ALBERT

Notes: The paper traces the history of the Wild series of rectifiers, paying particular attention to the mechanical solutions of the Newton and Scheimpflug conditions.

Notes: The author explains one of the chief problems, the composition of a survey aircraft navigation system, facing Commission I of the International Society for Photogrammetry. The tasks to be accomplished by such a system are outlined, and some of the alternative equipment available to carry out the various aspects of this work are discussed.

Notes: It is well known that there exists a “danger cylinder” for space resection, analogous to the “danger circle” in the plane, on which the resection is unstable. This paper shows how the existence of this surface may be detected and draws attention to the way in which the instability differs from that in the plane.

Notes: An attempt is made to review the factors affecting the use of colour photography in photogrammetry and photo-interpretation. Examples of current practice and results of comparative tests are quoted, as well as the advantages and deficiencies of the various materials available.

Notes: During the summer of 1965, colour, false colour, infra-red and panchromatic photography was flown of the Breidamerkur Glacier area in south-east Iceland. Subsequent comparative interpretation studies of the film types have indicated that colour photography is superior for the interpretation of glacierized† areas. This is attributed to brightness qualities and a continuous colour tone range, which, in this instance, closely matched visual representation of ground objects.The false colour film, due to the striking tonal qualities of vegetation and moisture, is considered best for studies involving the delimitation of these features. Panchromatic film appears to be satisfactory for general interpretation work, particularly where the utmost in definition is called for. The infra-red film, because of the dark tones produced by gravels and the subsequent high contrasts between ice and gravel debris on the ice surface, is considered a poor choice for the interpretation of glacierized areas.

Notes: This paper gives convenient formulae for numerical relative orientation for use with instruments in which the Y-parallax may be accurately measured.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In cultures of Trypanosoma conorhini the authors have detected “cyst-like bodies” (CLBs) that, in the initial phase, have the appearance of 2 or more overgrown crithidiae fused together; after disorganization of the internal structure of the parent flagellates and division of their organelles, new crithidiae are formed within the CLB. The wall of the CLB consists of an irregularly thick layer of cytoplasm surrounded by the periplast of the parent flagellates and a true cystic membrane is not evident. The daughter crithidiae eventually escape from the CLB leaving the periplast and other residues of the parent flagellates. It is suggested that this represents a method of reproduction entirely different from binary or multiple fission, that is probably common to other trypanosomes of the Section STERCORARIA, and that it may provide for genetic exchange even if it is not a true sexual process.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. During conjugation of Kahlia the micronuclei divide 3 times before synkaryon formation and 2 times thereafter. The 1st division is heterotypic, as in other ciliates, in that it is characterized by the parachute stage. Following this stage, 24 to 26 bivalents and 4 to 8 univalents appear in the micronuclear area. When the bivalents move to organize the metaphase plate, the univalents lag behind and fail to reach the equatorial region at the same time. Due to this irregular behavior of the univalents there is no distinct metaphase in the first meiotic division. A few meiotic irregularities including the breakdown of the spindle apparatus have been observed. During the breakdown of the spindle apparatus the chromosomes fuse into irregular bodies which resemble the chromosome aggregates observed during the somatic divisions. Generally 1, and rarely more, of the products of the 1st division enter the 2nd division. The spindles of this division are oriented parallel to the long axis of the cell, and 1 of the daughter nuclei reaches the partition membrane separating the conjugants. This nucleus alone undergoes the 3rd division, resulting in the formation of gametic nuclei. Reciprocal exchange and fusion of the gametic nuclei result in the synkaryon formation. The synkaryon divides twice in rapid succession resulting in 4 daughter nuclei; 1 of them degenerates and 2 condense and become functional micronuclei. The chromosomes of the remaining daughter nucleus resemble in size and number the bivalents of the 1st meiotic division. They become polytenic and then reproduce to give rise to the polyploid macronucleus. The development of the macronucleus has been traced from a single diploid set of chromosomes and no evidence has been found for the formation of genetic “subnuclei.” During the early stages of the development of the macronuclear anlage, somatic pairing forces keep the homologs together, while in the later stages these forces cease to exert influence. While these changes are in progress the old macronucleus; breaks up into small irregular polymorphic bodies which are scattered throughout in the cytoplasm. The exconjugants usually encyst and the cysts are not favorable for detailed cytologic study.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In young first generation schizonts of E. bovis, the nuclei appeared to have a random distribution. In calves killed 8 days after inoculation some of the schizonts had the nuclei arranged in a single layer at the periphery, with a few infoldings of this layer into the interior. In further development, such ingrowths of the nuclear layer resulted in the formation of compartments of varying size. In schizonts of calves killed 12 days after inoculation spherical or ellipsoidal bodies (blastophores), about 5–20 μ in diameter with a single peripheral layer of nuclei were formed. Merozoites developed as radial outgrowths from the blastophores, leaving residual bodies of variable size, which later disappeared. The response of the host cell to the presence of the schizont was characterized by marked growth of both the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nucleolus became greatly enlarged, and the chromatin was distributed in relatively fine granules. In the host cell cytoplasm, 2 concentric layers were observed; the inner was more dense than the outer. After growth of the schizont was completed its host cell was stretched into a thin covering layer about 1 μ thick. In some schizonts, the host cell disintegrated, and the schizont was then invaded by eosinophils, macrophages and other cells, which eventually destroyed the merozoites.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Blood smears from 133 Rio Grande wild turkeys Meleagridis gallopavo intermedia live-trapped in the Welder Wildlife Refuge in south Texas, were examined for blood parasites. All of the 63 immature turkeys and 63% of the 70 adult turkeys were infected with Haemoproteus meleagridis. The infections were light, half the cases having less than 5 infected cells per 10,000 red blood cells. Infection with H. meleagridis caused significant enlargement of the host RBC. Other parasites specifically searched for but not found were Leucocytozoon, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium and microfilariae.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of the tomite stage of Hyalophysa chattoni was examined with particular attention to its kinetal apparatus.The pellicle, thick and dense compared with that of other ciliates, is formed of three layers. The inner layer is composed of short fibrils oriented perpendicular to the surface.The cytoplasm around the oral passage and beneath falciform field 8 is crowded with dense inclusion bodies of unknown function. Dorsal to the oral passage is the rosette, a disc-shaped organelle subdivided by septa in the form of incomplete radii about a central chamber containing a tuft of cilia. The septa are composed of 3 membranes enclosing a fine layer of cytoplasm. At their inner ends 20 mμ fibers run dorsally and ventrally. Dense clumps of fibrous material line the luminal surface of the septa.Rows of fusiform trichocysts parallel the kineties. The trichocysts are composed of a finely periodic, moderately electron-dense material surrounded by 20 mμ fibrils oriented along the long axis of the trichocyst. Between and below the kinetosomes and the rows of trichocysts are electron-dense vesicles 300 mμ in diameter and bounded by a loose membrane. The large “trichocysts,” the “gros trichocystes” of Chatton and Lwoff, whose appearance heralds the beginnings of trichocystogenesis, prove to be canaliculi opening to the surface.Four separate ciliary membrane systems—the oral ciliature (XYZ), falciform field 8, falciform field 9, and the ogival field—are located on the ventral surface of the tomite. Each differs from the others and from the somatic kineties in the fibrillar organization around its kinetosomes.In the somatic kineties the kinetodesmos is a dense, periodic fiber which is formed of stacks of up to 18 subfibers, each arising from the base of a kinetosome. The kinetosomes are short (300 mμ) and contain dense central granules. In some kineties, alternating between the kinetosomes, are elliptical kinetosome-like structures which do not bear cilia and perhaps provide a reservoir of kinetosomes for future growth of the kinety.