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  • Springer  (24,865)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1965-1969  (24,865)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1965  (24,865)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beobachtungen uber die Verhaltensweisen in Künstlich Erzielten Polygynen Hummelvölkern (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 105-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. D'après mes observations, les reines de bourdons n'ont une conduite agressive qu'au printemps. Pendant sept expériences consécutives, plusieurs reines ont été mises ensemble, pour cette raison, après la phase agressive. Au cours de six expériences, elles ont fondé des nids en commun sans toutefois donner des éclosions en totalité. 2. Les élevages ont donné satisfaction dans des cages à treillis métallique, en pleine lumière du jour. 3. Le début de l'action de la construction du nid chez les peuples polygynes a été décrit. 4. L'époque du développement de l'œuf jusqu'à l'imago est située au-dessus des valeurs moyennes connues jusqu'à ce jour. 5. Chez les peuples polygynes, une participation de travail se laissait remarquer chez les reines, en partie, chez les ouvrières, toujours. 6. Les différents résultats des expériences sont décrits en tableaux analytiques.
    Abstract: Summary 1. Bumblebee queens show an agressive behaviour only in the spring, I have observed. Therefore, several queens were brought together in seven experiments only after this agressive phase. In six of the experiments they started colonies together, but descendants did not hatch in all of them. 2. The cultures were contained in wire cages in full daylight. 3. The beginning of nestbuilding in polygyne colonies is described. 4. The time of development from egg to adult is longer than the average known until now. 5. Some of the queens were observed to show a division of labour; the workers always did so. 6. The results of the experiments are tabulated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Hummelköniginnen besitzen nach meinen Beobachtungen nur im Frühjahr ein agressives Verhalten. In sieben Versuchen wurden mehrere Königinnen deshalb erst nach dieser agressiven Phase zusammengesetzt. In sechs Versuchen gründeten sie gemeinsam Nester, doch schlüpften nicht überall Nachkommen. 2. Die Zuchten gelangen in offenen Drahtkäfigen bei vollem Tageslicht. 3. Der Beginn der Nestbautätigkeit in den polygynen Völkern wird beschrieben. 4. Die Entwicklungszeit vom Ei bis zur Imago liegt über den bisher bekannten Durschnittswerten. 5. Eine Arbeitsteilung in den polygynen Völkern liess sich bei den Königinnen teilweise, bei den Arbeiterinnen immer erkennen. 6. Die einzelnen Versuchsergebnisse werden tabellarisch beschrieben.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223757
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Einfluss von Umweltbedingungen auf die Bildung von Gynandromorphen bei der HonigbieneApis mellifica L. (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 201-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Pendant les mois de juillet et d'août, des variations dans le pourcentage des gynandromorphes pondus par une reine issue d'une lignée spécialisée dans la production des gynandromorphes ont été étudiées et des modifications causées par des changements de milieu (la miellée, le nourrissement spéculatif, mise en cage de la reine) observées. Sur 16375 abeilles contrôlées, on a trouvé 2590 (15,9%) gynandromorphes. La stimulation à la ponte avait pour conséquence une augmentation du pourcentage s'élevant à 32,5%, alors que des obstacles mis à la ponte provoquaient une diminution pouvant descendre à 6%. La durée du développement des gynandromorphes oscillait de 21 à 24 jours. L'hypothèse d'une base polygène et d'une prédétermination de l'œuf dans le cas de gynandromorphisme pouvait être confirmée par les résultats des expériences. L'intensité de la ponte stimulée ou freinée par les influences du milieu doit être considérée comme un facteur important de la production des gynandromorphes, à condition d'avoir une base génétique appropriée et une aptitude nourricière suffisante chez les nourrices.
    Abstract: Summary Fluctuations in the percentage of gynandromorphic bees in the brood of one queen from a specific gynandromorphs producing strain were observed and brought into connection with changes in the environment (nectar flow, sugar sirup feeding, caging of the queen). From a total of 16375 checked bees 2590 (15,9%) were gynandromorphs. Stimulation of egg deposition resulted in an increase of the gynandromorph fraction to 32,5%, hampering of the queen during egg deposition was followed by a decrease to 6%. The period of development of gynandromorphic individuals takes from 21–24 days. Further indications for a poligenic basis and a predetermination of the egg in gynandromorph occurrence were given by these experiments. Beside a specific genetic background and sufficient nursing bees for brood rearing one has to regard as an important prerequisite for the production of gynandromorphs the through environmental conditions stimulated or hampered intensity of egg deposition of the queen.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Schwankungen des Gynandromorphen-Anteils in der Brut einer Königin aus einer speziellen, Gynandromorphen erzeugenden Linie wurden in den Monaten Juli und August untersucht und Verschiebungen auf Grund von Umweltänderungen (Nektarangebot, Reizfütterung, Käfigung der Königin) festgestellt. Von insgesamt 16375 kontrollierten Bienen waren 2590 (15,9%) Gynandromorphen. Anregung zur Eiablage hatte Erhöhung des Gynandromorphen-Anteils auf 32,5% zur Folge, Hemmung der Königin während der Eiablage ein Absinken auf 6,0%. Die Entwicklungsdauer der Gynandromorphen lag zwischen 21 und 24 Tagen. Die Annahme einer polygenen Basis und Prädetermination des Eies bei Gynandromorphismus konnte durch Versuchsergebnisse gefestigt werden. Als wichtige Komponente bei der Erzeugung von Gynandromorphen muss bei entsprechender genetischer Grundlage und ausreichender Pflegefähigkeit der Ammenbienen die durch die Umwelteinflüsse geförderte oder gehemmte Eiablage-Intensität der Königin angesehen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223891
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  • 3
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    Ontogenèse de l'innervation des organes sensoriels des antennes chezReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 241-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The author has studied the ontogenesis of the innervation of neurosensorial organs on the antennæ ofReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. She has found, among the organs with external processussensilla trichoidea (small, medium an big),sensilla basiconica, andsensilla campaniformia. Repartition and variation in number of sensilla during developpement have been described. She describe so 3 sensorial organs without any external processus: 2 chordotonal organs (one in the scapus, the other in the pedicellus). Antennal nerves and tracheas have been followed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223894
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  • 4
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    Recherches sur les Termitoxeniidæ (Diptera) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 273-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223897
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  • 5
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    Sull'attivita' di foraggiamento notturna delCamponotus nylanderi Em. (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 253-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur a observé en laboratoire l'activité de récolte des ouvrières deCamponotus nylanderi Em. Au moyen d'observations régulières sur de petites colonies provenant de la Sicile, on prouve que l'activité en question est exclusivement nocturne au moins pendant l'été. Ce rythme d'activité persiste pendant quelques jours en conditions d'éclairage continu et de température irrégulièrement variable.C. nylanderi, est la seule espèce de la myrmecofaune italienne ayant une activité de récolte exclusivement nocturne: c'est un trait de comportement qu'on trouve seulement chez les espèces deCamponotus des déserts chauds, systématiquement voisines deC. nylanderi.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser studiert die Sammeltätigkeit der Arbeiterinnen desCamponotus nylanderi Em. Nach systematischer Beobachtung einiger Kolonien, die aus Sizilien stammen, beweist der Verf. dass die sommerliche Sammeltätigkeit ausschliesslich in der Nacht vorsichgeht. Im Herbst kann man auch während des Tages eine geringe Tätigkeit beobachten. Im Dauerlicht (unter uregelmässig wechselnder Temperatur) ist es möglich den Tätigkeitsrhytmus noch für einige Tage zu verfolgen.C. nylanderi ist die einzige Art des italienischen Ameisenfauna, bei der man eine solche nächtliche Aktivität vorfindet. Ein solches Verhalten kommt nur bei verwandtenCamponotus-arten vor, die die warmen Wüsten bewohnen.
    Notes: Riassunto L'Autore, dopo una rivista delle attuali conoscenze sui ritmi di attività delle formiche, studia l'attività di foraggiamento delCamponotus nylanderi Em. e segnala come, almeno nel periodo estivo, essa sia esclusivamente notturna con due massimi di attività (attorno alle ore 21 ed alle ore 2) nella prima e nella seconda metà della notte. In autunno, seppure molto ridotta, l'attività persiste anche nelle ore diurne. In luce costante (e temperatura irregolarmente variabile), l'attività periodica perdura ancora quattro o cinque giorni per poi divenire completamente aritmica. Un'attività notturna quale quella qui illustrata riveste un particolare interesse per la sua unicità in tutta la fauna mirmecologica italiana e per l'analogia che presenta con quella di alcuni affiniCamponotus tropicali.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223895
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    La glande sternale dans l'évolution des Termites (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 265-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Glandular swellings of the epidermis in the region of some abdominal sternites (sternal glands) are always present in Termites.Mastotermes darwiniensis shows 3 glands, one on each of the 3rd, 4th and 5th sternites; in the sub-families Stolotermitinæ, Porotermitinæ and Hodotermitinæ, there is a single sternal gland on the 4th sternite; in all other Termites examined, one finds this sternal gland on the 5th sternite. These glands have been observed in every caste, but they regress in functional reproductives, both imaginal and neoteinic.
    Notes: Résumé Des différenciations glandulaires de l'épiderme au niveau de certains sternites abdominaux (glandes sternales) existent chez tous les Termites.Mastotermes darwiniensis possède une glande sur chacun des sternites 3, 4 et 5; dans les sous-familles des Stolotermitinæ, Porotermitinæ, Hodotermitinæ, la glande sternale, unique, est située sur le 4e sternite; tous les autres Termites examinés ont une glande sternale sur le 5e sternite. Ces glandes existent dans toutes les castes, mais subissent une régression chez les sexués fonctionnels, qu'ils soient imaginaux ou néoténiques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223896
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  • 7
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    Anatomie et fonctionnement des stigmates de quelques Fourmis (Hyménoptères Formicidæ) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 285-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Study of six species of ants of the Sahara, compared with three mediterranean species. They have two types of spiracles. 1o Thoracic type: occlusion by two peritremal lids moved by an occlusor muscle. 2o Abdominal type: closed by squeezing the atrium by the occlusor muscle. A dilator muscle. The spiracles, ordinarily closed, keep opened at high temperatures.
