriechrißwachstum in austenitischen Stählen - Anwendbarkeit bruchmechanischer ParameterDie Ergebnisse über Kriechrißwachstum in den austenitischen Stählen AISI 304 und AISI 316 werden zusammengestellt. Der Vergleich der verschiedenen bruchmechanischen Parameter, die mit der Geschwindigkeit von Kriechrissen korreliert werden können, zeigt, daß momentan eine abschließende Bewertung nicht möglich ist. Bei der Übertragung von Kleinproben-Meßwerten auf Bauteile erscheinen für zukünftige Arbeiten das J-Integral bzw. modifizierte Versionen wie z. B. C* am aussichtsreichsten. Gewisse Attraktivität besitzt auch das Nettospannungskriterium. Der Spannungsintensitätsfaktor scheint wenig geeignet. Seine Anwendung führt zu einer konservativen Interpretation des bruchmechanischen Verhaltens.Im Zusammenhang mit den verschiedenen Parametern werden die Einflüsse von Temperatur, Geometrie und Umgebungsmedium auf das Kriechrißwachstum diskutiert.
    Notes: The comparison of fracture mechanics parameters, which have been applied to creep crack growth in case of the austenitic stainless steels AISI 304 and AISI 316, is possible only to a limited extent thus showing evidence that a reliable judgement cannot be given at this moment. With respect to the mechanical characterization of a cracked component by using small specimen data the J-integral resp. modified versions like C* have to be favoured for future work. The net-section stress seems to show promise under certain conditions as well. The application of the stress intensity factor will not characterize properly creep cracking by giving a conservative interpretation of the mechanical behaviour.With regard to fracture mechanics parameters the effects of temperature, geometry and environment on creep crack growth have also been discussed.
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 80-84 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wiederkehrende Prüfungen am Reaktorkühlsystem bei LeichtwasserreaktorenUm eine dauerhafte Sicherheit der Komponenten des Reaktorkühlsystems zu gewährleisten, werden nach Inbetriebnahme eines Kernkraftwerks wiederkehrende Prüfungen durchgeführt.Dieser Beitrag behandelt die Komponenten des Reaktorkühlsystems in Bezug auf die gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen Auflagen, sicherheitstechnischen Aspekte und den Umfang der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen während des laufenden Reaktorbetriebs.Im einzelnen werden die Art und zeitliche Folge der Prüfungen, die Durchführungstechnik, ihre Ergebnisse und künftige Entwicklungstendenzen beschrieben.Funktionsprüfungen, die im Rahmen der wiederkehrenden Prüfungen anfallen, sind nicht Gegenstand dieses Beitrags.
    Notes: In order to guarantee constant safety of the components of the reactor cooling system, regular in-service inspections are carried out after commissioning of the nuclear power plant.This contribution is concerned with the components of the reactor cooling system, referring to the legal requirements, safety-related purposes and scope of the in-service inspections during the entire period of operation of a nuclear power plant.Reports are made with respect to type, examination intervals, examination technique, results and future development.The functional tests which are carried out within the scope of the inservice inspections are not part of this contribution.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A33 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A39 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 103-109 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Deep Rolling and Fatigue StrengthThe fatigue properties of specimens and components are largely increased by deep rolling. Depending on geometrical shape of components and material strength the compressive residual stresses and the increased surface hardness made by deep rolling have a different effect on the improvement of fatigue strength.The fatigue properties of smooth specimens and components with a sufficient toughness can be raised by increase of surface hardness, whereas in case of notched parts the influence of permanent compressive residual stresses is dominant.The application of deep rolling in case of crankshafts shows a clear superiority of mechanical strengthening procedure to thermal surface strengthening. If there are some reasons to improve the wear behaviour beside the fatigue strength it is commendable to combine thermal and mechanical surface strengthening.
    Notes: Die Schwingfestigkeitseigenschaften von Proben und Bauteilen können durch Festwalzen beträchtlich angehoben werden. Je nach Bauteilgeometrie und Werkstoffestigkeit wirken sich die durch den Festwalzprozeß eingebrachten Druckeigenspannungen 1. Art und die Randhärtesteigerung unterschiedlich auf die Erhöhung der Dauerfestigkeit aus. Während bei glatten Proben oder Bauteilen ausreichender Duktilität der Zuwachs an Schwingfestigkeit im wesentlichen auf die Zunahme der Randhärte zurückzuführen ist, beruht die Dauerfestigkeitserhöhung von Bauteilen mit Kerben auf das Vorhandensein stabiler Druckeigenspannungen.Die Anwendung des Festwalzprozesses bei Kurbelwellen zeigt die deutliche Überlegenheit des mechanischen Verfestigungsverfahrens gegenüber einem rein thermischen Randschichthärteverfahren. Sollte neben der Schwingfestigkeit auch das Verschleißverhalten verbessert werden, empfiehlt sich eine Kombination von thermischem und mechanischem Oberflächenverfestigungsverfahren.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A40 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 120-128 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Prediction of the Fatigue Strength with Regard to the Statistical Size Effect310 fatigue tests in the range for alternating stresses were performed with smooth and notched round bar specimens (Fig. 5 and Table 3) of different size. The 30 (20) tests of each series were fatigued at two stress levels with constant maximum root stress σ1 max and σ2 max. At each stress level, the probability of fracture (Eq. 11) had been determined. The test results are shown in Table 2. The evaluation of the test results was made on the basis of a two-parametric-Weibull-equation (Eq. 2) which can be derived by the theory of extreme value statistics. In the case of a non-uniform-stress-field (notched specimens), Eq. 2 is replaced by Eq. 6. The stress-integral (Eq. 6b) was numerically calculated for the different shapes of the specimens used. The value of the stress-integral A can also be obtained by Eq. 10 with an accuracy better than 11%. The Eqs. 7, 8 and 9 were used to calculate and predict test results. To show the error which arises by the application of the Eqs. 7, 8 and 9, the fatigue stress at 50% probability of fracture was calculated and compared with the experimental results. If the results of only one test series are used to calculate the fatigue strength of all the other series, the mean deviation is 5%, the maximum observed deviation is 14,1% (Table 5). If all the results are used to determine the constants of the two-parametric-Weibull-equation (Eq. 16), all the test results can be predicted with an accuracy better than 5,7%.In cases of homogeneous materials and mainly linear elastic stress-strain relationship, the two-parametric-Weibull-equation therefore is very well suited to describe the size effect in fatigue (Fig. 6).