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The life cycle of the true slime mold Physarum polycephalum includes 2 vegetative stages: the multinucleate coenocytic plasmodium and the uninucleate amoeba. A clone of amoebae established from a single spore does not normally yield plasmodia. Plasmodia are formed when amoebae from particular clones are mixed; thus plasmodium formation is said to be controlled by a ‘mating-type’ system.Previous work by the author with a sample of P. polycephalum derived from a single source revealed that 2 mating types were present and were determined by a pair of alleles at 1 locus. The present paper reveals the presence of 2 more mating types in a sample of P. polycephalum derived from a different source and provides evidence that these are determined by 2 alleles at the same locus as the other 2.Evidence for the presence of other inherited factors affecting plasmodium formation, the mode of action of these factors and possible explanations for the occurrence of plasmodia in single-spore cultures are also discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Transection and regeneration of Blepharisma intermedium initiate complex macronuclear activity and micronuclear division. Reversible condensation of the macronucleus is achieved by contraction which involves primary and secondary coiling. Primary coiling, evident in vegetative cells, is enhanced by pronounced constriction of the macronuclear extremities during regeneration. Secondary coiling is restricted to the period of contraction and is initiated at the ends of the mauonucleus. Condensation terminates the coiling processes and gives rise to an amorphous structure. Re-elongation of the macronucleus is not followed immediately by coiling. Micronuclear division begins early in regeneration, but the peak of visible activity is not reached until the 3rd through 5th hours.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Lipids in aging cultures of Tetrakymena pyriformis were extracted at various times after inoculation, purified, and weighed or chromatographed on thin layers of silica gel. The total cellular lipid increased throughout logarithmic and early stationary phases but decreased sharply after 72 hr. The amount of one lipid class, probably the triglycerides, followed the same trends. It may be a cellular reserve.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Rearing of cockroaches without sporozoan parasites of the Malpighian tubules permitted the 1st experimental infections reported for these organisms as well as study of the intracellular early stages of infection. Infectivity tests show that the route of invasion is peroral rather than transovarian; that fresh spores obtained from either the Malpighian tubules or the hindgut are infective; that fresh spores held in aqueous suspension for 36 hr are not infective; that all ages and both sexes of cockroaches are susceptible, although older cockroaches are more readily infected experimentally; that a single peroral dose of a few hundred spores is sufficient to produce infection; that the earliest signs of progressive infection in the Malpighian tubules appear 15 days after ingestion of spores; and that the infection, spread mainly by schizogony, is well established by 23 days. Spores are acid-fast. The PAS-positive spore membrane is not dissolved by 20-min treatment with hot KOH, but tests for chitin were inconclusive. The life history of the parasite is described. “Encapsulation” of the parasite has been observed. Electron microscope studies, the first reported for the class Haplosporea, show similarities of the cytoplasmic structure of this haplosporidian with that of some members of the sporozoan class Telosporea, though no specialized structures were seen. Finding of intracellular stages together with failure of interspecific infection attempts suggest that the microorganism should be placed in the genus Nephridiophaga Ivanic, 1937 with the specific name blattellae Crawley, 1905.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A centrifugation procedure for removing Tetrahymena from mass cultures is described. This method offers the following advantages: (a) inexpensive apparatus, (b) the short period of time required for harvesting large numbers of cells, (c) lack of cellular damage, (d) the ability to obtain proven dilution with regard to the culture fluid, (e) nearly quantitative recovery of the cells, and (f) the ease of assembling and disassembling the apparatus for cleaning.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Monocercomonas molae from the hindgut of the sunfish Mola mola is described. The host was taken from southern California coastal waters in October, 1964. The body of the flagellate is 8.0 × 10.7 microns. A single basal granule complex gives rise to 4 flagella, one of which is recurrent. The axostyle is relatively stout, with argentophilic granules, and possesses a periaxostylar ring. The capitulum of the axostyle continues into the sickle-shaped pelta, and the parabasal body is rod-shaped or lobed and roughly triangular in cross-section.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The complete life history of a homothallic, dioecious strain of Volvox aureus was studied in axenic culture. Asexual reproduction occurs by repeated division of specialized reproductive cells (gonidia), inversion of the resultant mass of cells to form daughter colonies, and subsequent morphologic differentiation of new gonidia in these daughters. Male colonies lack gonidia; however, the posterior 2/3 of the cells in a colony function as male initials each of which enlarges, divides, and undergoes rudimentary inversion to form a packet of 32 biflagellate sperm. Evidence was presented for the homology of eggs and undivided gonidia. The penetration of young vegetative colonies by sperm and the subsequent formation of apparent zygotes in these colonies was described and figured. Zygote germination, including division and inversion of the germling, was described; the cytological nature of the zygote divisions was not determined.A substance, MIS, in filtrates of sexual cultures induced differentiation of male colonies; a bioassay for it was perfected. Bioassay colonies show a differential susceptibility to male induction by MIS which is a function of the particular stage of development; colonies 48 hr after release from parentals are optimally susceptible. MIS was reasonably stable to heat, non-dialyzable, and Sephadex gel filtration indicated a molecular weight 〉 200,000. MIS activity is destroyed by trypsin and pronase but is unaffected by chymotrypsin. MIS was successfully concentrated ∼37-fold by the Carbowax method. The patterns of differentiation in other species of Volvox are described and possibilities discussed for studies of cellular differentiation in the genus as a whole.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina faiyumensis n. sp., a parasite of toads, Bufo regularis, in Faiyuni Province, Egypt, U.A.R., is described. In a survey of 689 toads from various localities in Cairo, Giza and Faiyurn provinces, only 3 out of 13 toads from Kom O Shim near Faiyum were infected. This species, known only by blood forms (most probably gametocytes) of two different staining reactions, is 13-17 μ long and 4-5 μ wide, with an average of 15.5 × 4.5 μ. The nucleus is typically subcircular and 3-5 × 3–5 μ, with an average of 4.5 × 3.9 μ.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina boueti França, 1910, was found to be the commonest blood parasite in the common toad, Bufo regularis Reuss, in Egypt. The rate of infection was about 30% (of 689 toads examined).In properly fixed blood films, the parasites were almost exclusively intraerythrocytic. Most characteristic was the encapsulated “elongate” form averaging 22.3 by 6 μ with a more-or-less central nucleus and a pointed, slightly bent, posterior end. Infected red cells were conspicuously hypertrophied and their nuclei were markedly displaced and frequently broken into 2-4 parts.Young and growing blood forms as well as two types of hepatic schizonts are described for the first time.Schizonts of the first type develop in hepatic cells, are 28–30 μ in diameter and produce numerous elongate oval merozoites about 8 × 2.2 μ radially arranged around a residual body about 10 μ in diameter.Schizonts of the second type start their growth in erythrocytes but later complete their development as free bodies in the liver sinusoids. When mature, they are 32–35 μ in diameter and produce a larger number of thin merozoites about 8 × 1.5 μ, surrounding a larger residual body about 19 μ in diameter.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Haemogregarina pestanae França, 1910, is apparently rare in Egypt, having been found in 1 toad Bufo regularis Reuss out of 689 examined. Capsulated capped, young thin, and young and advanced broad forms were present in the peripheral blood. Schizogony occurred in the liver. Two types of schizonts were present—macroschizonts producing 150 or more elongate oval merozoites surrounding a large residual body, and microschizonts producing 60 or less banana-shaped merozoites often radiating from a small, eccentric residual body.Merozoites of the first type developed into a large broad form representing early schizonts of the second type. The latter developed into thin young intraerythrocytic forms and apparently later into encapsulated capped gametocytes. H. pestanae, H. aegyptia and H. tunisiensis all occur in toads (Bufo regularis for the first two, and B. mauritanicus for the third), and produce characteristic encapsulated looped gametocytes in peripheral blood. The capsules contain dark-staining material condensed into a single well-developed cap in H. aegyptia and 1 or 2 much smaller caps in H. pestanae; this material is scattered regularly around the parasite in H. tunisiensis. The capsule of H. pestanae is more or less cylindrical along most of its length, more slender and slightly shorter than the regularly oval capsule of H. tunisiensis or the spindle- or egg-shaped capsule of H. aegyptia.