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  • 1
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    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 8-18 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The vertical temperature gradient for selectet stations shows an annual variation which cannot be explained by the diurnal variation of temperature. The annual variation of temperature at fixed levels in the lower layers of atmosphere shows a trend opposite to these variations at fixed elevations in the middle layers. This fact indicates that the troposphere cannot be regarded as a layer of uniform structure. The interdiurnal variations of pressure and temperature for the individual levels and their opposite trend compel us to postulate within the troposphere a lower layer as has been observed before in various occasions and then called the layer of disturbation. It is possible to generalize these observations and to conceive of the lower layer as a planetary phenomenon and as the ground layer of the atmosphere.
    Abstract: Riassunto Il gradiente termico verticale presenta una variazione annuale che non può venir spiegata con la variazione diurna della temperatura. La variazione annuale della temperatura a livelli determinati nei bassi strati dell'atmosfera rivela un andamento opposto a quello che si riscontra negli strati centrali della troposfera. I due fatti dimostrano che la tropofera non può venir considerata come uno strato avente struttura uniforme. Le variazioni interdiurne della pressione e della temperatura nei singoli strati verticali ed il loro comportamento inverso conducono all'esistenza di uno strato inferiore in seno alla troposfera, già prima occasionalmente osservato e definito strato di perturbazione. Simili osservazioni sono atte a venir generalizzate in quanto questo strato inferiore è concepibile come fenomeno planetärio e come strato base dell'atmosfera.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der vertkkale Temperaturgradient hat bei ausgewahlten Stationen einen jährlichen Gang, der nicht durch den täglichen Temperaturgang erklärbar ist. Die jährliche Temperaturschwankung in Abhängigkeit von der Höhe zeigt ein gegenläufiges Verhalten zwischen den unteren und den mittleren Schichten der Troposphäre. Beide Erscheinungen weisen darauthin, dass man die Troposphäre nicht als eine Schicht von einheitlichem Aufbau ansehen kann. Die interdiurnen Anderungen von Druck und Temperatur in den einzelnen Höhenschichten und ihr gegenläufiges Verhalten zwingen dazu eine untere Schicht in der Troposphäre auszusondern, die scho gelegentlich früher beobachtet und dann als Störungsschicht bezeichnet wurde. Diese Beobachtungen sind aber einer Verallgemeinerung fähig, indem diese untere Schicht als planetarische Erscheinung aufzufassen und als Grundschicht der Atmosphäre zu kennzeichnen ist.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The exceptional thermic conditions of the winter 1946–47 and the summer 1947 are discussed. These conditions do not mean a change of the climate of Western Europe. They concide with a period of intensive solar activity. Generally narrow connexion are present between periods of large (small) variability of the climate and large (small) solar activity.
    Notes: Résumé Les conditions thermiques exceptionelles de l'hiver 1946–47 et de l'été 1947 sont discutées en déduisant que cela ne signifie pas un changement de climat pour l'Europe occidentale: en effet, il s'agit seulement d'une coincidence avec une période d'intense activité solaire, y ayant en général une correspondance entre les époques de grande (ou petite) variabilité du climat et les périodes de forte (ou faible) activité solaire.
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  • 3
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 23-52 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The purpose of the experiments described in this paper was to investigate the conditions of propagation of a transmitter situated below the surface of the ground. This problem is of interest to both radio engineers and geophysicists. By determination of the extinction and reflection areas of electrical discontinuity may be located. The experiments were carried out in German potassic salt mines. Rocks of potassic salts are known as very bad conductors. Therefore the extinction is but very little. In this area ranges up to 14 kilometres were reached. This is the greatest range obtained up to now under the surface of the ground. The investigations were carried out with different wave lengths from 10 up to 2000 metres. The influence of geological discontinuities, alkaline deposits and disturbed areas was always very great. The author mentions that the above ranges could certainly still be considerably increased by application of all technical means available at present.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1) Die Versuche fanden in den Gruben Hannovers, des Werragebietes und des Südharzes statt. 2) Die Untersuchungen erstreckten sich über das ganze praktisch in Betracht kommende Wellenband, angefangen von den Meterwellen bis in den 1000 Meter-Bereich. 3) Im Zuge der Untersuchungen konnten die bisher grössten, unter Tag überhaupt erzielten Reichweiten erreicht werden. Die grösste Reichweite wurde zwischen zwei Hannoverischen Gruben erzielt und betrug bei 14 Kilometer. 4) Frequenz und geologische Faktoren sind stets von Einfluss. 5) Die Versuche zeigen, dass unter Kalilagerstätten Funkmutungsverfahren nach dem Reflexions- und Refraktionsprinzip für grössere Aufschlussteufen möglich sind. 6) Die Versuche haben alle Voraussetzungen des Grubenfunks so weit geklärt, dass dessen praktischer Einführung nichts im Wege steht.