    Notes: Es wurden 310 Zug-Druck-Dauerschwingversuche im reinen Wechsellastbereich an glatten und gekerbten Rundproben unterschiedlicher Größe (11 Probeserien) im Übergangsgebiet des Wöhlerfeldes durchgeführt. Die Auswertung der Versuche erfolgte unter Zugrundelegung der statistischen Fehlstellentheorie. Die beiden Konstanten des zweiparametrigen Weibullansatzes wurden für jede Probenserie bestimmt. Der Vergleich zwischen experimentellem und berechnetem Wert wurde jeweils für die Dauerfestigkeit mit einer Bruchwahrscheinlichkeit von 50% vorgenommen. Verwendet man zur Vorhersage die Ergebnisse nur einer Probeserie, so können die. Ergebnisse der anderen Probeserien mit einem mittleren Fehler von 5% (max. 14,1%) berechnet werden. Legt man alle experimentellen Ergebnisse der Vorhersage zugrunde, so verringert sich der mittlere Fehler auf 3,2% (max. 5,7%). Die statistische Fehlstellentheorie kann daher für querschnittshomogene Werkstoffe im Übergangsgebiet des Wöhlerfeldes mit sehr gutem Ergebnis zur Beschreibung des Größeneinflusses herangezogen werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 138-147 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Transformation-Toughened CeramicsA summary is given on the toughening of ceramics by utilizing the tetragonal-to-monoclinic phase transformation of ZrO2 particles dispersed in the ceramic matrix. Various parameters controlling this martensitic transformation (especially Ms) are discussed together with in situ-TEM observations. The possible toughening mechanisms that allow for additional energy dissipation at crack tips are stress-induced transformation and nucleation of microcracks. Further strengthening is achieved by introducing steady-state surface compressive stresses. The type and magnitude of toughening is controlled by the microstructural design parameters such as volume fraction, chemical composition, size and size distribution of ZrO2 particles which again determine the Ms temperature. The homogeneous dispersion of ZrO2 is the most important step in the technology of transformation-toughened ceramics. Experimental examples for the toughening effect are given for the ceramic matrices Al2O3, ZnO, spinel, mullite and Si3N4.
    Notes: Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick über Forschungsergebnisse des Max-Planck-Instituts für Metallforschung auf dem Gebiet der Umwandlungsverstärkung keramischer Werkstoffe. Die kontrollierte Ausnutzung der tetragonal → monoklinen Phasenumwandlung dispergierter ZrO2-Teilchen ermöglicht eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Verstärkungsarten, die im wesentlichen von der Umwandlungstemperatur (Ms) bestimmt werden. Die Einflußparameter von Ms, z. B. Volumenanteil, chemische Zusammensetzung, Größe und Größenverteilung der ZrO2-Teilchen und die daraus abzuleitenden Maßnahmen für eine Gefügeentwicklung, werden besprochen. Die möglichen Mechanismen für eine zusätzliche Absorption von Bruchenergie, und damit für eine Erhöhung des Bruchwiderstands sind spannungsinduzierte Umwandlung und Bildung von Mikrorissen. Eine weitere Verstärkung kann durch Einbringen von Oberflächendruckspannungen erzielt werden. Der wichtigste technologische Schritt in der Herstellung umwandlungsverstärkter Keramiken ist eine homogene Dispersion der ZrO2-Teilchen. Eine Reihe experimenteller Beispiele für die Verstärkung von Al2O3, ZnO, Mullit, Spinell und Si3N4 mit Hilfe von ZrO2 wird diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 176-181 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Properties of Layered Composites of GFK-SteelThe development of insulating joints of GFK and steel is described. The strength of the GFK and steel is described. The strength of the GFK and the adhesion between the GFK and steel is in this context of special interest. Results for the Young's Modulus, the ultimate and adhesion strength measured in bursting and bending tests are compared to those measured in tensile- and adhesion tests; the data agree well with each other. The correspondence between literature data of mechanical properties of the GFK and the measured values is satisfying.
