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  • Chemical Engineering  (99)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1955-1959  (99)
  • 1955  (99)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enrichment calculations in gaseous diffusion: Large separation factor (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 95-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general method has been devised for calculating gaseous-diffusion-stage requirements to separate gases of widely differing molecular weights. For such a mixture the actual separation factor is shown to be less than the ideal separation factor, depending on the undiffused-gas composition and the ratio of absolute pressures on each side of the barrier. The equilibrium relationship between the compositions of the diffused- and undiffused-gas streams leaving any stage is also derived by means of the Rayleigh concept. Application of the method is illustrated with a diagram, like that of McCabe and Thiele for distillation, on which are stepped off the required number of theoretical stages to separate a particular hydrogen-nitrogen mixture.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010114
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximate equations for time of batch fractionation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions are obtained for the calculation of the time required for batch rectification of binary feeds which may be treated by assuming constant relative volatility and no column holdup. The equations cover constant reflux operations and varying reflux constant product operations for the two cases involving either a large or a small number of theoretical stages. The latter type of calculation has hitherto been possible only by tedious graphical methods. This paper introduces novel pseudoequilibrium curves which lead to simple equations of considerable accuracy. The equations obtained may be rearranged or modified so that other factors such as sharpness of fractionation may be represented analytically.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010117
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  • 3
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    A note on the additivity of diffusional resistances (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 129-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010120
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    A technique for contacting gases with coarse solid particles (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although coarse, uniformly sized particles are not amenable to fluidization, it has been found possible by use of either gases or liquids to impart a regular cycling motion to a bed of this type of material in which the solids are rapidly carried upward by the fluid in a central well-defined core within the bed. The particles move uniformly downward in the annular space surrounding the core, thus providing dense-phase countercurrent contact between the fluid and the solids. There is no wall separating the core from the annulus. This method is called the spouted-bed technique. The effect of column diameter, fluid inlet diameter, bed depth, and physical properties of solids and fluids on spouting behavior has been investigated. The minimum fluid velocity required for spouting has been correlated, and the flow pattern of the fluid and of the solids has been stuided. The technique has been applied to the drying of wheat.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010205
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  • 5
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    Critical constants of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbonsComplete tabular matter is available from the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington, 25, D. C., as document 4563 for $1.25 for microfilm or photoprints. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 168-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Through the use of group contributions the van der Waals' constants, a and b, were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons from a knowledge of the chemical structure of these compounds and were used to define the critical temperature and pressure of these substances.By the use of methane as the base group, both van der Waals' constants were estimated for a number of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons of considerable size and complexity through the additive contribution of methyl groups in the seccessive substitution of hydrogen until the desired structure of the substance was obtained. For the normal saturated hydrocarbons these contributions were found to be additive for the evaluation of a0.626 and b0.76 up through n-octane, and these exponents have been assumed to apply in the scaling up of larger normal and isomeric hydrocarbon molecules for which experimental data are lacking.The volume van der Waals' constant b alone serves to define the critical volume of these compounds through the expression γc = 3 β b, where β represents a factor which has been found to depend on the size and arrangement of the molecule.By following this procedure the critical temperatures, pressures and volumes of the normal saturated hydrocarbons through eicosane (C20H42), inclusive, and all the isomeric hydrocarbons up to and through the nonanes were calculated and compared, whenever possible, with values already available in the literature with an agreement of 0.43% for the estimation of the critical temperature, 0.69% for the critical pressure, and 0.86% for the critical volume. A combined consideration of these average deviations points to the estimation of the critical constants of the aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with an average error of 0.7%.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010207
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    Turbulence in falling liquid films (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 178-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: On the basis of fluid dynamic and heat transfer studies on falling-film towers by various investigators, it has been commonly accepted by most workers that the liquid flow is essentially streamline in nature for liquid-film Reynolds numbers under 1,800 to 2,000; conseuquently it would be expected that the rate of physical gas absorption in such liquid films could be predicted directly from a knowledge of molecular diffusion rates.Measurements of the absorption of pure gases in falling liquid films at low Reynolds numbers substantiated the findings of other investigators that the mass transfer rates were manyfold greater than could have been predicted if molecular diffusion were the only transfer process. Increased interfacial area due to rippling of the liquid films could not account for the large increase in mass transfer rates found, and experiments with the addition of a dye stream to the liquid at the freer interface indicated turbulence.Dissolution rates of slightly soluble solids coated on the tube wall to liquid films were measured and showed that the liquid film was not in laminar flow even for Reynolds numbers as low as 300.An explanation is proposed which resolves these apparently conflicting results between momentum and heat and mass transfer, based on the fact that mass transfer measurements provide a more sensitive test for the presence of turbulence than do momentum or heat transfer measurements.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010209
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  • 7
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    Performance of vaned-disk atomizers (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 200-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010212
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  • 8
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    Fundamentals of the hydrodynamic mechanism of splitting in dispersion processes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 289-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The splitting of globules is an important phenomenon during the final stages of disintegration processes. Three basic types of deformation of globules and six types of flow patterns causing them are distinguished.The forces controlling deformation and breakup comprise two dimensionless groups: a Weber group NWe and a viscosity group NVi. Breakup occurs when NWe exceeds a critical value (NWe)crit. Three cases are studied in greater detail: (a) Taylor's experiments on the breakup of a drop in simple types of viscous flow, (b) breakup of a drop in an air stream, (c) emulsification in a turbulent flow.It is shown that (NWe)crit depends on the type of deformation and on the flow pattern around the globule. For case (a) (NWe)crit shows a minimum value ∼ 0.5 at a certain value of (NVi) and seems to increase indefinitely with either decreasing or increasing ratio between the viscosites of the two phases. For case (b) (NWe)crit varies between 13 and ∞, depending on NVi and on the way in which the relative air velocity varies with time, the lowest value refers to the true shock case and Nvi→0. For case (c) (NWe)crit, which determines the maximum drop size in the emulsion, amounts to ∼1, and the corresponding values of NVi appear to be small. A formula is derived for the maximum drop size.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010303
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  • 9
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    Total pressure method for vapor-liquid equilibria at low absolute pressures: Aniline-nitrobenzene systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 312-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Binary vapor-liquid equilibrium data for use in the successful design and operation of mass transfer equipment at pressures down to approximately 5 mm. Hg may be advantageously obtained by the method of total pressures. In this method the desired equilibrium data are derived from pressure vs. temperature measurements on a convnient number of made-up solutions covering the entire composition range.With a modified Smith and Menzies isoteniscope, it is possible to measure accurately the data required for making the equilibrium calculations down to 2 mm. abs. pressure without the “bumping,” supercooling, and superheating encountered with equilibrium stills. The isoteniscope is simple to construct and operate from 1 atm. to 2 mm. abs.The use of the total pressure method and the isoteniscope is illustrated by the determination of the vapor-liquid equilibrium in the aniline-nitrobenzene system at 5 and 10 mm. abs. In nineteen out of twenty instances the vapor compositions for a given liquid composition are precise to within ± 0.9% and the relative volatility, which varied between 2.54 and 1.85 over the composition and temperature ranges, is precise within ± 1.5%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010307
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  • 10
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    Phase equilibria in systems with ethylene above its critical temperature (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 20-27 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the mutual solubility of ethylene with various polar and nonpolar relatively high-molecular-weight organic compounds at temperatures 1° and 10° C. respectively above the critical temperature of ethylene and at pressures up to 1,500 Ib./sq.in.abs. For many compounds Henry's law was found to be applicable for the liquid phase up to approximately two thirds of the critical pressure of ethylene. In the critical region the solubility of ethylene was extremely sensitive to small changes in both temperature and pressure. The various types of phase behavior encountered were classified according to the nonideality involved. The results of this investigation indicate that a gas near its critical conditions is often capable of dissolving relatively nonvolatile materials in sufficient concentrations to warrant consideration of a separation process using such a gas as the extracting medium, namely fluid-liquid extraction.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010103
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  • 11
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    Absorption of ethylene oxide in a packed column with various solventsThis article is contribution 49 from the Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Engineering Center, Columbia University, New York, and is taken in part from the M. S. thesis written by Dr. Baron at the Johns Hopkins University in 1947. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 49-54 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Data were obtained on the solubility of ethylene oxide gas in a number of aqueous and nonaqueous solvents at various temperatures and gas concentrations. Its absorption from high concentrations in air was studied in a packed column with a cooling jacket for removal of the heat evolved. The results can be correlated with adequate accuracy in terms of the conditions at the top or dilute end of the column. The values of (H.T.U.)G and (H.T.U.)L agree approximately with known values for other systems. For the solvents tested, the liquid-film resistance is controlling at room temperatures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010107
