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  • Articles  (221)
  • Chemical Engineering  (221)
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  • 1960-1964  (221)
  • 1961  (221)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070201
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on multicomponent diffusion (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 17-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of defining an average diffusion coefficient of a gas arises in the application of the film resistance model for mass transfer to systems involving multicomponent mixtures of simultaneously diffusing gases and in the application of mass, momentum, and heat transfer analogies in such systems. It is shown that, in some cases, integration of the diffusion equation with an average value of the diffusion coefficient will not be valid. An approximate solution of the diffusion equation is obtained with the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient taken into account. Some numerical examples are constructed for comparison of this method and several methods for defining an average diffusion coefficient with an exact solution of the Stefan-Maxwell relations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070106
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase equilibria of the propane-hydrogen sulfide system from the cricondontherm to the solid-liquid-vapor region (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 13-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The phase-equilibria data of the propane-hydrogen sulfide system has been previously investigated from 32°F. to the critical locus. Since this represents about one-half of the phase data, the primary purposes of the present study were to complete the data to the solid-liquid-vapor region which starts about  - 125°F. and to verify the results of other investigators at the higher temperatures.Five mixtures of propane-hydrogen sulfide were studied, ranging from 8.6 to 78.3% propane, with the dew- and bubble-point method. A temperature-composition diagram for six isobars from 400 to 20 lb./sq. in. abs. presents most of the essential data. Vaporization equilibrium constants are tabulated together with the x-y data for these isobars. The data of Kay and Rambosek (3) and Steckel (4) were verified to within 2% except near the vicinity of the azeotrope.A new method was used to fix the temperature of the azeotrope for two of the five mixtures and a sixth mixture. The determination of the azeotropic temperatures was made by a graphical method in which the differences between the dew- and the bubble-point pressures for each mixture were plotted against the temperature. The minimum value of the curve corresponds to the temperature of the azeotrope. The application of this method to the data of Kay and Rambosek (3) gave results which were in agreement with this study, while the original results by these authors as determined by an indirect method were in poor agreement.A measure of the reliability of the composition, temperature, and pressure data of the solid-liquid-vapor region was indicated when checks within 5% were found with Dalton's law of partial pressures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070105
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Boundary-layer behavior on continuous solid surfaces: I. Boundary-layer equations for two-dimensional and axisymmetric flow (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 26-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with boundary-layer flow on continuous solid surfaces. Flow of this type represents a new class of boundary-layer problems, with solutions substantially different from those for boundary-layer flow on surfaces of finite length. In this paper the boundary-layer behavior on continuous surfaces is examined, and the basic differential and integral momentum equations of boundary-layer theory are derived for such surfaces. In subsequent papers these equations will be solved for the boundary layer on a moving continuous flat surface and a moving continuous cylindrical surface, for both laminar and turbulent flow in the boundary layer.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070108
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drag coefficients at low Reynolds numbers for flow past immersed bodies (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 20-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficients were determined at low Reynolds numbers for cylinders (0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 1.0) and flat plates (0.05 ≤ Re ≤ 2.0) moving through a viscous medium. The drag coefficient was calculated from the force required to move the immersed body through the fluid, and preliminary work on spheres was used to calibrate the apparatus. For all bodies studied the drag coefficient was inversely proportional to the Reynolds number. The data were analyzed by a least-squares method to obtain the relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number.The diameter of the tank containing the viscous fluid had a very definite effect upon the drag coefficient of the various cylinders and flat plates studied. In the range of DT/D (tank diameter/cylinder diameter) studied the relationships recommended by White involving the wall effect and the end correction agree with experimental data for values of L/D (cylinder length/cylinder diameter) greater than 16. At L/D ratios less than this drag coefficients are lower than those predicted by White's equations, and the experimental curves are recommended for these ratios.For flat plates in perpendicular flow no effect of the W/L (plate width/plate length) was detected in the range studied. The tank diameter however had a considerable effect, and a curve is proposed to predict drag coefficients for flat plates in perpendicular flow in the range of experimental conditions studied.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070107
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The utilization of fission fragment energy for the fixation of nitrogen (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 329-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principles involved in designing a process for the production of fixed nitrogen by the direct use of fission fragment recoil energy are reviewed. The problems concerned with the radiation chemistry, development of fuel element, reactor design, and chemical process design are pointed out. Possible solutions to these problems incorporated in a complete plant design are presented. An economic evaluation, comparing the chemonuclear process with other conventional processes, is made. The conclusion is reached that at the present state of knowledge there does not seem to be any clear-cut advantage over conventional processes, even based on a nuclear economy. However moderate research efforts should continue for further evaluation of this process.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070232
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The compressibility of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide at low pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 336-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A modified Edwards density balance was used to measure compressibility of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide at pressures under 2.0 atm. and over a temperature range of -30° to 75°C. Second virial coefficients were calculated for the temperatures covered in this investigation and compared with data presented in the literature for both gases. The compressibility data are estimated to be accurate within ±0.10% of the actual compressibility factor.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070233
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of vapor-flow gradient on distillation plate efficiency (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 346-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070236
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between pellet size and performance of catalysts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of mass transfer resistance in reducing the effectiveness of porous catalysts has been known since the publication of Thiele's classical paper in 1939. The variation in temperature caused by resistance to heat transfer may bring about equally significant changes in effectiveness in some cases. An extension of Thiele's treatment to take exact account of heat transfer resistance leads to a set of nonlinear differential equations that can only be solved numerically.This paper presents an approximate treatment of the simulataneous effects of resistances to mass and heat transfer. With the limitations imposed by linearizing the equations the formulas derived give the activity and selectivity for any combination of reactions. The use of the results is illustrated by three examples. It is shown that the principal effects are associated with the variation of concentration within the pellet of catalyst and with the difference in temperature between the surface of the pellet and the bulk fluid.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070234
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compressibility of real binary gas mixtures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 343-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The P-V-T-x properties of binary gas mixtures and their dependence on reduced temperature and pressure have been reviewed in detail.A modified form of Kay's original method for estimating P-V-T-x properties of mixtures is suggested for purposes of engineering calculations.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070235
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effectiveness factors for porous catalysts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From the equations expressing mass and energy transfer in the solid and void regions of a catalyst of micropores, conversion and temperature profiles are evaluated as a function of the properties of the particle and the reaction system. The method developed is illustrated with numerical calculations for a first-order, irreversible reaction. Microeffectiveness factors Ec are derived from these profiles for several distribution functions for the size (radius) of the micropores.The results indicate that the nature of the pore-size distribution cannot affect Ec more than about 10%. However effectiveness factors greater than unity are possible for exothermic reactions with high heats of reaction and particles of reasonable size.To treat pelletted catalysts, equations are also developed for determining conversion and temperature profiles in pellets formed by compressing the microporous particles These results are interpreted in terms of macroeffectiveness factors Es, with values of Ec applicable at various positions in the pellet. To illustrate the method of solution numerical values of Es are determined for a limited range of parameters. The results indicate that in pelletted catalysts large temperature gradients may exist. For an exothermic reaction this can lead to a significant increase in macroeffectiveness factor.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070215
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer characteristics of porous rocks: II. Thermal conductivities of unconsolidated particles with flowing fluids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 29-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental heat transfer studies were carried out in beds of unconsolidated glass beads and sand through which fluids were flowing. The scope of the measurements included four fluids, helium, air, carbon dioxide, and water liquid at atmospheric pressure in beds packed with four sizes of glass beads, 110, 370, 570, and 1,020 μ and with two sizes of sand, 110 and 240 μ. Flow rates ranged form 1 to 26 lb./(hr. sq.ft.) in a direction parallel and countercurrent to energy flow.The data were interpreted in terms of apparent, effective thermal conductivities of the bed. The values of ke increase significantly with mass velocity of fluid.By considering the mechanism of heat transfer in porous media a relationship was developed between ke and the heat transfer coefficient between fluid and particle. Treatment of the experimental data in this fashion, combined with available information for larger particles, results in a correlation of Nusselt and Reynolds numbers for air that covers the range NRem = 10-1 to 104.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070109