    Notes: Es wird die Weiterentwicklung von Isolierstücken für erdverlegte Leitungen bis zur Abnahmereife durch den Technischen Überwachungsverein mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Festigkeit des glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffes und der Haftung des glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffes am Trägermaterial angegeben. Ergebnisse für den E-Modul, die Zug- und Haftfestigkeit ermittelt aus Berst- und Biegeversuchen an den Isolierstücken werden verglichen mit Daten, die sich aus Zerreiß- und Haftfestigkeitsuntersuchungen ergeben. Die Übereinstimmung ist befriedigend; die Daten sind im Einklang mit Literaturergebnissen an vergleichbaren glasfaserverstärkten Kunststoffen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 204-207 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Ermüdungsverhalten der Legierung Ti-6AI-4VEs wurden Wechselverformungsversuche (LCF) in Vakuum und Luft durchgeführt. Unter zyklischer Beanspruchung trat in der Ti-6Al-4V in Abhängigkeit von der Aushärtung, der Spannungsamplitude und der Mikrostruktur sowohl Verfestigung als auch Entfestigung auf. Die plastische Verformung der β-Phase verursachte im ungehärteten Zustand infolge der spannungsinduzierten martensitischen Umwandlung eine zyklische Verfestigung. Zyklische Entfestigung wurde gemessen, wenn die durch kohärente Ti3Al-Teilchen ausgehärtete α-Phase plastisch verformt wurde.Die globularen Gefüge zeigten eine stärkere zyklische Entfestigung als die lamellaren Gefüge. Dieses Verhalten konnte dadurch erklärt werden, daß die globularen Gefüge eine ausgeprägte Textur besaßen, während die lamellaren Gefüge texturlos waren.Im Bereich der Kurzzeitermüdung (LCF) wurde die Lebensdauer entscheidend vom Entfestigungsverhalten bestimmt. Die Gefüge mit starker zyklischer Entfestigung zeigten bei Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen Elastizitätsgrenzen (Normierung σa/σy) geringere Bruchlastspielzahlen als die Gefüge mit schwächerer zyklischer Entfestigung.
    Notes: Low-cycle-fatigue texts in vacuum and air were performed. Under cyclic loading the Ti-6Al-4V showed both cyclic hardening and cyclic softening depending on heat treatment, stress amplitude, and microstructure. Plastic deformation of the β-phase in the unaged condition due to stress induced martensitic transformation caused cyclic hardening. Cyclic softening was observed if the α-phase hardened by coherent Ti3Al particles was plastically deformed.Equiaxed microstructures exhibited a stronger cyclic softening than lamellar structures. This behavior could be explained by the pronounced texture of the equiaxed microstructures, whereas the lamellar structures were texture-free.The fatigue life was influenced by the cyclic softening process mainly in the low-cycle-fatigue regime. The fatigue life at normalized stress amplitude (σa/σy) was shorter for microstructures with strong cyclic softening as compared to microstructures with lower cyclic softening.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 274-285 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Formation of Surface Films and the Corrosion Resistance of the Silicon Containing Austenitic Steel X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in Nitric AcidsThe oxide layers consist of two parts: the lower one is mainly Croxide, the upper one is SiO2. ESCA and AAS measurements were made in order to study the formation of the surface layer on the austenitic steel X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in nitric acids. A film, which is chromium oxide, is formed first. On top of this film a second film consisting of SiO2 grows. The elements nickel and manganese are not found in the formation of the oxide films. Immediately below the oxide layer the steel is enrichened with chromium and depleted of iron.In order to find the in some cases very small corrosion rates (5 · 10-5 mm · a-1) in a reproducible manner, the amounts of iron, chromium and nickel which had been dissolved were measured by means of the AAS method as a function of time.For stationary samples apparent activation energies of 65.2 kJ/Mol (azeotropic nitric acid) and 37.5 kJ/Mol (highly concentrated nitric acid), respectively, were found. These data confirm the assumption that the corrosion rate is determined by reactions at the phase boundaries.No appreciable influence of the flow velocity on the corrosion rate was detected.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe von ESCA- und AAS-Messungen wurde die Ausbildung der Deckschicht auf dem austenitischen Stahl X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in Salpetersäuren untersucht. Es entsteht eine chromoxidreiche Deckschicht, über der sich eine SiO2-Schicht befindet. Nickel und Mangan sind am Aufbau der Oxidschichten nicht beteiligt. Unter der Oxidschicht wurde eine Chromanreicherung bzw. Eisenverarmung im Stahl nachgewiesen.Um die teilweise sehr geringen (bis 5 · 10-5 mm · a-1) Abtragungsraten reproduzierbar erfassen zu können, wurde in Lösung gegangenes Eisen, Chrom und Nickel in Abhängigkeit von der Beanspruchungsdauer mittels AAS bestimmt.Für ruhende Werkstoffproben ergaben sich scheinbare Aktivierungsenergien von 65,2 kJ/Mol (azeotrope Salpetersäure) bzw. 37,5 kJ/Mol (hochkonzentrierte Salpetersäure); diese Werte bestätigen die Annahme einer geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Phasengrenzreaktion. Ein nennenswerter Einfluß der Fließgeschwindigkeit auf die Korrosion war nicht nachweisbar.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A84 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 355-360 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Fatigue Behavior of SiSiCFor design purposes the engineering property datas especially the fatigue behavior of silicon carbide (SiSiC) were determined. Using linear elastic fracture mechanics the datas for slip casted and extruded SiSiC-samples were measured at room temperature. The correlation between stress, probability of failure, and time is shown in SPT-diagrams.
