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  • 1
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    Springer
    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 101-102 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 2
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 103-120 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary It is possible to observe directly building bees into a glass hive included into an incubator; under these conditions, the bee chains are much less crowded and it is easy to see the behavior and position of each bee in the chain. It is very likely that many bees are used only to maintain the temperature during comb building. The observation of bee chains render the prevision of the future comb shape possible. Drawing on the glass of the hive the shape of the chains, we saw next day close correlation with the comb built during the night. It seems that bee chains are used only to provide the workers with a «thermic information» on the place and shape of the comb to be built in. Of course, that is only an hypothesis that will be studied in full detail in following paper.
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  • 3
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 145-163 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. The reproductive organs fixed in picro-alcohol, according to the formula of the author, have yielded equally good results as with picro-formol. 2. Each ovary of the queen bee consists of 73 polytrophic ovarioles. The ovary of the newly emerged queen bee is small in size and does not show mature stages of the oocyte. The old ovary is found exhausted with nurse cells, showing black granules. The ovary of the worker bee has 1–12 ovarioles. 3. The calyx of the reproductive organs of the worker bee, is anteriorly a solid structure with opening lined with an irregular intima. Bordering its epithelium is a circular muscle layer. 4. An irregular egg-laying behaviour of the worker bees, has been attributed to the synchronous ovulation of the ovaries. 5. The glandular epithelium of the spermathecal gland contains two types of nuclei—the large and endothelial. Each cell has a ductule terminating into the lumen of the gland. 6. The evolutionary trends and affinities between the two domesticated species ofApis have been discussed.
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  • 4
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 213-230 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 147-154 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The atmospheres of the earth, the sun and other bodies are surrounded by gas that is nearly uniform in number densityn and kinetic temperatureT, over spaces much greater than those occupied by the atmospheres. This gas may be called theambium of the atmosphere. In total it is much more massive than the atmosphere it encloses. The conditions in the ambium must powerfully affect the state of the outer atmosphere. In particular, there must be a continuous transition of the values ofn andT between the ambium and the atmosphere. In the case of the earth, the sun and other hot stars, both the ambium and the outermost part of the atmosphere will consist of atomic hydrogen. The temperature of the ambium will determine whether this hydrogen and that of the outermost atmosphere are mainly ionized or neutral. The nature of the terrestrial ambium depends on the extension of the sun's atmosphere. This atmosphere is hot and highly ionized in its inner parts. At some radius not yet known, the solar atmospheric gas must become cool and neutral. The state of the earth's outermost atmosphere depends greatly on whether the earth lies in the ionized or the neutral part of the sun's atmosphere, or in the solar ambium. Evidence will be presented favoring the view that the earth's ambium consists of ionized solar atmospheric hydrogen. If this be so, the outermost part of the earth's atmosphere is likewise hot and ionized. It must enclose an extensive layer of mainly neutral atomic hydrogen.
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 155-165 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The behaviour of the ionosphere over Genova during the solar eclipse of February 15, 1961 is investigated. For theE-layer the effect was very marked, but the value obtained for the recombination coefficient α is above normal. The effect of the eclipse was also observed on theF2 layer; however, the behaviour here appears affected by the simultaneous occurrence of an ionospheric perturbation. Finally, the maximum reduction of the ionospheric absorption on 2 and 3 Mc/s during the eclipse was found to be of the order of about 12 db.
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  • 7
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 41-52 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Magnetbandaufzeichnungen von Erdbebensignalen können, mit vervielfachter Geschwindigkeit wiedergegeben, mittels eines elektronischen Schallspektrographen analysiert werden. Das zeitabhängige Raumwellenspektrum, das man aus einer solchen Analyse nichtstationärer Vorgänge erhält, gibt einen gewissen Einblick in die physikalischen Eigenschaften des Erdinnern. So wurde im kurzperiodischen Anteil der Raumwellen, die durch den äusseren und inneren Erdkern gelaufen sind, Dispersion beobachtet. BeiP′ wurde im Periodenbereich zwischen 1 und 2 Sekunden ein Gruppengeschwindigkeitsmaximum gefunden. Der direkte StrahlP′ und die einmal an der Erdoberfläche reflektiertePP-Welle transportieren mehr Energie als die WellenphasenP′ 2 undPcPP′, die erstens in den äusseren Erdkern unter einem sehr grossen Inzidenzwinkel eindringen und zweitens eine längere Zeit benötigen, um den äusseren Teil des flüssigkeitsähnlichen Kerns zu durchlaufen.
    Notes: Summary Speeded-up magnetic tape recordings of earthquake signals can be analyzed by means of an electronic sound spectrograph. The time-dependent spectrum of body waves obtained through transient analysis provides some insight into the physical properties of the earth's interior. In the short-period arrivals traveling through the outer core and inner core dispersion has been observed. A group velocity maximum has been found forP′ at periods between 1 and 2 seconds. The direct rayP′and the surface reflected phasePP convey more energy than the arrivalsP′ 2 andPcPP′ which, firstly, enter the outer core at incidence far from vertical, and secondly spend more time in the outer part of the fluid core.
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  • 8
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 214-226 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Utilisant le compteur photoélectrique automatique des noyaux de condensation de F. Verzár, l'on a mesuré le nombre des noyaux de condensation à Locarno-Monti, au versant sud des Alpes. L'energistrement d'une année a été étudié en relation avec l'effet du lever du soleil. Le phénomène en question semble clairement établi, mais un effet correspondant au coucher du soleil ne peut être mis en évidence.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mit dem automatischen photoelektrischen Kondensationskernzähler nach F. Verzár wurden in Locarno-Monti am Alpensüdhang Messungen der Kondensationskernkonzentration ausgeführt. Die Registrierungen eines Jahres wurden auf den sogenannten Sonnenaufgangseffekt hin untersucht. Es zeigte sich, dass diese Erscheinung statistisch stark gesichert ist. Ein Sonnenuntergangseffekt scheint aber nicht zu existieren.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the number of condensation nuclei have been carried out with the photo-electric automatic nucleus counter of F. Verzár at Locarno-Monti on the Southern slope of the Alps. The records of one year have been elaborated with respect to the so called sunrise effect. There is a very strong significance for this phenomenon. It seems that a sunset effect does not exist.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 235-240 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this paper a general and exact expression of the gravitational attraction of a right vertical circular cylinder at points external to it is developed. This expression is derived in terms of complete elliptic integrals of the first and second kind and the Neumann's Lambda function. Since the solution involves only tabulated functions, it is well suited for rapid desk calculations with any degree of accuracy at any points, including the points in the plane of the cylinder (outcroping cylinder). For this case, the corresponding master curve is given. Finally, a relation between the abscissa of the inflexion point of the Δg curve and the depth of the cylinder is established.
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 55-64 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The process of radon diffusion in space and time through rocks is treated in detail from the point of view of radiometric prospecting for oil. Taking into account the depth and diffusivity conditions encountered in nature it is stated that vertical radon diffusion reaching from the oil deposits up to the surface cannot be expected. Time intervals as required for setting in of a stationary concentration state and decay conditions of the radon lead to the conclusion that the penetration of emanometric measurements seldom exceeds the depth of 5–10 m.
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Ionospheric disturbances recorded at Genova are studied in relation to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances. Storm time and disturbance daily variation are derived, as well as some characteristic features of ionospheric perturbations. Generally these perturbations are dealyed with respect to the corresponding geomagnetic disturbances: the mean time-lag referred to the whole day is of the order of 1h30m, but if thessc occurs in the morning or near noon the mean time-lag is nearly of 4h.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 91-99 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Jahren 1959 und 1960 wurden auf Island Unterwasser-Explosionen ausgelöst, deren Hauptziel Untersuchung der Erdkruste waren. Die Aufzeichnungen der Explosionen werden hier in Hinsicht auf die Amplituden der Wellen untersucht. DieP2-Amplituden in den Explosionen von 1959 und die Amplituden der zuerst ankommendenP-Wellen in den Explosionen von 1960 waren proportional der ersten Potenz des Ladungsgewichtes, während diePl-undSl-Amplituden in den Explosionen von 1959 proportional der 3/4-Potenz des Ladungsgewichtes bis 200 kg waren. Für höhere Ladungsgewichte wuchsen die Amplituden langsamer an. Es wurde der Einfluss der Tiefe des Schusspunktes unterhalb des Wasserspiegels auf das für eine gewisse Amplitude benötigte Ladungsgewicht bestimmt. Es ergab sich dabei, dass der Logarithmus des Ladungsgewichtes in einer linearen Beziehung zur Tiefe, bis etwa 8 m, steht. Die Amplituden der zuerst ankommendenP-Wellen sind umgekehrt proportional der 2.2-Potenz der Entfernung, bis etwa 30 km. Für grössere Entfernungen ist die Abnahme der Amplituden exponential und kann durch (Konst./Δ) exp (−βΔ) dargestellt werden. FürP2 mit einer Frequenz von 10 cps haben wir β=0.027±0.003 km−1 für ein Profil in Zentral-Island und β=0.009 ± 0.004 km−1 für ein Profil in West-Island gefunden.