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Spathidium spathula irradiated with 0 to 55 kr of × rays showed one or more of the following kinds of behavior: (1) Death of an undivided cell (primary death); (2) death of a descendant of an irradiated cell (secondary death); (3) permanent injury including one or more of the following: low daily division rate, excessive macronuclear enlargement, total loss of micronuclei, cytostome replication, heavy pigmentation, and decreased motility; (4) temporary division retardation for 1 to 2 days followed by apparent complete recovery; and (5) no apparent injury. The first 3 kinds of behavior increased with increasing dosage from 15 to 25 to 55 kr. At 6 kr only the last 2 categories were observed. The LD50 for 8 days was 46 kr for both primary and secondary death, or 60 kr for primary death alone.Micronuclear number varied greatly following irradiation in lines showing either permanent or temporary injury. Two different responses occurred: (1) The micronuclear number averaged about twice the normal number of 20 with a large range (0 to 360) 1 day after exposure. The number gradually decreased during the next 2 days; (2) some cells lost all micronuclei following irradiation, the incidence increasing with dose. At 55 kr complete loss of micronuclei occurred in 96% of the surviving lines.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Exchange of cytoplasm in Tetrahymena pyriformis, syngen 1, has been demonstrated by growing cells of 1 mating type in medium supplemented with H3-uridine or H3-histidine, washing, mixing with cells of an unlabeled, starved mating type, sampling conjugants at different times, and preparing autoradiographs. It was found that cytoplasmic interchange begins soon after the mates unite, and has become extensive before the end of the 1st prezygotic prophase (micronuclear crescent stage). When the RNA in one mating type had been labeled with H3-uridine, the activity was distributed almost evenly between the mates by late stages of conjugation. These results are consistent with electron micrographs of this syngen showing small pores in the attachment region of the mates, and many free ribosomes in the cytoplasm (8,11). By contrast, when protein in one mating type had been labeled with H3-histidine, these cells at late conjugation remained about twice as active as their originally unlabeled mates, presumably because of the physical characteristics of some structures which incorporated the amino acid (for example, cilia and membranes of the cell surface; cytoplasmic bodies, such as mitochondria, larger than the pores). That the radioactivity in the originally unlabeled cells came from their mates and not from the environment is indicated by the continued presence of inactive non-conjugants after 1 and 2 days in the mating type mixtures. Other cells which did acquire small amounts of active cytoplasm probably had engaged in abortive conjugation, separating from labeled mates before forming and exchanging pronuclei.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A major difference in heme content was found between leishmanias and leptomonads of Leishmania donovani. When tested with a fluorescence method for heme, leishmanias gave a negative response whereas leptomonads fluoresced brightly. Studies on the terminal respiration of L. tarentolae leptomonads by absorption spectra assay and respiratory inhibitors indicated the presence of cytochromes. Lactic dehydrogenase could not be detected in the leptomonad stage nor could it be found in any other hemoflagellate culture form tested.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of various stages in the life cycle of Theileria parva is described. The appearance of the parasites suggests that there may be a double macroschizogony cycle. Micromerozoites are produced by a process of budding off from the body, known in light microscopy preparations as the residual body.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A pure strain of Eimeria debliecki (University of Illinois strain A) established from a single oocyst was used to determine the endogenous cycle. Young parasite-free pigs 2 weeks to 3 months old were used throughout the study.The endogenous cycle was found to take place in the small intestine where the parasites were located in the distal portion of the striated simple columnar epithelial cells of the villi. The first generation schizonts were found in only the jejunum (15% of small intestine). The second generation schizonts and gametes occurred in the jejunum and ileum (70% of small intestine), a slight posterior progression occurring with each stage. The entire cycle required 6.5 days.The schizogonous cycle comprised 2 generations. The first generation schizonts required 2.5 days to reach maturity, measured 8-12 μ, contained 16 merozoites measuring 12-15 μ and had a polar residual mass. The second generation schizonts required 2 days to reach maturity, measured 13-16 μ, contained 32 rotund merozoites measuring 6–8 μ, and had only a few granules of residual material.Gametogony took place in 1.5 days. The macrogametes measured 12-16 μ, and the microgametocytes measured 9-14 μ with microgametes measuring 5–6 μ.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Trypanosomatid-free plants of the family Asclepiadaceae identified as Asclepias syriaca, A. curassavica, A. incarnata, Stephanotis floribunda, Seutera maritima, Amphistelma scoparia and plants of the family Euphorbiaceae identified as Euphorbia tirucalli, E. trigona, and Pedilanthus tithymaloides were exposed to the bite of the bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus, infected with Phytomonas elmassiani, a flagellate which occurs naturally in A. syriaca and O. fasciatus. Two weeks subsequent to exposure to laboratory-infected oncopeltids all the experimental Asclepiadaceae were infected. The mean length of the protozoa varied depending on the host plant. The flagellates in A. syriaca, A. curassavica, and A. incarnata were shorter than those in S. floribunda, S. maritima, and A. scoparia.None of the Euphorbiaceae became infected.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The mechanism of Prymnesium parvum ichthyotoxicity was studied in immersed minnows (Gambusia affinis) in the presence of various synergists (especially polyamines and invert soaps) and under varying conditions of pH and salinity. The effect of immersion in toxin-synergist solution on permeability of gill tissues to trypan blue and to radioactive substances, e.g., I125 and radio-iodinated albumin, was established. Fish sensitivity to various toxic substances was increased after immersion for short periods in suitable toxinsynergist solutions. This sensitivity, as well as the increased permeability of gill tissue, was transient and disappeared when fish were stored in tap water for several hours after the toxin-synergist treatment. Good correlation was found between the conditions (synergist quality and concentration, pH, salinity) leading to P. parvum ichthyotoxicity and conditions instrumental in increased gill permeability and toxin sensitivity. The primary site of damage is concluded to be the gill membrane.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tetratrichomonas gallinarum was found in the blood of 3 chickens experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina. The blood infection was successfully reproduced in healthy chickens and was accompanied by evidence that the trichomonads multiplied in the blood, ingested red blood cells, and were themselves phagocytized by leucocytes. T. gallinarum was maintained in serial passage in chicken embryos as well as in the usual trichomonad culture media.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Schwartz identified a protozoan, parasite of the marine fish Leiostomus xanthurus as a haplosporidian belonging to genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil, 1905. Now, a coiled polar filament in the spore of that organism has been clearly recognized in certain PAS preparations which were used in the original study. The parasite is, therefore, a microsporidian rather than a haplosporidian. The generic characters of this and other protozoans still in genus Ichthyosporidium need further study.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Suspensions of whole, killed ciliates were diffused against rabbit antisera for the respective strains to observe cross precipitation. The strains fell into the following groups: I. GL, H, ChS, GP, Aq, L-I, L-II, L-2, and V1; II. W, L-3, Gl-R, and V2; III. PR and F; and IV. BF and Lava. T. vorax strains V1 and V2 each resembled certain T. pyriformis strains more closely than they resembled each other. The same grouping of strains emerged in comparing antigenic suspensions and in comparing antisera and was confirmed by comparing absorption properties of antigens from the different strains.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two hundred and fifty-nine specimens of the sea urchins Echinometra lucunter (201), Diadema antillarum (52), Tripneustes ventricosus (5) and Eucidaris tribuloides (1), collected on the littoral of the Federal District of Venezuela, were examined for intestinal ciliates.Iron hematoxylin and silver-impregnation staining technics permitted determination of eight of the nine ciliates found: Anophrys aglycus, A. elongata, Cohnilembus caeci, Biggaria bermudensis, B. echinometris, Cyclidium rhabdotectum, Metopus circumlabens and M. rotundus. An unidentified species of Euplotes was also found.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The firm union of the shells of adult Gromia oviformis in plastogamous pairs is followed by gametogenesis and fertilization with the production of distinctive fusiform zygotes that undergo further transformation into amoebulae initially having hyaline radiate pseudopodia. The amoebulae emerge from the parental shells and probably initiate the asexual phase of the life cycle.