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  • 4
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 108-112 
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  • 5
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 105-107 
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  • 6
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die in Uppsala registrierte Bodenunruhe ist für die Zeit 1907–1947 betreffs langperiodischen Schwankungen untersucht worden. Eine 11-jährige Variation wird festgestellt und es gibt weiter Anzeichnungen einer Variation von 28 Monaten. Die 11-jährige Variation ist seit 1923 zur Sonnenflecken-frequenz negativ korreliert und ist durch entsprechende meridionale Verschiebungen der am meisten betretenen Zyklonenbahnen, erklärt.
    Abstract: Riassunto L'agitazione microsismica registrata a Uppsala nel quarantennio 1907–1947 venne esaminata in vista di determinare le oscillazioni di lungo periodo. Si è accertata una oscillazione undecennale, trovandosi altresi indizi per una oscillazione di 28 mesi. Dal 1923 l'oscillazione undecennale manifesta una correlazione negativa con la frequenza delle macchie solari e viene spiegata con i corrispondenti spostamenti meridionali delle rotte cicloniche dominanti.
    Notes: Summary The microseisms recorded at Uppsala have been studied for the time 1907–1947 with regard to long period variations. There is clear evidence of an 11 year variation and slight indications of a 28 month variation. The 11 year variation is from 1923 negatively correlated to the sunspot frequency and is explained by corresponding meridional displacements of the dominant cyclonic tracks.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 168-169 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 134-144 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary It was yet often noted that the earth's magnetic field has been steadily modified on the result of seismic earth movements. The author cites many recent examples of magnetic anomalies measured in Japan after major earthquakes (Kato). The «Bassin de Paris»'s magnetic anomaly is modified during a certain time in a possible connection with magmatic removals and with some seismic activity. The earthquake of June 11 th., 1938 in Belgium shows some very interesting connections with the belgian magnetic anomaly. Suggestive relationships are noted between changes in the earth's secular magnetic field and areas of seismicity (Omer). The author thinks that the earthquakes and the deformations of the earth's magnetic field are more or less closely connected one with another, and it may perhaps be that the atomic energy (chain reactions) may explain some orogenic earthquakes and their aftershocks.
    Notes: Résumé On a déjà souvent signalé que le champ magné ique terrestre s'est trouvé modifié de façon durable à la suile de mouvements séismiques. L'auteur rappelle plusieurs exemples récents d'anomalies magnétiques mesurées au Japon à la suite d'importants séismes (Kato). L'anomalie magnélique duBassin de Paris se déforme dans le temps en liaison possible avec des déplacements magmatiques et une activité séismique avortée. Le séisme du 11 juin 1938 en Belgique montre d'intéressants rapports avec l'anomalie magnétique belge. Les cartes isoporiques mondiales présentent des relations avec les cartes de séismicité (Omer). L'auteur pense que séismes et déformations du champ magnétique terrestre sont plus ou moins étroitement liés et que peut être une réaction atomiqueen chaine peut expliquer les séismes orogéniques et leurs répliques.