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  • 12
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    Gas absorption and oxidation in dispersed mediaComplete data are found in the Ph. D. Thesis of L. B. Andersen, obtainable on microfilm from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 135-141 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The absorption and subsequent liquid-phase reaction of oxygen was studied with two types of dispersion apparatus, the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser. The systems studied in both devices included the absorption of atmospheric oxygen by catalyzed sodium sulfite solutions and the simultaneous absorption of atmospheric oxygen with nitrogen dioxide and with sulfur dioxide by water.Very large values of the liquid-film mass transfer coefficient for oxygen absorption were measured in the atomization zone of the Venturi atomizer. Over-all recovery efficiencies were less than 2.3% for nitrogen dioxide but reached as much as 22% for sulfur dioxide. Oxidation efficiencies for sodium sulfite solutions ranged up to 80%, depending on the operating conditions.The fritted-glass disperser gave recovery efficiencies of nitrogen dioxide as high as 90% from air containing 10% of the gas. The recovery efficiency decreased at low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide for both the Venturi atomizer and the fritted-glass disperser.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010202
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  • 13
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    Heat and mass transfer in packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 193-199 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eddy mass diffusivities, effective thermal conductivities, and wall heat transfer coefficients were measured in an 8-in. tube packed with 1/2- and 3/4-in. glass spheres. Superficial mass velocities ranged from 110 to 1,640 Ib./(hr.) (sq. ft.), corresponding to modified Reynolds numbers of 100 to 2,000. Air was the main stream fluid in all cases.The modified Peclet group (DpV/E*td) was found to be constant at a value of about 12 in the region of fully developed turbulence. At lower Reynolds numbers this group varied with the flow rate. Effective thermal conductivities were correlated by an equation. Modified Peclet numbers for heat transfer were about 25% less than those for mass transfer. The wall heat transfer coefficient varied with the superficial mass velocity as hw = 0.090 (Go0.75).An explanation is suggested for the similarity in velocity dependence between these values and those for turbulent flow in an empty tube, based on channeling at the wall.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010211
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  • 14
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    Membrane separations in the liquid phase (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 215-219 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010214
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  • 15
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    Heat transfer to water in an annulus (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 501-504 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A limited number of measurements were made of the heat transfer coefficient from an electrically heated rod to water flowing in an annulus. Tests were performed at Reynolds numbers ranging from 5,000 to 22,000 (based on equivalent diameter), water temperatures of 70° and 125°F., and relatively high heat fluxes of 52,000 to 208,000 B.t.u./(hr.) (sq. ft.). The annulus dimensions were 0.625 in. I.D. and 0.840 in. O.D. The coefficients varied as the 0.8 power of the velocity; they were 20% higher than predicted by use of Colburn's equation for flow inside pipes with the equivalent diameter. Over the range of conditions studied, it was found that the thermal boundary layer was fully developed in 1 1/8 in. (Lh/De=5).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010420
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  • 16
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    Chemical reactor stability and sensitivity (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 513-521 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to consider the well agitated continuous reactor from the standpoint of stability of the steady state. It has been shown in the past that chemical-reaction systems may be unstable in the sense that on slight perturbation they tend to move to a more stable state or that they are stable in their steady states, small perturbations being self-correcting so that the system possesses autoregulation. In this paper methods of developing criteria for the quantitative determination of stability or instability or presented and applied to some simple problems. In order that the effect of large perturbations on the system may be determined, complete solutions of the rigorous equations are obtained on the analogue computer (R.E.A.C.). A complete plot of reaction paths in the concentration-temperature plane may be obtained in this manner. Because of the nonlinearity of the system one cannot predict with certainty what steady state will be approached after a given large perturbation, multiple steady states being assumed possible. From the phase plot of reaction paths the regions in the plane which lead to certain steady states are delineated. Also it is shown that the natural behavior of a reactor is not to approach an unstable state. So far as the reactor is concenrned, the unstable state does not exist. The stability of the system is important to the engineer, as control will be easy or difficult and product quality will be satisfactory or not depending upon the relative stability of the steady state. An unstable state would require more elaborate control than a stable state.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010422
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  • 17
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    Plant performance of a 13-ft.-diameter extractive-distillation column (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 536-543 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plant performance data are presented for a 13-ft.-diam., 100-tray furfural extractive-distillation column separating iso- and n-butane from 1- and 2-butene. In addition to composition, temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the external streams, values are presented for vapor and liquid compositions and flow rates at a number of different locations within the tower. With the exception of the vapor compositions, which were determined experimentally, the internal conditions were determined by heat and material balances. These data permitted calculation of plate efficiency over various small sections of the column. In the 50-tray rectifying section, plate efficiency for the isobutane - 1-butene separation was constant at 20%, and in the stripping section the plate efficiency varied from 25 to 45%. The average for the entire column was 25%.The furfural-column plate efficiencies compare favorably with those predicted from laboratory tests made before the construction of the column to evaluate the performance of the tray design to be employed. The laboratory plate efficiencies were obtained for the desorption of oxygen from oxygen-rich water with air at the same conditions of volumetric gas and liquid rates to be encountered in the furfural column. When these values were suitably corrected for physical property differences between the two systems, the point efficiencies predicted from the laboratory data for the furfural column ranged from 35% near the top of the column to 25% near the bottom of the column, the average value being 29%.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010426
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  • 18
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    Entrainment removal by a wire-mesh separator (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 549-557 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The efficiency of a wire-mesh separator as an entrainment eliminator has been experimentally determined in an evaporator employing a sodium chloride brine to trace the entrainment throughout the system. Superficial linear velocities have been tested with efficiencies ranging from less than 80% at lower velocities up to 99.9% at 17 ft./sec. Higher superficial linear velocities were explored, but the results were erratic, with reentrainment from the separator visually evident. The experimental data have been correlated by the assumption, and development, of a proposed mechanism for the capture of the entrainment particles by the wires in the separator. This mechanism is developed from a theoretical derivation by Langmuir and Blodgett used for correlating the stoppage of mist particles by the leading edges of airplanes and has been found to correlate the experimental data very well, so that predictions in unworked ranges may be made. The separator as applied in this experimental work behaved as an impingement-type, inertial entrainment eliminator.The use of the presently developed equations permits the recommendation of specifications to be used in the fabrication of a separator for its most efficient performance if the nature of the entrainment and conditions of operation are known.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010428
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  • 19
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    Adiabatic-temperature change (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 562-563 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010432
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  • 20
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    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: III. Correlation of profiles of total momentum and energy flux in a nonisothermal jet discharging into a duct (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 69-73 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The data in the first paper of this series on the distribution of momentum and energy in nonisothermal air streams mixing in a straight duct were correlated by the methods described in the second paper. Mixing indexes were evaluated and used to correlate profiles of total momentum and stagnation temperature at various sections of the duct.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010110
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  • 21
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    Upward cocurrent annular flow of air and water in smooth tubes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 78-86 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase fluid flow is distinguished from single-phase flow in two respects: (1) the cross section for flow of either fluid is not defined by the conduit alone and (2) not only the extent but the manner of frictional energy exchange for each fluid depends on the individual rates of flow for both fluids. It was believed therefore that an empirical approach would not adequately describe the various situations encountered in two-phase flow, and so study was undertaken to obtain some understanding of the mechanisms of the flow of liquid with a free surface and the momentum exchange between fluids at that surface. It resulted in the development of a method of predicting liquid holdup and pressure drop for flowing systems in which the liquid, lifted by the gas flowing as a central core, moves upward as an annular film along the pipe wall.In order to clarify the relationship of annular flow to the entire range of vertical two-phase flow modes, a discussion of vertical two-phase flow is presented, followed by an analysis of the special case of vertical, upward, annular flow; a description of the experimental work; and a comparison of experimental data with predictions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010112
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  • 22
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    Use of the redlich and kwong equation of state in calculating thermodynamic properties of gases from experimental compressibility data (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 100-104 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Convenient and accurate methods of calculating the thermodynamic properties of gases from experimental compressibility-factor data through the use of the Redlich and Kwong equation of state are presented. Analytical and graphical methods are combined. As an example, fugacity and activity coefficients are calculated for the nitrogen-ethylene system at 50°C. for pressures up to 500 atm.