    Notes: Auf der Basis der Theorie der linear-elastischen Bruchmechanik wird die für die Konstruktion benötigte, zeitabhängige mechanische Festigkeit (Ermüdung) von stranggepreßtem und schlickergegossenem Siliziumcarbid (SiSiC) bei Raumtemperatur bestimmt.Der Zusammenhang zwischen Belastungshöhe, Ausfallswahrscheinlichkeit und Zeit wird in Form von SPT-Diagrammen dargestellt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 385-388 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue crack growthIn the following paragraphs the fracture mechanics approach to fatigue crack growth will be described. A relationship between the „Wöhler-type“ concept and the fracture mechanics concept will be established and some aspects of interest for practical applications will be presented.
    Notes: Im folgenden soll das Ermüdungsrißwachstum in der bruchmechanischen Darstellungsweise erläutert werden, wobei eine Beziehung zwischen der Wöhler-Kurve (klassischer Ermüdungsversuch) und dem bruchmechanischen Ermüdungsversuch hergestellt wird, sowie einige für die Ingenieurpraxis interessante Aspekte erläutert werden.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A102 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Fields in Concentrated Contacts - Influence of Normal Load, Tangential Load and Internal StressesThe stresses in the half space of a Hertzian Contact (coordinate stresses and equivalent stresses) are shown in dependence of geometry and Hertzian contact stress. The equivalent stresses were calculated with the Huber, von Mises, Henky criterion.The superposition of combined normal and tangential load with residual stresses in the material was calculated for point and line contact. The course of the maximum of the equivalent stress in dependence of the residual stresses with the parameter friction coefficient is shown.
    Notes: Der Spannungszustand (Koordinatenspannungen, Vergleichspannung) im Halbraum des Hertzschen Kontaktbereiches wird in Abhängigkeit von der Geometrie und der Hertzschen Pressung dargestellt. Die Vergleichsspannung wurde mit der Gestaltänderungsenergiehypothese ermittelt.Die Überlagerung von Normalkraft und Schubkraftbeanspruchung mit im Werkstoff vorhandenen Eigenspannungen wurde für die beiden Fälle Kreis- und Rechteckkontakt durchgeführt. Der Verlauf des Vergleichsspannungsmaximums in Abhängigkeit von den Eigenspannungen mit dem Parameter Reibwert wird dargestellt. Das Ergebnis dieser Berechnungen kann zur Klärung von Oberflächenermüdungsschäden an Wälzlagern, Zahnrädern, Nocken-Stößel-Paarung usw. beitragen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 434-439 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Strain Measurements of Great Tensile-Test Pieces of Reactor Steel by Holographic InterferometryWith a tensile-test rod of 100 mm diameter the application of holographic interferometry to not vibration isolated mounts has been demonstrated using advanced holographic techniques. The three spatial components of the deformation of an extended part of the rod surface have been calculated and analysed according to a specific deformation behaviour. Especially, it appeared that the strain in the direction of stress showed a discontinuity where later on the rod raptured due to a much greater load.
    Notes: Mit Hilfe fortgeschrittener holographischer Techniken wurde am Beispiel einer 100 mm ∅ Rundzugprobe der Einsatz der holographischen Interferometrie an nicht schwingungsisolierten Aufbauten demonstriert. Die in einem größeren Bereich der Probenoberfläche gemessenen Verschiebungen in den drei Raumrichtungen wurden quantitativ bestimmt und bezüglich spezifischer Deformationen interpretiert. Dabei zeigte sich insbesondere, daß die Dehnung in Zugrichtung einen deutlichen Sprung im Bereich des später, bei sehr viel größeren Belastungen aufgetretenen Bruches aufwies.
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  • 45
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A105 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 46
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 313-316 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Der Eigenspannungsmeßtechnik wurden in den letzten Jahrzehnten viele Arbeiten gewidmet mit einem Trend der Vorliebe zur röntgenographischen Meßmethode und deren Anwendung. 1979 wurde in einem Symposium der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Wärmebehandlung und Werkstofftechnik e. V., des Deutschen Verbandes für Materialprüfung e. V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Metallkunde e. V. der Stand der Wissenschaft zum Thema „Eigenspannungen“, Entstehung, Berechnung, Messung und Bewertung, in Deutschland abgehandelt [1]. Vorgetragen wurden neben der reinen Theorie einige praxisbezogene Studien über Bauteile, bei denen der Verlauf der Eigenspannungen ermittelt und studiert wurde, was in jedem Fall die Zerstörung des Bauteils zur Folge hat.Anwendungen der Eigenspannungsmessung zur Fertigungskontrolle sind in der Literatur selten.Dennoch, neben diesen zum Teil uralten Betrachtungen gibt es in der Praxis Fälle, bei denen der prinzipielle Spannungsverlauf im Bauteil bekannt ist und zur Fertigungskontrolle eine praktisch zerstörungsfreie Eigenspannungsmessung der Oberfläche notwendig ist. Diesen Messungen steht ein grundsätzliches Problem entgegen: Die zu vermessende Oberfläche muß relevant sein für den wahren Spannungszustand des Bauteils. Aber die Oberfläche stellt eine singuläre Zone dar, deren Spannungszustand durch alle oberflächenaktiven Vorgänge verfälscht wird; je zerstörungsfreier das Meßverfahren, umso sensibler ist die Messung gegen die Meßstellen-(Oberflächen-)Singularität. Um nur einige Beispiele von Oberflächensingularitäten bei Stahl zu erwähnen, sei erinnert an Entkohlung, Verfestigung durch Grobzerspanung, Verhärtungen oder Anlasseffekte durch Schleifen usw., wobei der Gradient der jeweiligen Beeinflussung von vielen Parametern abhängt und im Regelfall unbekannt bleibt.In dieser Arbeit soll berichtet werden, wie und mit welchem Aufwand für einen speziellen Anwendungsfall das Problem der Meßstellenrelevanz gelöst wurde.