    Notes: Summary Records of underwater explosions in Iceland in 1959 and 1960, mainly performed for crustal studies, have been investigated with regard to amplitudes. The amplitudes ofP2 in the 1959 explosions and of the first arrivingP waves in the 1960 explosions were found to be proportional to the first power of the charge weight, whereas amplitudes ofP1 andS1 in the 1959 explosions were proportional to the 3/4-power of the charge up to 200 kg, but increased much slower for larger charges. The influence of water depth of shot point on the charge weights, required to obtain a certain amplitude, has been determined and it was found that the logarithm of the charge weight has a linear relation to water depth down to about 8 meters. The amplitudes of first arrivingP waves decrease as the inverse 2.2-power of the distance up to about 30 km. For greater distances an exponential decrease of the form (const./Δ) exp (−βΔ) is valid. ForP2 waves with a frequency of 10 cps we found β=0.027±0.003 km−1 for a profile across central Iceland and β=0.009±0.004 km−1 for a profile in the western part of Iceland.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A general theory of multiparameter figures of equilibrium is developed. The condition of equilibrium is formulated as follows: 1. The density-law is strictly individual. 2. Each figure of equilibrium consists of several parts separated by surfaces of discontinuity, each of which has the density-law of the one parametric figures of equilibrium or is homogeneous. 3. Peeling off the figure to the lowest surface of discontinuity results a zero- or a one parametric core. For the normal spheroid of the earth a three-partite model consisting of a homogeneous water-cover, a heterogeneous mantle and of such a core is taken as basis. After peeling off the ocean a four-parametric solid earth remains, assuming the depth of the surface of the core in 2900 km. As for an unequivocal solution two data are lacking, we find ∞2 solutions the domain of which is separated by three linear series of boundary-figures: a series of figures with homogeneous core and heterogeneous mantle, a series of figures with homogeneous mantle and heterogeneous core and a series with vanishing difference of density on the surface of the core. The three corner points of this field are represented by following figures:a) aWiechert-model consisting of a homogeneous mantle and a homogeneous core; this figure has the maximum of moment of inertiaC. b) the boundary figureB with homogeneous core and vanishing difference of densities, which has the minimum ofC. c) the boundary figure with homogeneous mantle and also vanishing difference of densities on the surface of the core. Within the empirical uncertainty the moment of inertiaC calculated from the dynamic and static flattening of the real earth coincides with the minimum value of figureB. Therefore it seems that the real earth is distincted by the minimum moment of rotation, in which case simultaneously the core must be homogeneous and the difference of density on the core's surface must vanish.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine allgemeine Theorie der mehrparametrigen Gleichgewichtsfiguren entwickelt. Die Gleichgewichtsbedingung wird folgendermaßen formuliert: 1. Das Dichtegesetz ist streng individuell. 2. Jede Gleichgewichtsfigur besteht aus mehreren, durch Diskontinuitätsflächen getrennten Teilen, deren jeder das Dichtegesetz der einparametrigen Gleichgewichtsfiguren aufweist oder homogen ist. 3. Bei Entblätterung der Figur bis zur innersten Diskontinuitätsfläche resultiert ein null oder einparametriger Kern. Für das Normalsphäroid der Erde wird ein dreiteiliges Modell zugrundegelegt, bestehend aus einer homogenen Wasserhülle, einem heterogenen Mantel und einem ebensolchen Kern. Nach Abhebung des Ozeans verbleibt eine vierparametrige Festerde, wobei die Kernoberfläche in 2900 km Tiefe angenommen wird. Da zur eindeutigen Lösung zwei Bestimmungsstücke fehlen, erhält man ∞2 Lösungen, deren Gültigkeitsbereich durch drei lineare Reihen von Grenzfiguren abgeschlossen ist: eine Figurenreihe mit homogenem Kern und heterogenem Mantel, eine Reihe mit homogenem Mantel und heterogenem Kern und eine Reihe mit verschwindendem Dichtesprung an der Kernoberfläche. Die drei Ecken des Feldes sind durch folgende Figuren gegeben:a) einWiechert'sches Modell, bestehend aus einem homogenen Mantel und einem homogen Kern; diese Figur weist das maximale HauptträgheitsmomentC auf.b) die GrenzfigurB mit homogenem Kern und verschwindendem Dichtesprung, welche das minimale Trägheitsmoment hat.c) die GrenzfigurC mit homogenem Mantel und dem Dichtesprung Null. Innerhalb der empirischen Unsicherheit fällt das aus der dynamischen und statischen Abplattung der wirklichen Erde für die Festerde berechnete Hauptträgheitsmoment mit dem Minimalwert der FigurB zusammen. Es scheint demnach, daß die wirkliche Erde durch einen minimalen Drehimpuls ausgezeichnet ist, womit aber gleichzeitig der Kern homogen sein muß und an der Kernoberfläche kein Dichtesprung auftreten dürfte.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 108-119 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Meridional cross sections of temperature, salinity and oxygen of the North Pacific Ocean are prepared to show location of the intermediate water, which is formed at the polar front and spreads on constantsigma-t surfaces. Geostrophic flow in a meridional plane is obtained by dynamic calculation. Friction-driven meridional circulation is determined from the zonally averaged density distribution. The latter flow seems to be more appropriate for explanation of mechanism of spread of the water.
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  • 16
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 53-58 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary With the aid of the spherical trigonometry and the adjustment, methods are given to determin the best-fitting plane for a given set of directions through a common point.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden mit Hilfe der sphärischen Trigonometrie und der Ausgleichsrechnung Methoden angegeben, die die Berechnung der bestanschmiegenden Ebene an eine Anzahl von Geraden mit einem gemeinsamen Punkt ermöglichen.
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  • 17
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 104-114 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that hydraulic fracture pressures are related to the stresses in the formation and the strength of the rock composing it. Using the Coulomb-Mohr failure criterion and the principle of effective stress, expressions can be obtained relating these factors. The theory indicates that in areas characterized by thrust faulting, the fractures will be inclined horizontally whereas in areas subject to normal faulting stress conditions, they will be more vertical. The analysis of some field data gives reasonable results.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary In this paper, the displacements produced at the surface of a semi-infinite, clastic medium by the sudden creation and subsequent motion of discontinuities in the normal and tangential stresses have been obtained in the form of definite integrals byCagniard's method. Numerical values are given in a particular case.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary In this study the different forms of the electromagnetic field strength recordings at the Thera-Crete microwave line of link are examined, in comparison with the corresponding weather situations prevailing over that area. According to the amplitude of fluctuations, the different forms of recordings have been classified in three basic typesA, B, C and the annual frequency of the appearance of these types has been observed. Finally, the influence of weather situations on radio wave propagation was examined and it has been found that in most cases a close relationship exists between weather situations and the different fading forms of the electromagnetic field so that a prediction of the fading form be possible by means of the weather forecast.
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  • 20
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 162-168 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The application of the snow plow approximation to the magnetic pinch effect in the return stroke of lightning is described. Results are presented for a constant electric field and for a measured stroke current. In general, the solutions indicate that the magnetic pinch effect is important for cases of high currents, small channel diameters, and low degrees of ionization.
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  • 21
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 169-172 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine genaue Blitzvorhersage ist bis jetzt nicht möglich. Da aber Situationen, in denen auch eine gute Blitzschutzanlage schädliche Blitzwirkungen nicht mehr ausreichend verhindern kann, heute häufiger als früher vorkommen, muss wenigstens versucht werden, die luftelektrischen Erkenntnisse für eine Verbesserung der Vorhersage von Blitzschlägen zu verwenden. Hier gegebene Möglichkeiten werden erwähnt, weitere Versuche sind im Gange.
    Abstract: Résumé Nous sommes encore très éloignés de la possibilité de prédire exactement la foudre. Mais, dans la pratique, la nécessité d'améliorer les méthodes de prédiction, en usage jusqu'à maintenant, ne peut pas être désavouée, parce qu'il y a de plus en plus installations, opérations et instruments sensibles pour lesquelles aussi la meilleure protection contre la foudre ne serait plus suffisante. Des possibilités données pour ce but sont discutées, tandis que des nouveaux expériments on été mis en train par l'auteur.
    Notes: Summary An exact forecasting of lightning is not possible so far. On the other hand situations occur to-day more often than in earlier times in which the best lightning protection is not sufficient to prevent harmful effects of lightning strokes. For this reason it should be attempted to use informations from the field of atmospheric electricity to improve the existing possibilities of lightning forecasting. These improvements are shortly pointed out, further experiments are under way.
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  • 22
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 227-228 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Notes: Summary The evaporation does not be restricted to the surface of the snow. The evaporated quantity is demonstrated.
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  • 23
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 229-230 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Earlier in this journal an article was published, which suggested that the increase of the relative humidity in the warmer season of the Mediterranean was effected by subsiding of dry air from above and therefore increasing evaporation. But now it seems to the author that only the normal annual variation of the sea surface temperature is responsible for the observed phenomenon.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Abweichend von der in einem früheren Aufsatz versuchten Erklärung der sommerlichen Feuchtezunahme über dem Mittelmeer wird plausibel gemacht, daß im wesentlichen die normale Erhöhung der Temperatur der Meeresoberfläche dafür verantwortlich ist.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 52-54 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der sphärisch-trigonometrischen Berechnung früherer Pollagen unter Voraussetzung eines konstanten Erddurchmessers spielt die Lage des heutigen Nordpols eine wichtige Rolle. Bei Voraussetzung einer expandierenden Erde darf jedoch die Bestimmung der Paläopole nicht am heutigen Globus erfolgen. Vielmehr ist an einem Modellglobus ein Berechnungspol zu verwenden, der auf der heutigen Nordrichtung des Meßorts in seiner heutigen Poldistanz von ihm entfernt liegt. Auf diese Weise ergeben sich für das Paläozoikum Pollagen in Nordostsibirien an Stelle von Pollagen mitten im Pazifik.
    Notes: Summary On the assumption of a constant earth radius the spherical-trigonometric determination of former pole positions depends on the position of the North Pole of today. On the basis of an expanding earth, the determination of the palaeopoles should not be attempted on the present globe. There should rather be used a pole position on a model globe with a reckoning pole which is situated along the present northern direction of the measuring origin and spaced therefrom by its present pole distance. In that way Palaeozoic pole positions formerly determined in the Mid-Pacific shift to northeastern Siberia.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 10-12 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method is developed for calculating the wave-velocities in the earth.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine neue Methode zur Berechnung der Frontgeschwindigkeiten im Bereich der Erdbebenherde entwickelt und dabei die Erde als ein einachsig inhomogener Körper betrachtet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 25-44 
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    Notes: Summary Propagation of Love waves over the spherical surface of a layered earth model has been discussed with special emphasis on the dispersion produced in the layer. The velocity of the waves with large wave-length increases appreciably as compared to the case of plane layer. The analysis has been extended to deduce an expression for the dispersion equation of the waves when the upper layer is of varying thickness. The modifications imparted to the dispersion equation depends on the amplitude only and not the shape of the corrugations provided we neglect small quantities of the second order. The effect is a substantial decrease in the phase velocity and becomes more pronounced if the amplitude of the corrugations increases.
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  • 27
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 65-76 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Various formulations of the mass-transport problem are compared for progressive waves in deep water. In order to calculate the mass-transport velocity as a function of depth in the main body of the fluid, it is necessary to include the effect of viscous wave attenuation. It is shown that the usual assumptions of periodicity in distance and attenuation with time or periodicity in time and attenuation with distance, are both physically unsatisfactory. The first does not specify a unique solution, and the second is incompatible with the assumption of zero surface stress. A certain critical constant tangential wind stress will maintain strictly time-periodic deep water waves. The corresponding attenuation with distance is then calculated to order ν3. A constant tangential stress greater or less than the critical causes waves, necessarily decaying with distance, to grow or decay with time.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 88-100 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме ПроведенЫ полевЫе сравнения балансомеров Крвуазье, Шульце и Янишевского в различнЫх условиях погодЫ и их лабораторное. Основное внимание уделено селективности и температурному режимv приборов. В статье описЫваетця установка лриборов и дается основнЫе результатЫ их сравнения.
    Notes: Summary Courvoisier, Schulze andYanishevsky type balancemeters have been compared in field exposure under different weather conditions and in the laboratory. Special attention has been devoted to the selectivity and the temperature regime of the detectors. The installation of the instruments is described and the main results of simultaneous measurements with the above-mentioned balancemeters are presented.
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    Development genes and evolution 154 (1962), S. 160-170 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Young adult male rabbits were inoculated with antigens prepared from regenerating (blastema stage) and nonregenerating tail tissues of the newtDiemictylus viridescens. Blood was collected from these rabbits after six weeks of semiweekly injection, two weeks of respite, and two more weeks of injections. A Freund adjuvant was added to the antigen preparations at the time of injection in order to elicit the anamnestic effect. Ouchterlony agar diffusions of the newt antigen preparations vs. the rabbit antisera were carried out. The resulting patterns of precipitation bands were compared and photographed. The strongest precipitation reactions of a given series were those between the antigen preparations made from nonregenerating tissue and their homologous antisera. The weakest reactions occurred between regenerating tissue antigens and regenerating tissue antisera. The strength of the antigen-antibody reactions was judged by the number of bands appearing in the diffusion plate and by the distinctness of these bands. Reactions of intermediate strength occurred between regenerating antigens and nonregenerating antisera, between nonregenerating antigens and regenerating antisera, and between antigens and antisera of different series. The loss of antigenicity during the blastemal period was considered to be related to the destruction of tissue in the wound areas at this time, and to indicate a quantitative rather than a qualitative loss of protein in regenerating tissue.