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Combined free and forced convection in a constant temperature horizontal tube (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study of superposed free and forced convection for air in a horizontal tube is reported. The laminar Nusselt number, based on the log mean temperature difference, ranged from 29.9 to 15.2; the laminar flow Graetz number, based on the bulk or average temperature of the air, ranged from 33 to 1,300, the Grashof-Prandtl modulus based on properties of air at the wall temperature ranged from 1.1 × 106 to 2.2 × 106. The Grashof number utilized the log mean temperature difference. An analysis of the system from a macroscopic viewpoint led to the determination of an equation which fits the laminar flow experimental data in the range of Graetz numbers from 60 to 1,300. An equation was also found for the turbulent data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070111
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent newtonian flow in annuli (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 41-45 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In recent years there have been quite a few experimental studies on turbulent flow in annuli. In this paper a Prandtl mixing-length approach is applied to give a friction factor vs. Reynolds number expression for annuli [see Equation (22) and Table 1]; this expression describes tube flow and slit flow as special cases. No new adjustable constants appear in the final result other than those determined earlier for tube flow. The final expression is found to predict friction factors within the accuracy of the existing experimental data. The mixing-length friction-factor expression is thus substantially more accurate than the usual hydraulic-radius procedure and of comparable accuracy to other recent annulus friction-factor treatments.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070112
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  • 15
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    The mechanics of vertical moving liquid-liquid fluidized systems: II. Countercurrent flow (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 46-48 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a previous publication it has been shown that for the case of liquid droplets moving through a second quiescent liquid the holdup vs. slip-velocity ratio could be predicted on the basis of analogous rigid sphere fluidization data. The present paper extends these results to cover the countercurrent flow of both liquid phases. As long as the system is operated below the flooding point, the behavior of the spray column can be predicted from the corresponding solids fluidized data.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070113
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid - particle mass transfer in a packed bed (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 48-52 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mass transfer coefficients have been measured for air flowing through a bed of naphthalene pellets. Results were obtained for ⅜-in. spheres and for ½, ⅜, and ¼-in. cylinders in a bed 4 in. in diameter and packed to heights varying from 5 to 10 in. Radial concentration profiles were obtained for some conditions, from which the radial variation of the mass transfer coefficient was determined. The point-values of kg follow an equation of the form kg = a Gb. From mixed outlet concentrations, values of kgav and jd, corrected for the effect of axial diffusion, have been obtained for all the pellet sizes as functions of mass velocity and Reynolds number, respectively.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070114
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modification of the momentum transport hypothesis (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 61-63 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous velocity distribution is derived which is based on an arbitrary modification of Prandtl's mixing length expression. The resulting velocity distribution agrees well with experiments for transition and fully developed turbulent flow throughout the entire cross section of the conduit. Furthermore the mixing length expression applies to parallel flow in smooth circular tubes and between infinite parallel plates with the same set of constants.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070116
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Laminar boundary layer flow and heat transfer past a flat plate for a liquid of variable viscosity (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 437-441 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution for the problem of incompressible laminar boundary-layer flow and heat transfer with variable viscosity is presented. Because of the variation of viscosity with temperature the velocity and temperature fields interact mutually. This necessitates the simultaneous solution of the momentum and energy equations. The analysis is carried out for the case where heating begins at the leading edge of the plate. The results show the effect of the important variable property parameters on the friction factor and the heat transfer coefficient. These parameters are seen to be the temperature difference between wall and free stream, the viscosity temperature variation law, and the Prandtl number at the wall. The results are applicable to liquids.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070318
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  • 19
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    III. Laminar-flow properties of flocculated suspensions (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 431-437 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transport characteristics of suspensions of particles with near-colloidal dimensions have previously been shown to be related to the non-Newtonian laminar-flow properties of the suspension. However the laminar-flow properties were not studied systematically. The present study showed that the principal factors affecting the magnitude of the laminar-flow properties of flocculated suspensions were the concentration and particle diameter of the solid phase. The range of variables included concentrations from 0.02 to 0.23 volume fraction solids and particle sizes from 0.35 to 13 μ. Materials tested included thorium oxide, kaolin, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide, graphite, magnesium, and uranium dioxide.At high rates of shear the data were fitted satisfactorily with the Bingham plastic model. With the use of this model, the yield stress was directly proportional to the cube of the volume fraction solids and inversely proportional to the first or second power of the particle diameter, depending on the particle shape. The logarithm of the ratio of the coefficient of rigidity of the suspension to the viscosity of the suspending medium was directly proportional to the volume fraction solids over the complete range of concentrations studied. Although specific electrolytes (such as oxalate or pyrophosphate) deflocculated the suspensions even at low concentrations, the suspensions remained flocculated both in the presence of up to 0.1 M of 1:1 electrolyte and over a pH range of 4 to 12. This is consistent with present theories of the stability of colloidal and near-colloidal particles.Although the concentration-dependence relationships of the yield stress and coefficient of rigidity have been proposed previously and have been shown to apply to specific systems, this is the first time they have been shown to apply to a broad class of materials. In addition it is the first time that the laminar-flow properties used in the particle-size and concentration correlations have been determined over a shear-rate range which permits application of the results in correlations of turbulent heat, mass, and momentum transfer data obtained in systems of commercial interest.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070317
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  • 20
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    Mechanics of semifluidization of single size particles in solid-liquid systems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 606-610 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mechanical and dynamical characteristics of semifluidized beds of single-size particles in solid-liquid system were investigated. A semifluidized bed is a type of fluidized bed in which the bed expansion is partially restricted. The emphasis was placed on the study of packed bed formation and pressure drop increase when the semifluidized beds were formed by the compression of fluidized beds. The data showed good agreement with the theoretical and semiempirical equations based on a simple model of fluidized beds.The results of this investigation would also contribute to the understanding of fluidized beds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070415
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  • 21
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    The drag coefficients of single spheres moving in steady and accelerated motion in a turbulent fluid (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 615-619 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Drag coefficients of aerodynamically smooth spheres having a density variation of from 0.252 to 1.91 g./cc. and a diameter variation from 1.56 to 3.21 mm. were obtained for acceleration rates varying from 103.5 ft./sec.2 to -30 ft./sec.2 and for relative intensities of up to 45%. The particle-to-Eulerian macroscale ratios varied from 0.50 to 0.16, and the diameter-to-Eulerian microscale ratios varied from 10 to 2.The drag coefficients were found to be a function of the particle Reynolds number and of the relative intensity but not of the acceleration and relative macro-and-microscale variations.A transition theory for the system investigated is presented, which predicts that the product of the critical Reynolds number and the square of the relative intensity should be a constant; it is supported by the experimental results obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070417
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  • 22
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    The effect of organic substances on the transfer of oxygen from air bubbles in water (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 631-634 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The liquid film coefficient is related to bubble diameter and velocity in pure water and to the physical properties of the liquid. The addition to water of organic substances which influence the surface tension and viscosity will decrease the size of the air bubble released from a diffuser and reduce the transfer of oxygen into the solution. The maximum reduction in oxygen transfer occurs in the region of maximum surface tension change. The effect of the addition of several organic substances on the oxygen transfer characteristics are shown.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070420
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  • 23
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    The transport properties of carbon dioxide (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 625-631 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental viscosity, thermal conductivity, and self-diffusivity data available in the literature for carbon dioxide have been critically reviewed and used to develop reduced state correlations of the transport properties for this substance. These correlations should apply to nonpolar compounds having critical compressibility factors approximately equal to that of carbon dioxide, zc = 0.275.In order to establish the dependence of these transport properties in the high pressure and liquid state regions, use has been made of relationships between the residual properties, μ-μ*, k-k*, and (PD)*-(PD) and density. These residual quantities represent the differences between the values of the properties at any pressure and temperature and those at atmospheric pressure and the same temperature. These relationships also allow the determination of the values of the transport properties at the critical point. The resulting critical values along with the residual relationships enabled the construction of reduced state correlations for viscosity, thermal conductivity, and the product of self-diffusivity and pressure for carbon dioxide.These correlations extend from the saturated vapor and liquid states to reduced temperatures of TR = 10 and reduced pressures of PR = 50. Comparisons made between values resulting from these correlations and corresponding experimental values, including the region of high pressure for both the gaseous and liquid states and the vicinity of the critical point, produced an average deviation of 2.0% for viscosity, 1.4% for thermal conductivity, and 5.9% for self-diffusivity.