    Notes: Résumé Etude de six espèces de fourmis du Sahara et de trois espèces méditerranéennes. Il y a deux types de stigmates. 1o Le type thoracique: fermeture assurée par deux lèvres formées par le péritrême. Un muscle de fermeture. 2o Le type abdominal: fermeture par écrasement de l'atrium sous l'action d'un muscle de fermeture. Un muscle d'ouverture. Les stigmates, normalement fermés, restent ouverts lorsque la température est assez élevée.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02223898
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  • 8
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    Caste differentiation inAugochlorella (Hymenoptera, Halictidæ) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 291-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur met en évidence, chezA. striata etA. persimilis, la présence de deux castes: pondeuses ou reines et femelles non pondeuses du type ouvrières; les castes sont cependant peu différenciées. La présence d'une reine et plus, dans le nid, peut être observée au printemps lorsque tous les individus de la colonie accomplissent les différentes tâches, y compris la récolte du pollen pour les cellules. Après l'apparition, en juin, du premier couvain, il n'y a plus qu'une pondeuse par colonie, celle-ci continue à construire des cellules et à s'en occuper mais ne récolte pas de pollen. Les autres femelles de la colonie, bien que souvent fécondées, ne pondent pas d'œufs mais se chargent des autres activités du nid. La taille moyenne des reines et des femelles non pondeuses diffère au cours de la saison, mais il n'y a pas de différence morphologique importante entre les deux castes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Anwesenheit zweier Kasten, die Eierlegerinnen oder Königinnen und die Nichteierlegerinnen oder arbeiterähnlichen Weibchen, inA. striata undA. persimilis, wird bewiesen, obgleich die Kasten undeutlich definiert sind. Eine oder mehr Königinnen können während des Frühlings im Nest sein, zu einer Zeit in der alle Individuen der Kolonie alle Nesttätigkeiten einschliesslich der Pollensammlung ausführen können. Nach der Eklosion der ersten Brut im June, ist nur eine Eierlegerin pro Kolonie da, welche weiter das Nest bewacht und Zellen baut aber keinen Pollen sammelt. Die anderen Weibchen der Kolonie, obgleich abermals gepaart, legen selten Eier. Sie führen jedoch alle weiteren Nestaktivitäten aus. Die Königinnen und Nichteierlegerinnen, sind im Jahresdurchschnitt verschieden gross, aber bedeutende morphologische Unterschiede zwischen den Kasten wurden nicht gefunden.
    Notes: Summary The presence of two castes, the egglayers or queens and the nonegglayers or workerlike females, is demonstrated inA. striata andA. persimilis although the castes are poorly defined. One or more queens may be present in a nest during the spring, at which time all individuals of the colony may perform all nesting activities including the collecting of pollen for the cells. After the first brood has emerged in June, there is only one egglayer per colony, and this individual, although continuing to guard and build cells, does not collect pollen. The other females of the colony, although frequently mated, rarely lay eggs but do carry on all other nesting activities. The queens and nonegglaying females differ in size averaged over the season, but there are no gross morphological differences between the two castes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02222719
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  • 9
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    Leptothorax (Mychothorax) kutteri N. Sp., eine sozialparasitische ameise (Hymenoptera, formicidæ) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Leptothorax (Mychothorax) kutteri n. sp. is described. The new species is living as a workerless social parasite in polygynous nests ofLeptothorax (Mychothorax) acervorum Fabr. together with fertilized females of this species. Sexuals of both species are bred in the mixed colonies. The new species shows no morphological specialisation in comparison withL. acervorum. The probable origin of such a social parasite in polygynous ant species is discussed.
    Abstract: Résumé Leptothorax (Mychothorax) kutteri n. sp. est décrit. La nouvelle espèce n'a pas d'ouvrières. Elle vit comme parasite dans des nids polygynes deLeptothorax (Mychothorax) acervorum Fabr. à côté des femelles fertilisées de cette espèce. Les colonies mixtes produisent des sexués des deux espèces. La nouvelle espèce n'a pas de spécialisations dans sa morphologie externe par comparaison avecL. acervorum. L'origine probable d'un tel parasite dans des espèces polygynes est discutée.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Leptothorax (Mychothorax) kutteri n. sp. wird beschrieben. Die neue Art lebt sozialparasitisch in polygynen Nestern vonLeptothorax (Mychothorax) acervorum Fabr. neben begatteten ♀♀ dieser Art.L. kutteri ist arbeiterlos. In den gemischten Nestern werden Geschlechtstiere beider Arten aufgezogen. Die neue Art weist im äusseren Körperbau keine Spezialisierung gegenüber,L. acervorum auf. Die vermutliche Entstehung eines solchen Sozialparasiten in polygynen Ameisenarten wird diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02222722
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  • 10
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    Contribution a l'étude des réactions photo-ménotaxiques du criquet migrateur:Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. et F.) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 363-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02222725
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  • 11
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    On the nature of the sounds produced within the nest of the oriental hornet,Vespa orientalis F. (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 383-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02222726
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  • 12
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    On the significance of certain oscillatory movements of termites (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 335-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié deux mouvements oscillatoires du termiteZootermopsis angusticollis. Nous avons trouvé que le Mouvement Longitudinal Oscillatoire s'est produit après que les termites ont été dérangés et que celui-ci semblait être une réponse à un stimulus relativement faible perçu par les organes sensoriels antennaires. Le Mouvement Complexe Oscillatoire s'est produit après une perturbation relativement forte. Il s'associe avec la déposition d'une trace odorante et se produit seulement après contact avec un individu de la même espèce. Nous avons montré que c'est un moyen d'exciter d'autres termintes, qui, normalement, suivront ensuite la trace odorante, mais ce n'est pas un stimulus spécifique à suivre une telle piste.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurden zwei oszillatorische Bewegungen der TermiteZootermopsis anguisticollis untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, dass dielongitudinale oszillatorische Bewegung stattfand nachdem die Termiten gestört worden sind und dass sie als Antwort auf einen relativen geringen Reiz an den antennalen Senzillen anzusehen ist. Diekomplexe oszillatorische Bewegung fand nach einer relativen, grossen Störung statt. Sie hängt mit der Ablagerung eine Duftspur zusammen und wird erst nach dem Zusammentreffen mit einem Individuum der gleichen Gattung hervorgerufen. Es konnte gezeigt worden, dass sie ein Mittel ist, die anderen Termiten zu erregen, die dann normalerweise die Duftspur verfolgen, obwohl sie kein spezifischer Reiz ist einer solchen Spur zu folgen.
    Notes: Summary Two oscillatory movements of the termiteZ. angusticollis have been investigated. It was found that the Longitudinal Oscillatory Movement occurred after the termites had been disturbed and that it appeared to be a response to a relatively low-intensity stimulus to antennal sensilla. The Complex Oscillatory Movement took place after a relatively large disturbance. It is associated with the laying down of an odour trail, and occurs only on contact with an individual of the same species. It has been shown to be a means of exciting other termites which will then normally follow the odour trail, but it is not a specific stimulus to follow such a trail.
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  • 13
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    Theoretical relations between epicentral distance and emergency angles for rays of the upper mantle (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 5-17 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The upper mantle is assumed to consist of three Layers in which the velocity of bodily waves varies linearly with depth, decreasing in the second and increasing in the others. The relation between the epicentral distance and the angles of emergency are derived and tables of numerical values are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874801
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  • 14
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    On disturbances in a semi-infinite medium traversed by a transverse magnetic field (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 18-22 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The method of operational calculus has been used to deal with the disturbances in an elastic medium traversed by a magnetic field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874802
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  • 15
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    The propagation of surface waves in elastic mediums with slightly curved boundaries of sinusoidal type (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 105-117 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of slightly curved boundaries (free surfaces and interfaces) of the elastic mediums on the components of displacement of a particle in a medium due to the propagation of the surface waves has been investigated in this paper. It has been found that along with the usual displacement components for stratified boundaries (designated here as primary components), there exist secondary displacement components arising from the presence of curvature in the boundaries. They are constituted of different harmonic components with their amplitudes proportional to the parameters which measure the extent of curvature of the boundaries. The wave numbers of these harmonic constituents are related to those of the primary components in a definite way decided by the shapes of the boundaries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875291
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  • 16
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    On propagation of Rayleigh waves in a thin transversely isotropic layer with rigid bottom surface (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 118-123 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The complete solution of the propagation of Rayleigh waves in a thin transversely isotropic layer with rigid bottom surface has been developed along with its frequency equation. The ratio of the possible vibrations at the free surface in the horizontal and vertical directions has been worked out and the proposed analysis has been applied to the case of Beryl and Ice Sheets which show definite behaviour of transverse isotropy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875292
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  • 17
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    Der mittlere meeresspiegel bei Esbjerg (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A diversity of diagrams shows the fluctuation of the mean sea level at Esbjerg. There is no sign of a definite long-periodical motion. The only indisputable result seems to be a steady rise of the sea level. The annual means are calculated from weighted monthly means; the weights are chosen thus as to moderate the effects of meteorological disturbances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875295
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    Solar constant and sunspots (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 207-214 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The relationship, already found by the authors, between sunspot numbers and the solar constant, as deduced from the highest global irradiance values at noon, is here reexamined and confirmed. Some attempts at explanation and further inferences are presented.
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    Weitere Untersuchungen über Induktion bei Amphioxus (1965)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 155 (1965), S. 693-700 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über Versuche anBranckiostoma lanceolatum berichtet, in denen obere Urmundlippe der jungen Gastrula in das Blastocöl gleich alter anderer Gastrulä implantiert wurde. Bei Zuchttemperaturen von 17–20° C übten die entstandenen sekundären Chorden keine Induktionswirkung auf das darüberliegende nichtneuralvirtuelle Wirtsektoderm aus. Bei Temperaturen von 22–24° C trat in der Mehrzahl der Fälle Neuralinduktion ein, womit die Ergebnisse vonTung, Wu undTung (1962) bestätigt sind. Das Ausbleiben der Induktion bei niederer Temperatur bestätigt das Ergebnis V.Ubischs von 1963, wo auch bei einer Zuchttemperatur von 18° C Induktion ausblieb. Es wird die Frage diskutiert, ob die Versuchsergebnisse darauf hindeuten, daßBranchiostoma ein „werdendes“ oder ein „reduziertes“ Wirbeltier sei. Es wird weiterhin auf Grund der gefundenen Temperaturabhängigkeit der sekundären Neuralinduktion die Frage diskutiert, wieweit Induktion in der normalen Entwicklung stattfindet und eine Rolle für die normale Entwicklung spielt oder ob diese nur bei Störung der normalen Struktur des Keimes als ein experimentell erzeugtes Phänomen eintritt.
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    Untersuchungen zum Problem der Wachstumsregulation (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 1-19 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A growth-regulation-system is defined in mathematical terms in order to interpret the observed behavior of regenerating and growing imaginal disks of the wings inEphestia kühniella. It is assumed that the growth-rate of an imaginal disk depends upon two variables, a variablek which is interpreted as the concentration of the moulting hormone and a second variablez representing the size of the disk measured by the number of cells. A rising hormone concentration tends to increase and a rising number of cells tends to decrease the growth-rate of a disk. If two imaginal disks of different size are present in one larva and the concentration of the moulting hormone is the same for both, then the growth-rate of the smaller imaginal disk can only be greater than or equal to the growth-rate of the larger one. The model contains the possibility that a small imaginal disk grows independently of the hormone level with a maximum and constant rate. On the basis of that model some theorems are derived in order to simplify the interpretation of the empirical data which consist of daily counts of cell divisions on the upper side of the imaginal disks after successive extirpation or one, two of three imaginal disks. The data do not contradict the model and suggest that before reaching a critical size the regenerating imaginal disk grows independently of the hormone level while afterwards the growth-rate depends upon the two variables mentioned above. Some ideas are discussed about the control of the hormone level and the conditions under which the time for the regulation of size differences is minimized.