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    Development genes and evolution 153 (1962), S. 492-503 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 1. For the experiments larvae ofPeriplaneta americana (25–28 mm) were used. The antennae were amputated: (a) at different levels immediately after molting; (b) at the same level at different times after the molt. The rate of metamorphosis was observed at the first molt after the operation. 2. The proportion of adult molts increases with the length of the stump of the antennae if symmetrical amputations were carried out at different levels on the first day after the larval molt. There is a negative linear relation between the percentage of adult molts (probit values) and the calculated intensity of the regeneration processes which decreases with the length of the stump. 3. If the proportion of adult molts (probits) is plotted against the logarithm of the time of amputation a straight-line relation to time is obtained provided the amputation was carried out during the growth and differentiation period of the antenna. The rate of metamorphosis increases with time. 4. The observed behavior is discussed in terms of a mutual relationship between the endocrine system and the developing tissue. It is suggested that the intensity of the developmental processes is the essential variable controlling the level of prothoracic gland hormone which controls the activity of the corpora allata.
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    Development genes and evolution 153 (1962), S. 551-602 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Normalentwicklung der Hypophyse verschiedener Arten von Anuren wurde untersucht und am Beispiel vonPelopates fuscus dargestellt. 2. Differenzierungs- und Funktionspotenz verschieden alter Hypophysenanlagen vonPelopates fuscus undRana esculenta wurden im Transplantatversuch geprüft: a) Die ektodermale Hypophysenanlage von ihrer frühesten Anlegung in der Neurula (St. 9, präsumptiver Bereich) bis zu dem Zeitpunkt, in welchem sie die Chiasmaanlage unterlagert (St. 11), differenzierte im Transplantat epidermale Bildungen (Epidermiszysten, Verhornungen u.a.; pluripotente Anlage). — Transplantate der Hypophysenanlage aus St. 12–15 bildeten vorwiegend undifferenziertes Hypophysengewebe mit Sekretzysten und vereinzelt (in St. 14 und 15 beiP. fuscus) schwach vorderlappentypische Differenzierungen. — Gute Hypophysenbildungen mit Vorder- und Zwischenlappenanteil und azidophilen und vereinzelt cyanophilen Zellen wurden erst in Hypophysentransplantaten von St. 17 an (R. esculenta) nachgewiesen. b) Eine erste schwache melanophorenstimulierende Wirkung in Form einer lokalen Dunkelfärung der Haut um den Transplantatort wurde in transplantierten Hypophysenanlagen vonP. fuscus aus St. 12 und 13, vonR. esculenta aus St. 15 nachgewiesen (MSH-Stufe). — Eine schwache Wachstumswirkung zeigten transplantierte Hypophysenanlagen vonP. fuscus aus St. 14 und 15 (STH-Stufe). — Eine schwache Metamorphosewirkung konnte in transplantierten Hypophysenanlagen vonP. fuscus von St. 18 an und von R. esculenta von St. 17 an nachgewiesen, bei letzterer aber schon für St. 16 wahrscheinlich gemacht werden (TSH-Stufe). c) Der steigende bedeutungsgemä\e Differenzierungsgrad der Transplantate wie die zunehmende Stärke der drei nachgewiesenen Funktionen (MSH, STH, TSH) mit fortschreitendem Alter des Spendertieres lä\t einen progressiven und quantitativen Charakter der Induktion erkennen. 3. Es wird eine einheitliche Deutung der bisher bekannten Versuchsergebnisse zur Frühentwicklung der Amphibien-Hypophyse gegeben. Die Induktionsprozesse, die im Zusammenhang mit der Bildung der Hypophyse stehen, werden erörtert.
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    Development genes and evolution 153 (1962), S. 664-668 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Vorderbeinanlagen vonTriton alpestris undTriton taeniatus wurden gegenseitig ausgetauscht und die Fingerlängen bei Wirt und Implantat während der Ausdifferenzierung der Hand gemessen. 2. Es konnten Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirt und Implantat in bezug auf Differenzierungsmodus und relative Differenzierungsgeschwindigkeit nachgewiesen werden. 3. Die Bedeutung der Wechselwirkung zwischen den Extremitäten für die Regulation der Differenzierung wird diskutiert.
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    Development genes and evolution 154 (1962), S. 29-55 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Janusgrün B-färbbare Mitochondrien liegen im prospektiven Oralfeld am dichtesten; die Lage des Oralfeldes wird offenkundig durch ein Cytochromoxydase-Maximum bestimmt. 2. Die Cytochrom c-Reduktase ist dagegen fast ausschließlich in den primären Mesenchymzellen vor und während der Skelettbildung zu finden. 3. Unspezifische Esterasen lassen sich während der Coelomdivertikelbildung und Darmdifferenzierung ausschließlich im Oesophagus nachweisen. 4. Zerstörung der lateralen Ektodermverdickungen kann die Ausbildung der Bilateralsymmetrie nicht verhindern. Bei der Zerstörung des prospektiven Oralfeldes wird dagegen die Ausprägung dieser Symmetrieform unterbunden; es entstehen radiärsymmetrische Larven. 5. Radiärsymmetrische Larven haben oft ein unpaares Coelombläschen, das sich zum Ringkanal um den Oesophagus weiterentwickeln kann. 6. Die Größendifferenz der Coelome wird durch die ungleiche Zerlegung einer fünfteiligen Anlage im Verhältnis 3∶2 erklärt. 7. Aus allen Befunden wird wahrscheinlich, daß auch die Larven der Echiniden primär fünfstrahlig gebaut sind und daß diese Radiärsymmetrie durch die Differenzierung eines gradientenbestimmten Oralfeldes nur kurzfristig in eine Bilateralsymmetrie umgeprägt wird.
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    Development genes and evolution 153 (1962), S. 459-485 
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    Development genes and evolution 153 (1962), S. 603-620 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The morphogenetic capacities of cells inDictyostelium discoideum, as well as of groups (agglutinates) of these cells are changed in a constant time course after food consumption has been stopped. Two questions were posed: 1. When is the capacity of aggregation at its maximum level in a culture of single suspended cells. 2. At what time do agglutinates answer an external stimulus immediately by establishing polarity. The maximum of aggregation capacity lies 8–10 hours after complete food exhaustion. This functional stage is cytologically characterized by accumulation of metachromatic granules in the cells [seeBonner et al. (1955)]. — The polarization capacity of agglutinates depends primarily on the functional age of the cells (this means that the age of the cells is related to the time of complete food exhaustion), and secondly it depends on the age of the agglutinates. In the most favorable case the maximum response is reached 12 hours after complete food exhaustion. A difference of about 2 hours lies between the beginning of aggregation and polarization. This difference in time could explain the centerless aggregation patterns of a well synchronized cell population as well as the appearance of primary aggregation centers in non-synchronized cultures.
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    Development genes and evolution 153 (1962), S. 669-702 
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    Development genes and evolution 154 (1962), S. 1-28 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Entstehung der Schuppenorgane vonLepisma verläuft in ihren Grundzügen wie bei den Lepidopteren: Eine Schuppenstammzelle wird bei einer ersten differentiellen Teilung, bei der die Spindelachse senkrecht zur Körperoberfläche in der Epidermis steht, in zwei Tochterzellen geteilt. Eine von ihnen wird in einer zweiten differentiellen Teilung, deren Spindelachse schräg zur Körperoberfläche in der Epidermis liegt, in eine Schuppen- und eine Balgbildungszelle geteilt. Der zweite aus der senkrechten Mitose hervorgegangene Kern degeneriert aber nicht wie der ihm entsprechende Kern bei den Schuppenorganen der Lepidopteren, er wird auch nicht zu einem Sinneszellkern wie bei Borstenorganen von Lepidopteren oder zu einem Nebenzellkern des Schuppenorgans. Die Spindelachsen der schrägen Mitosen stehen in keiner festen Beziehung zur Körperlängsachse, wie das bei den Lepidopteren der Fall ist. Während der Schuppenbildungsphase sind Schuppen- und Balgkerne jedoch in Richtung der Körperlängsachse orientiert. Die Anordnung kommt dadurch zustande, daß die Balgkerne sich ausrichten. Bei Lepisma besteht eine Korrelation zwischen Körpergröße und Länge der Genitalanhänge, in der Weise, daß eine bestimmte Entwicklungsstufe der Geschlechtsanhänge eine bestimmte Mindestgröße der Tiere voraussetzt. Die höchstmögliche Entwicklungsstufe ist aber nicht bei allen Tieren dieser Körpergröße erreicht. Werden die Corpora allata zerstört, so bleibt der Zusammenhang zwischen der Entwicklungsstufe der Genitalanhänge und der Körpergröße bestehen; es können nicht etwa wie bei anderen Insekten beliebig kleine Tiere zu Imagines werden. Das Fehlen der Corpora allata wirkt sich in der Weise aus, daß mehr Tiere als normalerweise den bei einer bestimmten Körpergröße höchstmöglichen Entwicklungszustand erreichen.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The present investigation is a continuation of the studies previously published on the action of the inverting enzymes of the honeybee (Maurizio, 1957, 1959, 1961). By means of paper chromatography, the hydrolysing effect of the inverting enzymes in the pharyngeal glands and midgut of summer bees of four lines of the Italian, Greek and Caucasian race (Apis ligustica, A. cecropia, A. caucasica) on six sugars was estimated quantitatively for sucrose, maltose, melezitose and raffinose, and qualitatively for melibiose and trehalose. The following questions were examined: 1 Characteristic properties of the inverting enzymes of the honeybee. 2 Comparison of the hydrolysing effect of the enzymes of summer bees of different races. 3 Comparison of the hydrolysing effect of the enzymes of summer and winter bees. The results of this investigation are contained in tables II to V, figures 1 to 10 and the discussion on page 68–71.
    Notes: Résumé Les présentes recherches sont une suite des travaux publiés précédemment sur l'action des invertases de l'abeille (Maurizio, 1957, 1959, 1961). A l'aide de la chromatographie sur papier, le pouvoir hydrolysant, sur six sucres, des invertases des glandes pharyngiennes et de l'intestin moyen des abeilles d'été de 4 lignées des races italienne, grecque et caucasienne (Apis ligustica, A. cecropia, A. caucasica), a été examiné quantitativement pour le saccharose, le maltose, le mélézitose, le raffinose et qualitativement pour le mélibiose et le tréhalose. Les questions suivantes surtout ont été étudiées: 1 Propriétés caractéristiques des invertases de l'abeille. 2 Comparaison du pouvoir hydrolysant des invertases des abeilles d'été de différentes races. 3 Comparaison du pouvoir hydrolysant des invertases des abeilles d'été et d'hiver. Pour les résultats de ces recherches, voir tableaux II à V, figures 1 à 10 et discussion pages 68–71.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 121-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of these studies indicate that bees are able to remove sugary stores and brood. We have established that bees remove their stores according to a certain order that we also made evident when studying brood rearing (Montagner, 1962). So, the bees hoarded the most part of their stores in the side of the hive where the queen stood, when we fed them suddenly during a dearth time. Then, the queen would be in beehive the attractive center from which the workers would share theirs activities in a decreasing way. On the contrary, it never seemed to us that the removals of brood were connected to any right order as for ants. We have established that they were associated to great troubles in beehive such as a want of food or the death of the queen.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In diesem Bericht haben wir bewiesen, dass die Bienen die Zuckervorräte und die Brut an andere Plätze zu bringen vermögen. Dieses Verhalten entspricht nich den normalen Lebenszuständen der Kolonie. Soch bezeugt der Transport der Vorräte die Möglichkeit für die Bienen, gegen eine erhebliche Störung, nach einer bestimmten Regel zu reagieren, die wir schon bei der Aufzucht der Larven festgestellt haben (Montagner, 1962). Also, im Falle einer plötzlich verstärkten Zufuhr und während einer Mangelperiode haben sie die Neigung, den grössten Teil der Vorräte um die Königin zu sammeln, indem sie aber einen Platz für das Eierlegen auf einem Rahmen frei lassen. Die Königin würde also im Bienenstock die Möglichkeit der Fortdauer darstellen. Von dieser Tatsache ausgehend würden die Arbeiterinnen also ihre Tätigkeit in abnehmender Weise ausüben. Im Gegenteil scheinen die Brutversetzungen keinem Organisationsplan zu entsprechen, wie es bei den Ameisen der Fall ist. Wir haben gezeigt, dass sie mit schwerwiegenden Störungen, wie z. B. dem Nahrungsmangel oder dem Tod der Königin, in Verbindung stehen.