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    Energy balances in solar distillers (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 641-649 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There has been considerable doubt as to the manner in which the productivity of solar stills is affected by many of the designs and operating variables. To assist in designing solar stills of improved performance, theoretical equations are derived to describe the complete energy and mass transfer relationships involved in the operation of the basin type of solar still. These are supplemented with data from field operation of a 2,500-sq. ft. still. With these relationships and the aid of a digital computer, the effects of variations of design parameters on the performance of solar stills is predicted. Distiller productivity is correlated with atmospheric temperature, wind velocity, solar radiation, absorptivity and slope of transparent cover, and other variables. Curves showing the magnitude of the effects of design changes on cover temperature, brine temperature, and productivity are presented.
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    The effect of rate of sampling on the transient behavior of thermogravitational thermal diffusion columns without reservoirs (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 650-652 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In experimental investigations of the transient behavior of batch thermogravitational thermal diffusion columns it is expedient to obtain more than one sample from the column during a single run. Such sampling modifies the true batch nature of the column and thereby influences the experimental measurements to some degree. A combined theoretical and experimental investigation was carried out to determine the extent of the influence of sampling rate and thereby provide a means of predetermining a suitable sampling rate.The theoretical analysis was made by approximating the intermittent sampling as a continuous flow through the column. The transport equation of Furry, Jones, and Onsager was applied in the analysis, and an analytical solution was obtained for small separations of equicomposition binary solutions. The series solution is presented in the form of a graph. Experimental data were obtained in two thermogravitational columns with different plate spacings to test the theory. The effect of sampling rate was investigated, and theory and experiments were found to be in good agreement. It is concluded that the theory is entirely adequate to permit the prediction of sampling rates which will yield the maximum number of samples without disturbing the true batch behavior of the column.
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    Interfacial area in liquid-liquid mixing (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 663-665 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In predicting interfacial area in liquid-liquid systems there are several published reports which give different results. Differences in methods of measurement of interfacial area and impeller design and location account for some of these discrepancies.For one pair of liquids, 40 parts by volume of ethylhexanol and 60 parts water, it was found that over wide ranges of impeller size to tank size ratio (0.27 to 0.67) that equal power per unit volume gave equal interfacial area per unit volume.
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    Solid phase transport of glycerol and sodium chloride in resin (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 672-676 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusivities and equilibrium absorption of sodium chloride and glycerol in cation exchange resin Dowex-50 were determined by making a two-constant fit of experimental data to a diffusion model. The variables studied were: resin cross linkage - 2% to 12% divinylbenzene, temperature - 25° to 80°C, concentrations in the equilibrating solution, resin particle size, flow rate of the eluting distilled water. Diffusivities increase with decrease in cross linkage and with increase in temperature. The ratio of the diffusivities of sodium chloride or glycerol in the resin to that in water is between 0.2 and 0.35 for 2% DVB and between 0.025 and 0.1 for 12% DVB. Diffusivities were found to be independent of the third, fourth, and fifth variables. The amounts of solutes absorbed at equilibrium also increased with a decrease in cross linkage and an increase in temperature.
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    A thermodynamic correlation of gas solubilities (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 682-687 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Low-pressure solubility data have been correlated for eleven gases in nine solvents over a wide temperature range by considering the dissolution process in two steps. First the gas is condensed isothermally to a hypothetical liquid at 1 atm. pressure, and then this hypothetical liquid is dissolved in the solvent. The free energy of the first step depends only on the properties of the solute, which in the case of nonpolar gases can be adequately described by the theorem of corresponding states. The second step depends on the properties of both solute and solvent and, in the case of nonpolar systems, can be described by the theory of regular solutions. The correlation depends on three solute parameters: the solubility parameter, the molar volume, and the fugacity of the hypothetical liquid; the last of these has been plotted as a generalized function for the reduced temperature range of 0.7 to 3.2. A separate plot is given for hydrogen. These parameters may be used to make good estimates of low-pressure gas solubilities (or K values) in nonpolar solvents over a wide range of temperature.A semiempirical method for correlating the solubilities of gases in polar solvents is also described and illustrated for several cases.Since the correlation presented in this paper covers a wide temperature range, it is possible to make estimates of the heats of solution of gases in liquids. These may be useful in enthalpyblance calculations as required in certain phase-separation operations.
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    Mechanics of solids and fluids, Robert R. Long, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy (1961). 156 pages. Trade edition $9.00, text edition $6.75 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 704-704 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070433
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    Physical chemistry, 2 ed., Farrington Daniels and Robert A. Alberty, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1961). 744 pages. $8.75 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 704 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Engineering thermodynamics, Newman A. Hall and Warren E. Ibele, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersy (1960). 643 pages. $15.00 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5D-6D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Absorption with an infinitely rapid chemical reaction in packed towers (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 705-707 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Solubility of cyclohexane in water (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 707-707 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Effectiveness of mixing tanks in smoothing cyclic fluctuations (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 709-710 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    Temperature depressions for evaporating spheres at low pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 160-162 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The evaporation of naphthalene spheres into air in the micron pressure range may be accompanied by an appreciable surface temperature depression. The magnitude of the effect is shown to depend upon the geometry of the experimental system and the pressure level. Such effects are of interest in studies aimed at determining evaporation coefficients.
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    High-order eigenfunctions of the Graetz problem (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 530-530 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    Force convection heat transfer to water flowing normal to a cylinder (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 531-531 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    An analogy between heat and momentum transfer for the turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 532 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Chemical engineering progress symposium series abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Chemical Engineering Progress Symposium Series is composed of papers on specific subjects conveniently bound in individual books, which are published at intervals. The books are 8½ by 11 inches, paper covered, and cost $4.00 to members, $6.00 to nonmembers for “Heat Transfer - Buffalo,” No. 32. They may be ordered from the Secretary's Office, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, New York.The A.I.Ch.E. Journal will publish, from time to time, abstracts of the articles appearing in the Symposium Series volumes. Recently published volumes are abstracted below.
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    Computer program abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5S 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070342
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    Use of the mechanical energy balance for two-phase flow (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 174-174 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070138
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    An opportunity for public service (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 533-533 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070402
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    Multicomponent mass transfer I. Theory (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 558-565 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As the primary phase in the development of multicomponent mass transfer theory, equations are derived which predict the rate of mass transfer of each species from an interface to a ternary gas mixture in turbulent flow for equimolal-countercurrent transfer and for transfer with one of the three gases stagnant.The mass transfer equations obtained, regardless of whether a film, Prandtl-Taylor, or modified Chilton-Colburn model is used, differ in form from the usual binary equations and predict qualitative as well as large quantitative differences between binary and ternary transfer.A criterion is obtained which any consistent multicomponent mass transfer theory must satisfy, and although the ternary film and Prandtl-Taylor models satisfy this criterion, the modified ternary Chilton-Colburn model does not.