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    Kinetics of the catalyzed and uncatalyzed liquid-phase hydration of propylene oxide (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 118-124 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of the catalytic and noncatalytic hydration of propylene oxide were studied in a continuous reactor. Both the catalytic and noncatalytic reaction were studied over a temperature range of 100° to 300°F. The feed ratios ranged from 2.5 to 10 lb. water/lb. propylene oxide. In the case catalytic reaction, the catalyst concentration of sulfuric acid ranged up to 0.25 wt. % of the total feed.The study showed the noncatalytic reaction to be pseudo first order with respect to propylene oxide, and an equation was found for the rate constant. The catalytic reaction was found to be pseudo second order with respect to propylene oxide, and the effect of the catalyst concentration is shown graphically.
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    A second glance (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 133-133 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010201
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    Development of an equation of state for gases (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 142-151 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010203
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    Operating characteristics of membranes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 152-156 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010204
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    Gas absorption in beds of rings and saddles (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 224-230 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New data are presented for the system carbon dioxide - sodium hydroxide. The effect of CO3= build-up upon KGa values was investigated first and the data were then used to construct a curve by means of which all data were corrected to an arbitrarily chosen reference state of 25% CO3= concentration. KGa values increased with increasing liquid rate but were not dependent on gas rate if the packings were operated below loading. For some packings examined in the loading range, however, KGa values increased with increasing gas rate.KGa values examined in relation to specific surface area were found to be very irregular in connection with rings. The surface-area utilization pattern of the saddles was considerably more uniform. The ring and saddle data for the carbon dioxide-sodium hydroxide system were in good qualitative agreement with the ammonia absorption data of Fellinger and the water-water vapor data of Mehta and Parekh.
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    Performance of packed columns. I. Total, static, and operating holdupsAdditional tabular material may be obtained from the photoduplication service, American Documentation Institute, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., as document 4565 for $1.25 for microfilm or photoprints. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 247-253 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Total and static holdups have been measured for 1/2-, and 1-in. ceramic Berl saddles, 1/2-, 1-, and 1 1/2-in. ceramic Raschig rings, and 1-in. carbon Raschig rings with air rates from 100 to 1,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.) and water rates from 1,000 to 10,000 1b./ (hr.) (sq. ft.).The holdup measurements and motion picture observations of the flow of dye solutions through packings provide an explanation for the great differences observed when gas-phase mass transfer rates are measured by absorption and vaporization methods. If the effective interfacial area for vaporization is assumed to be proportional to total holdup and the area for absorption is assumed proportional to operating holdup, the raio of the two mass transfer rates should be equal to the ratio of the two holdups.The departure from equality of the two ratios can be explained by the observation that the static holdup is displaced slowly, resulting in additional effective area for absorption over that expected from the operating holdup alone.
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    Correlation of diffusion coefficients in dilute solutions (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 264-270 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010222
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    A note on the locus of the maximum of a distillation line (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 271-271 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010223
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    Commencement (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 271-271 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010224
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    Efficiency and capacity factors in lube extraction (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 296-302 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Thermodynamic properties of air (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 302-304 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    Laws of corresponding states (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 74-77 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various laws of corresponding states are examined briefly in this paper to show the corrections that are in common use to increase the accuracy of forecasting compressibility factors. Two trends are noticeable: (I) the use of specific compressibility charts with the results generalized for all gases either by corrections related to z (the compressibility factor at the critical point) or by the use of pseudocritical properties and (2) the use of a true generalized chart based upon averaged data. It is shown that the selection of the plot parameters affects the accuracy of the generalized chart. In recent years reduced parameters based upon kinetic theory have been proposed but for a restricted class of gases (nonpolar gases with spherically symmetrical molecules and negligible quantum effects). It is shown that the kinetic parameters are directly related to the critical constants and also that the kinetic parameter charts can be used for all gases without serious loss of accuracy.
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    Dehydration of hydrazine by azeotropic distillation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 220-224 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process was developed for dehydrating aqueous solutions of hydrazine by azeotropic distillation with aniline as an entrainer. The ternary system hydrazine-water-aniline, which contains the minimum-boiling aniline-water azeotrope and the maximum-boiling hydrazine-water azeotrope, was studied by fractionation analysis to determine the position of the ridge or distillation barrier in the vapor and liquid surface. The studies showed that the position and curvature of this ridge were favorable for the production, by rectification, of a solution richer in hydrazine than the azeotropic proportions. The process comprised three operations. Approximately 70% of the hydrazine charged to the system was dehydrated.Entrainers that form binary minimum-boiling azeotropes with both hydrazine and water are discussed. Ternary systems with these entrainers have saddlepoint azeotropes that boil intermediate with respect to the other invariant components in the system.
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    Liquid films in viscous flow (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 231-240 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A trace of radioactive material dissolved in a liquid enables the thickness of a moving film to be determined by measurement of the radiation emitted. The method is rapid and accurate and an average thickness is obtained directly even though the surface of the film may be irregular. Six liquids, having viscosities ranging from 0.5 to 20 centipoises were observed in flow down the inner wall of a vertical tube. Liquids having viscosities of about 1 centipoise or less exhibit typical viscous behavior with respect to film thickness even when waves are present. Liquids having larger viscosities give values of the film thickness which are less than for true viscous flow. The departure from normal behavior increases with increasing viscosity and occurs only over the region where the liquid moves in wave flow. Surface tension is not a factor in either wave formation or wave flow.The wave motion appears at flow rates well within the viscous region and occurs when the Froude number exceeds unity. Equations derived for the viscous flow of liquid films on the inner wall of a vertical tube would be required where tube diameter is small or liquid viscosity large. Ordinarily the less complex equations for flow down a flat plate may be used. A theory of flow in the viscous region with waves present is suggested.