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  • 9
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 286-292 
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  • 10
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 295-296 
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  • 11
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 293-294 
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  • 12
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 210-253 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In continuing former studies about the USA and in employing the recent observations—especially the ascents of radio-sounds—this investigation treats the average thermical conditions over the North-American continent in dependance from time and space till a height of about 20 km. The influences of the three geographical coordinates, i. e. latitude, longitude and height, and of the factor of time are developed gradually. The resulting consequences concerning the average conditions of pressure and air moving are derived and interpreted. In this manner one particularly succeeds in proving the effects of the distribution of the temperature on the planetary wind circulation, its modifications by the monsoon tendency and the component of the interhemispherical air circulation in the troposphere and in the stratosphere; a problem that has been explored relatively seldom till now. Furthermore the variations of the tropopause in time and space are shown. The study being a further contribution to a systematical development of a world-wide climatology of the free atmosphere will help to enlarge the necessary empirical foundation for all the theoretical speculations of the general circulation in the third dimension.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortführung früherer analoger Untersuchungen über die USA behandelt die vorstehende Arbeit unter Benutzung der seither hinzugekommenen Beobachtungen (namentlich von Radiosonden-Aufstiegen) die durchschnittlichen raum-zeitlichen Temperaturverhältnisse über dem nordamerikanischen Erdteil bis über 20 km Höhe. Die Einflüsse der drei geographischen Koordinaten: Breite, Länge, Höhe und des Zeitfaktors werden schrittweise herausgearbeitet, die sich daraus ergebenden Folgen für die mittleren Druck- und Bewegungsbedingungen abgeleitet und interpretiert. Auf diese Weise lassen sich insbesondere auch die Wirkungen der Temperaturverteilung auf die planetarische, die monsunale und die relativ noch wenig erforschte Komponente der interhemisphärischen Zirkulation in Tropo- und Stratosphäre, sowie die raum-zeitlichen Änderungen ihrer Trennungsfläche, der Tropopause, nachweisen. Die Arbeit ist im ganzen gedacht als ein weiterer Beitrag zur systematischen Entwicklung einer weltweiten Klimatologie des freien Luftmeeres, die das notwendige empirische Fundament für alle theoretischen Eröterungen des allgemeinen atmosphärischen Kreislaufs nach der dritten Dimension ausbauen soll.
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  • 13
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 89-90 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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  • 14
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The results of some measures of magnetic susceptibility of italian magnetic ores are reported and discussed. It is proved the impossibility of a general relation between the magnitude of the susceptibility and the genetic character of the ores; however, new views are pointed out to successfully deepen the results.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse einiger Suszeptibilitäts-Messungen von ital. Magnetit-Mineralien verschiedener Genesis werden angegeben und erläutert. U. a. beweist man, dass ein allgemeine Gesetz für eine einfache Zusammenhang zwischen den Werte der Suszeptibilität und die genetischen Eigentümlichkeiten der Lagerstätten nicht bestehen kann. Neue Forschungsrichtungen dafür werden vorgeschlagen.
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono esposti e discussi i risultati di alcune misure della suscetività magnetica di minerali magnetitiferi italiani. Fra l'altro si dimostra l'impossibilità di una legge generale di interdipendenza fra i valori della suscettività ed il carattere genetico dei giacimenti, indicando nuovi orientamenti per approfondire con successo simili indagini.
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  • 15
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 97-104 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 113-120 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Man beschreibt ein Verfahren für eine mareographische Nivellierung womit man eine absolute vertikale Küstenbewegung bemessen kann und zwar unabhängig von der relativen Bewegung der Küste und des mittleren Wasserniveaus. Das Verfahren begründet sich auf die Bestimmung der Geschwindigkeiten der Zunahme (Zunahme in einer bestimmten Zwischenzeit) des mittleren Wasserniveaus aller Meere und von der gleichzeitigen Geschwindigkeit der Zunahme der mareographischen Station die geprüft werden soll. Mit diesen Bestimmungen ist es möglich ein fondamentales Niveau unverändert in Zeit und Raume festzustellen. Man bezeigt ausserdem wie das Verfahren eine Präzision eines mm für 200–400 km Küstenlänge geben kann. Man vergleicht die mareographische mit der geometrischen Nivellierung. Man gibt die Resultate der Anwendung dieses Verfahrens an der italienischen Küste.
    Notes: Riassunto Si descrive un procedimento di livellazione mareografica mediante il quale è possibile determinare la misura di un movimento verticale costiero in senso assoluto, cioè indipendentemente dai moti relativi della costa e del livello medio marino. Esso si basa sulla determinazione delle velocità dell'aumento (aumento in un dato intervallo di tempo) del livello medio marino di tutti i mari e di quella contemporanea della stazione in esame. Queste determinazioni rendono possibile di stabilire un piano fondamentale invariabile nel tempo e nello spazio. Si mette inoltre in evidenza come il procedimento possa dare una precisione che arriva sino al mm su zone costiere lunghe centinaia di km. Si confronta la livellazione mareografica con quella geometrica di precisione. Sono dati infine i risultati di una applicazione al caso delle coste italiane.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 162-167 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Verf. berichtet über das von ihm durchgeführte Feinnivellement um die vertikale Lage einiger Festpunkten des Geophysikalisch-Geodätischen Instituts der Universität Genua genau zu bestimmen und zwar mit Verbindung an die dortige mareographische Station.