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    II. Experiment (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 565-573 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the simultaneous rates of transfer of acetone and benzene between a liquid film and a turbulent three component gas mixture. The measurements were made in a wetted-wall column with both mixtures of acetone, benzene and nitrogen, and acetone, benzene and helium.As predicted by the equations of Part I the mass transfer differs qualitatively as well as quantitatively from mass transfer in the corresponding binary system in which one component is stagnant. In several experiments acetone was transferred from low to high concentrations in accord with the predictions.Both the ternary film and Prandtl-Taylor models satisfactorily predict the rates of transfer of acetone and benzene, and, except possibly for very high Reynolds numbers, the simpler film model is recommended.
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    Microscopic study of bubble growth during nucleate boiling (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 578-583 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A photographic technique was used to determine bubble growth rates for ether and pentane boiling on vertical metal surfaces of zinc and an aluminum alloy at atmospheric pressure at saturation conditions. Motion pictures were taken at about 3,000 frames/sec. through a microscope which produced a 13X magnification on the film. The heat flux was varied from about 3,000 to 13,000 B.t.u/(hr.)(sq.ft.). In seven runs out of nine the late-growth equations of Forster and Zuber, Plesset and Zwick, and others were in error by less than 40% for bubble diameters from about 0.1 mm. up to the full field of view of about 0.75 mm. For sizes below 0.1 mm. the growth was too rapid to be measured. Interesting observations which are described quantitatively include bubble vibrations, irregularities in nucleation, and statistical variations in growth rates.
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    Kinetics of reduction of ferrous oxide with hydrogen in a fluidized bed at steady state (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 584-587 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the reduction of ferrous oxide with hydrogen in a steady state fluidized bed have been correlated with a rate equation based on a reaction controlled at the oxide-metal interface and on a differential material balance which assumes that a close approach to piston flow prevails. The correlation gives an enthalpy of activation of 29,500 b.t.u./lb. mole for the reaction, which is in good agreement with McKewan's reported value of 27,500 b.t.u./lb. mole. The relationships developed are used to predict the effect of the important independent variables on the over-all kinetics of the system.
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    Heat transfer from acoustically resonating gas flames in a cylindrical burner (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 588-592 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer from premixed propane-air flames to the cooled wall of a 5-in. I.D. ramjet type of burner was studied with and without flame-generated, sonic oscillations. Frequency and amplitude measurements revealed that both transverse and longitudinal waves were resonant. The heat flux to the wall was increased significantly by the oscillations, but the gas temperature profile was changed very little. The local heat transfer coefficient was found to be a linear function of the sound pressure amplitude and independent of the mode and frequency of the resonant oscillations.
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    High temperature pile irradiation of the n-heptane-hydrogen system (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 593-598 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A pilot unit for the high-temperature irradiation of flowing reactants was designed for the beam port of a nuclear reactor. Radiation-thermal cracking of the n-heptane-hydrogen system was studied with molal H2/C7 ratios from 0 to 5 at 250 lb./sq. in., 600° to 750°F., 2 to 8 min. residence time, and up to 3,600 rep./min. Although conversions were low, the decomposition rate was significantly increased by radiation giving G values 〉 103. Product distributions were not significantly altered by radiation. These results, while different from low-temperature data, appear consistent with other published high-temperature results. Radiation yields were found to be reasonably linear with total dose from 0 to 14 krep., but a twofold increase was observed in passing from a molal H2/C7 ratio of 0 to 0.5.
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    Three-dimensional filtration on a circular leaf (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 666-671 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The unconfined growth of a filter cake on a circular filter cloth was theoretically and experimentally studied as the simplest example of a three-dimensional filtration. The results are compared with the one-dimensional cake growth which ensues when the cake is laterally restrained by a cylindrical sleeve.
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    Holdup and pressure drop with gas-liquid flow in a vertical pipe (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 677-682 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Vertical upward concurrent air-liquid flow was investigated under isothermal conditions in a test section of 1-in. schedule 40 pipe. Pressure drop was measured with a mercury manometer connected to two pressure taps 20 ft. apart in the section. Liquid was trapped between two quick shutoff valves activated by two solenoid valves. The liquid was druined from the section to provide the holdup data. Six liquids were used to determine the effect of density, viscosity, and surface tension.The experimental holdup, and two-phase pressure drop data were not in agreement with Lockhart-Martinelli type of correlation for horizontal flow. A statistical correlation for holdup was developed to include fluid physical properties, total mass velocity, and the air-liquid ratio entering the pipe. Similarly a pressure drop correlation was developed which expressed the two-phase pressure drop as a function of the slip velocity, liquid physical properties, and total mass velocity. This correlation showed an average percentage error of less than 15% between the observed and the calculated total pressure drop.
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    Temperature gradients in turbulent gas streams: Effect of viscous dissipation on evaluation of total conductivity (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 688-692 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of the total conductivity in a turbulently flowing air stream were originally reported without regard to the effects of viscous dissipation upon the results. By utilizing measurements of the shear taken at the time of the original study, the reported values of total conductivity were corrected for the effect of viscous dissipation. The effect of such dissipation upon the values of total conductivity is the greatest under conditions involving small temperature gradients and high Reynolds numbers.
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    Kinetic data from nonisothermal experiments: Thermal decomposition of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 693-698 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rigorous method was developed to account for nonuniform temperature distributions in the analysis of kinetic data. The rate constants cannot be determined directly since they are functions of temperature, so equations were derived and solutions developed for the substantially temperature independent kinetic parameters, activation energy, and pre-exponential factor. A digital computer was used to evaluate numerically various integrals involved in the solution of the equations. The method developed here will be useful in all laboratory kinetic studies where limitations of heat transfer do not permit an isothermal experiment and in the analysis of kinetic data obtained from commerical or pilot plant units where the temperature distribution is nearly always nonuniform.Kinetic studies were made of the thermal decompositions of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, all of which are high temperature fast reactions. The experimental conditions covered highly nonuniform temperature distributions with peaks from 730° to 1,330°C., a total pressure of 1 atm., varying amounts of nitrogen dilution, and residence times in the millisecond range.
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    Principles of unit operations, A. S. Foust, L. A. Wensel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B. Anderson, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1960). $15.00 (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 5D-5D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070435
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    Errata (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3D-3D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070443
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    Computer program abstracts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3D-4D 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070444
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    Agitation of viscous Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Viscous fluids are frequently agitated by multiple impellers and in vessels only slightly larger than the impeller. This paper presents data for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids agitated under such conditions. The large decreases in power requirements (at a given level of mixing rate in the non-Newtonian system) which are possible by use of low tank diameter, impeller diameter ratios and/or two impellers, have been quantitatively studied.The types of impellers used in the non-Newtonian work and the ranges of conditions over which power requirement correlations were developed are summarized as follows: TextDT/DnNReMarine propeller0.42-1.01.4 -4.80.16-1.00.67-1320Fan turbine0.33-0.671.3 -3.00.21-1.46.6 -160Flat-Bladed turbine: one impeller0.17-0.671.3 -5.50.20-1.52.0 -1800two impellers per shaft0.33-1.001.023-3.50.14-1.000.15-620The results generally confirm an approach developed earlier, for the broader ranges of variables listed above. For the non-Newtonian fluids of primary interest in this study, that is purely viscous materials having flow behavior indexes of less than unity (pseudoplastics, Bingham plastics), the prediction of power requirements has been developed to nearly the same level of perfection as for Newtonian fluids.