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The establishment of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites in the duodenal glands of Lieberkühn of the chicken is described. Sporozoites were found to enter the tips of the villi and pass into the lamina propria, or core, of the villus. Within the lamina propria, sporozoites were engulfed by macrophages and taken to the glandular epithelium.Data are presented which indicate that macrophages serve as a defense against infection as well as a mode of transportation.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Electron microscope observations of a strain of Labyrinthula indicate that the spindle cells glide within a collapsible slime tube rather than on top of it. These slimeways are clearly extracellular, partly covered with membranes, and consist of an amorphous matrix encrusted with many small vesicular elements.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Thirty-one stocks of a marine ciliate, Euplotes minuta Yocom, collected from different localities, can be grouped in seven mating types. True pairs are formed only in mixtures of stocks belonging to different mating types. No selfing pairs or intraclonal conjugation have ever been observed. Synclonal inheritance of mating types is the rule, although about 10% of pairs show clonal inheritance. The latter can be explained by assuming syncaryon formation through cytogamy or through caryogamy of pronuclei derived from different products of meiosis. Mating type determination is due to 7 alleles at the single locus mt. There is complete dominance among the 7 alleles which can be orderly seriated, as shown in Table 3, according to their dominance relationship. The 5 stocks, and only these 5, of mating type VII have the autogamy trait. The mortality rate in F1 and F2 is very low–a maximum of 10%; however, the F2'S obtained by autogamy from F1 progenies in which mating type VII is involved have a very high mortality rate. The two facts (high mortality rate in F2 and strict association of autogamy trait with mating type VII in natural populations) have been considered as evidences of a probable isolation mechanism existing between mating type VII and the other 6 mating types. Thus, the 7 mating types have been assigned to the same syngen only tentatively.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Sporozoites of Lankesterella hylae were found in 12 of 13 green tree frogs (Hyla caerulea) from Gin Gin, Queensland. The intraerythrocytic sporozoites had two pale-staining vacuoles at the poles of the nucleus and frequently a dome-like protuberance on the concavity of the crescentic protozoon.Motility was observed in free but not intracellular sporozoites in fresh blood. Locomotion was of a gliding nature, though in addition parasites flexed and extended, and a peristaltic constriction passed backwards along the body of two. One parasite entered and emerged from a red cell, the erythrocyte playing a passive role.All stages of sporogony were observed in liver smears from a debilitated frog. In araldite sections of the small intestine of another frog, parasites were found in the vacuoles within unidentified cells in the lamina propria, thus suggesting that the parasite's point of entry is possibly the alimentary tract.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Some of the serotypes in Paramecium caudatum are described in this paper. Immobilization antigens of P. caudatum have been obtained by extracting paramecia in a dilute salt solution containing 15% alcohol. Immobilization antigen F from stock 162 has been isolated and has a sedimentation coefficient of 9.3 Svedbergs, diffusion coefficient of 2.3 × 10-7 cm/sec, and molecular weight of approximately 340,000.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Two species of Isospora are described from Chloris chloris with the additional hosts Passer domesticus and Fringilla coelebs. I. lacazei Labbé has spherical oocysts measuring 16.6 to 30.0 μ; the oocyst wall is colorless and smooth, consisting of a thick layer and, in the majority of oocysts, an inner thin membrane. Stages of the life cycle in the epithelial cells of the duodenum are described. The internal stages consist of first and late generation schizonts which produce merozoites without any residual body, spindle-shaped microgametes and macrogametes without obvious “plastic granules.” The oocysts of I. chloridis sp. n. have colorless, smooth surfaced walls of one thick layer. They are ellipsoidal, measuring 17.2-33.2 μ× 16.6-30.0 μ. The internal stages of this species infect the epithelial cells of the small intestine in the same region as I. lacazei. They produce 2 generations of schizonts, consisting of merozoites and a residuum; microgametes are comma-shaped and macrogametes have obvious “plastic granules.”

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Blood and tissue smears from 156 yellow-billed magpies showed infection with hematozoa in 154 (99%). Leucocytozoon berestneffi was found in 149 (96%), Haemoproteus picae in 40 (26%), Plasmodium relictum, in 32 (21%), Trypanosoma sp. in 3 (2%), and microfilariae in 42 (27%). Fifty-two birds were infected with two genera of parasites, 27 with 3, and 4 with 4. Leucocytozoon, Plasmodium and microfilariae showed a higher incidence in tissue than in blood smears.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Monolayers of cells of coverslips were produced by culturing known numbers of trypsinized chick cells in growth medium (solution 199 plus 20% calf serum) at 37 C for 2 days. The fluid was then replaced with maintenance medium (solution 199 plus 5% calf serum) containing various known numbers of T. cruzi and the preparations were incubated at 33 C for 5 days; fresh maintenance medium was substituted on the 2nd or 3rd day. The inocula of parasites were obtained from T. cruzi-cell cultures, supplemented with 2% sterile NNN overlay, or from NNN cultures.The numbers of extracellular parasites, proportions of infected cells, and percentage distribution of infected cells relative to the number of intracellular leishmanial bodies were determined on days 2 or 3 and 5 of parasite cultivation in many experiments. Analyses of the data gave the following results. Extracellular parasites increased 2- to 14-fold during the first 2 or 3 days, depending upon the source and size of the inocula, and 10- to 20-fold during the last 2 or 3 days. Cell infection continued throughout incubation at daily rates of 1.4-4.5%; 8-22% of the cells became infected during the 5 days of incubation. Intracellular growth was reflected most clearly by increases in the proportion of cells having 〉10 leishmanial bodies. This increase was about 5% daily during the last 2 or 3 days of incubation.A useful test procedure for assessing the antiparasitic action and chick embryo cell toxicity of drugs is illustrated by data obtained with furazolidone and tris (p-aminophenyl)carbonium chloride.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis strains E, A-136 31C and IMT II survived freezing in 10% dimethylsulfoxide when the temperature was lowered to freezing at 4.5 C/min. Survival was then obtained for at least 128 days by lowering the temperature rapidly to 95°C. Of the 3 strains, T. pyriformis IMT II was most resistant to the effects of freezing. Its volume averaged about half that of either of the other strains and may have contributed to the differences in survival. In addition to differences among strains, a medium relatively low in the concentration of nutrients, a culture nearing peak population, and a rate of cooling of 4.5 C/min, all gave best survival. Paramecium aurelia regained motility after being frozen in 6 to 7.5% dimethylsulfoxide for as long as 7 days at either –27 or –196 C, but cultures were obtained only after storage for 20 min at –27 C. A concentration of 6 to 7.5% dimethyl-sulfoxide, cooling at 4.5 C/min, and culture media containing Aerobacter aerogenes or composed of a commercially available composition were all required for survival of P. aurelia.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cysts of Sarcocystis sp. are described from a dog. They are spherical to elongate, 110–250 μ in diameter, and contain numerous crescentic trophozoites measuring 4–5 × 1.5 μ. No septa were seen. This is the first report of Sarcocystis from a domestic carnivore.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cytoplasmic inclusions appear rapidly in Leishmania enriettii exposed to 37 C. The staining of these droplets with oil red O, their extraction in non-polar solvents, and their fine structure by electron microscopy establish their identity as lipid droplets. Fatty acid profiles of these organisms show alterations concomitant with the development of these inclusions. Oleic acid increases while linolenic acid is depressed in cells exposed to elevated temperature. A greater incorporation of exogenous radioactive stearic acid occurs, with depressed specific activities of linoleic and linolenic acids compared to values obtained with control organisms. The isolated lipids of L. enriettii have temperature-dependent changes consistent with a physical interpretation of events which occur with temperature inactivation. The temperature lability of fatty acid metabolism is discussed in terms of the synthesis and stability of cellular membranes and organelles.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Total counts of Eimeria vilasi and E. wisconsinensis oocysts in 0.05 g fecal samples from the eastern chipmunk over a 2-year period indicated that the 2 species had respective occurrences of 100% and 11% and an actual abundance ratio of 35 to 1. In the red squirrel similar counts of E. tamiasciuri and E. toddi over a 3-year period indicated occurrences of 98% and 6% and an actual abundance ratio of 26 to 1, respectively. These results parallel a similar dichotomy in percent occurrence of 7 Eimeria in the sciurid genera Cynomys and Marmota.