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  • 47
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 361-369 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Surface-Specific Analytical Methods (AES/SAM, ESCA/XPS, SIMS) for the Investigation of Wear-Resistant CoatingsThis paper gives a brief review of the analytical possibilities by combining some analytical methods of surface analysis for the study of the uppermost layers of atoms of technical interesting materials (metals).The physical fundamentals, limitations and differences of the methods: Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry are discussed - especially in comparison with the well-known electron microprobe analysis. Finally the application of surface analysis for the characterization of the chemical surface composition of wear-resistant coatings before and after tribological operation is demonstrated.
    Notes: Es werden die analytischen Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, die sich ergeben, wenn man mehrere oberflächenspezifische Analysenverfahren, hier speziell AES/SAM, ESCA(XPS) und SIMS, zur Charakterisierung von Werkstoffoberflächen kombiniert einsetzen kann.Die Grundprinzipien werden besprochen, die Vor- und Nachteile der Methoden miteinander verglichen - insbesondere in bezug auf die klassische Röntgen-Mikroanalyse - und schließlich anhand von Beispielen aus dem tribologischen Bereich erläutert.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A23 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: No. Abstract.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 77-80 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Reference series of radiographs of casting defects in chemical apparatus made of grey cast ironChemical apparatus of grey cast iron as reaction vessels or storage tanks continue to be of major importance. When subjected to corrosive attack, they must not show excessive casting defects, otherwise the wall thickness will be reduced too much locally. Radiographic testing is generally used for the quality inspection of such apparatus. In order to evaluate casting defects in radiographs, a reference series of radiographs was produced and its system discussed. This series enables not only an evaluation of radiographs, but also makes it possible to fix quality requirements.
    Notes: Chemieapparate aus Gußeisen mit Lamellengraphit als Reaktionsgefäße oder Lagerbehälter haben nach wie vor erhebliche Bedeutung. Bei korrosiver Beanspruchung dürfen sie keine zu großen Gußfehler aufweisen, da sonst die Wanddicke lokal zu sehr geschwächt wird. Zur Qualitätsprüfung derartiger Apparate ist die Durchstrahlungsprüfung gebräuchlich. Um die Bewertung von Gußfehlern in Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen zu vereinheitlichen, wurde eine Durchstrahlungsbilder-Vergleichsreihe geschaffen, deren System erörtert wird. Diese Reihe erleichtert nicht nur die Beurteilung von Durchstrahlungsaufnahmen, sondern ermöglicht auch die Festlegung von Qualitätsanforderungen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 109-112 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A32 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 116-119 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Methoden der Bestimmung von Fließkurven im ZylinderstauchversuchDer Stauchversuch dient vor allem zur Aufnahme von Fließkurven im Bereich hoher Umformgrade. Es werden drei Grundformen des Zylinderstauchversuches beschrieben: Stauchen herkömmlicher Proben mit Schmierung, Stauchen von Rastegaev-Proben mit Schmiertaschen und Stauchen mit Haftreibung. Jede der drei Methoden bietet spezifische Vorteile. So bleibt z. B. beim Rastegaev-Versuch die Probe bis zu einem hohen Umformgrad zylindrisch, aber der Beitrag der Reibung zur Gesamtarbeit ist merklich. Demgegenüber ist bei Haftreibung die Reibarbeit gleich Null, aber die Probe weicht stark von der Zylinderform ab (Aufbauchen). Es werden Vorschläge gemacht zur Vereinheitlichung der drei Versuche.
    Notes: The upsetting test is mainly used for determining stress-strain curves in the range of high strains. Three modifications of the upsetting test are described: upsetting conventional lubricated specimens, upsetting Rastegaev specimens with end recesses, and upsetting under sticking friction conditions. Each of these procedures offers special advantages. For example, in the Rastegaev test, the specimen remains cylindrical up to a high strain while the work required for friction cannot be neglected. By upsetting under sticking friction conditions, no work is required for friction, but the specimen's shape deviates strongly from that one of a cylinder (barrelling). Proposals are made concerning unified procedures for carrying out the tests.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 168-176 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Development and construction of a new type, design-approved tank container for boron-tri-fluoride and other highly compressed gasesA new type of tank container was developed and tested during a period of about two years and approved by the Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (BAM) for transporting boron-tri-fluoride and nitrogen. The total weight of this tank container is about 1500 kg and its capacity about 450 litres. This tank container - in comparison to single pressure gas bottles - allows the transport of larger quantities and shall replace gas bottles or bottle batteries in a safe way or shall be used as a supplement to them. Since the container is mounted on a supporting structure, it can be moved by fork lifters, fork-lift trucks or cranes. The transport can be made by truck, rail or ship.