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    Diffusion rates in porous catalysts (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 10-12 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rates of diffusion of helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide through alumina pellets were measured at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The cylindrical pellets, ¾ in. diameter and ⅜ in. in length, were prepared from α-alumina particles with a mean pore radius of 65 Å. Surface area and pore volume data indicated that the corresponding mean pore radius of the micro and macropores in the whole pellet was 96 Å.The results showed that Knudsen type of diffusion was the controlling transport process despite the large fraction of void volume in the macropores. Carbon dioxide diffused more rapidly than expected, suggesting the possibility of migration of physically adsorbed molecules along the pore walls.The diffusion rates were about 16% higher than predicted, with a mean pore radius (Wheeler model) based upon the void volume of both micro and macropores used. However there is no logical basis for using this mean pore radius for a pellet having widely separated, micro and macropore size distributions.
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    Engineering education - a graduate program only? (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 177-177 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070202
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    The P.V.T.-behavior of diatomic substances in their gaseous and liquid states (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 185-189 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The critical compressibility factor has been used as a criterion for the correlation of the P.V.T.-behavior in the gaseous and liquid states for the diatomic gases, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride. Reduced densities for these substances have been calculated from available literature data. These are presented as functions of reduced temperature and reduced pressure to produce extensive density correlations for nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon monoxide. These correlations exhibit similar behavior as expected from their similar critical compressibility factors.The validity of the critical compressibility factor as a correlating parameter has been verified by the favorable comparison of the P.V.T.-behavior of substances other than diatomic gases including argon, krypton, xenon, and methane. These results indicate that the P.V.T.-behavior of substances having critical compressibility factors of approximately 0.291 can be predicted from the reduced state correlation developed in this study as long as polarity effects are absent.
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    A comparison of propane and carbon dioxide solvent flooding processes (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 179-184 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory investigation was conducted on oil displacement from porous media by the use of either a slug of propane followed by gas or a slug of carbon dioxide followed by water. A comparison was made of the efficiencies of these two solvent flooding processes for petroleum reservoirs. The results of flooding experiments on cores and on scaled pattern models showed the effect, on oil recovery, of type of porous medium, pore geometry, length to width ratio of the flood pattern, fluid viscosities, and miscibility. Oil recoveries of from 60 to 80% of the original oil in place were obtained by these solvent flooding processes as compared with conventional waterflood recoveries of between 35 to 50% on the same cores and linear models. Furthermore these recoveries were obtained with solvent slug sizes of 10 to 30% of a hydrocarbon pore volume, with less solvent being required as the length of the flood path increased. Data showing the relations between mobility ratio and volumetric sweep efficiency for the propane-gas and carbon dioxide water flooding processes for two widely different types of porous medium are included in this paper.It was concluded that in reservoirs where pressure, oil viscosity and composition, and flooding pattern are favorable, either of these solvent flooding processes would give oil recoveries considerably higher than conventional waterflood or gas drive. It was further concluded that this improved recovery would be realized earlier in the life of a flood with carbon dioxide-carbonated water than with propane followed by gas.
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    Mass transfer between isobutanol and water in concurrent flow through a packed column (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 196-199 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and mean rates of transfer of isobutanol into the water-rich phase and of water into the isobutanol-rich phase were measured in concurrent upward flow through a column packed with glass spheres. The use of a two-component system permitted determination of the individual-phase coefficients. These are the first rate measurements for concurrent flow in a packed bed. Because the flow rates are not limited by flooding, much higher rates of transfer are attainable than in countercurrent flow.
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    Slow compression crushing of single particles of glass (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 199-202 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glass cylinders and spheres were crushed by slow compression in a hydraulic press. In all experiments the elastic energy stored in the specimen prior to fracture was measured. In some experiments the surface area of the resultant powder was measured by gas adsorption; in others the heat generation upon fracture was measured. The latter experiments show that considerable additional energy is fed into the fracturing specimen from the press. Local stress concentrations, and hence energy level at fracture, varied widely with particle shape. Calorimetric experiments suggest that real differences in crushing effectiveness, that is new surface per unit actual work done on the specimen, do occur. These differences are not due directly to the magnitude of the energy fed in from the press but rather to the effectiveness with which the stored or feed-in energy is used.
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    Deposition of aerosol particles in fibrous filters (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 203-210 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The collection efficiency of glass fiber pads was investigated with a super cooled liquid aerosol. A filter-velocity range of 0.02 to 20 ft./sec. was covered with filter pads having a bulk density ranging from 1 to 10 lb./cu. ft. and a fiber diameter ranging from 1 to 30 μ.For the aerosol employed the results showed a minimum collection efficiency at a velocity of 2 to 5 ft./sec., dependent on fiber size. At the lower velocities, where diffusion is controlling, collection efficiency increased with decreased velocity; at higher velocities, where inertia is controlling, efficiency increased with increased velocity.For purposes of generalization the data were correlated in terms of dimensionless parameters which allow for the combined effects of flow-line interception, inertial interception, and diffusinal deposition. Evaluation of the data in terms of existing theories of deposition indicated nominal agreement with the theory of Langmuir, as modified by Natanson, for diffusional deposition. For inertial deposition the measured collection efficiencies were considerably lower than would be predicted from the theoretical values reported by Langmuir and Blodgett for potential flow around the fibers, presumably because of the viscous-flow (low Reynolds number) conditions that prevailed in this study.
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    Effect of mass transfer on solid-catalyzed reactions: The dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 211-216 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction of gaseous components at a solid catalytic surface has long been a subject of prime engineering interest. Generally speaking one expects the reaction velocity constant to follow the Arrhenius exponential temperature dependence. However as the reaction temperature increases, the intrinsic reactivity of the surface will increase and mass transfer begins to limit the rate of the reaction. In the case of a porous solid catalyst, where most of the active surface is on the catalyst pellet interior, the rate-limiting process will frequently be internal diffusion, and in such a case the milder effect that temperature has on the diffusion process is the one observed in the gross kinetics, rather than the exponential Arrhenius dependence.The study reported here has examined the kinetics of the dehydrogenation of cyclohexane to benzene over a platinum-on-alumina pelleted catalyst. This is a notorious problem system, and in seeking to describe the observed rate data the authors provided a stern test for an analytical model treating the coordinate diffusion and reaction mechanisms. In particular the parameter of particle size was studied over a temperature range of from 640° to 910°F. For these runs reactor pressure was held constant at essentially 200 lb./sq. in. gauge (14.7 atm.), und the feed was maintained at 20 mole % cyclohexane, 80 mole % hydrogen.
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    Mass transfer with liquid lithium in circular conduits (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 216-220 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Forced convection mass transfer between circular tubes and liquid lithium was experimentally investigated over a range of Schmidt numbers from 40 to 57 and Reynolds numbers from 5,550 to 22,500. Information concerning the mechanism for mass transfer was obtained by measuring local solution and deposition rates as a function of distance along the tubes. Observed entrance effects for the solution process suggest that it involves the parallel mechanisms of diffusion through a solid film and through occluded liquid in grain boundaries. It is indicated that the relative contributions of these processes changes with increasing temperature.A j-factor correlation of existing liquid metal mass transfer data for fully developed conditions in circular conduits is presented and indicates that an exponent of 0.112 for NRe best represents the data. This result agrees well with other studies (9).
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    Boundary-layer behavior on continuous solid surfaces: II. The boundary layer on a continuous flat surface (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 221-225 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The laminar boundary-layer behavior on a moving continuous flat surface is investigated by two methods. One method involves the numerical solution of the boundary-layer equations. The other is an integral method, based on an assumed velocity profile that satisfies the appropriate boundary conditions. Good agreement is obtained between the results of these two methods of solution. The turbulent boundary-layer behavior on a moving continuous flat surface is investigated by the integral method only. Equations for the boundary-layer thickness, displacement thickness, momentum thickness, and skin friction are presented for both laminar and turbulent boundary layers. Comparison is made with the boundary-layer behavior over a flat plate of finite length.