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. By means of precipitation with protamine sulfate, a soluble antigen (PS) was obtained from erythrocytes of horses with acute babesiosis due to Babesia caballi and B. equi. This antigen reacted in gel diffusion tests with sera from horses recovered from acute babesiosis. The PS antigen was found to be muco-protein, susceptible to destruction by trypsin and taka-diastase. Analysis of the antigen by paper electrophoresis revealed 2 components which were not present in similar preparations made from erythrocytes of Babesia-free horses.When the PS antigen was heated in boiling water for 30 minutes, a serologically inactive precipitate was formed; however, the supernate remained serologically active and was termed boiled PS (BPS) antigen. This antigen was polysaccharide in nature; its serologic activity was destroyed by taka-diastase.In gel diffusion tests with sera of recovered horses, the PS antigen formed 2 lines of precipitation which coalesced in a single line formed between these sera and the BPS antigen. Both PS and BPS antigens reacted with sera of horses recovered from acute babesiosis in the gel-diffusion test, but not with sera of dogs and rats recovered from acute infection with Babesia canis and Babesia rodhaini, respectively. The serologic specificity of these antigens suggests that they might have application in the serodiagnosis of inapparent Babesia infections of equine animals.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Euglena gracilis (bacillaris variety, strain SM-L1, streptomycin-bleached) used the following amino adds (10−3 M) as sole nitrogen source for growth on a defined medium: glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, and glutamic acid. Aspartic acid was used at 10−2 M. Glutamine and asparagine were used at 10−3 M and were better N sources than their parent dicarboxylic amino acids. Not used as sole N source for growth were phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, cysteine, cystine, methionine, proline, hydroxyproline, histidine, arginine, lysine, and taurine. Astasia longa (Jahn strain) was more restricted than Euglena and used only asparagine and glutamine as N sources for growth.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Gigantomonas usually exists in the multinucleate stage. Hence, multiple fission is more common than binary fission. In its flagellate as well as its aflagellate state it is always an amoeboid cell which possesses from one to several large, clear pseudopodia. Fairly often in the multinucleate, as well as the uninucleate, stage no extranuclear organelles are present except large plain centrioles, two of which are always closely associated with each nucleus. During nuclear reproduction four centrioles, two old ones and two new ones, are always present with each nucleus. During all nuclear reproductions, regardless of the number of nuclei present, extranuclear organelles, such as flagella, axostyle, undulating membrane, and costa when present are discarded. If they are renewed, it is by the new centrioles at the same time that the old ones produce new central spindles, two always cooperating in the process. Thus, Gigantomonas, like other genera of the Devescovinidae, the family to which it belongs, never has for each nucleus present more than one set of extranuclear organelles, a characteristic which Devescovinidae and Lophomonadidae have in common. It is the only genus of Devescovinidae without a parabasal body.Owing to the liquidness of the cytoplasm, the central spindle, which becomes very long indeed, often extends beyond the cytoplasm and thus pushes the nucleus fastened to this end of it completely out of the cell. Mainly because of this situation, multinucleate forms with an odd number of nuclei occur often; otherwise the nuclear numbers would be 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc., because, no matter how many nuclei are present, they all reproduce simultaneously or nearly so.An unusual situation occurs in which Gigantomonas ingests and digests a small species of Holomastigotoides, while several hundred individuals of the latter become attached to and destroy Gigantomonas.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. A new species of coccidium is described: Eimeria urosauris n. sp., in the gall bladder of the lizard Urosaurus graciosus Hollowell, from the Mojave Desert in California. The oocyst of E. urosauris is smooth, bilaminar, nearly cylindrical, with long borders only slightly convex, ends rounded and very nearly hemispherical. It is usually 32 × 20 μ, and its length/width ratio is 1.6. It contains 4 ellipsoid sporocysts, each 10.5 × 9 μ, for which 1/w is 1.17. Each sporocyst contains 2 tapered bent sporozoites with rounded ends, 11 μ long, 4 μ in diameter at the larger end, and 1.5 μ in diameter at the smaller end. Each sporocyst also contains a central granular sporocyst residuum 3.5 μ in diameter. The oocyst lacks a micropyle and oocyst residuum, and there is no Stieda body on the sporocyst. Sporulation time is 6–10 hr. Endogenous development, with reinfection by liberated sporozoites, occurs in the epithelial lining of the gall bladder. E. urosauris is compared to other morphologically similar lacertilian eimerias with which it might be confused.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. In rats infected with T. lewisi, 2 morphologically distinct forms of the trypanosome occur. By means of the immunodiffusion technic several antigenic differences between the 2 forms were observed. The time course in the antigenic and morphologic changes is somewhat different. The antigenic change from young to adult forms is gradual. It starts 12 days after infection and is complete in 14 days, 3 to 5 days after the morphologic appearance of the trypanosomes is that of adult forms. In addition, there appear to be 2 separate stages of young forms when they are analyzed for antigenic composition.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Nucleic acid hybridisation involving DNA samples was used to study relationships between various protozoa. The most hybridisation or nucleic acid homology was always in the homologous reaction between 2 DNA samples from the same source. It was concluded that all the protozoa tested have nucleotide sequences or genes in common with Paramecium aurelia. The ciliates could be placed in a sequence of decreasing homology relative to Paramecium: Tetrahymena, Colpidium, Stentor, Didinium, Dileptus, Blepharisma. Actinosphaerium had fewer sequences than any of the ciliates and the flagellate Euglena had the fewest sequences in common. The bacterium Aerobacter had none. Similar relationships were inferred from competitive hybridisation experiments; these relationships were also in general mirrored by morphologic relationships and overall G + C base compositions which ranged from 46% for Euglena to 32% for P. aurelia. These experiments, it is hoped, will contribute to studies on origins of the metazoa.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) linked isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP linked alcohol dehydrogenase have been detected in Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris.The NADP isocitrate dehydrogenase showed half-maximal activity at a concentration of 3 × 10−5 M DL-isocitrate, but did not follow simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to substrate concentration. The optimal NADP concentration was about 0.06 mM, and activity fell off sharply on either side of this optimum. Fresh preparations of the enzyme migrated as single bands in disc electrophoresis, but two enzymatically active bands were present after frozen storage.The NAD isocitrate dehydrogenase followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with respect to substrate. In crude extracts, no requirement for adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, or sulfhydryl compounds could be found.NADP alcohol dehydrogenase activity could be found with either ethanol or propanol as substrate. Low concentrations of coenzyme A were moderately inhibitory.In tris(hydroxymethyl) aminomethane buffer (tris buffer), Euglena extracts reduced NAD slowly in the absence of exogenous substrate. In the absence of tris, no such reduction occurred. A similar phenomenon was observed with NADP.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Hepatocystis has been found extremely common in a number of species of Formosan mammals, notably the large leafnosed bat (Hipposideros armiger terasensis), the Formosan macaque (Macaca cyclopis), and various subspecies of the red-bellied tree squirrel (Callosciurus erythraeus). Less often infected were the long-winged bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) and the Formosan giant flying squirrel (Petaurista grandis). The species occurring in H. a. terasensis is believed to be new, and is named Hepatocystis hipposideri. It causes considerable enlargement (but not other changes) of the host cell, is often amoeboid, and usually has numerous fine pigment granules.