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    Der Einfluss von Alkali- und Erdalkalisalzen auf die Embryonalentwicklung der Regenbogenforelle (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 96-100 
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    Topics: Biology
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    Sensibilität undifferenzierter und differenzierter Kerne nach Röntgenbestrahlung in der frühen Eientwicklung der TermiteKalotermes flavicollis Fabr. (1965)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 101-126 
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    Topics: Biology
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    Untersuchungen zur Entwicklungsphysiologie des Komplexauges der WachsmotteGalleria mellonella L. (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 145-183 
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    Experimente zur Analyse der morphogenetischen Funktion der Ooplasmabestandteile in der Embryonalentwicklung des Kartoffelkäfers (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say.) (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1965), S. 637-692 
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    Entwicklungsphysiologische Untersuchungen an Echiniden (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 155 (1965), S. 709-729 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die teilweise Zerstörung des linken größeren Coelom durch UV-Bestrahlung führt niemals zu einer Hydrocoelentwicklung auf der rechten Seite. Der zerstörte Teil wird aus dem verbleibenden Rest neu gebildet, und das Hydrocoel und die Seeigelanlage entstehen wie im Normalfall links. Die Hydrocoelentwicklung ist also von der Größe der Coelomdivertikel unabhängig. 2. Nach vollständiger Zerstörung des linken Coelom während der Abgliederung aus dem Urdarm wird es durch Fortsatzbildung vom rechten Coelom her neu gebildet. Das nach links gewanderte Zellmaterial verhält sich lagegemäß und bildet Hydrocoel- und Seeigelanlage. 3. Ein zerstörtes Somatocoel wird vom Hydrocoelbläschen neu gebildet, ist dessen Differenzierung weiter fortgeschritten, dann kann das Somatocoel aus dem Ansatz des Steinkanals neu gebildet werden. 4. Nach Ausschaltung des Hydrocoelbläschens entsteht ein neues niemals aus dem Somatocoel, sondern auch nach dessen wiederholter Zerstörung stets aus dem Sternkanal. 5. Das Vestibulum wird auch nach wiederholter Bestrahlung vom Ektoderm her neu gebildet. 6. Ein zerstörter Steinkanal wird vom Rest am Hydrocoelbläschen her neu gebildet.
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    Analyse der Regenerationsfähigkeit der Insektenextremität durch Amputations- und Transplantationsversuche an Larven der afrikanischen SchabeLeücophaea maderae Fabr. (Blattaria) (1965)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 49-74 
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    Topics: Biology
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    Diapause und embryonale Missbildung bei eierlegenden Zahnkarpfen (1965)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 75-87 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei eierlegenden Zahnkarpfen aus der Unterfamilie der Rivulinae (Fam. Cyprinodontidae) wurden während der Embryonalentwicklung im wesentlichen zwei Typen von letalen Mißbildungen beobachtet. Zum einen starben Embryonen plötzlich ab, ohne daß morphologische Anomalien sichtbar wurden, zum anderen war zunächst die Entwicklung blockiert, im Laufe der Zeit (nach Tagen oder Wochen) stellten sich dann morphologische Anomalien ein, und noch später gingen die Keime schließlich zugrunde. Der letztere Fall war auf drei charakteristische Stadien beschränkt, Stadien nämlich, auf denen bei Arten aus temporären Gewässern Diapausen in die Embryonalentwicklung eingeschaltet werden. Bei Arten aus ephemeren Gewässern erschien deshalb die Diapausedauer zuweilen verlängert, oder bei Arten aus permanenten Gewässern wurden Diapausen vorgetäuscht. Die Ursache für Mißbildungen solchen Typs sind als Defekte im Differenzierungsmuster zu deuten, die verhindern, daß die Entwicklung eine bestimmte Organisationshöhe überschreitet und eine nächste Organisationsstufe erreicht. Im Gegensatz zu den irreparablen Schäden scheinen die Diapausen bei Zahnkarpfen aus periodisch austrocknenden Gewässern auf reversiblen Schaltungen im Differenzierungsmuster zu beruhen, die den Beginn eines neuen Abschnittes der Morphogenese lediglich verzögern. Die Gesetzmäßigkeiten hinsichtlich der Phasenspezifität (Stockard 1921) und der Wirkungsspezifität (Ancel 1947) teratogener Faktoren treffen für die behandelten Mißbildungserscheinungen zumindest nicht uneingeschränkt zu.
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    Stadienspezifische Aggregationsmuster beiDictyostelium discoideum (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 127-144 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. Closely packed cells ofDictyostelium discoideum, grown in a suspension culture, form aggregation patterns whose specific structures reflect the functional states of the cells. 2. Prior to the development of these structures, waves of excitation appear which propagate with a velocity of about 40μ/min. If functioning rhythmically as a whole, the wave-propagating center gives rise to a system of separate, concentric waves. If, on the contrary, parts of the center become active successively, a continuous spiralshaped excitation front is formed. 3. It is proposed, that the propagated waves associated with an autorhythmic center inhibit the formation of similar centers in its vicinity (“spacing effect”). 4. The aggregates formed by the closely packed cells are often too large to give rise to a single sorocarp. In this case a mechanism becomes active which divides the cell mass; each of the resulting parts transforms itself into a sorocarp.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Wenn submers kultivierte Zellen vonDictyostelium discoideum zu einer dichten Lage ausgestrichen werden, so entwickeln sich in der Zellschicht Gliederungsmuster, deren Form vom Funktionszustand der Zellen abhängt. 2. Diesen Mustern geht die Bildung von Erregungswellen voraus, die sich im Präparat mit einer Geschwindigkeit von etwa 40μ/min fortpflanzen. Wenn das Bildungszentrum der Wellen als Ganzes rhythmisch arbeitet, so lösen sich von ihm getrennte konzentrische Wellen ab; werden seine Teile nacheinander aktiv, so entsteht eine kontinuierliche, spiralförmige Erregungsfront. 3. Es wird angenommen, daß ein autorhythmisches Zentrum durch die ausgesandten Erregungswellen die Entstehung weiterer Zentren in seiner Umgebung unterdrückt. 4. Die in den dichten Ausstrichen entstehenden Zellaggregate sind oft zu groß, um in einen einzigen Sporenträger umgewandelt zu werden. In diesem Falle wird ein sonst verborgener Gliederungsmechanismus wirksam, der die Zellmasse in Portionen teilt, aus denen je ein Sporenträger hervorgeht.
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    Analyse der Regenerationsfähigkeit der Insektenextremität durch Amputations-und Transplantationsversuche an Larven der afrikanischen Schabe (Leucophaea maderae Fabr.) (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 449-503 
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    Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Spezifität der Beziehungen zwischen Pigmentzellen und Haut bei Amphibienlarven (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 249-282 
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    Action of the rhombencephalon on the differentiation of the auditive placodes. Chronology of its influence (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 363-367 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. In order to establish the influence of the rhombencephalon on the differentiation of the auditive placode in the embryo of the chicken, and the chronology of this influence, we have extirpated the abovementioned encephalic vesicle in different stages of the embryonic development. We have also carried out transplants of the recently formed auditive vesicle to other embryonic regions. 2. The rhombencephalon is indispensable for the initiation of differentiation of the auditive placode until the pre-somitic phase of the embryonic development. 3. Once the somitic segmentation has begun, the influence of the rhombencephalon is no longer necessary for the formation of the auditive placode, fossa, and vesicle.
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    Autonome Regenerationsleistungen des larvalen Schwanzes vonXenopus laevis und ihre Abhängigkeit vom Zentralnervensystem (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 404-448 
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    Topics: Biology
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    Die Degeneration der Augen vonTyphlogarra widdowsoni (Cyprinidae, Pisces) (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 344-362 
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    Weitreichende, fibrilläre Protoplasmadifferenzierungen und ihre Bedeutung für die Protoplasmaströmung (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 371-403 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. In Protoplasmatropfen, die durch Verletzung des Adernetzes vonPhysarum polycephalum entstanden sind, läßt sich in einer kortikalen Tropfenzone innerhalb weniger Minuten die Entstehung lichtmikroskopisch sichtbarer fibrillärer Muster verfolgen. Die Musterbildung tritt zeitlich dann auf, wenn der Tropfen wieder vom Adernetz resorbiert wird oder nach Isolation zu einem neuen kleinen Plasmodium auswächst. 2. Elektronenmikroskopische Stufenuntersuchungen des Differenzierungsprozesses lassen eindeutig die Entstehung der Fibrillen aus der Substanz des Grundplasmas erkennen. 3. Der Differenzierungsprozeß besteht in einer Segregation des Grundplasmas einerseits und der größeren und kleineren Protoplasmaeinschlüsse andererseits. 4. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe verschiedener Fixierungsmittel erweisen den Aufbau der Fibrillen aus längsverlaufenden Plasmafilamenten, die als wesentliche Bauelemente des Grundplasmas bekannt sind. 5. In isolierten Protoplasmaschläuchen mit normaler Protoplasmaströmung läßt sich bei geeigneter experimenteller Anordnung eine Musterbildung des fibrillären Netzwerkes induzieren. Das Anordnungsmuster spricht für eine direkte funktionelle Beteiligung des fibrillären Netzwerkes bei der Erzeugung der Triebkräfte für die Protoplasmaströmung im Sinne eines Druckflußmechanismus. 6. Die Bedeutung der Befunde für entwicklungsphysiologische Phänomene wird erörtert.
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    Entwicklungsphysiologische Untersuchungen an Echiniden (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 504-524 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Keime vonParacentrotus lividus wurden — unmittelbar nach Bildung der Mikromeren — 20 min mit3H-Uridin inkubiert. Während sich die übrigen Blastomeren weiterteilen, wird das Uridin in die RNS der Mikromerenkerne eingebaut. 2. Die unmarkierten Makro-und Mesomeren nehmen in den auf die Inkubationszeit folgenden 2 Std markierte Substanz in die Kerne wahrscheinlich von den Mikromeren auf. Diese Markierung ist nicht nachzuweisen bei Vorbehandlung der Schnitte mit Ribonuclease oder Perchlorsäure; sie ist unverändert, wenn die Keime nach der Inkubation in kaltem Uridin oder Thymidin gehalten werden. Daraus läßt sich die Vermutung ableiten, daß RNS von den Mikromeren an die anderen Blastomeren weitergegeben wird. 3. Keime, die zum Zeitpunkt der RNS-Synthese in den Mikromeren mit den Antimetaboliten Nitroorotsäure, Azauridin und Azaguanin behandelt wurden, weisen mehr oder weniger starke Defekte des Entoderm auf, während andere Keimteile teilweise oder vollkommen normal sind. Die in den Mikromeren gebildete RNS ist also nicht für die Differenzierung primärer Mesenchymzellen, sondern für die des Entoderm kompetent und damit direkter oder indirekter Induktor des Urdarms.