    Notes: Riassunto L'A. riferisce sulla livellazione di precisione da lui eseguita per determinare le quote assolute dei caposaldi esterni ed interni dell'Istituto Geofisico e Geodetico dell'Università di Genova, con collegamento allo zero mareografico locale.
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  • 18
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 1-3 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 11-19 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 28-42 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 234-237 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 20-24 
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    Notes: Summary The Torsion Balance is to be used only in case if more information than presented by the Gravimeter is required. Being so, it is advisable then to make most of the fineness obtainable by the Torsion Balance. Therefore, a survey must be done carefully and reliably. One of its accessories is a proper calculus of the cartographic effects, specially for the curvature data which in their crude state — over a hilly topography — are of not much use. The cartographic method of Eötvös is right, for it works with a prism resting over a circle parcel which best fits the contourlines. The method itself is good, but Eötvös's approximate formulae — simple as they are — are accurate only within 2/10s of topographic elevation or depression. Generally speaking this limit is sufficient for the curvature data as beyond it they are rarely reliable. In order to speed up their evaluations from the map the author drew up a scale. On the other hand, for the gradient-effects a table was computed; it contains the effects of prisms of different heights at different distances. This table is handy in use; the basis used for it is the exact formula of gradient-effect. Same has to be done for curvature data beyond the two-tenth elevation. Suitably constructed tables for both effects may also be used for masses of three dimensions.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 75-87 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Seismische Wellen aller Art zeigen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Quellpunkt eine Verlängerung ihrer Perioden. Zugleich findet eine Abnahme der Amplituden und ein Ausglätten der Bodenbewegung statt, die schliesslich, wie immer sie beschaffen gewesen sein mag, sinusartigen Charakter annimmt. Dieser Erscheinungskomplex wird durch die Theorie nicht wiedergegeben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, wo der Grund für diese Nichtübereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Erfahrung liegen könnte. Er könnte einerseits in der Art und Weise zu suchen sein, wie die Diffgn. der Elastizitätstheorie integriert werden (die Dichte wird als konstant vorausgesetzt), er könnte aber auch darin liegen, dass die Erde kein vollelastisches, sondern ein visko-elastisches Medium ist. In jedem der beiden Fälle müsste, wenn sie berücksichtigt werden, der fragliche Erscheinungskomplex durch die Theorie wiedergegeben werden. Wahrscheinlich aber hat man beide Umstände zusammen zu berücksichtigen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 132-137 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 138-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 157-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les relations entre la radiation globale du soleil et du ciel, la durée de l'insolation et la nébulosité sont discuté. La proportion entre la radiation globale du ciel totalement couvert et du ciel totalement éclairci est une grandeur géophysique bien definie, laquelle est constante pour un éspace de la terre assez grand. Elle a une variation annuelle petite mais explicable et elle peut characteriser la structure moyenne des nuages. D'autre côté la constante «a» de l'équation deÅngström I M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] est très dependante du procès du calcul, elle est seulement la constante d'une équation d'interpolation. La supposition d'une relation linéaire entre la radiation globale et la nébulosité ou la durée rélative de l'insolation est remplie seulement en mesure réduite. Quelques valeurs du facteur «a» et de la proportion susmentionnée sont données.