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    Penetration theory for gas absorption accompanied by a second order chemical reaction (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 226-231 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The penetration-theory solution for the effect of a second-order irreversible liquid-phase chemical reaction on the rate of gas absorption has been computed numerically on an IBM-704 computer. A linearized, time-centered, implicit finite-difference method was used to solve the nonlinear partial-differential equations. The method was very effective, permitting the solution of the equations for a wide range of the parameters of interest. The penetration-theory results are compared with the film-theory solution, and it is shown that the solutions to the two theories agree within 16% if they are compared for conditions which produce the same asymptotic solution for an infinitely rapid chemical reaction. A simplified equation and some correction charts are presented which permit a rapid, accurate estimation of the penetration-theory solution over a wide range of variables.
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    Two-phase concurrent flow in packed beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 231-239 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pressure drop and liquid saturation accompanying two-phase concurrent flow have been studied in a variety of packings and with gas-liquid systems having a wide range of fluid properties. Two basic flow patterns were observed with nonfoaming systems. Correlations of pressuredrop and liquid-saturation data were obtained in terms of the single-phase friction losses for the liquid and the gas when each flows alone in the bed. Deviations from the correlation with foaming systems are discussed and illustrated with sample data.
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    Engineering education (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 355-355 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070302
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    Isothermal growth of hydrogen bubbles during electrolysis (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 357-362 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The investigation was concerned with measuring growth rates of bubbles in an isothermal medium where growth is controlled by mass diffusion. The conditions were met by generating hydrogen bubbles at a platinum cathode during the electrolysis of water. Growth data were obtained by motion picture photography at 800 to 2,400 frames/sec. taken through a microscope to produce an enlargement of 30X on the film.Growth took place in 0.1 normal and 1.0 normal sulfuric acid in water at 77°F. Current densities between 0.1 and 0.2 amp./sq. cm. were used. The observed diameters were all less than 0.006 in., and the growth times were less than 2 sec. Beside growth phenomena interesting features recorded included the coalescence of bubbles, the jumping of bubbles off the solid and then back again, and the slip of the bubble contact at the solid surface.Some bubbles grew with their radii proportional to the square root of time as predicted theoretically by Scriven. For these bubbles the calculated supersaturation of hydrogen in the solution was found to be from eight to twenty-four times the concentration at saturation.
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    A study of entrainment, perforated plate column - air-water system (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 363-366 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation has been developed interrelating entrainment as a function of plate spacing, weir height, hole size, liquid rate, and gas rate with a section of a 30-in. diameter column and the air-water system. The correlation is empirical, but approximately 90% of the over 900 points of data fall within ± 25% of the correlation. Hole diameters of 1/16 to 1/4 in., weir heights from 0 to 2 in., plate spacing from 12 to 24 in., gas rates from 770 to 1,700 lb./hr./sq. ft., and liquid rates from 2,800 to 12,000 lb./hr./ft. of weir length were studied as variable. Entrainment was found to increase with gas rate, decrease with weir height, increase with hole size, decrease with plate spacing, and could increase or decrease because of interaction effects as the liquid rate increases.
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    A finite-difference method of high-order accuracy for the solution of three-dimensional transient heat conduction problems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 367-370 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A finite-difference method is presented for solving three-dimensional transient heat conduction problems. The method is a modification of the method of Douglas and Rachford which achieves the higher-order accuracy of a Crank-Nicholson formulation while preserving the advantages of the Douglas-Rachford method: unconditional stability and simplicity of solving the equations at each time level. Although the method has not yet been applied, the analysis in this paper suggests that it will prove to be the most efficient method yet proposed for the numerical integration of three-dimensional transient heat conduction problems.
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    Liquid-vapor equilibria in the hydrogen-nitrogen and deuterium-nitrogen systems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 371-375 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A recirculation type of apparatus with a novel liquid-sampling system was used to obtain liquid-vapor equilibrium data for the hydrogen-nitrogen and deuterium-nitrogen systems at 90° and 95°K. and pressures up to 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. The data obtained show an average scatter in liquid compositions of the order of 0.01%, thus proving the feasibility of the new liquid-sampling system. The vapor samples are shown by thermodynamic analysis to scatter less than 0.1%. Deuterium is slightly more soluble in liquid nitrogen than hydrogen; the relative volatility is 1.198 at 90°K. and about 1.177 at 95°K. The relative volatility is practically independent of pressure; thus at 90°K. the relative volatility decreases from 1.198 at 100 lb./sq. in. abs. to 1.196 at 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs., but this range of values is well within the experimental error.
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    The thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon gases at normal pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 264-267 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dimensional analysis has been applied for the correlation of the thermal conductivity of a gas to its temperature, molecular weight, heat capacity, and critical constants. This approach indicates that the group k*λ/Cp should be a function of zc and TR, where λ = M1/2Tc1/6/Pc2/3. Experimental thermal conductivities of hydrocarbons at normal pressures (approximately 0.2 to 5 atm.) have been used to develop two relationships. The first is applicable to all types of hydrocarbons for 0.6 〈 TR 〈 3.0 with the exception of methane and the cyclic hydrocarbons below TR = 1.0, for which the other relationship is applicable. These two relationships have been used to calculate thermal conductivities for twenty-eight gaseous hydrocarbons for which experimental data are available. Calculated values for normal paraffins, isoparaffins, olefins, diolefins, acetylenes, naphthenes, and aromatics produce an average deviation of 2.4% from experimental values for 154 points considered.
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    Volumetric properties of gas mixtures at low temperatures and high pressures by the Burnett method: The hydrogen-methane system (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 267-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Burnett type of apparatus for the study of the volumetric behavior of gases at low temperatures and high pressures was constructed. The apparatus was used to study the volumetric behavior of methane and four mixtures of hydrogen and methane from +50° to -200°F. and pressures as high as 7,000 lb./sq. in.The experimental data were used to obtain the second virial coefficients for pure methane and for the mixtures. The results of approximately 600 experimental points were used to obtain a table of compressibility factors for methane and the mixtures at even increments of pressure and temperture.
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    Membrane selectivity (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 273-276 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Previous investigators have developed general integrations of the Nernst-Planck flux equations to predict the behavior of ion exchange membranes in forced diffusion cells. These results are also applicable to stagnant liquid films, since this latter case can be considered as a membrane with a vanishingly small concentration of fixed charges (1). However these general integrations yield results of considerable complexity, and even the analysis of a specific system becomes a problem of some scope. This paper is based upon a much less general integration which proceeds by a straightforward manipulation of the Nernst-Planck flux equations for the special case of a single one-to-one electrolyte. The results are used to predict the behavior of a system consisting of a membrane with a stagnant film of liquid on either side. To further facilitate understanding the initial results are further simplified by assuming certain specific systems and then constructing plots showing the membrane efficiency in terms of readily interpreted, commonly encountered variables such as thicknesses, currents, and concentrations.
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    Heat transfer in reacting systems: Heat transfer to nitrogen dioxide gas under turbulent pipe flow conditionsTabular material has been deposited as document 6625 with the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C., and may be obtained for $5.00 for photoprints or $2.25 for 35-mm. microfilm. (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 277-281 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Heat transfer rates of both heating and cooling for dissociating nitrogen dioxide gas were experimentally measured under turbulent pipe-flow conditions. The range of the average Reynolds numbers for which these measurements were made was from 6,700 to 22,000. Thermal flux at the inside surfaces of the tubes ranged from 300 to 8,400 B.t.u./hr.-sq. ft. for heating and cooling. Wall temperatures of the heater section were varied from 100° to 400°F. and those of the cooler section were varied from 70° to 140°F. Mixed mean bulk gas temperatures for both heating and cooling were in the range 72° to 190°F. Radial velocity and temperature profiles were measured at various longitudinal positions in the heater section.For this equilibrium gas mixture heat transfer coefficients as high as 14 times those for the gas under frozen equilibrium conditions were obtained. Correlations which should be generally applicable to equilibrium reacting systems have been determined from the experimental data.