    Notes: Résumé Dans cet exposé, nous avons montré que les Abeilles sont capables de changer de place les réserves sucrées et le couvain. Ces comportements ne correspondent pas à des conditions de vie normales de la colonie. Cependant, le transport des réserves indique la possibilité, pour les Abeilles, de réagir à une perturbation importante selon un ordre que nous avions déjà établi dans l'élevage des larves (Montagner, 1962). C'est ainsi qu'en cas de nourrissement brutal et pendant une période de disette, elles tendent à grouper la majeure partie des réserves près de la reine, tout en laissant une place sur un cadre pour la ponte. La reine représenterait donc bien, dans la ruche, le potentiel survie à partir duquel les ouvrières auraient tendance à répartir leurs activités de façon décroissante. Par contre, les transports de couvain ne semblent répondre à aucun plan d'organisation comme chez les Fourmis. Nous avons montré qu'ils étaient associés à de profondes perturbations, telles que le manque de nourriture ou la perte de la reine.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 173-179 
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 7-21 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary By two successive moultings the «minor worker» ofBellicositermes natalensis can develop into a «major soldier». Its mandibles and its head exhibit important allometric growths. On the other hand, the labrum, the maxillae, the hypopharynx and the prementum are reduced and lose cuticular formations wich probably have mechanical and sensorial functions. Problems raised by these transformations are mentioned.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Im Verlauf zwei Häutungen kann «der kleine Arbeiter» vonBellicositermes natalensis sich in «grossen Soldaten» verwandeln. Seine Kiefer und sien Kopf stellen den Sitz wichtiger allometrischer Wachstümen dar. Im Gegensatz, verkleinern sich die Oberlippe, die Maxillen, das Hypopharynx und das Prementum, die auch Hautbildungen verlieren, deren Funktionen wahrscheinlich mechanisch und auf die Sinne bezüglich sind. Probleme, die aus diesen Verwandlungen entstanden sind, werden summarisch behandelt.
    Notes: Résumé Le «petit ouvrier» deBellicositermes natalensis peut se transformer, par deux mues successives, en «grand soldat». Ses mandibules et sa tête sont le siège d'importantes croissances allométriques. Au contraire, le labre, les maxilles, l'hypopharynx et le prémentum s'amenuisent et perdent des formations cuticulaires dont les fonctions sont vraisemblablement mécaniques et sensorielles. Des problèmes soulevés par ces transformations sont évoqués.
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    ISSN: 1420-9098
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    Notes: Summary Some typical shapes of wax-sheet are offered to the bee-workers of a beehive in order to test the «Stigmergy theory» established byGrassé with TermitesCubitermes sp. andBellicositermes natalensis. Is this theory sufficient to explain the building behavior of the Bees? Many similarities are pointed out: the Bees lay some little wax-heaps at random wherever the first comb is built, some of them become the foundations of the first comb; the other combs are not always parallel with the first one and have to be twisted by some bonds of bee-workers; the first phasis of the construction offers an incoherent behavior, the second one is coherent. Certainly, in many exemples, it is possible to see that the achieved building stimulates and leads the bee-workers to construct the next parts of their nest. But, in the bee-world, we will have to apply a complement to the «Stigmergy theory» to explain some facts described in this paper: the remodelling of the cells and the combs by destructions, the twistling of the combs by chains of bees bound with their legs, the construction of irregular cells between male and worker-cells, etc. Finally, the complement of the «Stigmergy theory» for the bee-world will have to take in account the consecutive destructions and contructions of the same part of a comb.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 91-99 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of these studies indicate that queens obtained after a double grafting (or Hyper-queens) are bred by the workers in higher and better adopted cells than queens obtained after a simple grafting. Besides, «Hyper-queens» are more weighty than the usual breeding queens, in relation to the order of the successive hatchings. They have also more ovarioles. Then, it will be interesting to study the egg-laying of each kind of queens, and so, to see if the number of the Hyper-queens'ovarioles is in relation to an increase in the rate of egg-laying.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In diesem Beitrag haben wir versucht, darzulegen, dass Königinnen, die man durch doppelte Uberpflanzung erzielt hat, oder sogenannte Hyperköniginnen, in Zellen erzogen werden, die entschieden grösser sind, und dass diese Königinnen von den Bienen viel leichter anerkannt werden als durch einfache Uberpflanzung erzeugte Königinnen. Dazu sind die Hyperköniginnen schwerer als die gewöhnlichen Königinnen, wenn man die Reinhenfolge der Ausschlüpfungen in Betracht zieht. Sie haben auch eine grössere Zahl Eischläuche. Im Rahmen der nächsten Forschungen wird es deshalb aufschlussreich sein, das Eierlegen der beiden Königinarten systematisch zu beobachten, und auf diese Weise nachzuprüfen, ob einer erhöhten Zahl Eischläuche bei den Hyperköniginnen ein erhöhtes Eierlegen entspricht.
    Notes: Résumé Dans cet exposé, nous avons montré que des reines obtenues par double greffage ou hyper-reines sont élevées dans des cellules nettement plus grandes et beaucoup mieux acceptées par les Abeilles que les reines obtenues par simple greffage. En outre, les hyper-reines sont plus lourdes que les reines normales, si on considère l'ordre des éclosions successives. Elles ont aussi un nombre d'ovarioles plus important. Dès lors, il sera intéressant d'étudier systématiquement la ponte des deux sortes de reines et ainsi de vérifier si le nombre d'ovarioles plus élevé des hyper-reines correspond à une augmentation du taux de ponte.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 137-143 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper is concerned with the method of alimentation of the Granivorous AntMessor capitatus Latr. Before ingestion, seeds are first masticated, then licked for a long time until they are impregnated with saliva. We have demonstrated that the saliva has a hydrolysing action which transforms the starch into sugars. Moreover, two very active enzymes — an amylase and a maltase — have been isolated in the labial salivary glands. Although an amylase also seems to be produced by the stomach the two enzymes are not secreted by the pharyngial or maxillary glands.
    Notes: Résumé Nous avons étudié le mode d'alimentation des Fourmis GranivoresMessor capitatus. Les graines, avant d'être ingérées sont broyées puis longuement léchées et imprégnées de salive. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence une action hydrolysante de cette salive qui transforme les réserves amylacées des céréales en sucres. D'autre part, nous avons pu localiser une amylase et une maltase très actives dans les glandes salivaires labiales. L'estomac semblerait produire aussi une amylase, tandis que les glandes pharyngiennes et maxillaires ne sécrètent pas ces deux enzymes.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 197-211 
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 273-289 
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 311-321 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary F. polyctena roads are very heterogenous regarding length, workers agressivity and temperature influence on activity. Almost all of them remian the same for years, what is explainable only with difficulty by scent-marks hypothesis or mnemonic traces.
    Notes: Résumé Les pistes deFormica polyctena présentent des hétérogénéités quant à la longuer, à l'agressivité et à l'action de la température sur l'activité. De plus, elles restent en grande partie stables d'une année sur l'autre, ce qui ne s'explique que difficilement par l'hypothèse d'un marquage odorant, ou par celle d'une rétention mnémonique.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 335-345 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The caterpillars ofThaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff have a particular thigmotaxis located on the front part of their head. To study this reaction, we have proposed to third instar caterpillars various inert objects such as exuviae, brush, cotton wool, metal rod, etc. and noticed wether they were or not following these objects in the way they follow other caterpillars in their “procession” behaviour. The caterpillars prefered the objects of a hairy type with soft hair to the objects with a hard structure. In the course of this study, we have also noticed that these caterpillars reacted to gentle strokes made with a brush by an undirected kinesis. This reaction plays a part in the regulation of the progression of the procession.
    Notes: Résumé Les chenilles deThaumetopoea pityocampa Schiff ont une thigmotaxie céphalique qui se trouve à l'origine de leurs déplacements en procession. Cette thigmotaxie, que nous avons étudiée en faisant suivre aux chenilles des leurres divers, est surtout marquée pour les contacts de surfaces pileuses ou fibreuses à fibres ou poils très souples. Les fibres dures de même que les surfaces lisses n'ont que peu d'action. Ces chenilles possèdent également une thigmotaxie générale intervenant en particulier dans les groupements statiques qu'elles forment au repos. Par contre, les réactions aux frottements sont différentes, elles consistent en cinèse non dirigée. Dans les déplacements en procession, les frottements des chenilles les unes sur les autres sont un facteur régularisant la marche de la file.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 265-272 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among the antsCr. scutellaris which form foraging columns in order to exploit their «trophoporic» area (these are aphidicolous ants mostly feeding upon the honeydew discharged by Homoptera) these columns can sometimes extend on a considerable length. In the two examples above mentioned a column covered a distance of 45 metres and another one of 43 metres before they definitively dispersed. In another speciesCr. auberti (equally pastoral, but keeping rooteating Homoptera) the ants do not progress in columns but run about their «trophoporic» area isolated or in small groups of gatherers. The above-cited experiment shows that the greatest number of the tracks covered is to be found on the surface of the ground (75% of them) but underground tracks are yet to be observed and these are exclusively used in the storage of food and not for any other activity in the general management of the formicary.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Labelling foraging ants (Formica polyctena) with radioactive gold on a foraging path, the authors observe that the exchange of food are very weak between foragers from differents paths.
    Notes: Résumé Un marquage à l'or radio-actif de butineuses deFormica polyctena a été effectué le long d'une piste de butinage. Nous avons constaté que les échanges de nourriture étaient très faibles entre ouvrières travaillant sur des pistes différentes.
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In this work, we describe a new apparatus, destined to register the activity of small, or very small insects. We use an électrical photo cell. The traffic of insects, cut the very narrow light bundle, wich is focussed in the middle part of the electrical photo cell. The passage of insects gives impulses wich are magnified, counted, and finally inscribed on a paper sheet. The electrical photo cell is very sensitive in the red and infra-red. So, all visibles radiations are suppressed, and we use a very little brush of infra-red rays. The most important advantages of this apparatus are: to be very simple, and very easy to handle. We can study easily, the activity of the smallest insects (1 or 2 mm), and the activity of social insects. We can also study the action of climatory factors on the activity. The insects in experiments, wich are living in thier own nest, are never disturbed.