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    Influence of the endoderm on heart differentiation (1965)
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    Development genes and evolution 156 (1965), S. 368-370 
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    Colonies of yellow ants (Lasius flavus de Geer) as theatre of struggle between nest colonies of other ant species (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 63-70 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur rapporte ses observations concernant leLasius jaune —Lasius flavus De Geer —, effectuées dans l'ouest de la Sibérie, à Touva, en Abkhasie, dans les contrées de l'Altaï et dans les montagnes du Tian-Chan. LeLasius jaune, comme la plupart des fourmis, a la propriété de posséder un habitat en commun sous deux formes: des fourmilières isolées n'ayant aucun rapport entre elles et des fourmilières vivant en bonne entente dans un voisinage proche au sein d'importantes colonies. Les colonies duLasius recouvrent la plupart du temps d'immenses étendues occupées par des centaines et même des milliers de fourmilières. Ces colonies sont souvent envahies par des fourmis d'un grand nombre d'autres espèces. Ces dernières établissent leur habitat sur celui desLasius jaunes et, s'introduisant par les passages de leur construction, en extermine peu à peu les habitants. Le délogement des colonies deLasius jaunes n'est pas le fait des fourmilières isolées; il est essentiellement dû à l'envahissement par d'autres fourmilières d'espèces apparentées. Ces dernières, occupant progressivement le territoire conquis, se trouvent bientôt en contact qui dégénère en antagonisme agressif. Ainsi, les colonies deLasius jaune se trouvent être le théâtre de la lutte entre fourmilières de diverses espèces; ce phénomène est l'expression d'une loi générale.
    Notes: Summary Observations on the yellow antsLasius flavus De Geer were carried on by the author in Western Siberia, Tuva, Khakassia, the Altai and the Tien Shan Mountains. The yellow ants, as most of the ant species, lead two modes of social life: they may have either single, not connected with each other nests, or friendly, closely built nests, which form large colonies. The colonies ofL. flavus often occupy large territories, where they built hundreds and even thousands of nests. These colonies frequently become habitats of numerous species of other ants. They built their nests on the mounds ofL. flavus and penetrating into the channels, gradually destroy the hosts. The colonies ofL. flavus are ouster not by single nests, but mainly by mutually related colonies of other ant species. Occupying a nest of the hosts of this territory, they come into contact with each other and become hostile. Thus colonies ofL. flavus become the theatre of struggle between nest colonies of other ant species; this fact has been observed as a widely spread natural phenomenon.
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    Étude expérimentale de certains aspects des capacités discriminatives des larves deLocusta migratoria migratorioides (R et F) au cours de leur cycle quotidien d'activité au laboratoire (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 93-104 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    On one peculiar characteristic of behaviour of the red antsFormica rufa L. (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 145-149 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Réumé Dans leur va-et-vient quotidien, les fourmis rousses forestières, ramènent souvent à la fourmilière les parties brillantes du tégument d'insectes depuis longtemps privés de vie. Les expériences décrites ici expliquent le comportement des fourmis du groupeF. rufa vis-à-vis des objets clairs et brillants. L'attention de ces fourmis est toujours fortement et particulièrement attirée par des menues perles multicolores. Mais les réactions des travailleuses d'une même fourmilière envers ce chatoiement sont très diverses. La concentration de l'attention envers le chatoiement des couleurs est également très variable d'un individu à l'autre. Les perles multicolores attirent le plus l'attention des vieilles fourmilières, alors que celle des fourmilières plus jeunes l'est beaucoup moins fortement. Les fourmisF. fusca, F. gagates ainsi que les fourmis du genreCamponotus etMyrmica sont absolument indifférentes au chatoiement des perles. Le comportement des fourmis du groupeF. rufa vis-à-vis des objets clairs et brillants est encore une énigme de la vie psychique de ces insectes.
    Notes: Summary In everyday life red forest ants (Formica rufa) very often carry into their nests glittering particles which are parts of integuments of insects which died long time ago. Some experiments demonstrating attitude of antsF. rufa towards shining and glittering articles are described. Many-colored beads have always attracted a very intensive attention of ants. Considerable variety in reaction of workers in one of the nests has been registered. The degree of attention displayed by ants to such articles in many cases was quite different. Attention of old ants was more intensive than that shown by the the younger ones. Indifferent to beads were antsF. fusca, F. gagates and ants ofCamponotus andMyrmica Genera. Different attitude of antsF. rufa to bright glistering articles is one of the mysteries of psychic life of these insects.
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    Enregistrement de l'activité dans les conditions naturelles sur les pistes deFormica polyctena (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 131-144 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1o A technique is described which permits an easy recording of forager ants activity ofFormica polyctena on their trails. 2o Ants activity is regulated by the distance from the nest, but this regulation is not the same in all the trails. 3o Ants activity is not the same in all the trails; nocturnal activity appears very often on roads upon which the rate of flow is very high and may lack entirely on neighbouring, less crowded, roads. 4o The ants on, the differend roads are very heterogeneous regarding not only their activity but also their agressivity, their learning facilities (Chauvin, 1963–1964); their behaviour differ also according to road age; i. e. time clapsed from the road foundation, at least in the trails between a mother-colony and a daughter-colony. 5o Outgoing and ongoing are very irregular and don't occur at the same time in different roads. 6o Temperature close to the ground shows only a weak correlation with and activity.
    Notes: Résumé 1o On donne une technique simple d'enregistrement de l'activité des fourrageuses deF. polyctena sur leurs pistes. 2o L'activité dépend non seulement de la distance par rapport au nid, mais encore de la piste considérée. 3o L'activité n'est nullement comparable d'une piste à l'autre; l'activité nocturne apparaît très souvent dans les pistes populeuses et peut manquer dans les moins populeuses. 4o Les pistes différent donc non seulement quant à leur capacité d'apprentissage et leur agressivité (Chauvin, 1962, 1964), mais aussi quant à leur activité; le comportement est également différent suivant l'âge de la piste, tout au moins dans les pistes qui relient les fourmilières filles à la fourmilière mère. 5o L'aller et le retour prédominent à des périodes du jour très irrégulières et qui diffèrent pour chaque piste. 6o La température mesurée près du sol n'a qu'une faible corrélation avec l'activité des fourmis.
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    Observations sur le comportement du coléoptère myrmécophileAmorphocephalus coronatus Germar (Brenthidæ) hôte desCamponotus (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 185-194 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
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    Évolution des échanges entre différentes colonies-filles deFormica polyctena mesurée a l'aide des radio-isotopes (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 197-199 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The level of exchanges between a mother — colony and a young daughter colony is extraordinary high. There is a relative independance between number of ants on the roads and exchanges level; and strangely enough, we have seen active exchange between K and K1 nests without any worker apparently in circulation between the two nests. The intensity of sugar exchange between all the nests remains roughly the same than in 1964.
    Notes: Résumé et conclusion 1o Il faut souligner l'extraordinaire activité des échanges entre une fourmilière-mère et une fourmilière-fille néoformée. 2o La relative indépendance des échanges et du nombre de fourmis présentes sur les pistes doit être signalée une fois de plus; mais cette fois elle est plus nette encore, puisque entre K et K1 n'existait aucune circulation de fourmis nettement décelable en juillet, alors que les échanges étaient pourtant actifs. Ceci pose un problème nouveau, d'autant plus que les échanges allant de K vers K1 en 1964, sans piste décelable, ont étébien plus actifs qu'en 1963 avec piste; l'augmentation du bruit de fond en 1964 a atteint 700 % et seulement 26 % en 1963 (95 CPS en K1 contre 75). 3o Les caractères du système d'échanges interfourmilières paraissent stables d'une année à l'autre; échanges réduits en ce qui concerne K5 et K7; mais les échanges K-K1 paraissent en moyenne plus actifs que ceux de K vers K4, alors qu'en 1963 la tendance était inverse.
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    Notes sur l'écologie et l'éthologie des espèces du genreLasius (Hymenoptera Formicid≸) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 219-229 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Among species of the Ant genusLasius, nests sites and nesting habits differ according to the ecological requirements of every species. A classification of these habits has been outlined taking into consideration the complexity of the building techniques and the nature of the building materials. Whithin one single species there are populations differeing under these respects. This suggests the occurence of biological races.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Beobachtungen über die Lage und die Struktur des Nestbaues bei dem GeschlechtLasius in natürlichem Milieu, erlaubte es genau definierte oekologische Ansprüche festzustellen. Eine Einteilkung der artspeziefischen Sitten des GeschlechtesLasius konnte an Hand der angwendten komplessen Bauart kund des gebrauchten Materials aufgestellt werden. In einer gegebenen Art können jedoch mehrere Völker miteinbegriffen sein die sich durch einen verschiedenartigen nestbau unterscheiden; dies lässt uns annehmen, dass wir vor verschiedenen biologischen Rassen stehen.
    Notes: Résumé L'observation de l'emplacement et du mode de nidification des espèces du genreLasius dans leur milieu naturel a permis de mettre en évidence des exigences écologiques bien définies. De même, la complexité des techniques mises en ≸uvre et le type de matérian employé lors de la construction des nids permettent de présenter un classement des mœurs des espèces du genreLasius. Une même espèce comporte des populations caractérisées par un mode de nidification différent, ce qui incite à penser que nous sommes en présence de races biologiques différentes.
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    Organogenèse des nerfs et des trachées alaires du termiteReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 309-320 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Authors study the organogenesis of alary nerves and tracheas of TermiteReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. They describe two different kinds of sensilla:sensilla trichoïdea and chordotonal organs. The first one occurs in each caste (larvae, workers, soldiers, nymphs), but the second one is caracteristic of nymphs only (tegulary organs of others Insects). Anatomy of alary nerves is described with larvae, workers, nymphs, soldiers and neotenics. All castes have the same number of nerves costal, subcostal, radial), but workers and nymphs are easily differentiate by some characters. Each Termite has three alary tracheas (radial, medianal, and cubital) except soldiers where medianal trachea is not recognizable.
    Notes: Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié l'organogenèse des nerfs et des trachées alaires du TermiteReticulitermes lucifugus santonensis Feyt. Ils ont reconnu des organes sensoriels à processus externe appartenant à la catégorie dessensilla trichoïdea deSnodgrass, et des organes sensoriels internes (organes chordotonaux). Les premiers se rencontrent chez tous les stades de développement, alors que seules les nymphes possèdent un organe chordotonal dans leurs ébauches alaires (correspondant à l'organe tégulaire des autres Insectes). On décrit les parcours des nerfs alaires chez les larves, les ouvriers, les nymphes, les soldats, les sexués néoténiques, en soulignant les différences séparant nettement les ouvriers des nymphes. Toutefois, ces différences ne portent jamais sur le nombre des nerfs, qui est stable (nerf costal, sous-costal, radial). Tous les stades et toutes les castes (sauf les soldats) présentent trois trachées alaires (radiale, médianale et cubitale). On suppose que c'est la trachée médianale qui régresse chez les soldats.
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    The foraging behavior of honeybees on hairy vetch. III. — Differences in the vetch (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 321-325 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The time required for each of 50 honeybees to forage from a hairy vetch blossom, and the time required for each bee that tripped blossoms to trip a different blossom was measured three times each in two fields. There were highly significant differences in the speed with which bees tripped and foraged from blossoms in the two fields. It appeared that the blossoms in one field were easier to trip than the blossoms in the other. The bees spent less time foraging from the blossoms in the field in which tripping was most rapid, probably because there was less nectar in the blossoms in that field than in the other field. The bees that did not trip blossoms foraged from blossoms more rapidly than the bees that did trip the blossoms. After all known sources of variation had been removed there was a highly significant correlation between the times required for bees to trip and to forage from blossoms; this is interpreted as indicating differences in the efficiency of individual bees. In one of the fields many of the bees foraged through punctures in the blossoms made by carpenter bees. An attempt was made to measure the relationship of the amount of sugar collected by bees per unit time to the attractiveness of competing plants.