    Notes: In etwa 2 Jahren wurde ein neuartiger Tankcontainer entwickelt, geprüft und von der Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung (BAM) für den Transport von Bortrifluorid und Stickstoff zugelassen. Das Gesamtgewicht dieses Containers beträgt etwa 1500 kg, das Fassungsvermögen etwa 520 Liter. Der Tankcontainer, der gegenüber der einzelnen Druckgasflasche den Versand von größeren Mengen erlaubt, soll auf sichere Weise Flaschen oder Flaschenbatterien ersetzen bzw. ergänzen. Der Container läßt sich aufgrund seines Gestells mit Gabelstaplern, Gabelhubwagen oder Kränen bewegen, der eigentliche Transport kann dann mit LKW, Bahn oder Schiff erfolgen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Description / Table of Contents: Stress/strain properties of PTFE skived film over a temperature range of +25 °C to -80 °C and the problem of notch effectChemical plant under severe corrosive stress can be protected with “made-to-measure” liners welded up from PTFE skived film. For correct manufacture, handling and use of these chemical plant linings, a thorough knowledge of the semi-finished product and particularly of its load/deformation properties over a wide temperature range is required. The present paper deals with questions of strength and ductility and with the problem of notch effect at temperatures below + 25 °C. It is based on tensile tests carried out on PTFE skived film. Defined punched and cut notches were used to obtain information on notch sensitivity below room temperature. As the tests relate to two very different skived films, the reasons for these differences are analysed. The part played by the degree of crystallinity in determining many property differences is examined more closely with special reference to its effect on ultimate tensile strength, ductility and notch sensitivity. The aim of this study is not to determine material constants for PTFE but to identify tendencies in the behaviour of the semi-finished product, PTFE skived film, and so to gain useful information for its use in chemical plant lining.
    Notes: Extrem korrosiv beanspruchte Apparate der Chemietechnik lassen sich mit Korrosionsschutzlinern, die maßgerecht aus PTFE-Schälfolie geschweißt werden, schützen. Für werkstoffgerechte Herstellung, Handhabung und Einsatz dieser Apparateauskleidungen sind fundierte Kenntnisse des zu verarbeitenden Halbzeugs, besonders seines Kraft-Verformungs-Verhaltens über einen weiten Temperaturbereich, erforderlich. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit Festigkeits- und Duktilitätsfragen sowie dem Problem der Kerbwirkung bei Temperaturen unterhalb + 25 °C. Sie basiert auf Zerreißversuchen an Proben aus PTFE-Schälfolie. Definierte Stich- und Schnittkerben sollen Hinweise über die Kerbempfindlichkeit unterhalb Raumtemperatur geben. Da sich diese Untersuchung mit zwei sehr unterschiedlichen Schälfolienqualitäten befaßt, erfolgt eine Analyse der Ursachen für diese Unterschiede. Der Kristallinitätsgrad als Einflußgröße auf viele Eigenschaftsunterschiede wird speziell hinsichtlich seiner Auswirkung auf Bruchfestigkeit, Duktilität und Kerbempfindlichkeit näher betrachtet. Diese Untersuchung hat nicht zum Ziel, absolute Werkstoffkennwerte von PTFE zu ermitteln, sondern Trends im Werkstoffverhalten des Halbzeugs PTFE-Schälfolie zu erkennen und damit nützliche Hinweise für den apparatetechnischen Einsatz zu erhalten.
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 244-253 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Size Effect in the Low-Cycle Fatigue RegimeThis paper reports the results of the investigations on the problems of conversion of low-cycle fatigue data obtained with small specimens to large structures. Strain controlled fatigue tests have been carried out on specimens of various thickness in push-pull and reversed bending to investigate the geometrical and technological size effect on low-cycle fatigue life Ncr. It was found that a remarkable size effect exists in both loading conditions in LCF-regime. The relationship between materials characteristics (grain size, yield strength), specimen geometry (diameter or area of the cross section) and the fatigue life Ncr was obtained for various loading types and strain levels. Metallurgical and fracture mechanical aspects are considered to explain the size effect in LCF-regime.
    Notes: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird über Untersuchungen zur Frage der Übertragbarkeit von Ergebnissen an kleinen Proben auf Bauteile bei Beanspruchungen im LCF-Bereich berichtet. Dazu sind Versuche unter Zug-Druck- und Biegewechselbeanspruchung zum geometrischen und technologischen Größeneinfluß durchgeführt worden. Die Ergebnisse wurden in Form von Beziehungen zwischen Werkstoffkenngrößen (Korngröße, Streckgrenze), Bauteilgrößen (Probendurchmesser, Probenquerschnitt) und der zu erwartenden Lebensdauer (kritische Schwingspielzahl) unter Berücksichtigung der Beanspruchungsart und Beansprunchungshöhe aufgestellt. Zur Klärung des Größeneinflusses im LCF-Bereich wurden sowohl werkstoffkundliche als auch bruchmechanische Gesichtspunkte herangezogen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A65 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A68 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 286-290 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Continuous Measurement of Corrosion on Steel X 2 CrNiSi 18 15 in 98% Nitric AcidThe corrosion rates of iron, chromium and nickel have been measured by means of a radionuclide method for the silicium containing steel X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in 98% nitric acid in the temperature range 30 to 50°C. The corrosion is determined by the interfacial reaction. The growth of the oxide layer depends on the progress of the corrosion attack. The chromium exceed in the oxidic layer can be estimated from the Cr/Fe ratios in the corrosion medium.