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tracer technic has proved to be an excellent tool in the study of predator-prey relationships among the foraminifera. More than fifty axenic species of protists including diatoms, dinoflagellates, chlorophytes, chrysophytes, cyanophytes, bacteria and yeasts were tested as potential food for Allogromia sp (NF), A. laticollaris, Am. monia beccarii, Quinqueloculina spp, Rosalina floridana, Anomalina sp, Elphidium sp, Spiroloculina hyalina, Globigerina bulloides, and Globorotalia truncatulinoides. Although many types of potential food are present in the environment, foraminifera select only certain organisms. The yeasts, cyanophytes, dinoflagellates, chrysophytes and most bacteria tested were not eaten. Selected species of diatoms, chlorophytes and bacteria were eaten in large quantity. Three additional factors affect feeding: the “age” of the food organism, the “age” of the foraminifer or its position in the life cycle, and the concentration of the food. Feeding by foraminifera on most food is erratic below a concentration of 103 organisms and is approximately directly proportional to concentration within a range of 103-106 organisms per 10 ml experimental tube. A natural bloom of Protelphidium tisburyensis was analyzed. A high concentration of 6 species of diatoms characterized the community. A “bloom”-feeder hypothesis for foraminiferal nutrition is presented.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The reorganization in resting cysts which produce a single emerging individual was followed in 5 species of Colpodidae forming a possible evolutionary series with increasing numbers of kineties. Stomatogenesis in Colpoda maupasi and C. inflata was studied for the first time; that in C. steinii, C. cucullus and Tillina magna was reinvestigated with new observations. In all, the oral primordium is double and originates from segments of certain somatic kineties, constant for each species. The larger mouthparts in the larger ciliates are produced from a correspondingly greater number of kineties. Morphogenetic and evolutionary implications of this series of observations are discussed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. When large batches of Paramecium (more than 100,000 cells) are centrifuged in conventional centrifuges, extensive lysis occurs, typically lowering recovery to around 30%. An easily constructed centrifuge with a cylindrical plastic head operated at low accelerations permits centrifugation of large batches of Paramecium with about 90% recovery, even after exhaustive washing. Operation requires only a few minutes, and the system is easily cleaned. The inexpensive heads can be instantly interchanged, and cultures can even be centrifuged in their original low form glass culture vessels. This system, which should be applicable to any large fragile cells, permits timed experiments that are usually impossible because of the need for exhaustive washing or concentration from large initial volumes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Defined media for Leptomonas collosoma, L. mirabilis, and L. sp. from Dysdercus are described. In addition to factors required by Crithidia spp., including a source of Crithidia factor, all 3 organisms require glycine. Leptomonas collosoma and L. sp. from Dysdercus require choline. All trypanosomatids thus far studied require calcium pantothenate but L. collosoma has an especially large requirement. Leptomonas mirabilis but not L. sp. from Dysdercus can synthesize methionine from homocysteine thiolactone during growth. Homocysteine thiolactone is toxic to L. sp. from Dysdercus. Methionine plus vitamin B12 partly annul homocysteine thiolactone toxicity but only if glycine is also present.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Glauconema trihymene n. g., n. sp., a marine hymenostome ciliate, is described from the Virginia coast. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic and on animals observed with the phase microscope. Particular attention is given to the buccal ciliature and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Hematozoa were found in 89 (30.6%) of 291 cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota), captured for banding purposes. Hepatozoon was found in 73 (25%), Trypanosoma in 13 (4.5%), microfilariae in 9 (3%), and Haemoproteus and Leucocytozoon in 1 bird each. Multiple infections were found in only 7 of the swallows.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Earlier experiments suggested that the species of Haemoproteus which infects English wood-pigeons (Columba p. palumbus) and is transmitted by the hippoboscid dipteran fly Ornithomya avicularia, was unable to infect Columba livia domestica, a host of H. columbae. This has now been confirmed by the injection of sporozoites into two pairs of pigeons, one of each species; in both experiments the C. palubus developed parasitemia while the C. livia did not. It has also been shown that this species of Haemoproteus can complete sporogony in a small proportion (2/73) of Pseudolynchla canariensis, the vector of H. columbae.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Cilia devoid of their basal granules and isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis strain W, by the method of Watson et al. (66) have been characterized in terms of physical, chemical and immunologic properties.The general chemical composition of cilia, based on mean values from these determinations is 66.3% protein, 24.3%“lipid,” 3.7 or 4.8% carbohydrate, and 0.4% nucleic acid. The amino acid composition of cilia includes hydroxyproline and is not significantly different from the amino acid composition of whole cells. Chloroformmethanol extracts of ciliary material contain free amino acids as well as neutral lipids and phospholipids. The lipid composition of cilia also is not significantly different from that of whole cells. Pentose, hexose and small but significant amounts of adenine nucleotide and ribonucleic acid are present.Cilia are a greater stimulus for the production of antibody than an equivalent amount of cellular antigen, and the ciliary antigen is strain specific.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Macrophages were infected in vivo with the intracellular form of Leishmania donovani (LDs), harvested from the previously saline-stimulated peritoneal cavities of hamsters and explanted into Leighton tubes containing removable coverslips. Serum from either rabbit, chicken, human, calf, hamster or cotton rat blood was used as the 40% component of a Hanks' BSS60 serum40 medium used to maintain these Leighton tube cultures at 37 C. After varying lengths of time coverslips were removed from tubes, stained with Giemsa, and the parasites per infected macrophage, total number of hamster cells and total number of parasites on each coverslip were counted.Maerophages constituted more than 90% of the explanted cells on the coverslips. When cotton rat serum was used as a component of the medium, fibroblastic overgrowth of the coverslips followed. Some similarities and differences in the numbers of macrophages, fibroblasts and parasites were noted with regard to the serum used as part of the medium. Except for cotton rat serum, the serum component of the medium used apparently did not influence, to any great degree, the morphology of either the macrophages or parasites therein. Thus, vacuolarization and granularization of macrophages did not appear to be very distinctly correlated with the time of sampling or the type of serum in the medium used for maintenance nor could any morphologic variations of the LDs be ascribed to these factors.When cotton rat serum, but not any of the other sera, was the serum component of the medium, leptomonads were noted in the overlay fluid of the cultures after 6 days.Under these conditions of cell culture, fibroblasts could not be infected with LDs although macrophages on the same coverslip were heavily parasitized.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Spirostomum ambiguum equilibrated with 45Ca in the external medium after about 14 days under normal conditions. As the external Ca concentration was increased, uptake was increased but only until the internal concentration was ∼ 60 mM. Changing the Ca/K ratio or increasing the K or Mg concentrations had no effect on uptake of the isotope; this was taken as an indication that most of the uptake reflected Ca binding as apatite. Increasing and decreasing the temperature increased and decreased Ca uptake, but Ca bound at higher temperatures remained in the animal at lower temperatures. Feeding caused a marked increase in uptake of isotope, probably due to the availability of a large number of binding sites on the products of digestion perhaps accompanied by increased permeability of the cell membrane. It is argued that most of the 45Ca taken up is incorporated into Ca phosphate deposits, although it is likely that there will be a certain amount of free or weakly bound Ca.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Some neutral carbonyl compounds synthesized by Cryptomonas, ovata var. palustris were identified as methanal, ethanal, 2-propanone, pentanal, and heptanal by means of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena vorax is a small polymorphic holotrichous ciliate capable of transforming to macrostomes when microstomes are washed and suspended with prey in distilled water.Extrinsic factors having an effect on this transformation were examined; maximum yields of macrostomes (in excess of 90%) were obtained under the following conditions: populations of both prey, T. pyriformis, and potential predator, T. vorax microstomes, were grown on Loefer's medium for 48 hours prior to washing in distilled water. The density of the prey was adjusted to 300,000 cells/ml and the predator density to 2,000–3,000 cells/ml. Five ml of prey suspension and 5 ml of T. vorax microstome suspension were mixed together in a large petri dish because a high surface-volume ratio is important for high yields of macrostomes. The pH was adjusted to 6.0 and the petri dish was placed at 20 C for 12 hr. Macrostomes then appeared about 6 hr after addition of the prey.A dialyzable, heat stable substance released by the prey which can induce the microstome-macrostome transformation was isolated. This material was effective after being stored for weeks in the cold; its activity was not affected by the protein digesting enzymes pepsin or trypsin. This factor was called stomatin because its first visible effect in producing microstome-macrostome transformation appeared to be to incite reorganization of the oral structures.