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    Studies of caste differentiation inMyrmica rubra L. (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 347-362 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1 On décrit la croissance, au commencement du troisième stade larvaire avant l'hibernation, de groupes de larves deMyrmica rubra L. On établit un rapport entre l'aire saillante à la naissance des pattes et le poids total du corps. 2 A 20° C on peut observer chez les larves une croissance des pattes et un développement qui va jusqu'à la métamorphose en ouvrières ou bien une lente croissance du corps sans métamorphose (c'est la croissance de diapause). La métamorphose peut commencer à partir de due xétals différents. 3 A 25° C des larves se métamorphosent en plus grand nombre et s'écartent du stade de diapause à partir de ces deux états. 4 Si des reines sont présentes,les larves se métamorphosent en plus grand nombre,mais ne se différencient qu'à partir du second état, appelé antérieurement «état de différenciation». 5 la différence de taille chez la caste la plus grande deTetramoriam provient d'une association plus importante entre la croissance du crops et celle des organes adultes au début do troisième stade larvaire. 6 Les mâles ont certainst traits de croissance et de développement qui sont intermédiaires entre ceux des reines et ceux des ouvrières.
    Abstract: Sommario 1 Si descrive il cresciento al principio della terza fase larvale prima dell'ibernazione, di gruppe di larve diMyrmica rubra L. Si riferisce l'area sporgente delle gambe incipienti al peso totale del corpo. 2 A 20° C le larve possono mostrare un crescimento delle gambe e uno sviluppo che mena alla metamorfosi in operaie o possono mostrare un crescimento lento senza questo (crescimento della diapausa). Ci sono due zone da cui può cominciare la metamorfosi. 3 A 25° C più larve si trasmutano e divergono dalla strada della diapausa a tutte due le zone. 4 Se regine si trovano là più larve si trasmutano ma divergono dalla seconda zona, chiamata anteriormente la differenziazione. 5 Le dimensioni differenti della casta inTetramorium provengono da una capacita piu grande per dissoriare il crescimento de corpo dal crescimento dei rudimenti adult i durante questo seguito al principio della terza fase larvale. 6 I maschi mostrano certi tratti di crescimento a di svilluppo che sono intermedia fra quelli delle regine e dello operaie.
    Notes: Summary 1 Growth in the early third instar before hibernation, of groups of larvae ofMyrmica rubra L. is described. The area of the leg bud projection is related to the total body weight. 2 At 20°C larvae may show leg growth and development that leads to metamorphosis into workers or they may show slow body growth without this (diapause growth). There are two zones from which metamorphsis may start. 3 At 25° C more larvae metamorphose and they diverge from the diapause path at both zones. 4 If queens are present more larvae also metamorphose but they diverge from the second zone, previously called thye «switch». 5 The bigger caste size difference inTetramorium arises from a greater ability to dissociate body growth from growth of the adult rudiments during this sequence in the early third instar. 6 Males show some features of growth and development that are intermediate between queens and workers.
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    Lateral variation of Rayleigh wave dispersion character (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 49-66 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Group velocities of Rayleigh waves were measured along various paths, nearly 200 in all, covering the continents of Eurasia and Africa and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, using long period seismograms of the World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network. Dispersion characters thus obtained were compared with standard disperision curves. Several maps showing the paths along which Rayleigh waves have similar dispersion character are presented. The results are compared with dispersion data obtained by other authors.
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    Rayleigh waves in granular medium (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 13-22 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The wave velocity equation in the form of a ninth order determinantal expression is derived appropriate to Rayleigh type waves in a granular half-space supporting a different granular layer. The calssical frequency equation when both media are elastic has been deduced as a particular case by limiting process.
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    The evaluation ofHeuman's Lambda function and its application to calculate the gravitational effect of a right circular cylinder (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 5-12 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A computational scheme has been derived to generateHeuman's Lambda function. This has been applied to compute the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder. Test computations show that the error introduced by assuming a semifinite cylinder in place of a finite one of depth 30 times its radius is 1.77%.
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    Propagation of a fracture in an infinite medium (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 23-34 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The displacement produced in an infinite homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium due to a steadily progressing crack has been obtained in a closed form by using Laplace transforms andCagniard's method. Numerical values of the displacement have been obtained and presented graphically.
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    An instrument for seismic velocity measurements (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 35-40 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The construction and performance of an instrument for the measurement of seismic velocity in rock specimens is described. In the instrument, the transducer which receives the seismic velocity after its travel through the specimen has been excited by a method from a stable quartz crystal pulser to generate synchronised time markers at intervals of 110 millimicrosecs. The method of measurement is accurate and needs no calibration. The instrument is specially suited for the study of seismic velocity variations with pressure. The accuracy of measurement is about 1% in a 10 cm long sample in which the velocity is 6.40 km/sec.
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    Line-of-sight and trans-horizon reception at Brébeuf college of two 1240 MHz rotating radars (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 198-206 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The reception of pulses on about 1240 MHz from two rotating radars, one 80 miles, the other over 300 miles distant, is examined. A special periodic fading of the trans-horizon transmission is reported and discussed.
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    Relations entre la répartition verticale de l'ozone atmosphérique et l'évolution de la situation météorologique en Europe occidentale (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 215-223 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary An analysis of the soundings launched at the Val-Joyeux Scientific Station during 15 months shows that the layers containing higher ozone partial pressure are not those of higher absolute temperature. Their ozone pressure has no relation with the temperature of the tropopause but is conditioned by the position of Europe nearest through. The total ozone amounts are independent of the direction of the 100-mb flow but present a non-linear correlation with the second tropopause height. The existence of certain relations between ozone vertical profiles and the meteorological situation at the surface four days after the sounding is pointed out.
    Notes: Résumé L'analyse des sondages effecturés au cours de quinze mois à partir de la Station Scientifique du Val-Joyeux près de Paris, montre que les couches où la pression partielle d'ozone est maximale ne sont pas celles où la température est maximale. La pression partielle d'ozone de ces couches n'est pas en relation avec la température de la tropopause, mais est conditionnée par la position géographique sur l'Europe du plus proche thalweg. L'épaisseur réduite totale d'ozone est indépendante de la direction du flux à 100mb, mais présente une relation non linéaire avec l'altitude de la deuxieme tropopause. L'existence d'une relation entre l'allure de la courbe de répartition verticale de l'ozone et la situation météorologique au niveau du sol quarte jours après le sondage, est mise en évidence.
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    XIV General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (Switzerland, 1967) (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 224-225 
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    Book reviews (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 226-228 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    Déterminisme endocrine de quelques caractéristiques phasaires chezLocusta migratoria migratorioides (R. et F.) (insecte orthoptéroïde. acrididæ) (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 71-79 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In reproductive females of the African migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioïdes R. and F.) the grouping bring on one hand a reduction in the size and activity of Corpora allata and on the other hand an important lowering of fecundity: diminution of the number of pods, number of eggs by pod and number of ovarioles, slowing down of the rate of egg-laying, In order to demonstrate the existence of pods, number of eggs by pod and number of ovarioles, slowing tions we have carried out repeated implantations of active Corpora allata in femaleLocusta, phase gregaria. The implantations of Corpora allata «solitarisent» the offspring of gregarious females (effects transmitted through filiation) and markedly increase their fertility (immédiate effects): - a 50% increase in the number of pods by female; - a 23.5% increase in the number of eggs in every pod; - an increased rate of laying; - a 12.5% decrease in the weight of larva at birth; - an increased percentage of beige larva with a decreasing percentage of black larva; - a 11.1% increase in the number of ovarioles of female larva at birth. If the immediate effects of the implanted Corpora allata on the Fertility of reproductive females are caused by the direct action of the juvenile hormone upon the ovaries and upon vitellogenesis, the transmitted effects result at least partially from an action on Corpora Cardiaca and from the liberation of neurosecretions. The repeated implantations of Corpora allata occasion a shiff towards the solitary pole in the phasic characteristics of fecundity in gregarious females and in their offspring.
    Notes: Résumé Le groupement entraîne chez les femelles reproductrices deLocusta migratoria migratorioïdes (R. et F.), d'une part, une réduction de la taille et de l'activité des Corps allates, et, d'autre part, une diminution importante de la fécondité (diminution du nombre des oothèques, du nombre des œufs et du nombre des ovarioles; ralentissement du rythme des pontes, etc.). Afin de prouver l'existence d'une relation de cause à effet entre ces deux observations, nous avons pratiqué des implantations répétées de Corps allates actifs chez des femelles deLocusta, phase gregaria. Les implantations de Corps allates «solitarisent» la descendance des femelles grégaires (effets transmis par filiation) et accroissent très fortement leur fécondité (effets immédiats): - augmentation de 50% du nombre des oothèques déposées par chaque femelle; - accroissement de 23,50% du nombre des œufs par oothèque; - accélération du rythme des pontes; - diminution de 12,50% du poids des larves à la naissance; - accroissement du pourcentage des larves beiges et diminution du pourcentage des larves noires; - augmentation de 11,10% du nombre d'ovarioles des larves femelles à la naissance. Si les effets immédiats des Corps allates implantés sur la fécondité des femelles reproductrices dépendent d'une action directe de l'hormone juvénile sur les ovaires et la vitellogénèse, les effets transmis résultent, au moins partiellement d'une action sur les Corpora cardiaca et la libération des neurosécrétions. Les implantations répétées de Corps allates déplacent les caractéristiques phasaires de fécondité des femelles grégaires et de leur descendance vers le pôle solitaire.
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    Notes on a nest ofEulæma terminata Smith (hymenoptera, apoidea) with a suggestion of the occurrence of a primitive social system (1965)
    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 81-91 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'auteur décrit un nid deEulæma terminata Smith qu'il a trouvé, dans un nid de fourmis abandonné, à la fourche des branches d'un arbre. Ce nid, construit principalement avec de la boue, comprenait 53 cellules; lorsqu'il a été découvert, il contenait au moins 4 femelles. Le rythme déclosion a été noté; toutes les abeilles qui sont écloses étaient des mâles. Avec elles, est apparu un adulte du MéloïdeMelœtyphlus fuscatus Waterhouse. Après discussion de ces observations, l'auteur conclut que la découverte et létude d'autres nids est nécessaire pour déterminer le degré de développment d'un système social chez cette espèce.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Der Autor beschreibt ein Nest vonEulæma terminata Smith, das in einem verlassenen Ameisennest in der Astgabel eines Baumes gefunden wurde. Das Nest war im wesentlichen aus Erde zusammengesetzt; es bestand aux 53 Zellen, und es enthielt mindestens vier Weibchen, als es aufgefunden wurde. Alle schlüpfenden Bienen waren Männchen, deren Schlüpffolge registriert wurde. Ausser ihnen wurde ein Adultus vonMelœtyphlus fuscatus Waterhouse erhalten. In der Diskusiion der Ergebnisse wird festgestellt, dass es erforderlich ist, weitere Nester zu finden und zu untersuchen, um die Entwicklungshöhe des Sozialgefüges dieser Art abklären zu können.