    Notes: Mit einem radionuklidtechnischen Verfahren wurde die Korrosion von Eisen, Chrom und Nickel des siliziumhaltigen Stahls X2 CrNiSi 18 15 in 98%iger Salpetersäure im Temperaturbereich 30 bis 50°C verfolgt. Die Korrosionsreaktion ist durchtrittsbestimmt, der Aufbau der oxidischen Deckschicht ist abhängig vom Fortschritt der Korrosion. Aus den Verhältnissen von Chrom zu Eisen im Korrosionsmedium läßt sich der Chromüberschuß in der Oxidschicht abschätzen.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 305-309 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The linear polarization method of corrosion rate determination has been investigated on the basis of the equation of Stern and Geary. It has been demonstrated that use of an average value for the parameter B does not lead to accurate results. A procedure has been suggested for rapid monitoring and more accurate measurements of corrosion rates, and this is based on the calculation of B from independent measurements of the electrode-kinetic parameters of the corrosion system under investigation. Values of B have been calculated for a wide range of Tafel slopes for the case when both cathodic and anodic partial reactions are controlled by charge transfer. Using the correct value of B, potential/corrosion current density curves are constructed for various polarizing current densities. It has been shown that these calibration curves are very helpful in the rapid monitoring of corrosion rate using the linear polarization method at constant current density with a three-electrode arrangement.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 338-347 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Hochtemperaturkorrosion an Hochtemperatur-WerkstoffenHochtemperaturkorrosion - die oxidative Schädigung von metallischen Werkstoffen durch heiße Gase sowie andere flüssige und feste Stoffe - verkürzt die Lebensdauer von Gasturbinen. Durch Vergleich der Resultate von Laborversuchen unter definierten Bedingungen mit den Ergebnissen des praktischen Betriebes sollen die Schadensmechanismen geklärt werden.Metallographische Untersuchungen, die Klärung des Schadensablaufs in Mikrobereichen und beeinflussen die Werkstoffauswahl und deren Schutzgebung (Aufbringen von Schutzschichten) mit dem Ziel der Steigerung der Wirtschaftlichkeit der Anlage.
    Notes: High temperature corrosion - oxidative damage of metallic materials from hot gas and other fluid and solid components - shortens the life of gas turbines. By comparing the results of laboratory tests under constant conditions with the results of the operation of gas turbines the facts of failure should be clarified.Metallographie examinations, but especially SEM, Microprobe and AES help to clear the facts of failures in the microscopic zones. These tests will help when selecting materials and their protective coatings with the purpose of higher rentability of the plant.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 371-376 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Titanium-Clad PlatesThe article deals with aspects as well as the processing and service properties of large clad plates. The most important characteristics of explosion-clad steel are discussed. Results of tests performed on high-strength grade 2 titanium are also presented.Large plates with titanium cladding thicknesses of 1.5-3.0 mm are produced by means of a new method comprising the hot rolling of explosion-clad semi-finished material. By means of hot and cold forming, corrosion resistance tests, and successfull welding trials it is shown that the new clad plate completely satisfies further processing requirements.
    Notes: Die Arbeit befaßt sich mit Fragen der Herstellung sowie den Verarbeitungs- und Gebrauchseigenschaften von plattierten Grobblechen. Erörtert werden die wesentlichen Merkmale von Sprengplattierungen, u. a. wird über Versuche mit höherfestem Titan der Gruppe II berichtet.Großformatige Bleche mit Titan-Auflagedicken von 1,5 bis 3 mm werden über einen neuentwickelten Fertigungsweg durch Warmwalzen von sprengplattiertem Halbzeug hergestellt. Mit Warm- und Kaltumformungen, Untersuchungen zum Korrosionsverhalten sowie der erfolgreichen schweißtechnischen Erprobung wird gezeigt, daß die neuartige Plattierung den Anforderungen bezüglich der Verarbeitbarkeit voll genügt.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 395-401 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Inhomogeneous Deformation Processes During Cyclic Loading of Quenched and Tempered Steel SAE 4140The cyclic deformation behavior of a normalized steel SAE 4140 in the loading range σa 〈 ReS is characterized by softening and hardening phenomena. Cyclic softening processes are combined with inhomogeneous plastic deformations and the propagation of a fatigue Lüdersband. The following hardening process occurs homogeneously. At stress amplitudes σa 〈 Rp0.2 the quenched and tempered SAE 4140 worksoftens continuously until crack initiation. Plastic deformation processes are extremely inhomogeneous and are concentrated on small fatigue zones. The inhomogeneity increases with decreasing tempering temperatures und stress amplitudes.
    Notes: Das Wechselverformungsverhalten von normalisiertem 42 CrMo 4 ist für Beanspruchungen σa 〈 ReS durch Ent- und Verfestigungsvorgänge gekennzeichnet. Die Wechselentfestigung erfolgt inhomogen und ist mit der Ausbreitung sog. Ermüdungslüdersbänder verbunden, die anschließende Verfestigung erfolgt homogen.Das Wechselverformungsverhalten von vergütetem 42 CrMo 4 ist für Beanspruchungen mit σa 〈 Rp0,2 mit Entfestigungsvorgängen verbunden, die kontinuierlich in die Rißausbreitungsphase übergehen. Die während der Wechselverformung ablaufenden plastischen Deformationsvorgänge sind bis zum Probenbruch extrem inhomogen und auf sog. Ermüdungszonen beschränkt. Eine Erniedrigung der Anlaßtemperatur und der Spannungsamplitude verstärkt die Inhomogenität.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. A103 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 429-433 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Toughness Requirements for Steels in Low-Temperature ComponentsIn order to exclude the possibility of low-ductility fractures (brittle fractures) in components with safety relevance (e. g. pressurized containments) the materials used have to have an adequate toughness. The toughness requirements for materials are laid down in sets of regulations or in specifications. If the guidelines are compared, however it becomes clear that opinions vary considerably concerning minimum toughness to be guaranted and procedure to be evaluated. In this paper the regulations are discussed.