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    Performance of packed columns. II. Wetted and effective-interfacial areas, gas - and liquid-phase mass transfer ratesAdditional tabular material may be obtained from the American Documentation Institue Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., as document 4566 by remitting $2.50 for photoprints or $1.75 for microfilm. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 253-258 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of separating the volumetric mass transfer coefficients, kGa and kLa, into their components kG, kL, and a so that the effects of variables might be determined separately for each component. Mass transfer rates for four packings, 1/2- and 1 1/2-in. Raschig rings and 1/2-in. and 1-in. Berl saddles, made of naphthalene, were determined by vaporization into air at gas rates from 100 to 1,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.).The correlation for kGa was used to determine the wetted areas of those packings when irrigated with water and to calculate the effective interfacial areas, a, from Fellinger's data for ammonia absorption. These effective areas were then used to evaluate kL from previously published kLa data, and a correlation was obtained for all packings.The correlations for kGa and kLand the effective-interfacial-area data make possible a more rigorous method for the design of packed columns than was heretofore available.
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    September song (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 273-273 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010301
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    Numerical solution of two-dimensional heat-flow problems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 505-512 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-dimensional heat flow frequently leads to problems not amenable to the methods of classical mathematical physics; thus, procedures for obtaining approximate solutions are desirable. A recently introduced finite-difference method, known to be applicable to problems in a rectangular region and involving much less calculation than previous methods, is extended by example to cases of more practical interest. Although all three examples given are steady state, unsteady state problems may also be attacked successfully by the method. The first example is that of flow around a corner and indicates that a more complicated region than a rectangle can be treated. Then a problem involving a radiation-boundray condition is given; as this condition is nonlinear, the method is extended to more general equations. The last example involves point heat sources and sinks in an elliptical region and so extends the method to treat curved boundaries (as distinguished from polygonal domains) and singular points. It is believed that materially less calculation is necessary by this method than for previous procedures.
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    Dynamics of vapor bubbles and boiling heat transfer (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 531-535 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analytical expressions for bubble radii and growth rates derived by the authors are applied in an analysis of surface boiling at high heat transfer rates. It is shown that the product of bubble radius and radial velocity is a constant, independent of the bubble radius. This circumstance permits the formulation of a Reynolds number for the flow in the thin superheated liquid layer adjacent to the heating surface. The result of the analysis is then applied to maximal heat transfer rates in pool boiling.
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    Physical properties of organic acids (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 558-558 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    Use of computers in kinetic calculations (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 561-562 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010431
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    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: II. Theoretical study of turbulent transport of momentum, energy, and matter in ducted coaxial streams (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 61-69 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper concerns the kinetics of the processes that take place when a high-velocity jet of fluid mixes turbulently with a low-velocity, induced stream of the same fluid in a duct of uniform diameter. Semi-two-dimensional solutions of the equations of transport involving two empirical coefficients were obtained by application of Reichardt's hypothesis and three assumptions: (a) a negligible fraction of the flow entity (energy, mass, or momentum) is lost at the wall and the presence of the boundary layer may be ignored, (b) the static pressure is uniform over a section of the duct, and (c) the turbulence pattern is similar to that in free jets except that the duct wall limits the growth of the scale of the turbulence. A mixing index, which is a measure of the degree to which the jet stream remains unmixed with the induced stream at any point, was defined and related to the geometry of the system and the flow parameters by means of the theoretical equation, and a method of evaluating the empirical coefficients for a typical case of momentum transport was described.
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    Enthalpy-Concentration diagrams of binary aqueous mixtures of hydrazine, sodium carbonate, and glycerine (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 87-92 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Generally an enthalpy-concentration diagram for a system is prepared for fixed pressure, and to be complete it should include data on the solid, liquid, and vapor phases. Such charts are useful for calculations involving heat balances with accompanying concentration changes. This article outlines the steps in the preparation of a diagram and includes the diagrams for aqueous solutions of hydrazine, sodium carbonate, and glycerine.
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    Controlling mechanism in the aqueous absorption of nitrogen oxides (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 105-111 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactions involved in the removal of nitrogen oxides from gases by reaction with water are reversible and proceed at a finite rate. It is possible therefore that the over-all process is controlled by the rate of the chemical reactions. On this basis an analysis of the process has been developed by the application of chemical kinetics, with consideration of reactions involving both nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide. The resulting differential equation has been simplified and integrated to give a final equation which can be tested experimentally.Theoretical methods are presented for predicting the extent of absorption of nitrogen oxides at various gas rates and concentrations and are compared with the experimental results.The paper presents some new concepts of the factors which control the rate of absorption of nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide in water. An understanding of the controlling factors in the process should indicate methods for improving the design of absorption towers in nitric acid plants and aid in the design of scrubbers for removing nitrogen oxides from waste gases.
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    Vapor-Liquid equilibrium relations predicted by thermodynamic examination of activity coefficients (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 241-246 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010218
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    Performance of packed columns. III. Holdup for aqueous and nonaqueous systemsAdditional tabular material may be obtained from the American Documentation Institute Auxiliary Publications Project, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., as document 4567, by remitting $1.25 for photoprints or microfilm. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 259-264 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Total, static, and operating holdups have been measured for 1-in porcelain and carbon Raschig rings and 1-in. porcelain Berl saddles, employing aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sorbitol, and a wetting agent as well as pure methanol and benzene. The range of variables covered by this investigation includes liquid rate, 1,000 to 10,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.); viscosity, 0.6 to 185 cp.; surface tension, 23 to 86 dynes/cm.; specific gravity, 0.8 to 1.32.Equations and charts are presented for estimating holdups for all liquids. The application of holdups for estimating mass transfer coefficients, kG, and effective interfacial areas, a, is discussed.The total holdups for water, methanol, and benzene can be used to explain why mass transfer coefficients obtained by vaporization of pure liquids in packings seem to depend on gas diffusivity raised to the 0.15 power instead of the 0.67 power, as found in other mass transfer studies. The larger total holdups of nonaqueous liquids result in larger effective interfacial areas in the packing, which mask the effect of the change in gas diffusivity.
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    Liquid-liquid extraction in continuous-flow agitated extractorsThis paper is an abridgment of the thesis of Arthur W. Flynn submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering Science at New York University (1953). (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 324-328 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Extraction studies were made with the systems toluene water benzoic acid and kerosene water benzoic acid in two dimensionally similar cylindrical extractors, one 6 in. in diameter by 6 in. high, the other 12 in. in diameter by 12 in. high. Each extractor contained four radial baffles, of width equal to 16.7% of the extractor diameter. The extractors were agitated by six-bladed dimensionally similar turbine impellers, the diameters of which were in each case one third the diameter of the extractor.When the extractors were full of liquid, i.e., in the absence of an air-liquid interface, the power required for a given impeller speed was independent of the rate of flow of liquid. However, such operation required more power than the equivalent open-tank agitator, and more baffling was required to produce fully turbulent flow.Flow rates were varied from 0 to 4,000 lb./hr. and solvent-to-water mass ratios from 3:1 to 1:6. Extraction stage efficiencies were found to be appreciable even at zero agitator speed.The additional stage efficiency produced by agitation was found to be a function of the power input per unit volume of liquid flowing. This relationship permitted the correlation of all extraction efficiency data for a given system at a constant solvent-to-water ratio over eight-fold range of power input. It was found possible to predict the performance of an extractor in continuous flow from batch-extraction measurements through the methods of MacMullin and Weber.