    Notes: Résumé Le présent travail a pour objet la description d'un nouveau type d'actographe destiné à l'enregistrement de l'activité de petits insectes. Nous utilisons un montage réalisé avec une cellule photo-électrique. Le passage d'un insecte interrompt le faisceau lumineux très étroit, centré sur la cellule. Il en résulte une impulsion qui est amplifiée, puis comptée, et inserited. La cellule est très sensible dans le rouge et l'infrarouge. On peut donc, sans inconvénients, arrêter toutes les radiations visibles, et travailler avec un fin pinceau de rayons infrarouges invisibles. Outre sa très grande sensibilité, et sa maniabilité, cet appareil se connecte très facilement à n'importe quel nid dont on désire étudier l'activité, sans que les insectes en expérience soient perturbés (puisqu'ils restent dans leur propre nid). Il permet d'étudier l'activité d'insectes isolés d'une longueur voisine de 1 à 2 mm, d'insectes sociaux, et de préciser l'action des facteurs du milieu sur l'activité.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 47-58 
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Generally Love-wave is absent in the corresponding spectrum of the phase in the low period range when the path tranversed is oceanic. ButOliver, Ewing & Press were able to observe this phase in seismograms of volcanic islands like Honolulu, Bermuda and others. Here, it has been attempted to explain why these waves could be recorded at volcanic stations and not elsewhere. It has been supposed that the lava settles down to form a transversely isotropic layer. Green's Function technique has been adopted to solve the problem of propagation of Love-waves through a crust whose thickness gradually decreases towards the ocean.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 59-78 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The apparent resistivity as a function of period (10–86400 sec) was deduced from magnetic and telluric registrations for the stations Niemegk and Ückermünde. The amount of apparent resistivity depends on direction and the period of the variation. It is possible to determine the direction of the induced currents in case of regional electrical inhomogeneities from magnetic registrations alone. In comparing these results with those of other stations it is seen that the resistivity in horizontal directions differs very much from place to place for the earthcrust and the upper mantle. The specific resistivities are much smaller than thougt before, they amount hardly 104 Ωm locally and never for the whole earth.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die magneto-tellurischen Verhältnisse in Niemegk und Ückermünde wurden für einen Periodenbereich von 10 bzw. 50 sec bis 86 400 sec ausgewertet. Der scheinbare Widerstand ist abhängig von der Richtung und von der Periode. Aus den magnetischen Variationen läßt sich angenähert die Richtung der Induktionsströme bei inhomogenem Untergrund feststellen. Durch Vergleich mit Ergebnissen an anderen Orten zeigt sich, daß der elektrische Widerstand der Kruste und des Mantels in horizontaler Richtung sehr unterschiedlich ist. Die Widerstände sind kleiner als man bisher angenommen hat und keinesfalls in der Größe von 10 000 Ωm.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 100-107 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung behandelt die Frage der Neigung der Wasseroberfläche in der Ostsee. Kap. 1 gibt eine Übersicht über die mittlere jährliche Neigung. In Kap. 2 sind einige Fälle gegeben, die dem maximalen Unterschied im Wasserstand einerseits bei nördlichem Wind, andererseits bei südlichem Wind entsprechen. Der Anteil des Einflusses von Luftdruck, einer fortschreitenden Welle und des Wasserstaus wird geschätzt.
    Notes: Summary The paper deals with the slope of the sea surface in the Baltic. Chapter 1 gives a survey of the mean annual slope. In Chapter 2 are presented a few cases corresponding to the maximal observed height differences in sea level for south winds, on the one and, and north winds, on the other hand. The shares of the effect of air pressure, a progressive wave and the pilling-up of water due to the pressure of the wind force upon the water surface are estimated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 79-90 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im August 1955 wurde eine Reihe speziell angeordneten Steinbruchsprengungen in den Eisenerzgruben bei Kiruna mittels einer Refraktionsapparatur in rund 10 km Entfernung registriert. Diese Versuche sind die ersten seismischen Untersuchungen der tieferen Krustenstruktur in Fennoskandien und wurden hauptsächlich wegen eines Studiums von Reflexionen an krustalen Diskontinuitäten bei nahe vertikalem Einfall der Wellen vorgenommen. Deutliche, direkteP-Wellen mit scharfen Einsätzen und einer Geschwindigkeit von 5.65±0.13 km/sec (Porphyr) wurden registriert, ausserdemS-Wellen mit weniger scharfen Einsätzen und Schallwellen durch die Atmosphäre. An krustalen Diskontinuitäten reflektierteP-Wellen sind schwach und unregelmässig, im Einklang mit theoretischen Erwartungen für Reflexionen bei nahe vertikalem Einfall. Die Tiefen der Conrad- und der Mohorovičić-Diskontinuitäten wurden annähernd zu 19 km bzw. 33–34 km berechnet. Es besteht allgemeine Übereinstimmung mit den Explosionsregistrierungen des Grenet-Seismographen in Kiruna, und die Unterschiede können lediglich durch die unterschiedliche Frequenzempfindlichkeit der Instrumente erklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary In August 1955 a series of specially arranged quarry blasts in the Kiruna iron ore mines was recorded with a refraction apparatus at approx. 10 km distance. The experiments are the first seismic investigations of the deeper crustal structure in Fennoscandia and were mainly undertaken in order to study near-vertical reflections from crustal discontinuities. The records show clear directP waves with sharp onsets and a velocity of 5.65±0.13 km/sec (in porphyry), furthermoreS waves of less definite onsets and sound waves through the atmosphere.P waves reflected from crustal discontinuities are weak and of erratic occurrence, in agreement with theoretical expectation for near-vertical reflections. Approx. depths to the Conrad and the Mohoroviči'c discontinuities are calculated as 19 km and 33–34 km. There is general agreement with the explosion records written by the Grenet seismograph at Kiruna, and the differences which exist can be explained by the different frequency response of the two instruments.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 120-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This paper deals with the devising of an equivalence bisol-monosol, which can be performed into soil, in order to carry into effect «electro-diaphragm» and «electro-pilings» at any distance from binding-solution electro-injectors. Principal aspects of phenomena are studied, and graphs useful for applyng the method are given.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. ha qui escogitato una equivalenza bisol-monosol, realizzabile sul terreno, per instaurare «elettrodiaframmi», «elettroparatie» a qualsiasi distanza dagli iniettori di legante. Ne studia gli aspetti fenomenologici principali, corredandoli di grafici utili all'impiego del metodo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 199-204 
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    Notes: Summary It is shown that there is a close mathematical similarity between the cell and parcel formulations of the convection problem, and analogies are drawn between some of the more significant properties of the solutions in the two cases.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 171-183 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Analog mit der Berechnung von Daten des Flusses des Momentes der Bewegungsgrösse über Breiten-Oberflächen in der Erd-Atmosphäre wird eine korrespondierende Berechnung für den Fall unseres Sternsystems und eventuell anderer spiraler Himmelskörper vorgeschlagen. Eine zylindrische Wand mit konstantem Radius wird benutzt, um die Breitenwand zu ersetzen, und dieses Problem wird entwickelt durch die Betrachtung eines idealen Modelles. Drehmomente der Schwerkraft kommen bei diesen Problem hinzu, zusätzlich der Wirkungen von Advektion und in aller Wahrscheinlichkeit anderer Drehmomente in den vorhandenen Systemen. Die Beziehung der Drehmomente der Schwerkraft in Bezug auf gewöhnliche Spiralen ist besprochen, und gewisse mehr spezialisierte Wirkungen für den Fall von Stangen-Spiralen werden eingeführt und besprochen. Der Zusammenhang dieses Problems mit der klassischen Theorie von Drehmomenten der Gezeiten ist nachgewiesen.
    Abstract: Sommario In analogia ai calcoli che, partendo da dati sperimentali, vengono fatti sul trasferimento del momento angolare fra zone dell'atmosfera a diverse latitudini, vengono qui proposti corrispondenti calcoli per la nostra galassia e possibilmente per altre nebulose a spirale. Viene usata una superficie cilindrica a raggio costante in sostituzione della superficie conica a latitudine costante; l'argomento è sviluppato secondo un modello ideale. La coppia gravitazionale viene presa in considerazione insieme agli effetti convettivi e ad altre possibili coppie. Viene discussa la relazione fra la coppia gravitazionale e la struttura di una spirale ordinaria; sono quindi introdotti e discussi certi effetti nel caso di spirali a sbarra. Infine viene messo in luce la relazione del presente argomento con la teoria classica della coppia dovuta alle marce.
    Notes: Summary By analogy with the calculation from data of angular momentum flow across latitude surfaces in the earth's atmosphere, the corresponding calculation is proposed for the case of our galaxy and possibly other spiral nebulae. A cylindrical wall of constant radius is used to replace the latitude wall, and the subject is developed through consideration of an ideal model. Gravitational torques enter the problem in addition to advective effects and possible other torques in actual systems. The relation of gravitational torques to the structure of ordinary spirals is discussed, and certain more special effects for the case of barred spirals are introduced and discussed. The connection of the subject with the classical theory of tidal evolution is pointed out.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 214-216 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It is demonstrated that, under certain conditions, field-intensity recordings within the long wave range permit of deriving large-space drift movements (Travelling ionospheric disturbances) of the reflecting layer.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, dass sich unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen aus Feldstärkeregistrierungen im Langwellenbereich grossräumige Driftbewegungen der reflektierenden Schicht ableiten lassen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 237-242 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The idea of the mean free path of small ions is introduced in a theory previously published, and a value of the combination coefficients of these small ions on very small aerosols particles are evaluated. Theoretical results are discussed in comparison with experimental values.