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium hegneri n. sp. is described from the European teal duck, Anas c. crecca, from Taiwan. The blood stages, so far the only ones seen, are distinguished mainly by the elongate character of the gametocytes, which closely resemble Haemoproteus (though the pigment tends to be finer and less abundant), and the failure of both asexual and sexual forms to displace the nucleus or otherwise alter the host cell. Merozoites average 13.4 ± 2.2 (range 10–19) per segmenter. Trophozoites often adhere to the host cell nucleus, and may have a large vacuole and a remarkable long, slender pseudopodium. The species so far has been seen only in the European teal, although blood films from 194 species and over 1200 birds have been examined.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Potomacus pottsi n. g., n. sp., a brackish water hymenostome ciliate, is described from the Potomac River. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated with the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Polymorphism, with the formation of large macrostome forms, was noted. Particular attention is given to the buccal ciliature and its importance to generic assignment in the order Hymenostomatida.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Pseudocohnilembus marinus n. sp., a marine ciliate, is described from the Virginia coast. Morphologic studies were made on specimens treated by the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technic. Particular attention is given to the infraciliature of the buccal apparatus and its importance to the systematics of the order Hymenostomatida. The buccal infraciliature of the new species differs from that of all other species of Pseudocohnilembus by the presence of a lateral bar of argentophilic granules at the posterior end of the inner membrane.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. When the structures involved in digestive events in T. pyriformis are examined at the electron microscope level, some information is added to that long known from light microscopy. The food trapping mechanism consists of the three membranelles, undulating membrane, oral ribs, and a “valve” apparently closing the opening to the cytopharynx. Both of the latter structures are supported by microtubules. Fibers extend internally from the cytopharynx and are closely associated with the food vacuole as it forms.Clear vacuoles resembling pinocytic vacuoles appear to arise from differentiated areas of the pellicle and plasma membrane. These vacuoles may fuse with primary lysosomes. Hydrolases are thus contributed to the pinocytic vacuoles which may then fuse with food vacuoles. When first formed food vacuoles contain no hydrolases but may acquire them directly, from primary lysosomes or from pinocytic vacuoles. Digestion proceeds to completion in the food vacuole, at which time soluble food products are released to the cytoplasm. Undigested materials are lost through the cytopyge. In stationary growth phase cells autophagic vacuoles form containing mitochondria and other cellular particulates. Such vacuoles probably contain hydrolases when formed and they may receive others by fusion with primary lysosomes.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Heat shock and stationary-phase conditions both cause fusion of nucleoli. In both cases the process is reversed when the cell is returned to normal physiological growth conditions. Fusion of nucleoli during the cell cycle of logarithmically growing cells was not observed. Likewise, fusion of nucleoli was not observed when the Padilla and Cameron(8) method of synchronization was used. The macronuclei of cells synchronized by the 1 cold-shock per cycle method(8) more closely resembled macronuclei of log-phase cells than did the macronuclei of cells synchronized by the Scherbaum and Zeuthen(12) heat-shock method.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The presence of anemia that often seems excessive for the amount of parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei infections had led to the suggestion that autoimmunity might be in part responsible for the anemia. In another erythrocytic infection, Anaplasma marginale of cattle, the association of erythrophagocytosis, autohemagglutination and anemia with infection has led to the suggestion that autoimmunization may occur in anaplasmosis. The possibility that similar findings might be present in P. berghei infections of rats has been investigated. Groups of rats infected with P. berghei were examined at 2–3 day intervals during the course of infection. Red blood cell counts, hematocrit values and percentages of parasitized erythrocytes were determined. The rats were bled at intervals and the sera tested for agglutinins for trypsinized rat erythrocytes. Other infected rats were killed, and their spleens and bone marrow were examined for evidence of erythrophagocytosis.Parasitemia reached a peak on the 9th day of infection and became subpatent by the 14th. The greatest depression in erythrocyte numbers occurred on the 11th day, and the counts remained below normal until the 23rd day. Phagocytized erythrocytes, predominantly uninfected, were found in the phagocytes of the spleen and bone marrow from the 5th through the 21st day. Agglutinins for trypsinized normal rat erythrocytes were present in the sera of the rats in titers as high as 1:64 from the 5th through 14th day of infection. Lower agglutinin titers (1:8) were found from time to time in sera of rats made anemic by repeated bleedings.It is not clear whether these agglutinins are responsible for erythrophagocytosis; however, the fact that predominantly uninfected erythrocytes were phagocytized suggests that the erythrocytes might have been opsonized by an autoantibody associated with the P. berghei infections.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Entamoeba histolytica grown with H3-thymidine in CLG medium took up tritium into DNase-sensitive material in the nucleus and cytoplasm. The distribution of nuclear activity indicated that the entire nucleus, including the peripheral chromatin, may possess DNA; previous investigators reported DNA only in the endosome.The penicillin-inhibited bacterial associate (Bacteroides sp.) used in the CLG medium incorporated tritium from H3-thymidine into autoradiographically detectable DNase-sensitive material. Autoradiographs of amebae fed bacteria prelabeled with H3-thymidine also revealed some nuclear and cytoplasmic label. Thus, the amount of cytoplasmic label due to ingested, prelabeled bacterial DNA and/or actual biosynthesis of cytoplasmic DNA by the amebae themselves, is not known. Also, at least some of the nuclear DNA of amebae is synthesized from ingested bacteria, or, more likely, from bacterial degradation products.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Molecular heterogeneity of malic dehydrogenase (MDH) in malaria was shown by zone electrophoresis in potato starch, starch gel, and by enzymatic activity with analogs of the coenzyme diphosphopyridine nucletide. A single anodal peak of MDH characterized the normal duck red blood cell whereas P. lophurae free of the host cell had a cathodal form of the enzyme. Infected duck erythrocytes had a combination of these electrophoretic forms. The isolated enzymes had different pH optima with oxaloacetate as substrate: pH 7.4 for the duck red cell and 6.4 for the plasmodial enzyme. The Km of each enzyme for oxaloacetate varied with the pH. The Km at pH 7.4 was 4.1 and 4.4 × 105 M for parasite and host, respectively, whereas at 6.4 it was 2.0 × 105 M for P. lophurae and 6.3 × 105M for the duck erythrocyte. At pH 7.4 both enzymes were inhibited by oxaloacetate concentrations greater than 10−4 M. P. berghei MDH also had a different electrophoretic character from that of the mouse red blood cell. Quantitatively, MDH activity increased with parasitization, and erythrocyte-free P. lophurae contained approximately twice the activity found in the uninfected duck erythrocyte. The quantity of MDH activity of the infected cell was ca. 50% less than the sum of the activities of the parasite and the uninfected cell. It is suggested that these properties of the parasite MDH may give it a physiologic advantage over the red cell under the conditions which prevail intraerythrocytically.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The structure and certain aspects of the physiology of the sexual cycle, including mating and zygote germination, were studied in strains of the colonial green flagellate Astrephomene gubernaculifera. Mating type inheritance was analyzed in 4 crosses among strains with 7 chromosomes and 1 cross between strains with 4 chromosomes. Results in all cases indicated that mating type was under the control of a single pair of alleles.Twenty-six morphologically identical clones from separate geographic areas were studied with regard to sexual compatibility. On the basis of intercrossing, 6 sexually isolated groups were recognized. Complete gene flow (genetic compatibility) was found among the strains comprising intercrossing Group I.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin (SM) inhibition of greening of Euglena gracilis, strain z, was studied. The antibiotic was most effective if present during cell division in the absence of light. The next most effective condition was that which allowed cell division in the light, and the least effective conditions were those that allowed only minimal cell division in the dark or light (i.e., under “resting” conditions). In the dark, 20–200 times higher concentrations of SM were required for the same degree of inhibition under resting conditions as under growing conditions. The observation of Kirk (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1962, 56, 139–51)-that the pH of the resting medium influenced the degree of inhibition–was confirmed.