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    Effect of void volume and prandtl modulus on heat transfer in tube banks and packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 342-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A correlation is presented relating the heat transfer characteristics of cross-flow heat exchangers to the void-volume-and-tube-pitch ratio. A similar correlation is found to be applicable to heat and mass transfer in packed and fluidized beds and through screens.A limited amount of data has been obtained on the effect of the Prandtl modulus at high Reynolds numbers. These data seem to indicate, as do those for flow through tubes, that the Prandtl number exponent is a function of Reynolds number.
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    Analysis of gas-fluidized solid systems by x-ray absorption (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 358-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: X-ray absorption is presented as a unique tool for the study of the fundamentals of gas fludization. For example, bed-density profiles, valuable indexes of the quality of fluidization, are readily determined by means of X-ray absorption. No internal probes, to interfere with the normal action within a fluidized bed, are involved.As an initial application of X-ray absorption to fluidization, the results of a study of the effect of mode of distribution of gas to a fluidized bed are presented. The importance of this variable, only superficially discussed in previous literature, is clearly shown by these results. Application of X-ray absorption to other chemical engineering operations is readily conceivable.
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    Diffusion coefficients in hydrocarbon systems: n-Hexane in the gas phase of the methane - , ethane - , and propane - n-hexane systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 385-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental information concerning the molecular transport of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase is limited. For this reason a study was made of the Maxwell diffusion coefficients of n-hexane in the gas phase of the methane-n-hexane, and propane-n-hexane systems.Maxwell diffusion coefficients were determined at steady state for pressures up to 70 lb./sq. in. at temperatures between 70° and 220° F. The effects of interfacial resistance were considered and uncertainties as to the behavior at the end of the transport path were eliminated. Coefficients were reported with partial pressure and with fugacity as the potential. Fick diffusion coefficients were calculated for each component on the assumption that the gas phase was an ideal solution.These data indicated that the Maxwell hypothesis with fugacity as the potential in an ideal solution is a fair description of the transport characteristics of the lighter hydrocarbons in the gas phase at relatively low pressures. A regular decrease in the Maxwell diffusion coefficient with an increase in the molecular weight of the stagnant component was observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    The year one (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 413-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010401
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    Principles of industrial waste treatment. C. Fred Gurnham. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 392 pages. $9.50 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010403
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    Kinetics of the liquid-phase oxidation of ethanolComplete tabular material has been deposited as document 4706 with the American Documentation Institute, Photoduplication Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D. C., and may be purchased for $1.25 for microfilm or photoprints. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 488-495 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the rate of liquid-phase oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. An aqueous, basic solution of ethanol was allowed to trickle over a palladium-onalumina catalyst in a packed tower while oxygen-containing gas was blown upward. The observed rates are described by an equation including a kinetic term and a mass transfer term for the diffusion of oxygen. Kinetic rate constants and gas- and liquid-film mass transfer coefficients are reported.
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    Equivalent isothermal temperatures for nonisothermal reactors (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 528-530 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple procedure has been developed for evaluating the equivalent isothermal temperature for nonisothermal reactors. Reaction-rate constants determined from a kinetic study are averaged by a simplified integration method; the average rate constant defines the equivalent isothermal temperature. Use of this equivalent temperature permits direct comparison of experiments carried out in reactors having widely different temperature profiles.
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    Pipe-line design for non-newtonian fluids in streamline flow (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 544-548 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for determining the flow-rate - pressure-gradient relationship for the streamline flow of the large class of non-Newtonian, nonthixotropic fluids to which the Powell-Eyring equation applies. The general procedure and assumptions required in developing this method are the same as used in deriving the Hagen-Poiseuille equation except that the Powell-Eyring equation is used in place of Newton's equation to relate shear stress to shear rate.The method can be used to predict pipe-flow pressure gradients from both precision viscometer data and pipe-flow data. Its applicability is demonstrated for three typical non-Newtonian fluids, 3% carboxymethylcellulose in water, 15% napalm in kerosene, and 33% hydrated lime in water.When used with pipe-flow data, it resembles the method of Alves and associates, compensating for the inconvenience of an additional step in calculation procedure by providing a means of extrapolating beyond the range of the experimental data.The relationships developed facilitate the application of shear-stress - shear-rate data in the design of conduits for non-Newtonian fluids.
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    Shape factors in multiple-pipe systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 559-560 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Greetings - - (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 7-7 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010101
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    The fall of single liquid drops through water (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 42-48 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The steady motion of single drops of ten organic liquids falling through a stationary water field is discussed. A correlation is presented for nine systems with the exception of the aniline-water system, in the form of a single curve relating the drag coefficient, Weber number, Reynolds number, and a physical property group. The curve can be used directly to predict the terminal velocity, drag coefficient, Reynolds number, and Weber number for any given equivalent drop size.A break point in the curve serves to predict the peak velocity and its related quantities. The critical drop size is predicted from the pertinent physical properties alone. All these estimations were accurate within 10% for the systems used. The interfacial tensions ranged from 24 to 45 dynes/cm. and the drop densities from 1.100 to 2.947g./ml., the latter resulting in a twentyfold range of density differences. The drop viscosities had no apparent effect.
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    Mass transfer in packed beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 28-37 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although considerable work has been done on the problem of heat transfer radially in fixed beds through which gases are flowing, the data available for mass transfer are limited to one pipe size and one packing size and refer to average diffusivities for the entire bed. The present study was undertaken to determine: (1) diffusivities over a range of pipe and packing sizes and (2) the effect of radial position in the bed.The measurements were made by introducing carbon dioxide into an air stream and analyzing the resultant mixture at various positions in the bed downstream from the point of injection. Pipe sizes of 2, 3, and 4 in. were packed with spherical particles of 5/32-, 1/4-, 3/8-, and 1/2-in. nominal diameter.The differential equation describing the concentration in a packed bed when diffusivity E and the velocity u are permitted to vary with radial position was solved by use of an I.B.M. card-programmed calculator for the computations.The results show that the Peclet number Dpu/E increases from the center towards the wall of the pipe and that the increase is significant when Dp/Dt is greater than 0.05. Empirical correlations are then presented for both point Peclet numbers, which vary with radial position, and average Peclet numbers for the entire bed.The variations in Peclet number with radius can be explained in terms of the corresponding variation in void fraction for 81% of the radius of the bed. At modified Reynolds numbers above 40 to 100 the equation Pe = 8.0 + 100 (δ  -  δ0) correlates the effects of pipe and packing size and radial position. At radial positions greater than 0.81 wall friction influences turbulence conditions and the Peclet number.
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    Thermodynamic properties of l-butene (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 210-214 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of 1-butene have been calculated over a temperature range of 32° to 480°F. and at pressures up to 1,000 lb./sq. in. abs. These properties were determined from vapor-pressure, volumetric, heat-capacity, and latent-heat of vaporization data through the application of rigorous thermodynamic relationships. The calculated data have been found to be internally consistent. The enthalpy values are believed to be accurate to within ±0.5 B.t.u./lb. and the entropy values to ±0.0005 B.t.u./(lb.) (°R.).