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    Free entrainment behavior in sieve trays (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 282-287 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analysis was made of the behavior of entrained particles in the zone between trays in a sieve tray column for the air-water system. The effects of drop-size distribution, projection velocity, drag, and gravity were evaluated with respect to the quantity of entrained liquid between trays. The drop-size distribution was found to be logarithmic in nature.The entrainment as a function of distance above the froth is estimated in Equation (12) where dH may be calculated from projection velocities and column superficial velocity for particle sizes greater than 400 μ.Confirmation of the proposed entrainment equation via experimental data was achieved within an average deviation of 28%.It was anticipated from the relationships developed that a leveling off of entrainment at zones in proximity to the froth and at escape velocity heights would be observed. Confirmation was evident at zones in proximity of the froth and upper zone tendencies were observed.
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    Optimization of process performance (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 288-294 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growing availability of fast, large memory digital computers has made it practical to consider the physical implementation of control system designs incorporating appropriate strategies for automatic process optimization. The control system is taken to consist of the process to be optimized together with the interconnected digital computer. The control strategy is realized in the program of the digital computer. In the present paper a number of such programs or algorithms are discussed for carrying out a search of the possible settings of the process input (independent) variables in such a way as to locate an extremal of the possible values of a chosen objective function. The magnitude of these variables is determined from measurements taken of the dependent variables in the process. It is shown that for the particular process used as an example it is desirable to alter the search strategy as the optimization proceeds in order to locate the extremal in a minimum amount of time. The emphasis at the beginning of the search is on speed in moving towards the optimum and at the end on accuracy.Further, a computational technique is described whereby the dynamic response of the process to the various search steps (or settings) is under time-optimal control. This procedure is important for the fast execution of the search programs and consequent rapid location of the extremal of the chosen objective function.
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    Diffusion and equilibrium studies for the system acrylonitrile-styrene-polyethylene (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 295-298 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The solubilities of acrylonitrile and styrene in low-density polyethylene were measured at 0° and 27°C. over the entire range of compositions.The ternary solubility data were analyzed in terms of the relationships developed by Krigbaum and Carpenter. It is shown that the behavior of the ternary system may be predicted from the Flory-Huggins interaction constants of the three pairs of binaries.The rates of desorption of acrylonitrile and styrene from 48 mil thick sheets of polyethylene were measured at 27°C.
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    Entrainment from a submerged combustion evaporator (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 299-302 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Entrainment from a submerged combustion evaporator system was studied with sodium ion as a tracer. By measuring the ratio of the sodium concentration in the pot to that in the condensate the entrainment removal performance of the evaporator system was studied under various conditions. It was observed that the log of the concentration ratio decreases with an increase in the temperature of the gaseous products of combustion as they emanate from the combustion chamber into the solution. This is attributed to the fact that a greater amount of fine (〈 5 μ) droplets of entrainment are formed in the evaporator as the temperature of the gases increases.
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    Multimolecular adsorption equation (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 308-311 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An equation is derived for the multimolecular adsorption isotherm in the range where capillary adsorption is insignificant. The equation is demonstrated to apply quantitatively to the entire range of relative vapor pressure. It is shown that this equation reduces to the equation of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller at lower relative vapor pressures.Application of this equation to data in the literature showed good agreement. The standard deviation of the data from the equation was in the same order of magnitude as the scatter of the data themselves. Although the application of this equation was largely to water vapor adsorption systems, several applications to other systems correlated equally well.
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    Turbulent diffusion in the core of fully developed pipe flow (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 53-61 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper summarizes an experimental study of turbulent diffusion downstream of a line source of heat. Mean temperature profiles in the core of nearly fully developed pipe flow were measured at four mean velocities, from Uc = 72.6 to 160 ft./sec. Hot-wire anemometer surveys showed that the turbulence in the axial core was nearly homogeneous and isotropic. The objective was to find empirical relations between the anemometer (Eulerian) specification of the turbulence and the Lagrangian statistical properties which determine diffusion.The diffusion results agreed with predictions of G. I. Taylor's theory of diffusion by continuous movements; the eddy diffusivity increased from zero at the heat source to a constant, asymptotic value far downstream. The Lagrangian correlation coefficients inferred from the diffusion data had shapes similar to the Eulerian correlations over most of the range of time and space. Empirical relations were found to relate the coordinates of the Lagrangian and Eulerian correlation coefficients over the range of this experiment. In addition preliminary measurements are reported for a general Eulerian correlation which is a function of both space and time; the results indicate that a special case of this new Eulerian function may be a fair approximation of the Lagrangian correlation.
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    Phase relations of miscible displacement in oil recovery (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 64-72 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Miscible displacement as an oil recovery process has received wide interest in the literature recently. Essentially three basic processes have been proposed for attaining miscible displacement in our oil reservoirs: high pressure gas, enriched gas, and miscible slug processes.The present paper relates and compares the phase relations and mass transfer mechanisms of these various basic miscible displacement processes. It also discusses the effects of the various operating variables, such as pressure, temperature, injected gas composition, etc., on the applicability of the process and considers the pertinent conditions that restrict the application of each process. It is to be recognized that at times a miscible displacement may be attempted but not attained, or unforeseen conditions may destroy miscibility once it has been attained. The authors discuss the results of such conditions. The mechanisms of the miscible displacement processes are explained in a conceptual analysis based on the triangular phase diagram. Although the multicomponent reservoir fluid system cannot be represented rigorously from a thermodynamics standpoint by these diagrams, they are useful for cenceptual analysis. Their limitations are presented by the authors along with data supporting the concepts developed.
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    Extraction of mixed solutes: I. Separation of formic and hydrochloric acids. II. Separation of acetic and sulfuric acids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 456-462 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In many complex systems in solvent extraction a second solute is often present or is added to promote extraction of the first solute. Previous studies showed that the electrolyte sulfuric acid can be considered as a salting-out agent for extraction of formic acid from water by methyl isobutyl ketone.In the present work two systems were studied: (I) hydrochloric acid-formic acid-water-methyl isobutyl ketone and (II) sulfuric acid-acetic acid-water-methyl isobutyl ketone. Selectivities of over 200 were found favoring the extraction of formic over hydrochloric acid, and values of over 6,000 favoring the acetic over the sulfuric acid were found. The data for extraction of formic acid were correlated by the Setschenow equation. A similar type of equation was found for extraction of acetic acid in system II.The results indicate that the electrolyte hydrochloric acid can also be considered as a salting-out agent for formic acid. The data show that sulfuric is more effective than hydrochloric acid in salting-out the formic acid. This is in qualitative agreement with experimental data in other systems employing sulfate and chloride electrolytes and with the theoretical equation derived by Debye and McAuley. About 28% less sulfuric acid is needed to salt-out a given amount of acetic acid when compared with salting-out the same amount of formic acid.The changes in activity coefficient of the acetic acid in the aqueous phase with additions of sulfuric acid were measured in system II. These activity coefficient changes could account for only about 39% of the increase in distribution ratio of the acetic acid. A possible explanation for this is that the molecular species of the acetic acid in the organic and aqueous phases changed when sulfuric acid was added to the water phase.