    Notes: Um in Bauteilen mit sicherheitstechnischer Bedeutung (z. B. druckführenden Umschließungen) verformungsarme Brüche (Sprödbrüche) ausschließen zu können, müssen die eingesetzten Werkstoffe eine ausreichende Zähigkeit besitzen. Die an die Werkstoffzähigkeit gestellten Anforderungen sind in Regelwerken oder Spezifikationen vorgeschrieben. Ein Vergleich der Richtlinien zeigt jedoch, daß die Meinungen über die zu gewährleistenden Mindestzähigkeitswerte und die auszuwertende Prüfmethodik sehr unterschiedlich sind. In dieser Arbeit werden die Regelwerke diskutiert.
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 13 (1982), S. 440-440 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 89-90 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Histamine TMS derivatives, complete separation, 2 minutes ; NPD used for quantitation down to 20 pg ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Complete separation of the TMS derivatives of histamine, 1-methyl histamine and 3-methyl histamine was achieved in two minutes in a 7 m × 0.25 mm column coated with SP 2250. Using NPD, histamine was detectable at levels as low as 20 pg. This offers a rapid, sensitive procedure with potential for clinical diagnosis and food analysis.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 301-302 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Polychlorinated biphenyls ; Liquid crystal phase ; Choice of stationary phases for analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 305-306 
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    Keywords: Liquid chromatography, micro HPLC ; Temperature effect ; Cooled column ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 313-314 
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    Keywords: Liquid chromatography ; Broadening effect ; Connecting tube ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 337-344 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Surface deactivation ; High temperature silylation ; Applications ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper describes the results of a study on the deactivation of the surface of glass capillary columns by high temperature silylation (HTS). The different steps, leaching, washing, dehydration and HTS were optimized. A practical procedure yielding a high percentage of very good columns is given. The influence of leaching and HTS on the temperature stability and coating efficiency of capillary columns coated with OV-1 was studied. The inertness of the glass surface after HTS is demonstrated by several examples.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 351-352 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Injector ; Concentrator ; Electrically heated inlet ; Capillary columns ; Vapor sampler ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 355-356 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) ; Open tubular glass capillary columns ; Blended stationary phases ; Liquid crystals ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 362-370 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 371-371 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 381-394 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas-liquid chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Steroids, prostaglandins, drugs ; Metabolites ; Derivatization ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This article describes the development of the application of capillary column GLC methods to steroids, prostaglandins and especially drugs and their metabolites in samples of biological origin. The wide variety - in terms of structures and pharmacological properties - of drugs now analyzed by capillary column GLC is made evident. Reasons for use of capillary rather than packed columns are given. The frequent use of and need for derivatization procedures prior to chromatography is emphasized. A bibliography of 83 references is included in the manuscript.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 33-34 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: HPLC bonded phases ; Picramidopropyl silica ; Charge transfer HPLC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 62-68 
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    Keywords: Gas Chromatography ; Adsorption on glass surface, no peak shade deformation ; Radioactivity, test to show systematic loss by sorption ; Phenytoin ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The labelled drug [14C] phenytoin was injected into an all-glass chromatographic system to determine adsorption on various system parts. It appeared that 10 to 20% of the amount injected did not elute. Severity of adsorption as measured from lasting radioactivity was not anticipated from peak shape or calibration curves.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 86-86 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Recycle chromatography ; Multiple-pass chromatography ; Thermal focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 146-146 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Cold trap heating ; Thermal focussing ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 152-152 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: GC instrument conversion ; All-glass GC-2 system ; Phenols ; Hydrocarbons ; Terpenoids ; Linear response ; Reproducibility ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two regular GC instruments were modified with injection port liners, split-mode injection systems, pressure regulators, effluent traps and needle valves to produce an all-glass GC-2 system. This simple and inexpensive system allows the quantitative analyses of phenols, hydrocarbons, acids, sterols, terpenoids, and alkaloids with excellent reproducibility and linear response. Even more impressive was its ability to analyze a C45-terpenoid alcohol, solanesol, as its TMS-derivative (M.W. 702).
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 28-28 
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    Keywords: Chemical reaction chromatographic analysis ; Two six-port valves for reaction analysis ; Two six-port valves connection ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 25-27 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Instrumental modification to multidimensional separation ; Application with packed columns on complex sample composition ; Indene to pyrene range in coal tar ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 199-204 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 206-207 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 79-84 
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Thin-layer chromatography, TLC ; Mobile phase parameters and RM-value ; Influence of surface of adsorbed molecules ; Non-active binary mobile phases ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The purpose of the studies being carried out is to find some regularities of a general character which determine the relationship between the structures of the chromatographed substances and the composition of the mobile phase, i.e., between the log of the partition coefficient of the sample (Az), the K1-values which characterize the adsorption equilibrium of component “1” in a given chromatographic system, the structures of the mobile phase components and the structures of the substances being chromatographed. This paper deals with the relationship between the Az and K1 parameters and the structure of naphthalene and a number of its derivatives. It has been shown that there is a close relationship between the kind, size, frequency and site of the substituent on the one hand and the Az and K1 values on the other. In order to eliminate the possibility of unwanted side effects, the investigations were carried exclusively using non-active binary mobile phases of the type N + N or N + /B/. From these investigations, a comparison between the parameter Az and the surface of adsorbed molecules (As) was also possible.
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 91-91 
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    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary, glass ; Static coating technique details ; End-sealing without failure, under ethanol ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 95-100 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 3 (1980), S. 101-101 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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