    Notes: Summary A nest ofEulæma terminata Smith found within an abandoned ant nest in the fork of a tree is described. The nest constructed mainly of mud consisted of fifty-three cells. At least four females were present when the nest was found. The sequence of emergence was recorded; all emerging bees were males; one adult of the MeloidMelœtyphlys fuscatus Waterhouse was obtained. In the discussion after a consideration of the observations it is concluded that the discovery and study of additional nests is necessary to determine the degree of development of a social system in this species.
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    Foraging behavior of honeybees on white clover (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 231-240 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Measurements of several aspects of foraging behavior of honeybees on white clover and of factors that might influence it were made at one-to-two-week intervals during the season. Other measurements were made on intervening days. Individual blossoms yielded a mean of from 0.02 to 0.08 μl of nectar containing 42 to 65% sugar during the season. On one day when the nectar averaged 65% sugar, bees with pollen on their corbiculae carried a mean of 5.2 mg of pollen and 37.3 mg of nectar; bees without pollen carried a mean of 37.9 mg of nectar. On 10 occasions each of 50 bees were timed while foraging a single blossom; the mean foraging speed differed significantly on the 10 occasions, and varied from 1.5 to 3.0 seconds per blossom. Each of 18 bees was timed during visits to 25 blossoms, and the total time required for the same bees to forage from the blossoms on 25 racemes was also measured. The mean foraging speed of these bees varied from 1.1 to 4.5 seconds per blossom; the differences were highly significant. These bees foraged 7.0 to 26.0 blossoms per minute, and there was a strong negative correlation between the mean seconds required for bees to forage blossoms and the mean number of blossoms foraged per minute. Fifty one bees observed for a total of 314.5 minutes foraged an average of 18.4 blossoms per minute and 3.4 blossoms per inflorescence. Sixty one per cent of the flights of foraging bees were made to inflorescences estimated to be less than 5 inches from the starting point.
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    A note on disturbances in a certain type of visco-elastic solid deformed by a magnetic field (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 41-48 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present note is an attempt to study the propagation of disturbances in a semiinfinite visco-elastic rod which is of three-parameter type, and which is subjected to a static magnetic field.
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    Lateral variation of Rayleigh wave dispersion character (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 67-80 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The lateral variation of group velocity dispersion of Rayleigh waves has been investigated for Eurasia and its surroundings, and the area has been divided into several regions according to their dispersion characteristics. The continental shelf around Novaya Zemlya and the Baltic Sea were found to have the same dispersion character as high mountainous regions. The same is true for the Black and Caspian Seas. Soft sedimentary layers with great thickness could explain these unexpected results. Rayleigh waves run through the Tibet Plateau with extremely low velocities while they show the least continental character in East Siberia.
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    TheSa phase from the Hindu Kush earthquake of July 6, 1962 (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 81-95 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The Hindu Kush earthquake of July 6, 1962 produced anSa phase (vertical component or Rayleight type) which was clearly recorded at stations in North America in the distance range 90° to 110°. The propagation of this phase is studied in detail, both by the usual method of measuring velocity of first arrival and also by determining group velocities from the derivative of the phase of the Fourier transform (in the period range 20 to 80 seconds). The energy in theSa phase propagates in a manner intermediate between that of a single ray and that of a single isolated mode. The expected interference effects which vary as a function of distance are observed and complicate a straight-forward measurement of group velocities. The results are most reliable if only the group velocities corresponding to parts of the spectra with relatively high amplitudes are used. The results show a regional variation in the velocity of the Rayleigh typeSa for continental areas, being higher under shield areas than under areas of more recent tectonic activity. The results are compared with theoretical calculations for the Gutenberg, Jeffreys-Bullen and Canadian Shield models of the Earth and the results indicate regional variations in shear velocity in the upper mantle extending to depths of several hundred km under continents.
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    Some minerals as new natural models of ferrites (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 129-136 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present contribution points out certain analogy between magnetic properties of synthetic ferrites and some natural high-temperature minerals. The synthetic ferrites possess crystal structures of the type of spinel, tetra-spinel, rutile, ilmenite, magneto-plumbite, perovskite and garnet. Such structures are known in great numbers of ‘non-magnetic’ minerals in nature. As soon as the elements of the corresponding synthetic ferrite are attached to their lattice it might be expected that a natural model of ferrite will be obtained. Unique palaeomagnetic properties were discovered in cassiterite with Fe-ions attached to its lattice.
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    On the asymmetric diurnal tide (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 142-147 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The response of the atmosphere to a diurnally oscillating thermal drive, asymmetric with respect to the equator, is investigated. It is found that the solutions ofLaplace's tidal equation do not form a complete set; all of them being orthogonal to the associated Legendre polynomial,P 2 1 (cos Θ), Θ being the latitude. As an extension ofLaplace's theorem for gravitationally excited ocean tides to thermally driven atmospheric tides, it is shown that a diurnal drive whose latitude dependence is given byP 2 1 gives rise to no surface pressure oscillation.
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    Numerical experiments on planetary meridional temperature gradients contrary to radiational forcing (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 173-190 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The existence of the phenomenon that the temperature in certain layers of the earth's atmosphere is higher at the pole than at the equator is considered as a general problem in planetary fluid dynamics. In a highly simplified model the solution of the problem depends upon a group of non-dimensional parameters. Taking the parameters of the earth's atmosphere as an example, numerical experiments were performed to study the nature of such a meridional counterradiational-heating temperature gradient and the dependence of it on the vertical variation of meridional differential radiation. Some general inferences were drawn from the experiments.
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    A method of evaluation of measured light intensities and degrees of polarization of a unit volume of turbid air (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 62 (1965), S. 161-172 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In order to interpret scattered light measurements a comparison with theoretical values is necessary. It is demonstrated by means of an example the possibility to obtain a first view on the measurement results. From calculated values of various aerosol size distribution models as well as from measurements were computed: 1) the angular quotients of scattered light intensity (i.e., quotients of intensity at two scattering angles and the same wavelength) and 2) the wavelength quotients (i.e., quotients of intensity at two wavelengths and the same scattering angle). The comparison between measured and theoretical values informs us of the exponent of the aerosol size distribution and its boundary radius. Finally, it is shown that maesurements of polarization may be explained by a similar method.
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    Populations of ants in a low field (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 19-47 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On étudia les populations de fourmis qui habitaient un champ d'altitude basse dans le sud de l'état de Michigan. On en trouva 28 espèces dans une étendue de 727 m2 qui bordait un marais. On détermina l'abondance des colonies en creusant de petits terrains carrés de 36,5 mètres de chaque côté.Brachymyrmex depilis etPonera coarctata pennsylvanica étaient largement distribués et avaient le plus grand nombre de colonies, mais leLasius jaune semblait être l'espèce la plus typique de l'habitat.Lasius flavus formait de grandes colonies, largement étendues juste au-dessous du sol, tandis queL. minutus etL. speculiventris construisaient des tas. Le genreDolichoderus était également typique de l'habitat. Trois sur les quatre espèces nordaméricaines nichaient sur le terrain étudié tandis que la quatrième nichait tout près. Les vols de l'espéceLasius, qui avaient lieu tard dans l'après-midi aux mois d'août et de septembre, étaient abondants et bien visibles.
    Notes: Summary Populations of ants of a low field in southern Michigan were studied and 28 species were found in an area of 870 square yards which hordered a marsh. Abundance of colonies was determined by digging 40 yard-square plots.Brachymyrmex depilis andPonera coarctata pennsylvanica were widely distributed and had the greatest number of colonies but the yellowLasius seemed the most typical of the habitat.Lasius flavus formed large colonies, widely spread just beneath the soil whileL. minutus andL. speculiventris built mounds. The genusDolichoderus was also typical of the habitat. Three of the 4 North American species nested on the study area, while the fourth occurred nearby. Flights of theLasius species, which took place in the late afternoon of August and September were abundant and conspicuous.
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    Essai d'analyse de la dynamique ovarienne chez les guêpes polistes (P. gallicus L. etP. Nimpha christ) en activité reproductrice (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 1-17 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ovarian function inPolistes is governed by three fundamental parameters:the delivery rate of the ovaries, the duration of oocyte development, andthe rythm of egg-laying. The first two, which act directly upon the ovaries (particularly the number of developing oocytes), are immediately influenced by the physical environment, especially the temperature. The third, on the other hand, is under behavioral control. It is emphasized that the late parameter rarely attains its maximum value: the female does not lay all her eggs, eliminating a variable proportion by ovosorption.
    Notes: Conclusions Cette étude du fonctionnement ovarien nous a notamment permis d'évaluer quantitativement les principales variables du phénomène, ce qui était, dans notre programme de travail, à résoudre en première urgence. Nous avons montré l'importance de l'ovosorption dont nous connaissions l'existence sans pouvoir lui attribuer une valeur quantitative. Nous noterons une différence avec le Dytique: la dégénérescence peut frapper les œufs mûrs. D'un point de vue plus général, nous mettons en évidence dans une même fonction, la dualité des caractères entre les phénomènes de comportement marqués par leur grande variabilité et leur discontinuité, et les phénomènes physiologiques qui expriment sans rupture l'action des facteurs externes. Le fait qu'une certaine proportion des œufs produits puisse ne pas être pondue, permet d'expliquer la diminution ou l'augmentationbrusque de la ponte sous l'action de stimulations d'origine sociale, dues soit à l'évolution normale du nid (cellules libres, couvain, etc.), soit, plus fréquemment dans nos conditions d'expérience, à l'effet de groupe.
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    Mound population movements and fluctuations inTrinervitermes ebenerianus Sjöstedt (Isoptera, termitidæ, nasutitermitinæ) (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 49-58 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On a pris rapidement des échantillons des petites termitières deT. ebenerianus Sjöstedt, au moyen d'une tige portant un bras latéral tubulaire, pour éviter la perturbation des termites. Les fluctuations de densité de la population et du pourcentage des larves sont en rapport avec un cycle annuel hypothétique d'activité, lequel dépend des conditions climatiques. On a trouvé des changements journaliers dans les populations des termitières, mais on ne peut rapporter ceux-ci facilement aux conditions climatiques. Les populations des dômes sont le plus souvent en baisse la nuit. Quand se présentent ces mouvements de population, c'est les nymphes qui sont affectées le plus rapidement, et un plus grand nombre de soldats reste en arrière. On donne des dénombrements approximatifs des populations totales sous forme du nombre des individus par acre.
    Notes: Summary The small domed mounds ofT. ebenerianus (Sjöstedt) were sampled, using a club with a sharpened tubular side arm, to avoid bias due to the disturbance of population caused by hammering in a pipe auger. The area sampled was in open savannah vegetation with scrubby bushes and scattered trees. The soil was «upper slope reddish-brown sandy loam». Fluctuations in the population density and percentage of young stages are related to a hypothetical annual cycle of activity depending on climatic conditions. Diurnal changes in mound populations were detected, but these cannot readily be related to climatic conditions, mound populations being depressed at night in most cases. When these movements take place, the alate nymphs are more rapidly affected, and more soldiers remain behind. Rough estimates of total populations in terms of individuals per acre are given.