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    Effects of superheated vapor and noncondensable gases on laminar film condensation (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 473-477 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A boundary-layer analysis of laminar film condensation on a vertical plate has been carried out to study the effects of superheated vapor and noncondensable gases. For a pure, superheated vapor the effects of superheating on the surface heat transfer are accounted for by a simple modification of previously available results for saturated vapors. For a given temperature difference between the plate surface and the liquid-vapor interface, superheating increases the heat transfer to the surface, but only to a modest extent for most practical situations. Although free convection was not included in the analysis, its role has been estimated to be small. For noncondensable gases the analysis shows that the presence of a few per cent of noncondensable in the bulk of the vapor causes a great reduction in the surface heat transfer. The fact that the predicted reduction is substantially larger than that found experimentally indicates that free convection, which is not included in the analysis, plays an important role when noncondensables are present.
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    A study on linear process control (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 478-481 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Critical limits of controller parameters (PID) and critical cycling periods are derived for several linear processes. A method for determining the approximate dynamic characteristics of a process is developed. A pressure control system is analyzed by this method and its behavior interpreted.
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    Hydrates in systems containing methane, ethylene, propylene, and water (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 482-485 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The initial hydrate forming conditions for the systems ethylene-water and methane-ethylene-water were investigated to about 9,000 lb./sq.in.abs. It was found that at a given pressure the initial hydrate forming temperature for mixtures containing greater than about 65 mole % ethylene was higher than the initial formation temperature for either methane or ethylene. Solid-vapor equilibrium ratios were calculated for the ethylene hydrate. A comparison between experimental and predicted hydrate forming conditions for the system methane-ethylene-propylene-water was made for several different mixtures of these gases. This comparison showed that the predicted hydrate forming temperature was slightly higher than the experimental at a given pressure.
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    Taylor instability of an evaporating plane interface (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 485-487 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new mode of high-flux heat transfer is proposed, which consists of film boiling from a porous solid plate, the vapor being sucked off through the plate. For horizontal plates the average vapor film thickness is determined by Taylor instability of the vapor-liquid interface. A theory is presented for predicting the minimum vapor film thickness which takes into account the stabilizing influence of the reactive pressure of the vapor leaving the interface. The predicted heat transfer coefficients are five to ten times greater than observed heat transfer coefficients in film boiling from nonporous surfaces.
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    Initiation of roll waves (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 488-497 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory proposed by Jeffreys to explain roll-wave transition on a liquid surface is applied to the concurrent flow of a gas and liquid. Data are presented for the concurrent flow of air with water-glycerine solutions, water-butanol solutions, and water-sodium lauryl sulfate solutions. Agreement is obtained between theory and experiment.
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    A study of streams of solids flowing from solid-gas fluidized beds (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 502-508 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070332
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    Kinetics of carbon deposition in a fluidized bed (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 498-501 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rate data have been obtained for the deposition of carbon films from methane and acetylene in fluidized beds of alumina, uranium dioxide, uranium monocarbide, uranium dicarbide, and a solid solution of uranium-thorium dicarbide powders. These carbon films have been shown to provide excellent protection for the powdered fertile material against attack by hot concentrated nitric-acid solutions. The coated uranium-thorium dicarbide particles were also shown to be stable in humid air.
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    Location of the reaction zone in liquid-liquid systems (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 524-526 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070336
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    The laminar nonisothermal flow of non-Newtonian fluids (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 519-523 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The equations which describe the process of simultaneous heat and momentum transport are solved to obtain the pressure loss-flow rate relation for the laminar flow of pseudoplastic liquids through a smooth heated pipe. The rheology of the liquids is characterized by a temperature-reduced form of the empirical Ostwald-deWaele or power law equation.Two solutions to the basic equations are presented, a numerical integration of the heat conduction differential equation and an approximate solution based upon a simplified model of the temperature profile.Experimental data obtained with eighteen different pseudoplastic solutions and the limited data available from the literature are compared with theoretical predictions and are correlated over a 5,000-fold range of friction factors and pseudoplastic Reynolds numbers with a standard deviation of 7.9%.
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    Finite-difference transforms for application to stage by stage processes (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 526-529 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    Application of the corresponding states principle to mixtures of low molecular weight gases at low temperatures and high pressures (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 535-542 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an extension of the corresponding states principle to mixtures of low molecular weight, nonpolar gases at low temperatures. It corrects the corresponding states principle for quantum mechanical effects but neglects any deviation from Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics. A comparison is made between compressibility factors obtained from reduced second-virial coefficients and those obtained from pseudo-critical values. The use of reduced virial coefficients is limited by the fact that there are not enough experimental data to permit extensive correlations of third-virial coefficients. The pseudo-critical expressions derived for higher temperatures are accurate at cryogenic temperatures provided the reference substance chosen has a molecular weight close to that of the mixture as well as a similar molecular shape.
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    Relation of interfacial shear stress to the wave height for concurrent air-water flow (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 548-550 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Waves at an interface between a concurrent air-water flow cause an increase in the interfacial stress. This increase in stress is correlated with the root-mean-square displacement of the liquid from its average height. The data are compared with Nikuradse's measurements with sand roughness.
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    Swirling flow in cylinders (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 543-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presence of vortex motion in a vertical cylinder in which water is passed upward can result in three types of velocity profiles: net upward motion at all points in the tube, an ascending outer annulus and a descending central core, and outer annulus and central core ascending and an intermediate annulus descending.All three types of velocity profiles are functions of three factors: the tangential velocity, the manner of decay of the tangential velocity, and the wall pressure drop. A fourth factor, boundarylayer growth, is proposed to explain the third type of profile. Experimental work was carried out to prove the mechanisms proposed for the first two types of profiles. Photographic observations were taken showing the existence of the third type.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070404
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    Performance of fractional watt ion exchange membrane fuel cells (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 551-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of design and operational variables on the performance of one type of hydrogen-oxygen ion exchange membrane fuel cell has been studied. Only the results of cells based on a phenolsulfonic acid formaldehyde type of ion exchange membrane containing one type of reinforcement are described. Platinum, palladium, iridium, and rhodium are adequate electrode materials for room-temperature operation. Performance of cells with platinum gauze current collectors bonded to the cell surfaces was only slightly better than that with external contacts about 1 cm. apart.Open circuit voltages range from 0.9 to 1.1 v. (theoretical 1.23) depending on the catalyst. The typical current at 0.5 v. is 30 ma./sq. cm. Better cells have delivered 80 ma./sq. cm. at 0.5 v. Life tests indicate that these cells can be expected to deliver a minimum of about 40 amp.-hr./sq. cm., when operated in the load range 8.5 to 230 ohm sq. cm., before failure of the electrolyte owing to pinhole formation. Current efficiency is very nearly 100%. Cell performance vs. temperature in the range 0° to 85°C. shows a maximum at about 55°C.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070406
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    Immersion sampling of spray droplets (1961)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 7 (1961), S. 574-577 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nearly all process involving sprays or aerosols are strongly affected by droplet size. The measurement of droplet size has therefore been attempted by numerous methods, including direct high-speed photography, light absorptionor scattering, droplet cooling or freezing, and collection of droplets on coated slides or immersion cells. Although no method is entirely satisfactory, the immersion sampling technique has been successfully used both in research and industrial testing of atomizing devices. This method entails collection of dyed-water droplets in sampling cells containing solvent or a similar immersion fluid. Photomicrographs of the droplets are then obtained for manual or automatic counting.Although immersion sampling has several recognized advantages, it is limited by the tendency of large, high-velocity droplets to shatter and by the failure of very small droplets to impact on the cell. Another problem is interference by the shutter used to expose the spray. To help overcome these limitations the mechanics of sampling hollow or solid-cone sprays was analyzed, and procedures were developed for selecting optimum cell and shutter configurations, sampling distance, and exposure time. Extension of the method to sprays comprised of two liquid streams and to sampling of oil droplets is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690070409
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