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    Gas-solid contact in fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 349-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: According to the concept of two-phase fluidization, a part of the gas in a fluidized reactor passes through the uniform dispersed solid-gas phase in the form of bubbles, channels, and slugs. Material transport by mixing or diffusion takes place at the phase boundaries. A mass transfer coefficient between the two phases may be used to evaluate the effectiveness of contact between the gas and solid. The reaction rate for the catalytic decomposition of nitrous oxide was determined in a fluidized bed of impregnated alumina particles and compared with the corresponding rate in a fixed bed. Simultaneous rate equations were established based on the assumption that the continuous phase is either completely unmixed or uniformly mixed, and the discontinuous phase passes without mixing. The effects of the velocity of the gas, the particle size, and the bed depth on the transfer coefficient were investigated. Applications to heat transfer in fluidized beds and equipment design are discussed.
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    Prediction of ternary vapor-liquid equilibria from boiling-point data (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 354-357 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Mechanism of heat transfer to fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 374-384 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In order to determine the nature of the resistance controlling heat transfer between fluidized beds and surfaces in contact with them, heat transfer measurements were made on the same solid constituents with several different fluidizing gases. The heat transfer coefficients obtained with fluidized beds are found to be proportional to the square root of the thermal conductivity of the quiescent beds. This result indicates that the process controlling fluidized heat transfer may be considered to be an unsteady-state diffusion of heat into mobile elements of quiescent bed material.This picture is analyzed mathematically to yield an equation for the heat transfer coefficient h = h \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ h = \sqrt {{\rm K}_{\rm m} \rho _{\rm m} cS} $\end{document} wherein the effects of the bed thermal properties are separated from the effects of the stirring factor S, which accounts for bed motion and geometry. The mass transfer analogue is also derived and shown to correlate existing mass and heat transfer data reasonably well.It is concluded that the proposed mechanism yields a satisfactory picture of the fluidized heat transfer process and may provide the beginnings of a rational approach to the correlation and prediction of fluidized heat transfer in engineering work.
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    A note on equations of time (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 410-412 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Process engineering economics. Herbert E. Schweyer. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). 409 pages. $7.50 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010402
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    Transport of momentum and energy in a ducted jet: I. Experimental study of a nonisothermal jet of air discharging into a duct (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 55-61 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heated jet of air from an 0.898-in. standard A.S.M.E. nozzle was discharged into a 4-in. steel duct, well insulated over its entire 10-ft. length. Air from the region surrounding the nozzle was entrained into the duct. At a number of points along the duct, radial profiles of air velocity and temperature were obtained by means of a probe which combined an impact tube and a thermocouple. The temperature at each of several points along the duct wall was indicated by thermocouples imbedded in the wall.In the experiments reported here the velocity at the jet was 585 ft./sec.; the temperature of the jet was about 220°F. and that of the entrained air was about 88°F. The total air flow rate through the duct was 0.67 lb./sec., and the heat flux was 4.9 B.t.u./sec., with the temperature of the entrained air taken as the datum.The radial and axial profiles of velocity and temperature are compared and discussed; the temperatures of the stream near the duct wall and of the duct wall itself are given. Conservation of mass and heat was checked by graphical integration of the radial profiles.
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    Extraction of petroleum fractions by ammonia solvents (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 335-341 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Effect of drying conditions on drying rate and physical properties of a porous solid (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 329-334 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rate data are presented for both the constant - and the falling-rate drying of closely sized spheres of silica-alumina hydrogel. This hydrogel, which contains a fine powder, is the starting material from which petroleum cracking catalysts may be prepared. During the constant-rate period the drying rate is directly proportional to the difference between the dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of the air. In the falling-rate period the rate is proportional to the free water content, the proportionality factor being an undetermined function of the dry-bulb-wet-bulb differential.Drying severity during the falling-rate period is shown to be the major determinant of the final pellet density. At constant wet-bulb temperature, density is inversely related to the dry-bulb-wet-bulb differential. If this differential is held constant, density is directly related to the wet-bulb temperature.The variation in drying rate with position in the bed for through-circulation constant-rate drying of deep beds of particles is analyzed for the case where the direction of air flow is periodically reversed for equal time intervals. It is indicated that uniformity of drying should increase with an increase in air velocity, but decrease as bed depth is increased. At constant conditions and bed depth, large particles should dry more uniformly than small. Within normal operating ranges, air temperature and humidity should have little effect on drying uniformity.
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    Rate of fall of single liquid droplets (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 366-373 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of the terminal velocities of fall of liquid droplets in another phase liquid under stationary conditions. The studies include dimensional analysis, experimental work for collection of fall-velocity data, and photographic studies of the drop behavior. Six systems were studied for organic liquids insoluble in and heavier than water. The experimental conditions and procedure have been standardized.For any given system, as the drop size was increased the fall velocities of the droplets increased gradually, reached a maximum, and then fell off asymptotically. Two mechanisms have been postulated, (1) for the range where the fall velocities increased with an increase of drop size and (2) for the range where the fall velocities decreased with an increase of drop size, with the maximum velocity region corresponding to the transition from region 1 and 2.
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    Chemical factors in propellant ignitionThis study was supported by U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station Contract N123-60530S-1980. It comprises part of a thesis to be presented by Ferron A. Olson in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy at the University of Utah. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 391-400 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of studying solid propellant ignition is described which utilizes detonating gas igniters. This article describes (1) conditions required for obtaining reproducible igniter systems and (2) results of application of the method to four well-known rocket propellants in which various “chemical” and “thermal” effects were brought out by suitable variations in the initial pressure and composition of the detonating gas igniter. Successful application of the detonating-gas-igniter method requires the use of steady state detonation waves, i.e., waves in which the detonation head has attained a steady “size” and momentum. Experimental data are presented which show that detonation (following the initial predetonation buildup) must travel 40 to 50 cm. in a 1-in. diam. steel tube before these steady state conditions are established in the systems studied.Results of studies by the detonating gas ignition method show that, besides the important purely physical effects of temperature and pressure, free oxygen and solid carbon in the igniter system are very effective in lowering the threshold ignition pressure. Moreover, increasing oxygen in the igniter markedly lowers the ignition time lag (τp) for appearance of an observable flame although it increases the time lag (τi) for appearance of reaction sufficient to cause the first measurable ionization in the reaction zone (τp ≫ τi). Although true flame-ignition time lags were observed to be of the order of several milliseconds, reaction of the propellant was observed to start within 1 msec. (possibly immediately) after collision of the detonation wave with the propellant.The detonating gas method is shown to provide a reliable measure of the relative ignition sensitivities of various rocket propellants.