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    Comportement desFormica devant un obstacle «infranchissable» (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 59-62 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Formica polyctena can send information along their path about an obstacle. A simple mechanism (abnormal workers agitation) help the ants to find another way behind the obstacle.Formica rufa can dig a tunnel under a large circular wall that blocks all accesses to the nest. They can also open a hole in the wall, passing building materials through. These materials can be carried also underground, to repair the central part of the nest whose access is blocked. That is another proof of the extreme plasticity of the building activity among red ants.
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    Alate development and colony foundation in five species ofTrinervitermes (Isoptera, Nasutitermitinæ) in Nigeria, West Africa (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 117-130 
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On trouve les ailés deTrinervitermes dans leurs termitières de deux à trois semaines avant les premiers vols. ChezT. carbonarius, les vols commencent vers la fin de mai, et chez les autres espèces à la mi-juin. On accélérait la croissance des nymphes deT. ebenerianus en humidifiant les termitières. Le rapport moyen des sexes est 36,64 pour cent, mâles à femelles, et c'est en proportion comparable au rapport entre les soldats et les ouvriers dans les colonies jeunes. Les vols des ailés ont lieu à une heure avancée de la nuit, et ils se présentent le plus souvent en conditions de températures peu élevées, et d'humidités relatives élevées. Le «comportement en tandem» suit l'amputation des ailes et précède le creusement d'une chambre nuptiale. La thygmotaxie est importante en ce qui concerne le choix d'un emplacement pour cette chambre. On a observé le développment des colonies nouvelles dans des nids sous verre. La table chronologique des événements d'importance est donnée pour les cinq espćees. On a disposé en tables les données relatives à l'oviposition et à l'éclosion pour effectuer des comparaisons entre les cinq espèces. On examine les vitesses de croissance des jeunes colonies en fonction de leurs significations adaptives.
    Notes: Summary Alates ofTrinervitermes appear in the mounds two or three weeks before their first flights. Those ofT. carbonarius fly first towards the end of May, the other four species in mid-June. Development of alates inT. ebenerianus was accelerated by moisture. The mean sex ratio of all five species in 36∶64 per cent, males to females, comparable to the percentages of soldiers and workers in young colonies. Flights of alates are late nocturnal, most often at low air temperatures with high relative humidities. «Tandem behaviour» follows wing shedding and precedes «digging-in». A relatively strong stimulus is needed to initiate flight. Thimogtaxis is important in nest site selection. Development of young colonies was followed in glass plate observation nests. The timetable of main events is given for all five species; oviposition and hatching rates and lengthsof instars are tabulated comparatively. The rates of development of young colonies are discussed in relation to their possible adaptive significance.
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    Feuchtigkeitseinfluss auf Nahrungswahl und-Verbrauch Einiger Termiten-Arten (1965)
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    Insectes sociaux 12 (1965), S. 151-183 
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    Topics: Biology
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    Rayleigh wave propagation in a two-layer anisotropic media (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 51-60 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in an incompressible crust of constant density and rigidity varying exponentially with depth lying on a semi-infinite transversely isotropic base has been discussed in this paper. Frequency equation has been derived and numerical calculations are made. The result obtained in this case is compared with that ofNewlands [3]2) andDutta [4].
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    On disturbances in an infinite elastic medium containing a cylindrical cavity traversed by an axial magnetic field (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 23-28 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The present note, as its title implies, is concerned with the investigation of disturbances in an infinite elastic medium containing an initial magnetic field in the axial direction. The equations ofMaxwell, those of elasticity have been effectively made use of to solve the problem.
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    Propagation of surface waves in heterogeneous media containing a low velocity channel (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 42-50 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Propagation of surface wave in heterogeneous media with various laws of variation of elastic properties have been discussed previously by several authors. There the laws of variations were taken on the considerations that the solutions might be had in terms of known functions. Here the approximate solutions for polynomial law of variations of elastic properties have been obtained.
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    Stresses produced by a normal load moving over a transversely isotropic layer of ice lying on a rigid foundation (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 29-41 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, the problem of a normal load moving over the surface of a layer of ice, lying on a rigid foundation, has been considered. FollowingHearmon, the ice is taken to be transversely isotropic. Two cases have been considered-in the first case, the rigid foundation is taken to be smooth, and in the second case, it is taken to be in welded contact with the layer of ice. Expressions have been obtained in both cases for the stresses at any point of the layer. From detailed numerical calculations, it has been found that the value of the normal stress at a point directly below the moving load falls of approximately as that of 1/z with increase in the depthz below the surface. On calculating the normal stress at the boundary between the layer of ice and the foundation, it is found that the normal stress falls off rapidly as we move away along the boundary from the point directly below the load.
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    Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Reflexionsebene und der durchschnittlichen Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit bei den seismischen Messungen (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 61-73 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By the determination of the reflecting plane with the aid of adjustment the equations for indirect observations can be made linear without series expansion only by the introduction of suitably choosen new unknowns. This method of linear making can be used profitable to the solution of other problems too. One example treated in [1]2), is computed in the appendix with the method mentioned and gives a very good coincidence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung der Reflexionsebene durch Ausgleichung können die Vermittlungsgleichungen durch Einführung von entsprechend gewählten neuen Unbekannten ohne Reihenentwicklungen linearisiert werden. Diese Methode der Linearisierung kann auch bei der Lösung von anderen Problemen nutzbringend verwendet werden. Im Anhang wird ein in [1]2) behandeltes Beispiel nach der angegebenen Methode berechnet, wobei sich eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung ergab.
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    Analogous method for interpretation of gravitational anomalies (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 80-84 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus einem Folgesatz des Green-Theorems wird abgeleitet, dass eine dünne Schicht mit veränderlicher Dichte die gleiche Gravitationswirkung verursacht wie eine bestimmte — unter dieser Schicht liegende — Massenverteilung. Zwischen dieser dünnen Schicht mit veränderlicher Dichte und einer beleuchteten Fläche mit veränderlicher Lichtstärke besteht eine Analogie. Die Intensität der Beleuchtung wird mit einer Philips-LDR-Zelle gemessen. Es wird weiter darauf hingewiesen, dass die Methode auch für Bestimmung des vertikalen Gravitationsgradienten anwendbar ist.
    Notes: Summary From a corollary ofGreen's theorem is derived, that a thin layer of variable density can produce the same gravitational effect as a certain mass distribution below this layer. To this thin layer of variable density is analogous a sheet illuminated of variable intensity. The intensity of illumination is detected with a Philips LDR (light dependent resistor) cell. It is pointed out further that the method can be applied to determine the vertical gravity gradient too.
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    The dispersion of surface waves and crustal structure in African continent (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 74-79 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wurden die Love- und Rayleigh-Wellen vom Erdbeben in Agadir vom 29. Februar 1960, aufgezeichnet in Lwiro, und vom Erdbeben in Skopje vom 26. Juli 1963, aufgezeichnet in Pretoria und Windhoek von langperiodischen Columbia-Seismographen, untersucht und somit mit Dispersion von beiden Love- und Rayleigh-Wellen der Aufbau der Erdkruste in Afrika bestimmt. Die erhaltenen Resultate wurden miteinander und mit anderen Werten, die bis heute von verschiedenen Autoren für Afrika und Europa bestimmt wurden, verglichen. Somit wurde vorgelegt, dass die Erdkruste in Afrika im allgemeinen dünner ist als in Europa und dass die Schicht in der Richtung von Skopje zu Pretoria dicker ist als in der Richtung von Agadir zu Lwiro.
    Notes: Summary In this study has been interpreted the Love- and Rayleigh-waves of Agadir earthquake on February 29, 1960 recorded at Lwiro and Skopje earthquake on July 26, 1963 recorded at Pretoria and Windhoek by long period Columbia type seismographs, and determined the crustal structure in Africa with dispersion of both Love- and Rayleigh-waves along the paths on two different directions. The obtained results are compared each other and with those founded recently by several investigators for Africa and Europe. Herewith has been showed that the average thickness of the crust in Africa is thinner than in Europe and the thickness in direction from Skopje to Pretoria is more than that from Agadir to Lwiro.
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    A variational principle for steady state groundwater flow with a free surface (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 101-106 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Geschwindigkeitspotential und die Gestalt des freien Grundwasserspiegels einer stationären Strömung inkompressiblen, homogenen Grundwassers innerhalb eines anisotropen, inhomogenen Grundwasserträgers sind aus einem nichtlinearen Randwertproblem zu bestimmen. Es wird ein äquivalentes Variationsprinzip angegeben, welches als Basis für die Anwendung “direkter Methoden der Variationsrechnung” zur approximativen Lösung dieses Randwertproblemes dienen kann.
    Notes: Summary The velocity potential and the shape of the free surface of a steady state gravity flow of incompressible, homogeneous groundwater inside an inhomogeneous, anisotropic aquifer are to be determined as the solution of a non-linear boundary-value problem. In this paper an equivalent variational principle has been formulated which is useful as a base of variational methods solving this boundary-value problem approximately.
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    Untersuchungen der Wärmeleitfähigkeitsanisotropie von Sandsteinen, Grauwacken und Quarziten (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 85-100 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Thermal conductivity and anisotropy of thermal conductivity of sandstones, graywackes and quarzites are determined. Model computations yield three factors responsible for total anisotropy: grain-size-anisotropy, grain-structure-anisotropy and anisotropy of the poresystem. Measurements prove model computations. The anisotropy-coefficients depend on the degree of diagenesis and tectonic deformation. There are two types of total anisotropy with hexagonal and rhombic or monoclinic symmetry. Thermal conductivity is very sensitive with respect to rock fabric.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Sandsteinen, Grauwacken und Quarziten werden die Wärmeleitfähigkeit und die Wärmeleitfähigkeitsanisotropie bestimmt. Es werden Modellberechnungen durchgeführt, um die Zusammenhänge zwischen Anisotropiekoeffizient und Gefügeregelung zu klären. Es zeigt sich, dass die Gesamtanisotropie ein Summeneffekt von drei Faktoren ist: einer Kornformanisotropie, einer Kornbauanisotropie und einer Anisotropie des Porensystems bzw. der Intergranularen. Die Messergebnisse bestätigen die Modellberechnungen und zeigen deutliche Beziehungen zum Grad der diagenetischen Verfestigung und der tektonischen Deformation. Die Gesamtanisotropie der vermessenen Proben lässt sich in zwei Typen mit hexagonaler bzw. rhombischer bis monokliner Symmetrie teilen. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit reagiert sehr empfindlich auf eine Gefügeregelung, auch wenn diese optisch noch nicht eindeutig erkennbar ist.
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    Mass transport in rotatory tidal currents (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 107-116 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A perturbation method is used to calculate steady non-linear effects in rotatory tidal currents. The inclusion of the Coriolis acceleration leads to a uniquely determined second order current system in the tidal stream. This is shown to be absent in high frequency gravity waves. It is found that particle drift, or mass transport, is critically dependent on this mean current, and consequently on the value off/σ,f being the Coriolis parameter, and σ the angular frequency of the oscillation.