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium japonicum and P. juxtanucleare are two very similar species of avian malaria parasites. The former was discovered in domestic fowl in Japan, and the latter in the same host species in Brazil; it has since been found in chickens in Uruguay, Mexico, and Ceylon. The present study, based on a Ceylon strain of P. juxtanucleare and slides from the Bamboo Partridge (Bambusicola thoracica sonorivox) of Taiwan indicates that the latter host is a natural reservoir of P. juxtanucleare, since this species appears to differ in no significant way from P. japonicum. Infection is common in the Bamboo Partridge (5 of 26 birds showed it), but it has not so far been found in any other avian species, although a total of 973 birds, belonging to 17 orders, 45 families, 110 genera, and 183 species, have been examined from this area. Since the younger stages of Plasmodium nucleophilum look very much like similar stages of P. juxtanucleare, they are compared. The older stages however are usually easily distinguishable, and the former species is so far known only from non-gallinaceous birds whereas the latter appears to be limited to gallinaceous ones.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The presence of amino acid activating enzymes was demonstrated in the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. By employing a sensitive hydroxamate assay procedure, the activation of L-valine was assayed in various subcellular fractions of the ciliate, and some characteristics of the enzyme activity in the most active fraction were determined. Most of the activity resided in pH 5 fractions isolated from high speed supernatants of ciliates disrupted by various physical and chemical methods. No activity could be demonstrated in isolated cilia, in pellicles with attached kinetosomes, in microsomes or in macronuclei, providing these organelles were thoroughly washed. A washed mitochondrial preparation isolated by the Mager and Lipmann procedure activated L-valine; mitochondria isolated by the procedure of Hogg and Kornberg did not.The pH 5 fraction isolated from the 102,000 X g supernatant of digitonin-lysed ciliates was stable for several weeks when stored in 0.1 M Tris buffer, pH 7.6 at – 25 C. The activity of this fraction with respect to L-valine activation was dependent on the presence of ATP1 and magnesium in the reaction mixture. The optimal concentrations of these components and of L-valine and hydroxylamine were determined, and the linearity of activity with time and enzyme concentration was demonstrated. Valine activation was not modified by dialysis of the pH 5 fraction, or treatment with RNase, or the addition of boiled pH 5 fraction.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Five- to 6-day-old resting cells of Ochromonas malhamensis were incubated at pH 6.5 with glucose and appropriate C14 precursors of the methyl groups of phospholipid-choline. Under the experimental conditions L-methionine-C14H3 was the most efficient source of choline-methyl groups, followed by formate-C14, formaldehyde-C14 and DL-serine-3-C14, respectively. Glycine-2-C14 was not incorporated into choline. Both L-methionine-C14H3 and formate-C14 served as precursors for the methyl groups of monomethylethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine and choline. Addition of non-radio-active L-methionine depressed the incorporation of formate-C14 into choline-methyl groups by 50%. The results support the hypothesis that methionine can be the source of all 3 methyl groups of choline, and that formate is probably converted to the methyl group of methionine before transmethylation to choline. However, an alternate pathway from single-carbon sources cannot be excluded.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. Under the influence of ecdysone a uninucleate asexual cell of Paranotila lata gen. et sp. nov. is transformed into a gametocyte in which, as a rule, 8 successive nuclear divisions occur, thus producing 8 male and 8 female pronuclei. No cytokinesis occurs during these divisions. The process should be regarded as a gametogenesis in which only nuclei participate. These gametic pronuclei fuse, male with female, and produce 8 fusion or zygotic nuclei. The cell may now be regarded as a zygote, which soon undergoes plasmotomy, and eventually produces 8 uninucleate, diploid asexual cells. This is the usual course of events. A few exceptions or irregularities have been noted. Throughout gametogenesis, Paranotila is quite indifferent regarding the production of new flagella and axostyles; sometimes they are produced, sometimes they are not.

Notes: SYNOPSIS. The taxonomy of the genera Mallomonas, Mallomonopsis and Synura is based on their silica scales. Examination of water samples from Southern Scotland in the electron microscope revealed that they were plentiful in the area and permitted detailed observations on new species. Comparative studies are made on the flagella of three known species of Synura; the “flimmergeissel” of these biflagellates appear to be more or less similar, but the whip-lash flagella show specific differences suggesting a possible secondary taxonomic criterion. The distribution of the three genera is discussed with particular reference to species found in Iceland, Scotland and Japan. A stage in the conjugation of a species of Mallomonas is described.

Notes: This article deals in an axiomatic manner with problems of definition, classification, and measurement in the national accounts. It argues that the elementary units which must be classified in national accounting are economic objects (real and financial), rather than transactions. The article defines briefly a set of postulates, and shows that the structure of a simple system of national accounting can be derived from them. There are twenty postulates—certain of them establishing basic categories such as sector, time, economic object, value (price); others establishing relations between categories (for example the notion of ownership); and others describing operations in which economic objects can be involved, such as production, final consumption, change of ownership, and change of debtor and creditor (in the case of financial objects). It is shown that the system of postulates makes it possible to consider a large number of accounting concepts (flows or stocks) as classes (baskets) of real objects (e.g., exports, real capital) or financial objects (e.g., payments, total debt of a sector). These concepts can be defined without reference to prices, although prices are necessary to measure them. Other concepts cannot be defined in this way in this system of postulates, for example value added, foreign balance, saving, net worth. However, it is possible to define magnitudes of the latter type and measure them in terms of value: for example, value added can be defined as the difference between the value of receipts and the value of outlays of a sector. In this way it is possible to establish algebraic relations among the national accounting concepts. (This article is a summary of certain parts of the doctoral thesis of the author, published in Norwegian in 1955.)

Notes: It is only within the last two years that the published United Kingdom accounts have been extended to include sector financial accounts; their use for market analysis is, therefore, still in its infancy.The sectors and sub-sectors distinguished in the financial accounts agree very closely with those recommended by the Working Group on Financial Statistics of the Conference of European Statisticians. A major difference is that in the United Kingdom accounts particular emphasis is placed on the distinction between the public sector and the private sector. For this purpose the public sector consists not only of general government but also includes public corporations (that is, public non-financial corporate enterprises). The classification of assets and liabilities is based on a general list which is also similar to that developed by the Conference of European Statisticians.Because of the large capital formation of public corporations and local authorities, the public sector is normally a substantial borrower from the pirvate sector, although its borrowing requirements fluctuate considerably from quarter to quarter because of the uneven incidence of tax receipts. The personal sector provides about one-third of the total saving of the economy, much of which is in the form of contractual saving—through life assurance and superannuation funds and the repayment of house purchase loans. No direct information is available about transactions in stocks and shares by the personal sector, but it is estimated that the sector is a very large seller of securities and in recent years its sales have amounted to £700 million a year.One factor which is important in the analysis of financial accounts and which is not shown specifically as part of the system is the rate of interest. The proportion of personal saving going into the different forms of short term assets has tended to vary according to the relative rate of interest received. The rate of interest also affects the pattern of borrowing by public authorities.The United Kingdom prepares short term forecasts of national income and of the balance of payments, and also forecasts of the borrowing requirement of the public sector and of the central government in particular. For internal purposes, forecasts are made of the various ways in which the government is expected to finance its borrowing requirement. These forecasts provide a useful framework for considering monetary prospects and are particularly important for showing the relation between the forecasts of the balance of payments and of government borrowing from domestic sources, especially from the banks.