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    Estimation of ternary vapor-liquid equilibrium (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 401-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium measurements were made at 50°C. for the ternary systems acetone-methanol-chloroform, acetone-methanol-carbon tetrachloride, and acetone-methanol-methyl acetate, by means of an improved vapor-recirculation type of apparatus. The complete range of concentrations was investigated, including six of the seven constituent binary systems. Chemical methods, supplemented by density and refractive-index measurements, were used for analysis.Results are presented in the form of activity coefficients γ as a function of various concentrations. Binary and ternary constants for the three-suffix Margules equations were determined by plots of (log γ) / (1-x)2 as a function of the mole fraction x. Such equations have been found to represent both the binary and the ternary data adequately except in the system containing both methanol and carbon tetrachloride. For these mixtures a simplified four-suffix equation, including a single ternary constant, correlates binary and ternary equilibrium data.The data indicate that reliable estimates of ternary equilibria can be based on the assumption that the ternary constant C* is zero for mixtures in which all deviations from Raoult's Law are positive. This is interpreted as indicating that the probability of existence of trimolecular aggregates, two- or three-component, in ternary solutions is no greater than the average of probabilities of existence of trimolecular aggregates in the constituent binary systems.Based on equations of the Margules type, a procedure is outlined for determining binary constants rapidly and for planning experiments whereby a ternary system may be completely investigated with the aid of very few measurements.The composition changes that the accompany differential distillation of the three ternary mixtures are described qualitatively in terms of the shape of the vapor-pressure-composition surfaces.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010320
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    The chemistry of the petroleum hydrocarbons. Volumes 2 and 3. Edited by Benjamin T. Brooks, Cecil E. Boord, Stewart S. Kurtz, and Louis Schmerling. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York (1955). Volume 2, 448 pages, $13.50. Volume 3, 690 pages, $18.00 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010404
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    Transient behavior of single-phase natural-circulation loop systems (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 417-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A useful method is reported for calculating temperatures and rates of flow in the unsteady-state operation of natural-circulation loops in single phase. A one-dimensional mathematical model is used with the assumptions that (1) at any instant the volumetric rate of flow is constant around the loop and (2) steady-state friction factors can be applied in transient operations. The loop, consisting of a heat source, heat sink, hot leg, cold leg, and connecting piping, is divided into a number of finite increments. The transient behavior is calculated by the iterative application of the finite-difference momentum and energy balances. Numerical computations made for several cases of transient operations were carried out with the aid of the Standard Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC).Comparisons of predicted with actual performances were checked by use of two experimental loops employing water and found satisfactory.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010407
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    Capacity factors in the performance of perforated-plate columns (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 441-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A study was made of factors affecting the vapor-handling capacity of perforated-plate liquid-vapor contacting columns. Vapor-phase pressure drop across plates, liquid entrainment upward from plate to plate, and plate stability were investigated as functions of operational and geometric column parameters.Gas-phase pressure drop across dry perforated plates was observed to follow functional relationships predicted from available information for single perforations. The presence of liquid on a plate increased the total pressure drop by the equivalent clear-liquid head plus a small residue which is nearly constant for a given liquid.Entrainment was observed to be a function of column gas velocity, independent of gas velocity in the perforations. Weight rate of entrainment was also found to be proportional to the gas density, independent of liquid density, and inversely proportional to the liquid-surface tension. For a given system, entrainment was observed to be proportional to approximately the third power of the group, gas velocity divided by the distance between the liquid surface and the plate above.The stability of perforated plates was observed to be adequate for many industrial and experimental applications, as also reported in recently published studies, but contrary to qualitative statements found in the earlier literature. Stability was found to increase with decreasing perforation diameter and decreasing total perforation area relative to column cross-sectional area; to increase with greater gas density, liquid surface tension, and liquid wetting power; and to be virtually independent of liquid density and viscosity.Operating limits of vapor and liquid throughput are shown for a typical application of perforated plates in liquid-vapor contacting columns.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010410
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    Continuous reactions in distillation equipment (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 467-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For hypothetical two- and three-component liquid-phase reversible reactions, continuous processes are described in which the products are obtained in essentially pure form by carrying out the reaction in a single distillation column. Methods for plate-to-plate calculations in such reaction-distillation systems and numerical solutions for two reactions are presented.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010414
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    Kinetics of the methane-steam reaction (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 471-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic study was made of the reaction of steam and natural gas over a reduced nickel catalyst at a temperature range of 637° to 1,180°F.The rate of reaction is first order with respect to methane. The effect of temperature could be expressed by an Arrhenius type of equation. Both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are formed as primary reaction products.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010415
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    Activity coefficients at infinite dilution (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 496-500 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equations are derived for obtaining activity coefficients at infinite dilution in binary systems by use of one of the following: (1) an isobaric temperature - liquid composition diagram, (2) an isobaric temperature - vapor composition diagram, (3) an isothermal pressure - liquid composition diagram, or (4) an isothermal pressure - vapor composition diagram. The derived equations are thermodynamically exact, and application involves no doubtful extrapolation of experimental data, as has heretofore been the case.Each equation involves the slope of one of the diagrams at the point corresponding to the pure component. Attention is called to the fact that data on the compositions of both the vapor and liquid phases in equilibrium are not required. Use of the equations is illustrated.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010419
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    Ion diffusion in mass transfer between phases (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 522-527 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010423
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    Isobaric integral heat of vaporization of hydrocarbon mixtures from vapor-liquid K values (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 38-41 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010105
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    Performance of small herschel-type venturi tubes (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 125-128 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The characteristics of five Herschel-type Venturi tubes with throat diameters ranging from 0.073 to 0.359 in, and throat-to-pipe - diameter ratios from 0.0882 to 0.4340 have been investigated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010119
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    Chemical process principles-part 1, Material and Energy Balances. O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz. Second Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1954). 525 pages. $8.50 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 130-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010121
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    Molecular theory of gases and liquids. Joseph O. Hirschfelder, Charles F. Curtiss, and R. Byron Bird. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York (1954). 1219 pages. $20 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 272-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010225
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    Studies of thermal conductivity of liquids. Part I (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 275-288 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Values of thermal conductivity and temperature coefficients for fifty-three pure organic liquids, obtained with newly designed, extensively tested apparatus, are presented. For thirty-one of these liquids values of thermal conductivity or temperature coefficients have not been previously reported. The statisically determined maximum error in the presented values of thermal conductivity of liquids is ±1.50%.A method of correlating the thermal conductivity of liquids based on a modified statement of the theory of corresponding states is presented. Group contributions to the thermal conductivity were calculated. The thermal conductivity of liquids was predicted by this method and the average deviation of the calculated from the observed values for forty-seven liquids is ±1.50%. The proposed method of correlation permits the calculation of the thermal conductivity of a series of liquids at any temperature from a single known value.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010302
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    Diffusional film characteristics in turbulent flow: Dynamic response method (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Application of a dynamic or unsteady-state technique to the problem of radial mixing in a tube is described. Measurement of the amplitude attenuation suffered by a sinusoidally modulated gas composition wave as it flows within an open (unpacked) tube makes possible the direct determination of an “equivalent gas film thickness” from which a mass transfer film coefficient may be readily calculated.A brief summary of the method employed for obtaining the necessary mathematical relationships is presented, along with descriptions of the techniques developed for measurement of small amplitude differences at wave frequencies as high as 10 cycles /sec.Experimentally, conditions were varied to include a range of Schmidt number from 0.18 to 1.24 and of Reynolds number from 4,000 to 50,000. The results of this work appear to fall nearly in line with the semitheoretical equation of Martinelli as written for mass transfer. Generally speaking, a was found to be an increasing function of NSc, varying from about 0.5 to a maximum of 0.77; β, in turn, was found to increase with NRe from 0.3 to 0.5.A suggestion for extending the method to measurement of eddy diffusivities in the axial direction is included.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010306