    Notes: Résumé On introduit dans un calcul anciennement publié la notion de libre parcours moyen des petits ions dans l'air, et on en déduit les valeurs de leurs coefficients de fixation sur des aérosols ultrafins, électriquement chargés ou non. Ces résultats théoriques sont discutés et comparés aux résultats expérimentaux actuellement acquis.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 291-294 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 7-14 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The interpretation of the travel-time function (1) is completed and an example is given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird die Interpretation der dreigliedrigen Laufzeitfunktion (1) vervollständigt und als Beispiel (P n (α) nachJeffreys-Bullen im Bereich von 0° bis 19° behandelt.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 189-213 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary From the change of potential temperature of unit volume of an incompressible fluid, the transport equation for sensible and latent heat and for momentum have been determined. Neglecting the influence of temperature stratification on the lowest 10 cm and assuming the wind speed to follow a power law of height and the shearing stress to be independent of height, it is possible to determine the shearing stress for nonadiabatic conditions from the measurements of the shearing stress for adiabatic stratification. From the shearing stress one may determine the eddy diffusivityK(z). Assuming the three coefficients for turbulent diffusion to be identical and the temperature and humidity to follow a power law of height, one can determine the latent and sensible heat transfer from temperature and humidity measurements at two heights and one wind speed measurement. Comparison withJacobs's formulas for the evaporation and sensible heat transfer shows that the results agree only for medium wind speed. For larger wind velocitiesJacobs's formulas yield much too low values.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Temperaturänderung eines Einheitsvolumens einer inkompressiblen Strömung werden die Gleichungen für den Transport von Bewegungsgröße und von fühlbarer und latenter Wärme bestimmt. Mit der Annahme, daß die Temperaturschichtung in den untersten 10 cm vernachlässigbar ist, kann man aus den vorhandenen Messungen der Schubspannung bei adiabatischer Schichtung die Schubspannung bei nichtadiabatischer Schichtung berechnen, wenn man voraussetzt, daß die Windgeschwindigkeit einem Potenzgesetz der Höhe gehorcht und die Schubspannung höhenkonstant ist. Aus diesen Schubspannungswerten kann man den turbulenten Diffusionskoeffizienten für den Transport von Bewegungsgröße bestimmen. Nimmt man weiter an, daß sich die turbulenten Diffusionskoeffizienten für die drei Transporte nicht unterscheiden und daß auch die Temperatur und Feuchte einem Potenzgesetz der Höhe gehorchen, dann kann man aus den Temperatur-und Feuchtemessungen in zwei Höhen und einer Windgeschwindigkeitsmessung den fühlbaren und latenten Wärmestrom berechnen. Ein Vergleich mit denJacobs'schen Formeln für die Verdunstung und den Transport von fühlbarer Wärme zeigt, daß die Ergebnisse nur für mittlere Windgeschwindigkeiten gut übereinstimmen. Für höhere Windstärken liefern dieJacobs'schen Formeln viel zu kleine Werte.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 153-161 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The bifurcation of theF-layer is tried to be explained by the assumption of two radiation-components of distinct wavelength. Mathematical formulas derived for this statement are resolved by a graphical method. In comparison with observed behaviour of theF1- andF2-layer results the fact, that the bifurcation can not be explained in a satisfactory way by such a statement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird versucht, die beobachtete Aufspaltung derF-Schicht, die zur Ausbildung derF1- undF2-Schicht führt, dadurch zu erklären, daß zwei — in ihrer Wellenlänge verschiedene — Strahlungsanteile als Ionisationsquellen angenommen werden. Die aus dieser Annahme folgenden mathematischen Beziehungen werden abgeleitet, für die Lösung der komplizierten Gleichungen wird eine graphische Methode verwendet. Vergleiche mit dem aus Beobachtungen folgenden Verhalten der F1- und F2-Schicht führen jedoch zum Ergebnis, daß die Aufspaltungserscheinungen derF-Schicht auf diese Art nicht in befriedingender Weise erklärt werden können.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 173-188 
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    Notes: Summary Fundamental equations governing the forced response of the atmosphere to the fixed sources and sinks of heat and momentum are reviewed. Empirical forcing functions, computed from data for the winter of 1950, representing the effects only of the horizontal transient eddy transport field, are presented. These appear to be of the same order as is required to account for the observed mean conditions and, hence, should be included in the general theory of the mean state along with other diabatic and mechanical effects which have been considered previously.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 159-170 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A transportable grating spectrometer for infrared atmospheric radiation studies is described. The absolute calibration procedure by means of black bodies is discussed. With regard to the symmetrical optical path mirror and air absorption as well as instrumental temperature have minimal influence on the measurements.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein transportabler Gitterspektrograph für Untersuchungen der atmosphärischen Infrarotstrahlung wird beschrieben und die Absoluteichung des Gerätes mit Hilfe schwarzer Hohlraumstrahler eingehend diskutiert. Wegen des symmetrischen Strahlenganges minimalisieren sich die Einflüsse von Spiegelabsorption. Luftabsorption und Gerätetemperatur auf die Messung.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 111-132 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Gültigkeit desBoltzmannschen Gesetzes der Energieverteilung für die Ladungsverteilung von monodispersen Aerosolen, das heisst Aerosolen, welche Teilchen von nur einer Grösse enthalten, wurde mit den jetzt zur Verfügung stehenden verbesserten Mitteln studiert. Da monodisperse Aerosole mit Teilchengrössen von ungefähr 10−6 cm noch nicht erzeugt werden können und Aerosole im allgemeinen Teilchen von verschiedenen Grössen enthalten, wurden für die jetzige Untersuchung polydisperse Aerosole, welche in einem grossen Gasometer gespeichert waren, benützt. Die Zusammensetzung und der mittlere Radius dieser Aerosole mit heterogener Teilchengrösse wurden nach der Exhaustions-Methode unter Benützung einer Diffusionsbatterie ohne Endstücke oder Verbindungsröhren bestimmt. Die experimentell gefundene Kurve, welche das Verhältnis der ungeladenen (N 0) und geladenen (N) Kerne als Funktion des Radius (r) darstellt, weicht für alle untersuchten Radien zwischen 0.5 und 4.0·10−6 cm von der theoretischen Kurve eines monodispersen Aerosols, wie sie nachBoltzmann's Gesetz berechnet wird, ab. Für Radien kleiner als ungefähr 1.4·10−6 cm ist das VerhältnisN 0/N kleiner als es durchBoltzmann's Gesetz gegeben wird, für Radien grössen als 1.4·10−6 cm grösser oder, mit anderen Worten, fürr〈1.4·10−6 cm ist die Zahl der geladenen Teilchen, die in den untersuchten Aerosolen gefunden wurde, grösser als die vonBoltzmann's Gesetz vorausgesagte, und fürr〉1.4·10−6 cm kleiner. Die Abweichungen von der theoretischen Kurve fürr〉1.4·10−6cm können vollkommen durch die Polydispersität der benützten Aerosole erklärt werden; fürr〈1.4·10−6 cm sind die Abweichungen zu gross, als dass sie der Polydispersität zugeschrieben werden könnten. Daraus muss geschlossen werden, dassBoltzmann's Verteilungsgesetz für die Ladungsverteilung eines homogenen Aerosols, welches Kerne mit Radien kleiner als ungefähr 1.4·10−6 cm enthält, nicht gültig ist. Der äquivalente Radius, wie er von einem im Ladungsgleichgewicht befindlichen, monodispersen Ersatz-Aerosol, für welchesBoltzmann's Gesetz als gültig angenommen wird, abgeleitet werden kann, weicht im Bereich von 1.0·10−6〈r〈3.0·10−6 cm (oder 90%〉N 0/Z〉55%) durchschnittlich bis zu 35% vom tatsächlichen mittleren Radius des untersuchten polydispersen Aerosols ab.
    Notes: Summary The validity ofBoltzmann's energy distribution law as applied to the charge distribution of monodisperse aerosols, i.e. aerosols which contain particles of one size only, was studied with improved equipment now available. Since monodisperse aerosols with particle size of about 10−6 cm cannot yet be produced and because aerosols in general contain particles of different sizes, polydisperse aerosols stored in a large gasometer were used for the investigation. The composition and the average radius of these aerosols heterogeneous in particle size were determined by the Exhaustion Method employing a diffusion battery without end-pieces or connecting tubing. The experimental curve found for the ratio of the uncharged (N 0) to the charged (N) nuclei versus radius (r) of the particles deviates for all investigated radii between 0.5 and 4.0·10−6 cm from the theoretical curve of a monodisperse aerosol computed according to the Boltzmann law. For radii smaller than about 1.4·10−6 cmN 0/N is smaller than that given by Boltzmann's law, for radii greater than 1.4·10−6 cm larger, or, in other words, forr〈1.4·10−6 cm the number of charged nuclei found in the aerosols investigated is greater than that predicted byBoltzmann's law, and forr〉1.4·10−6 cm smaller. The deviations from the theoretical curve forr〉1.4·10−6 cm can be fully explained by the polydispersity of the aerosols used; forr〈1.4·10−6 cm the deviations are too big to be attributed to polydispersity. From this it must be concluded thatBoltzmann's distribution law is not valid for the charge distribution of homogenous aerosols containing nuclei with radii smaller than about 1.4·10−6 cm. The equivalent radius as deduced from a substitute monodisperse aerosol in charge equilibrium for which theBoltzmann law is assumed valid, deviates in the range of 1.0·10−6〈r〈3.0·10−6 cm (or 90%〉100N 0/Z〉55%) on the average by up to 35% from the actual mean radius of the investigated polydisperse aerosols computed from the radii of their singly sized components.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 198-207 
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    Notes: Summary The barometric pressure curve at Jakarta is presumed to consist of two components. The first is the basic air pressure, which shows a relaxation oscillation during a periodt 1. The value oft 1 may differ for the successive periods. The second component is the Southern Oscillation proper, which is superimposed on the basic air pressure. This system of two kinds of oscillations may be expressed in the form of a differential equation. The solution of the equation depends on the value of a certain constant. If the value is greater than zero, the solution shows a S.O. the amplitude and period of oscillation of which decreases in time. If the value is less than zero, the solution shows a S.O. the amplitude of which decreases in time and the period of oscillation of which increases in time. As an example of the first contingency the values of the constants occurring in the solution were determined for the period 1868–1876 so that a good approximation to the existing air pressure curve could be attained. It was possible to establish a relationship between the basic air pressure level and the period of oscillation of the S.O. The air pressure curve at Jakarta during the years 1876–1884 was reconstructed from this relationship. The two trains of 3-year waves in 1885–1891 and 1896–1905 may be regarded as an example of the second contingency.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 15-19 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary For the wave-velocity (1) and an arbitrary position of the source the travel-time function is calculated in a closed form.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird für die Frontgeschwindigkeit (1) und eine beliebige Lage der Quelle die Laufzeitfunktion in geschlossener Form ermittelt.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 231-263 
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Conclusions Sur le plan de l'observation, on note un parallélisme certain entre les phénomènes observés chez les Vertébrés et dans le guêpier de Poliste. Les relations de dominance s'accompagnent, dans les deux cas, d'une régulation sociale tendant à attribuer à l'individu α une part prépondérante de l'activité reproductrice exercée dans la société. Les mécanismes — pour l'heure mal connus — mettraient en jeu des acquisitions de types voisins; les différences tiendraient avant tout aux caractères propres du comportement chez l'Insecte.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 291-293 
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Resumen Ciertas abejas Melipónidas de las selvas tropicales son muy dificiles de colectar por los métodos corrientes. Este hecho indujo al autor a usar la siguiente técnica: una mezcla de miel de abeja comercial y agua, en la proporción de 1∶1, se rocía por medio de un atomizador sobre el follaje. Esto sirve como un atrayente, dando magníficos resultados, aunque la primera vez que se usa en una area, las abejas pueden tardar una hora o mas en llegar.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Viele stachellose Bienen scheinen nur im Dschungel vorzukommen, wo sie mit gewöhnlichen Methoden nur sehr schwer gesammelt werden können. Um dieser Schwierigkeit zu entgegnen wurde eine sehr einfache Anlocktechnik entwickelt. Im Handel erhältlicher(Apis-) Honig und Wasser wurden 1∶1 gemischt und mit einem gewöhnlichen Haushalt-Sprühgerät auf Blätter verteilt. Diese Methode erwies sich als sehr wirksam, obwohl sich die Bienen bei einer lokal erstmaligen Anwendung der Sprühtechnik nicht notwendigerweise vor Ablauf einer Stunde an der besprühten Stelle einfinden.