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    The effect of some systematic errors in the determination of the general circulation of the solar atmosphere (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 126-128 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A test was made of the effect of some measurement biases on the determination of the solar horizontal wind field. The effect of such biases is not detectable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874814
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    A qualitative method of estimating the interaction between diffusion and electrodynamic drift underF2 layer conditions (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 117-125 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is suggested that electrodynamic drifts at right angles to the magnetic field lines in theF2 layer may be replaced by equivalent drifts along the field lines. The suggestion is used in conjunction with a straight field line model of the ionosphere to obtain a qualitative description of the form of an inospheric equilibrium layer formed in absence of production and loss. The layer produced has a latitudinal maximum ofN m , near dip angles of 30°, similar to that of the Appleton anomaly. It is concluded that good agreement would be obtained if electrodynamic drifts were included in attempts to compare theory and experiment above theF2 peak.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00874813
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    Eine Methode zur Bestimmung der Höhenverteilung der Elektronendichte im ZwischengebietE-F der Ionosphäre (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 129-136 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The electron density distribution in the intermediateE-F layer is determined by developing theN(z) profile into a power series. The unknown coefficients are found by means of the boundary conditions for transition towards theE andF1 layers as well as by the value of the maximum electron density in the intermediate layer. In case that stratiform layers in theE-F layer which can be sounded are not available, the measured value for the nondeviative absorption at short waves reflected by theF layer is made use of. The comparisons show the reliable accuracy of the method when seven terms are used in the power series.
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    On drag and wave-resistance (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 137-140 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that for steady-state small-amplitude linear wave motion the drag exerted on the airsteam by a mountain, in an inviscid isothermal atmosphere, as a function of the basic current is quite similar to the wave-resistance experienced by a steady disturbance, moving along the surface of an infinitely deep homogeneous stream, as a function of the translation speed. However the maintenance of both types of resistance by the flux of energy is different in each case.
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    Continental elevation influence on the stationary harmonics of the atmospheric motion (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 141-159 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of lifting of a latitudinally uniform zonal current of air by the continental elevations, on the stationary harmonics of the atmospheric motion, is investigated. Use of spherical harmonics up to the 15th degree is made within the framework of a simple quasigeostrophic linear theory. The results indicate that such an effect, though significant, cannot alone explain the observations. Some other interesting points regarding some of the assumptions involved (e.g., regarding the Coriolis parameter) are discussed.
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    The stationary and non-stationary wind profile (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 160-166 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is presented which permits the separation of the non-stationary part of the wind profile from the stationary or smoothed profile. Very little a priori assumption is made, thus, the results can be considered to render information of general purpose. The establishment of the stationary wind profile creates a variable reference with altitude which is necessary for turbulence investigations.
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    Extreme in der Höhenverteilung zweier meteorologischer Parameter (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 167-175 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In the atmosphere there exist layers with vanishing values (H-layers in Figure 2) of the meridional gradients of pressure, temperature and density. Further: There are three ‘cases’ with regard of the behaviour with altitude of wind and pressure gradientz-system). Case I: both decreasing with height; case II: wind increasing, pressure gradient decreasing with height; case III: both increasing with height. Then: There exist Null Layers (N 1 connected with wind maximum,N 2 with wind minimum) which reverse the large scale vertical motion of the air. In the vertical coordinate the three ‘cases’ are separated by theH- and the Null Layers. In this paper the extremes of simple product functions are brought into connection with the above mentioned layers.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden einige Produkte aus zwei (höhenabhängigen) meteorologischen Parametern auf ihre Extreme im Vertikalverlauf untersucht (z-System). Die Lage der Extreme wird in Zusammenhang gebracht mit der Lage der Schichten extremer und verschwindender Meridionalgradienten vonp, T und der Windextremschichten.
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    Small ion concentrations in and near clouds and fogs (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 176-182 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A mobile small ion and condensation nuclei laboratory was used to study small ion concentrations in and near orographic clouds, low cloud bases, and fogs. It was found that these areas of diminished visibility exist in a ‘conductivity well’, characterized by a small ion concentration of less than 200 small ions per cm3, surrounded by an area of increasing small ion concentration, until the concentration exceeds 400 small ions per cm3 500 to 1000 feet below the base of the cloud. It was also observed that small ion concentration increases during the dissipation of fog, and oscillates with the passage of large patches of drifting fog.
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    Methods of measurement of ice nuclei concentrations (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 183-188 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Parmi les méthodes actuelles de mesure du pouvoir glaçogène de l'air, la méthode des chambres à mélange semble la plus valable.
    Notes: Summary The actual methods for counting ice nuclei are compared. It appears that the mixing chamber method is most valid.
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    Turbidometric estimations in Mexico city using the Volz sun photometer (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 189-196 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measuring, with the aid of two filters, the instantaneous intensity of the solar radiation in two wave lengths (λ B = 0.44 μ, λ R = 0.64 μ) by means of a sun photometer designed byVolz, we carried out determinations of the decadic turbidity coefficientB (λ=0.5 μ) and the wave length exponent α of the haze extinction for Mexico City. Observations were made for almost two and a half years (1960 to 1962 period). A seasonal size distribution in both parameters was found. Although the data thus obtained are provenient of a contaminated atmosphere, comparison of our data is made with those found for higher latitudes ofÅngström, Schüepp andVolz. The height of the homogeneous haze layerH D was calculated showing pronounced variations for a given wind direction. The maximum and minimum values ofB enable us to get, by the first approximation, the aerosol size distribution ofJunge for our latitudes. However, for exceptional very clear days having maximum actinometric intensity of the solar radiation the sensitivity of the microamperimeter in theVolz sun photometer fails.
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    Meteorologische Faktoren im Gelände nahe Tromsö während der Schneeschmelze (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 201-216 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For a melting snow field in the mountains near Tromsö the energy input is estimated. Samplelike observations of radiation, temperature, humidity and wind in the field are referred to registrations of these variables at Tromsö. From the stochastic relations the daily snow melt is approximately calculated through two months, and is compared with observed runoff.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für ein schmelzendes Schneefeld im Gebirge bei Tromsö wird die Energieaufnahme abgeschätzt. Stichprobenhafte Beobachtungen von Strahlung, Temperatur, Feuchtigkeit und Wind im Gelände werden auf Registrierungen in Tromsö bezogen und aus stochastischen Zusammenhängen die tägliche Schmelzwassermenge während zwei Monaten überschlagsmässig bestimmt. Sie wird mit dem beobachteten Abfluss verglichen.
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    Total solar radiation on vertical and inclined surfaces during cloudless days in the U.A.R. (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 217-228 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the total solar radiation at normal incidence, undertaken at Helwan Observatory, on every clear day and for a period of 10 years, have been studied in terms of the air mass and the sun's altitude. These measurements together with the data available in the literature on diffuse radiation, have led to the evaluation of the hourly rates of total solar radiation on vertical surfaces and south facing surfaces inclined to the horizontal at different tilt angles.
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    The dependence of albedo on solar elevation (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 197-200 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Höchste gemessene Werte der Himmelslichtpolarisation in 90° Abstand von der Sonne in Abhängigkeit von der Sonnenhöhe wurden mit theoretischen Werten der Polarisation einer Rayleigh-Atmosphäre bei verschiedener Albedo verglichen. Es ergibt sich daraus, dass die effektive Albedo der Erdoberfläche von etwa 0.1 bei 40° Sonnenhöhe auf 0.25 bei 10° Sonnenhöhe ansteigt, während Reflektion nach dem Lambertschen cos-Gesetz eine Albedo bedingen würde, die unabhängig von der Sonnenhöhe ist. Dieses Ergebnis konnte durch Labormessungen der Albedo in Abhängigkeit vom Einfallswinkel für Oberflächen aus Gras, Boden, Sand und anderem im wesentlichen bestätigt werden.
    Notes: Summary Highest values of measured sky polarization 90° from the sun as function of solar elevation have been compared with theoretical data of the Rayleigh atmosphere for different albedo. The conclusion is that the effective albedo of the earth surface increasing from 0.1 at 40° solar elevation to about 0.25 at 10° elevation, whereas reflection according Lamberts cosine law would result in an albedo independent of solar elevation. This result could be generally confirmed by laboratory measurements of albedo of surfaces like grass, soil, sand, etc.
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    On the performance of the flat plate solar heat collector (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A flat plate heat collector was constructed for the purpose of heating water by solar energy. It was erected facing south, tilted to the horizontal at the optimum tilt angle, and tested under the weather conditions typical to the U.A.R., for the different rates of flow. It was found, for the dimensions of the collector (0.8 m2) that the best rate of flow is about 12 l/h and that the corresponding rise in the temperature of the flowing water is about 40° C. The overall heat transfer coefficient and the efficiency of the collector were investigated. On the average, when the rate of flow ranges between 5 and 12 l/h, the efficiency was found to be about 45 percent.
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    Erratum (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 244-244 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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    A simple method for obtaining a continuous record of the presence and type of clouds in the sky during the day (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 60 (1965), S. 236-244 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A photovoltaic cell or solar cell suitably mounted to look at a small portion of the sky and connected to a sensitive recorder yields considerable information as to the condition of the sky. The author has used such a simple device for many years and it is found that familiarity with the type of trace, which is in response to the changes in reflected light from clouds, will permit a good estimate of the type of clouds that are present. The presentation of such cloud information on a standard potentiometer or galvanometer type recorder is very convenient when correlating cloud conditions with other variables being recorded on similar types of recorders.
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    Noncyclic variation andS q (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 45-51 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A method is given of computing estimates of noncyclic variation and Fourier coefficients of the geomagnetic transient daily variationS q corrected for noncyclic variation. The method may be applied directly to hourly mean values as they occur printed in Magnetic Observatory Yearbooks without the need for preliminary or separate computations to determine the noncyclic variation. As the method uses all 24 hourly mean values, noncyclic variation can be determined for Greenwich International quiet days, at any observatory, and the effect of short period disturbances and day-to-day variability ofS q on estimates of noncyclic variation is minimized, and no spurious longitude effect is introduced. If only the noncylic variation is required an expression is given using the Fourier coefficients, the first moment and sum of the hourly values for the evaluation of an estimate with the advantages outlined above. The determination of confidence limits is uncomplicated, thus results may be accurately weighted if used in further analyses, spherical harmonic analysis, for example.
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    Some remarks concerning residuals and derivatives (1965)
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    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 5-16 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary An analysis of the existing second derivative systems has been attempted and the superiority ofPeters' method overElkins' is brought out. Some properties of vertical derivatives have been discussed and it is clearly proved that the derivative values are independent of the regional. Finally, the weak and strong points of grid and least square methods have been assessed. Some interesting applications of the least square methods are also described.
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    Zusammenhang zwischen beliebiger endlicher Masse und ihrer gravitationellen Wirkung (1965)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 61 (1965), S. 17-22 
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    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary For a finite mass with arbitrary distribution σ(x, y, z) is in the first part proved the following theorem: $$2\pi f \cdot \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty (x^2 - y^2 ) \cdot \sigma (x,y,z)dxdy dz = \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty \mathop \smallint \limits_{ - \infty }^\infty (x^2 - y^2 ) \cdot g(x,y)dxdy,$$ where (U z≡)g(x, y) is the gravitational effect of the mass, measured in the (x, y) plane. In the second part is shown, that in general two characteristic data of the mass are to be determined by means of this theorem. One of them is the horizontal elongation (prolating) of the mass. Inasmuch as it isn't zero (i.e. the mass isn't symmetrical) the direction can be determined of the elongation, too.
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