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    Production of heavy water. National Nuclear Energy Series. Edited by George M. Murphy. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York (1955). -394 pages. $5.25 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 568-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010406
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    Dispersed-phase holdup in packed, countercurrent liquid-liquid extraction columnsComplete tabular material has been deposited as Document 4747 with the American Documentation Institute, Auxiliary Publications Service, Library of Congress, Washington 25, D.C., and may be obtained for $5.00 for photoprints or $2.25 for microfilm. (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 426-433 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation is a study of the effect of flow rates and packing size and column diameter upon the holdup of a toluene dispersed phase, flowing countercurrent to a continuous water phase in packed liquid-liquid extraction columns. Six different packings were used: ¼-, ⅜-, ½-, ⅝-, ¾-, and 1-in. nonporous, unglazed-porcelain Rasching rings. Three extraction columns, 3, 4, and 6 in. I. D., were used in the experimental work.Three types of dispersed-phase holdup, free, operational, and total, have been investigated. An empirical correlation is presented for the total holdup data below the loading point. A correlation of the effect of packing size on the exponential term r and the coefficient A1 is developed for packing sizes 1/2 in. or larger when the column-diameter-to-packing-size ratio is at least 8 to 1. The term A1(VD)r in the equation accounts for at least 90% of the total holdup. The small magnitude of the residual term B1(VD) (VC8) did not permit a definite correlation of the coefficient B1 or the exponent s.Observation of the dispersed-phase holdup during column operation revealed a transitional behavior of the 3/8-in. rings as compared with that of the 1/4- and 1/2-in. or larger packing. Two, and sometimes three, regimes of flow occur in packed extraction columns. the increase in holdup with increasing continuous-phase flow rate differed for each zone. In the two zones below the loading zone the holdup was found to increase linearly with the dispersed-phase flow rate for a constant continuous-phase flow rate. A new method of randomly packing an extraction column has been found to give reproducible holdup data.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010408
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    Gas absorption accompanied by chemical reaction (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 456-463 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010412
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    Continuous stirred tank reactors: A new graphical method for complex reaction and reflux designs (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 480-487 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The usual graphical CSTR design methods are not adequate for the case of complex reactions involving competing or consecutive steps; therefore graphical design method based on the representation of batch data on a triangular diagram is given and illustrated by several examples. This method does not require a complete analysis of the kinetics of the reaction. Since material balances are easily represented on concentration spaces, the method is especially useful when the design includes recycling, or feed additions along reactor chain.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010417
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    Effect of fluid properties on mass transfer in the gas phase (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 9-19 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Water was vaporized into air, helium, and Freon-12 in turbulent gas flow over a wet-bulb thermometer and through a 1-ft.-diam. tower packed with 1-in. Rasching rings.The wet. and dry-bulb measurements indicate that the gas-film mass transfer coefficient varies with the Schmidt number to the  - 1/2 power for flow perpendicular to single cylinders.Heights of a transfer unit, H.T.U., were measured in the packed tower for flow of the gases countercurrent to water over a range of gas and liquid rate. H.T.U. varied as the 0.9 power of the Schmidt group. When compared at equal values of ρu2(ρ = gas density, u = velocity), H.T.U. varied as the 0.47 power of the Schmidt group. With reference to the psychrometric study, the latter method of comparison of H.T.U.'s seems preferable and indicates that further study of criteria for dimensional similitude in packed columns may be needed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    Surface tension and the principle of corresponding states (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 174-177 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental surface-tension data for pure substances have been correlated successfully by the use of two recent modifications of the principle of corresponding states. The results are expressed in terms of simple analytical relations which allow one to calculate the surface-tension curves either from the critical constants Pc, Vc, and Tc or from Pc, Tc, and the boiling point Tb and also provide a method for estimating critical properties from surface-tension measurements. In addition, a method for estimating the surface tension of molten metals is suggested.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010208
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    Critical constants of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 165-168 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The van der Waals' constanta a andb evaluated from structural considerations of the unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons are used to calculate the critical constants for these types of compounds. For these unsaturated hydrocarbons, both van der Waals' constants are calculated through the additive contribution of unsaturated bonds to the van der Waals' constants of the corresponding saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons calculated according to a method previously proposed (6).With both van der Waals' constants available, the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes for these types of compounds can be obtained.By use of this approach, the critical temperatures, pressures, and volumes of several olefins, diolefins, and acetylenes have been calculated. These calculated values have been compared whenever possible with values reported in the literature to produce an average percentage deviation of 1.3 for the critical temperature, 3.0 for the critical pressure, and 1.5 for the critical volume. In this comparison questionable literature values have been included, and consequently the reported deviations present the worst possible expectation.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010206
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    Perforated-Plate extraction-column performance and wetting characteristics (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 185-192 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The type of surface of the perforated plate influences the performance of a perforated-plate column. Pilot plant data on a 4-in column for the system toluenediethylamine-water at 20°C. show that when the water phase is dispersed and the direction of mass transfer is from the continuous toluene to the dispersed water phase polyethylene plates give a continuous stream of droplets and a higher efficiency, but that when the direction of mass transfer is from the dispersed water to the continuous toluene phase the metal plates give the higher efficiency.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    Low-temperature oxidation of ammonia in fixed and fluidized beds (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 318-323 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The oxidation of ammonia in the presence of manganous oxide-bismuth oxide catalyst supported on small alumina spheres was studied in both fixed and fluidized beds in the temperature range from 205° to 250°C. The column used was 4½ in. in diameter and 43 in. high. The experiments were made so that the transport effects in the fluidized bed might be separated from the chemical kinetic effects.In accordance with the theory of two-phase fluidization proposed in a previous paper, comparison is made between the reaction rate associated with the discontinuous phase and that associated with the continuous phase as estimated from the results in the fixed bed. The over-all reaction-rate constants in the fluidized bed can be related to those in the fixed bed by an exponential term in the superficial gas velocity, Vn; n is a constant which depends on the reaction system and the size and type of the reactor.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    The roger adams symposium: Papers presented at a symposium in honor of roger adams at the university of illinois, september 3-4, 1954. W. R. Brode, T. R. Johnson, S. M. McElvain, R. L. Shriner, W. M. Stanley, and E. H. Volwiler. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1955). 140 pages. $3.75 (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 415-568 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010405
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    Flow of non-newtonian fluids - correlation of the laminar, transition, and turbulent-flow regions (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 434-440 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: All available data on flow of non-Newtonians in pipes have been correlated on the conventional friction factor  -  Reynolds number plot for Newtonian fluids. This correlation, theoretically rigorous in the laminar flow region, was tested with data on 16 different non-Newtonian materials covering the 2.1 × 109 range of Reynolds numbers from 6.3 × 10-5 to 1.3 × 105. Pipe diameters varied from 1/8 to 12 in. As the correlation does not depend on the type of fluid encountered, it may be used with Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids alike.In spite of the great range of the available experimetnal data, further work is necessary in the transition and turbulent-flow regions. No data at all were available on thixotropic, rheopectic, and dilatant fluids, and extension of the correlation to these materials should prove most illuminative from both theoretical and practical viewpoints.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010409
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Benedict equation of state: Application to vapor - liquid equilibria (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 452-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010411
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heat transfer in cylinders with heat generation (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 463-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The prediction of temperatures has been studied for a tubular flow reactor when heat is generated at a rate which is a linear function of the local temperature. Analytical solutions are presented both for the case where the wall is isothermal and for the case where the exterior surroundings are isothermal and the heat transfer coefficient between the tube wall and the surroundings is constant. This analysis should be helpful for estimating local temperatures and also for predicting the transient response to changes in one of the independent operating variables.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010413
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graphical solutions on dimensionless-number plots (1955)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 1 (1955), S. 475-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A graphical method for solving problems involving dimensionless-number plots is presented, and its application demonstrated for the relatively involved case of liquid cyclone scale-up.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690010416
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