    Notes: Summary Many stinglees bess seem to be restricted to the jungle, where they are difficult to collect by the usual methods. For this reason a very simple collecting technique was devised: Commercial (Apis) honey and water were mixed in proportions of 1∶1 and sprayed on leaves by means of a household hand sprayer. The technique was very successful, although the first time that the bait is used in an area, the bees may not arrive for an hour or more.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 129-135 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die profunden Postgenaldrüsen entwickeln sich aus der Epidermis der Rüsselgrube. Sie sind in ihrem Aufbau Hautdrüsen vom Leydig'schen Drüsentyp. In der Entwicklung der Arbeiterin-Imago sind starke Sekretionserscheinungen vorhanden, die in ihrem Ablauf und ihrer Verteilung beschrieben werden. Die Königin besitzt nur eine geringe Anzahl von Drüsenzellen. Die Annahme einer Schmierfunktion erscheint revisionsbedürftig.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 165-172 
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    Notes: Conclusion et résumé Les Abeilles reconnaissent le sexe de la larve transposée dans les ébauches de cellules royales et réagissent en fonction de ce sexe: pour les larves de mâles, l'acceptation est toujours inférieure à celle des ouvrières et, quelquefois, elle peut être nulle pour des petits nombres de larves transposées. En outre, dans la partie orpheline de la ruche, les Abeilles construisent une cellule royale différente suivant le sexe de la larve transposée à l'intérieur. Les larves de mâles transposées dans les ébauches de cellules royales peuvent se nymphoser, mais un grand pourcentage de ces larves meurent peu de temps après l'operculation, mort qui peut être due à ces conditions inhabituelles dans laquelle les larves sont placées, en particulier leur position (verticale au lieu d'être horizontale).
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 181-195 
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    Notes: Summary Among the species studied (Cr. scutellaris, Cr. auberti, Cr. sordidula, Cr. skounensis, Cr. vandeli), the formation of colonies from an isolated non social female seems an exception owing to the numerous adverse circumstances which both female and the young colony are liable to meet with. On the contrary, the greatest number of colonies are usually established by the coming out of offshoots followed by the adoption of a swarming female by the workers of the detached colony, on condition that this female has been fertilized. If not so, she is either massacred or expelled and left alone. On the other hand it is not necessary for the queen to originate from the same nest as the workers. If these do not succeed in adopting a female, the offshoot colony tends inevitably to perish sooner or later. Slight differences must be noted among the various species ofCremastogaster. AmongCr. scutellaris the foundation of colonies by isolated females is quite frequently to be observed while amongCr. auberti andCr. skounensis the establishment of colonies by off shoots detached from the nest seems to be the rule.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 295-310 
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 329-333 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zuchtversuche in künstlichen und identischen Nestern von Ameisenweibchen der ArtCamponotus vagus liessen einen elementaren Gruppeneffekt erkennen indem zwei zusammenlebende Weibchen eine erhöhte Lege-und Brutpflegetätikeit entwickelten im Vergleich zur Sùmme dieser Tätigkeiten von zwei einzellebenden Weibchen. Weitere Untersuchungen haben die Natur der dabei auftretenden Sinnesreize zu klären.
    Notes: Résumé L'élevage en nids artificiels identiques de jeunes femelles fécondes deCamponotus vagus a fait apparaître un effet de groupe élémentaire chez les femelles associées, se traduisant par une activation prononcée de la production du couvain, comparativement aux femelles isolées. Des recherches futures auront à préciser la nature des stimulations en jeu.
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 389-390 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 1-9 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Demagnetisierung hängt von der Gestalt des magnetisierten Körpers ab. Hier soll untersucht werden, inwieweit es möglich ist, aus der Demagnetisierung Rückschlüsse über die Gestalt des magnetisierten Körpers zu ziehen. Dazu besteht die Möglichkeit, wenn das Gravitationsfeld und das induzierte Magnetfeld eines Körpers mit konstanter Dichte und Suszeptibilität gegeben sind. Da die Methode approximativ ist, ist sie nicht auf Körper mit Oberfläche 2ten Grades beschränkt, sondern sie kann in allen Fällen angewandt werden, in denen die Demagnetisierung als konstant richtungsabhängig angesehen werden kann. Dies bedeutet mit einer gewissen Approximation alle Körper, die homogen magnetisiert sind, aber infolge der Entmagnetiseerung nicht in der Richtung des magnetisierenden Feldes.
    Notes: Summary The demagnetisation depends on the shape of the magnetised body. Here we investigate the possibility of calculating the shape of the magnetised body by means of the demagnetisation. It can be done if the gravity field and the induced magnetic field of a body with constant susceptibility and density are known. As the method is approximative it is not restricted just to bodies with a 2nd degree surface, but can be applied to all bodies, for which the demagnetisation can be regarded as constantly dependent on the direction. This means, with certain approximation, all bodies that are homogeneously magnetised, but not in the direction of the magnetising field due to demagnetisation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 13-24 
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    Notes: Summary Relative intensities and amplitudes of earthquake wavesPcP, PcS, PKP, PKS, ScP, ScS, SKP, SKS, are computed under two assumptions: (1) The core is fluid; wavesK are of longitudinal character; velocity of shear waves in the core is zero. (2) The core is solid; wavesK are of transverse character; velocity of longitudinal waves in the core is very, respectively infinitely, high. Results plotted against angles of incidence are represented on Figures 3 and 4. Results plotted against the epicentral distance are represented on Figure 6. The correspondence between the computed values and the measured ones, as well as the plausibility of the assumptions, is open for discussion.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 77-80 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird die numerische Bestimmung der Seeretention mittels der Lösung einer linearen inhomogenen Differenzengleichung 1. Ordnung dargelegt. Dieses numerische Verfahren ist für eine Näherungsrechnung besonders geeignet.
    Notes: Resumen Presentamos una solución numérica del problema del efecto de embalse con ayuda de una ecuación lineal inhomogénea en diferencias finitas de primer orden, suponiendo una ley lineal del desagüe. Este método numérico es de maneje cómodo para un cálculo aproximado.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 101-110 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Резюме Предложен простой метод расчета потоков и интенсивностей (как спектральнЫх так и полнЫх) радиации в спектральной области 0.29–4 μ в тропосфере и в нижней стратосфере. Метод позволяет с удовлетворительной точностью расчитать средний радиационнЫй режим реальной атмосферЫ, и рассмотреть широкий круг как атмосферно оптических так и тепловЫх задач с произвольнЫми приемниками радиации.
    Notes: Summary A simple method of calculating fluxes and intensities (both spectral and integral) of radiation in the spectral region 0.29–4 μ in troposphere and lower stratosphere is proposed. This method allows to calculate with satisfactory accuracy the mean radiative regime of real atmosphere and to solve a wide range of problems both atmosphere-optical and thermal with arbitrary receivers of radiation.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 143-158 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A photographic method is described which permits to determinate the distribution of the sky radiation. The sky is photographed by a wide angle camera and the resulting pictures are evaluated by a photometer. A photometric step wedge copied on a film of the same type and number is developed together with the pictures. Then the density values measured by the photometer can be transformed into (relative) intensity values of the sky radiation. The decrease in brightness from the centre of the picture to the rim caused by the photographic lens is determined experimentally and is taken into account as a correction to the density values. The distribution of intensity of the sky radiation in Viareggio (North Italy) during the total eclipse of the sun on the 15th of february 1961, on the previous evening and on the following day are shown and discussed. During the total eclipse especially the migration of the moon's shadow in relation to the observation point is clearly defined. During the partial eclipse, however, practically the same relative distribution of sky radiation is found as without eclipse.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine photographische Methode berichtet, die gestattet, die Verteilung der Himmelsstrahlung zu bestimmen. Der Himmel wird mit einer Weitwinkelkamera photographiert und die Aufnahmen werden mit einem Photometer ausgewertet. Über einen Graukeil, der auf das gleiche filmmaterial aufbelichtet und mit den Aufnahmen zusammen entwickelt wird, lassen sich die mit dem Photometer ermittelten Schwärzungswerte in (relative) Intensitätswerte der Himmelsstrahlung umrechnen. Der durch das Photoobjektiv bedingte Helligkeitsabfall von der Bildmitte aus nach den Bildrändern zu wird experimentell ermittelt und als Korrektur an den Meßwerten angebracht. Die Intensitätsverteilung der Himmelsstrahlung während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 15. Februar 1961 in Viareggio (Norditalien), am Abend zuvor und am Folgetag wird wiedergegeben und diskutiert. Während der totalen Verfinsterung spiegelt sich insbesondere die Wanderung des Mondschattens relativ zum Beobachtungsort in den Darstellungen wieder. Während der partiellen Verfinsterung ist dagegen die relative Helligkeitsverteilung praktisch die gleiche wie bei unverfinsterter Sonne.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 53 (1962), S. 208-213 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary All temperature observations obtained by means of thermistors in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere which became accessible to the author were studied and assigned to 30° North and 60° North on the one and to summer and winter on the other hand. From these studies resulted four vertical profiles of temperature distribution which are represented in Figure 1b. Comparing the data to the temperature observations published in this review (6), these latter (Figure 1a) are confirmed.
    Notes: Susammenfassung Alle dem Verfasser zur Verfügung stehenden Meßergebnisse, die mit Hilfe von Thermistoren in der Stratosphäre und unteren Mesosphäre gewonnen wurden, wurden bearbeitet und aufgeteilt auf 30° Nord und 60° Nord einerseits, sowie auf Sommer und Winter andererseits. Es ergeben sich somit vier Vertikalprofile der Temperatureverteilung, die in Abbildung 1b dargestellt sind. Die erhaltenen Temperaturmeßergebnisse werden verglichen mit den in dieser Zeitschrift (6) veröffentlichten Temperaturmeßergebnissen und bestätigen diese.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 142-146 
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    Notes: Summary On November 1960 a special solar activity occured, producing characteristic disturbances in the ionosphere. Athens center followed this activity by vertical sounding and by Riometer recordings. They are evidences for proton events producing deep absorption in the ionosphere and aurora extending till 38° latitude. Some observations concerning July 1961 solar activity are reported. World wide decrease of the maximum electron density reported during the November period was observed also in Athens. Ionospheric disturbances following vertical sounding observations are of «negative» type.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 166-170 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé En employant les valeurs du mouvement vertical calculées parJensen (1960) et les valeurs des composantes méridionales des vents pour les mois de Janvier et Avril 1958, les covariances des deux quantités ont été evaluées aux différents niveaux dans différentes latitudes. Ces covariances sont tabulées et les valeurs associées aux perturbations transientes et stationnaires sont comparées afin de donner un aperçu sur l'importance relative des deux procès.
    Notes: Summary Using the values of vertical velocities computed byJensen (1960) and the values of the meridional component of the wind for the months of January and April 1958, the covariances of both quantities were evaluated at different levels at various latitudes. These covariances are tabulated and the terms associated with transient eddies are compared to the standing eddy terms, the relative magnitudes of both contributions being finally investigated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 184-198 
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    Notes: Summary Over the tropics as a whole, the correlations between sunspot number and tropical temperatures, which prior to 1920 were on the whole negative, have become zero or even positive subsequent to this date. This was associated with a minor climatic change or oscillation, for which evidence has been obtained from the work of several authors. Examination of the pressure and circulation changes in the Indo-Pacific region in the Southern Hemisphere during December-February suggests a secular change in the Southern Oscillation, by which the reversal of sign of the above correlation coefficients can be accounted for in this particular area. This secular change is associated with an increase in the upper westerlies in low latitudes in the Australian longitudes.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 205-213 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The transmission factor of the total radiation is defined likem th root of relative irradiation (measured total radiation/I o sinh). The evaluation of measuring series according to the definition yields transmission factors between 0.8–0.9. A theoretical trial yields the same results.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird der Transmissionsfaktor der Globalstrahlung alsm te-Wurzel der relativen Bestrahlung (gemessene Globalstrahlung/I o sinh) definiert. Die Auswertung von Meßreihen gemäß dieser Definition führt zu Transmissionsfaktoren zwischen 0.8 bis 0.9 Eine theoretische Überprüfung führt zu dem gleichen, Ergebnis.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 217-224 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Natürliche Aerosole über dem Ozean sind gewöhnlich in elektrischem Gleichgewicht. Aerosole in Städten sink kaum jemals im elektrischen Gleichgewicht. Aerosole über Land sind häufig nicht im Gleichgewicht, selbst wenn sie weit weg von irgendwelchen offenkundigen Quellen der Verunreinigung sind. Es werden Berechnungen der Zeit, welche für die Erreichung des Gleichgewichtes erforderlich ist, gegeben. Einige überlegungen über das Nichtvorhandensein elektrischen Gleichgewichtes über Land werden mitgeteilt.
    Notes: Summary Natural aerosols over the ocean are usually in electrical equilibrium. Aerosols in cities are hardly ever in electrical equilibrium. Aerosols over land are frequently not in equilibrium even though distant from any obvious source of contamination. Calculations are given of the time required to reach equilibrium which would lead one to expect the conditions encountered over the ocean and in cities. Some speculations are made on the lack of equilibrium over land.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 243-250 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Inside the columns of the Parthenon there have been found prismatic pieces of wood called «έμπόλια». Two of these pieces originated from the same cypress tree, a tree some 200 hundred years old, judging from the number of rings. The study of the thickness of the rings of these pieces of wood, based on theDouglas method, has produced the following results: 1. During the 200 years referred to, which were prior to 440 B.C. (the time when the Parthenon was under construction) the rings of the pieces of wood recently found there showed wide and clearly distinct thickness variations recurring periodically. 2. These variations attest the existence ofBrückner's 35-year and 11-year periods in the precipitation (which occurred some 2,600 years ago). The average values of these two periods are 34.5 and 11.5 years. 3. Two great maxima are noticeable, the gap between which corresponds to 108 years.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 51 (1962), S. 225-236 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die während natürlicher Alterung stattfindende Annäherung an das elektrische Gleichgewicht eines Aerosols, welches in einem «Mylar» Ballon-Gasometer aus Polyester mit metallisierter Innenfläche und von 4200 Litern Inhalt erzeugt und gespeichert wurde, studiert. Die in jedem Augenblick vorhandene Anzahl der geladenen Kondensationskerne wurde zu der Zahl der geladenen Kerne im elektrischen Gleichgewicht für den gleichen Moment in Beziehung gesetzt, welches durch Bestrahlung des Aerosols mit Alpha-Teilchen erzeugt wurde. Es wird gezeigt, dass ein gespeichertes Aerosol, welches aus kleinen Kernen von mässiger Konzentration besteht, nicht später als 15 Minuten nach der Geburt der Teilchen im elektrischen Gleichgewicht ist. Mit zunehmender Grösse und Konzentration der Kerne dauert es länger und länger bis das gespeicherte Aerosol sein Gleichgewicht erreicht. Gespeicherte grosse Kerne scheinen selbst nach mehreren Tagen nicht das volle Gleichgewicht zu erreichen. Die Gründe für die Einführung des Mylar Ballons statt des früher benützten Gummiballons werden gegeben. In Zusammenhang mit der radioaktiven Bestrahlung, welche für die Erzeugung des Ladungsgleichgewichtes gebraucht wird, wurde die Produktion von Kondensationskernen durch Alpha-Teilchen in stagnierender und bewegter kernfreier Luft untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, dass keine Kondensationskerne erzeugt werden, wenn kernfreie Luft, welche sich mit 0.1 bis 20 Litern per Minute durch ein Rohrsystem mit 4.2 cm Durchmesser bewegt, von Polonium 210 mit 125 μc bestrahlt wird.
    Notes: Summary The approach during natural aging to charge equilibrium of an aerosol produced and stored in a polyester «Mylar» balloon gasometer with metallized internal surface and 4200 litres content is studied. The number of charged condensation nuclei at any instant is related to the number of charged nuclei present at the same moment in electrical equilibrium produced by alpha-irradiation of the aerosol. It is shown that a stored aerosol consisting of small nuclei of moderate concentration is not later than 15 minutes after their birth in electrical equilibrium. With increasing size and concentration of the nuclei it takes longer and longer until the stored aerosol attains charge equilibrium. Stored large nuclei appear not to reach exact charge equilibrium even after several days. The reasons for replacing the rubber balloon gasometer, used previously, by the Mylar balloon for this investigation are given. In connection with the ionizing radiation required for producing charge equilibrium, the generation of condensation nuclei by alpha-radiation in stagnant and moving nucleus-free air has been investigated. It has been found that no condensation nuclei are being produced in filtered (nucleus-free) air for air-flows of between 0.1 and 20 litres/min in a tube of 4.2 cm diameter by the alpha-rays of Polonium 210 of about 125 μc.
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  • 93
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 375-388 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les conditions physiologiques nécessaires à l'organisation sociale, au contrôle haplo-diploïde du sexe, à l'ovisorption, à la diapause imaginale et à la communication entre femelles chez les Hyménoptères, atteignent leur maximum dans la reproduction sociale, où le phénomène de «famine» est «habilement réglé et utilisé», des embryons femelles sous-alimentés sont destinés à donner des ouvrières (de femelles dans la diapause imaginale), mais ceci seulement s'ils sont sous-alimentés à l'état larvaire. Chez les Hyménoptères sociaux, l'ovisorption est apparemment la principale condition physiologique requise, le facteur trophogénique primordial, pour un développement complet de l'organisation sociale. Le caractère facultatif de ce phénomène tire son évidence du fait que la sous-alimentation, au niveau de l'embryon chez les Hyménoptères parasites ou sociaux, peut être poussée à un extrême qui devient léthal. Les espèces sociales chez lesquelles tous les embryons sont naturellement soumis à une sous-alimentation non léthale, donnent de temps à autre des reines, dont les œufs pondus ont eu tant de nourriture prélevée qu'aucun d'eux n'éclôt, les embryons mourant pendant les divers stades du développement. Les conditions de la colonie conduisant à la production de reines et de mâles (opulence de la colonie) sont caractérisées par l'alimentation du couvain en développement par les œufs pondus, une action qui tend à compenser l'effet ovisorptif du couvain à devenir des ouvrières. Cette corrélation est en rapport avec un phénomène physiologique primitif qui est l'activation de la glande spermathèque dans des conditions pauvres (élevé taux couvain/ouvrières) et la non-activation de la glande spermathèque dans des conditions riches (réduit taux couvain/ouvrières).
    Notes: Summary The physiological prerequisites of social organization, in the Hymenoptera, haplo-diploid sex control, ovisorption, imaginal diapause, and female communication culminate in social reproduction in which the «starvation» phenomenon is «exquisitely regulated and exploited», undernourished female embryos being predisposed to become workers (females in imaginal diapause) but doing so only if undernourished as larvae, as well. In the social Hymenoptera, ovisorption is apparently the central physiological prerequisite, the primary trophogenic factor, for the fullest development of social organization. The facultative nature of this phenomenon is evident from the fact that embryonic undernourishment in both parasitic and social Hymenoptera may be carried to an extreme which is lethal. Social species in which normally all embryos are subjected to non-lethal undernourishment occasionally produce queens, whose deposited eggs have all had so much nutrient extracted that none hatch, the embryos dying in various stages of development. Colony conditions conducive to the production of queens and males (colony opulence) are characterized by the feeding of deposited eggs to the developing brood, an action which tends to counteract the ovisorption induced predisposition of the brood to become workers. This relation-ship is correlated with a primitive physiological phenomenon, i. e. the activation of the spermathecal gland under indigent conditions (high brood/worker ratios) and nonactivation of the spermathecal gland under opulent conditions (low brood/worker ratios).
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The grey matter left by bees alighting on a glass plate around a syrup feeder shows a waxy composition, with aromatic substances into. TheArnhart tarsal glands seem able to secret some wax, for one can extract from the tarsi with boiling benzene, much more wax than from the other parts of the body, except abdominal wax glands.
    Notes: Résumé L'enduit grisâtre que laissent les abeilles sur une plaque de verre où elles viennent s'abreuver est, pour une part au moins, formé d'une matière peu volatile, contenant des substances aromatiques; son origine reste inconnue. Une glande de l'extrémité des tarses (glande d'Arnhart) parait capable de sécréter de la cire, et on peut extraire des tarses beaucoup plus de cire que des autres parties du corps, les glandes cirières exceptées.
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  • 95
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    Insectes sociaux 9 (1962), S. 73-90 
    ISSN: 1420-9098
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 96
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in a transversely isotropic medium resting on (i) a rigid base and (ii) a yielding base has been studied in this paper. In the former case the relation between the wave velocity and ratio of wave length to thickness has been found and in the latter case the frequency equation and its possible solutions are obtained.
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  • 97
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 27-40 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A unification of the theories of Biot and Weiskopf has been made to form the suitable equations of motion for porous water saturated soils and marine sediments. It has been shown that the velocities of the body waves depend on the direction of propagation. In the vertical direction there are three, one distortional and two dilatational waves. In the horizontal direction there are two dilatational and two distortional waves. Finally, propagation of Love waves and Rayleigh waves have been discussed. Suitable potential functions have been derived to find the frequency equation for Rayleigh waves.
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  • 98
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The effect of thickening of the crustal layer in mountainous region on the dispersion curve of Love waves has been studied. Perturbation method has been applied to obtain the modified frequency equation for Love waves through the surface of separation between a semi-infinite material and a layer the thickness of which abruptly increases throughout a certain length of the path. The effect is to decrease the phase velocity of the waves particularly in the low period range. It has been pointed out that by proper study, the amount of thickening may be obtained.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 52 (1962), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The theory of the formation of marine terraces is studied. A model is set up which is believed to describe the physical processes involved. This model leads to a nonlinear partial differential equation which is integrated for some special cases by means of a digital computer. Asymptotic solutions of the differential equation are also found by direct analytical means. It is found that no terraces can develop if eustatic changes occur at a constant rate, contrary to some contentions that have been advanced in the literature.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The anomalous local behaviour of the vertical magnetic time-variations is due to regional abrupt changes of electric specific resistivity in horizontal direction. Such local differences of vertical magnetic variations are very frequent in contrast to previous published papers. Under certain conditions it is possible to determine the direction of the underground structures by the aid of geomagnetic variations. The ratio of the vertical and the horizontal component is a function of the period and of the horizontal resistivity gradient. The ionospheric part of theZ-variations in middle latitudes is small in the case of bays andssc's. It has hardly an influence in a statistical treatment. Examples in northern Germany and south-east Europe show the usefulness of magnetic variations and their local character for the determination of the direction of regional geological structures.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Richtung des Streichens großräumiger Leitfähigkeitsän-derungen entsteht durch die Induktion der zeitlich variablen ionosphärischen Ströme eine Stromdrängung im Untergrund. Dadurch werden orts- und periodenabhängigeZ-Variationen erzeugt. Mit Hilfe einfacher Annahmen kann man demzufolge aus den zeitlichen magnetischen Variationen die Streichrichtung horizontaler Leitfähigkeitssprünge bestimmen. Die Methoden dazu werden auch mit Hilfe derssc undsfe-Auswert-ungen fremder Autoren ausführlich geschildert und die angenäherte statistische Eliminierung der ionosphärischenZ-Variationen in mittleren Breiten dargelegt. Die berechneten Richtungen stehen im Einklang mit dem Streichen großräumiger geologischer Formationen. Die Tiefe der anomalen magnetischen Induktionserscheinungen dürfte zwischen wenigen km bis deka-km liegen.
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