    Abstract: Summary Some relations between the total radiation of sun and sky, the sunshine and the cloudiness are discussed. The relation of the total radiation on completely overcast days and on perfectly clear days is a well defined geophysical quantity, wich is constant about rather a large area of the earth. It has a slight but intellegible annual variation and has a physical meaning characterizing the structure of the clouds. Compared to this the constant ofÅngström's equationI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] largely depends on how it is calculated. It is only the coefficient of a formula of interpolation. The supposing of a linear connection between the total incoming radiation and the cloudiness or the relative duration of sunshine is only fullfilled in a moderate degree. Some figures of «a» and the relation above mentioned are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Zusammenhänge zwischen der Globalstrahlung, der relativen Sonnenscheindauer und der Bewölkung diskutiert. Das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei völlig bedecktem Himmel zur Globalstrahlung bei völliger Wolkenlosigkeit ist eine klar definierte geophysikalische Grösse, die offenbar über grössere Räume hinweg konstant ist. Sie zeigt einen schwachen verständlichen Jahresgang und hat eine physikalische Bedeutung, indem sie die Struktur der Bewölkung charakterisiert. Die Konstante «a» derÅngströmschem GleichungI M =I 0[1+(1−a)M] ist demgegenüber in hohem Masse von der Art der Berechnung abhängig. Sie hat nur die Bedeutung einer Konstanten in einer Interpolationsformel. Dabei ist die Voraussetzung des linearen Zusammenhanges zwischen Globalstrahlung und Bewölkung oder relativer Sonnenscheindauer in Bochum nur in bescheidenem Masse erfüllt. Es werden eine Reihe von Zahlenwerten füra und das Verhältnis der Globalstrahlung bei bedecktem und wolkenfreiem Himmel mitgeteilt.
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 332-346 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 167-181 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 182-274 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 275-303 
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    Development genes and evolution 143 (1948), S. 304-331 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 19-41 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Once made a short description of theMicrobarografo Alfani, the author examines the wavesand atmospheric registrations of the period inferior to an hour, until to the shortest period of second minute, and compares the period and amplitude of these pulsations with the phenomena of storms and of waterspouts observed in Venice, gathering from that new and important relations.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamata una breve descrizione delMicrobarografo Alfani, l'Autore esamina le registrazioni di onde atmosferiche di periodo inferiore ad un'ora, fino al brevissimo periodo di un minuto secondo e mette in confronto periodo ed ampiezza di queste pulsazioni con i fenomeni di temporali e di una tromba marina osservati a Venezia, ricavandone relazioni nuove ed importanti.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 79-80 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 80-80 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 132-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von den mittleren Niederschlagsverhältnissen in der Region von Mailand, wird die Verteilung der Niederschläge im Frühjahr, Sommer und Herbst der Jahre 1946 und 1947 im Stadtareal von Mailand dargestellt und diskutiert. Der Einfluss der Stadt auf die Niederschlagsverteilung tritt deutlich in Erscheinung, besonders im Frühjahre.
    Notes: Riassunto Richiamate le condizioni pluviometriche medie cui è soggetta la regione milanese, vengono illustrati e discussi i risultati ottenuti nel biennio 1946–1947 per la distribuzione della pioggia nell'area cittadina, durante la primavera, l'estate e l'autunno. L'influenza alteratrice delle città in tale distribuzione appare evidente, particolarmente nella primavera.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 68-77 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Mittelwerte der wichtigsten meteorologischen Elemente die in Moncalieri ohne Unterbrechung gesammelt worden sind, werden angegeben und zwar für den Zeitraum 1865–1945, ausgenommen für den Wind, deren Beobachtungen auf die Periode 1907–1946 sich beziehen. Die Gänge der fünfjährigen und jährlichen Mitteln zeigen einige Eigentümlichkeiten der sekularen Variation für denselben Elemente, die herausgehoben werden.
    Notes: Riassunto Si espongono ed illustrano i valori medi dei principali elementi meteorologici osservati a Moncalieri senza alcuna interruzione nell'ottantennio 1865–1945 e durante il quarantennio 1907–1946 per il vento. L'analisi delle medie quinquennali ed annuali pone in luce qualche caratteristica della variazione secolare dei medesimi fattori.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 82-82 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 83-89 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 122-126 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Genua-Zyklonen der Perioden 1901–15 und 1947–48 werden statistisch hinsichtlich ihrer Genesis, Lebenslänge und Entwicklung untersucht und in Beziehung zu den entsprechenden, über Europa herrschenden Grosswetterlagen (nach der Klassifikation vonFr. Baur gesetzt).
    Notes: Riassunto Le depressioni del Golfo di Genova dei periodi 1901–15 e 1947–48 vengono indagate statisticamente in funzione della loro genesi, durata e sviluppo, ponendole in relazione con le corrispondenti situazioni bariche del tempo in grande dominanti sull'Europa (secondo la classificazione diFr. Baur).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 101-121 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The site of the ancient littoral bank, that protected the Medma's Emporium (VIth century before Christ) in Magna Graecia, is placed in correlation with the geological «veto», established by the EngineerCortese at the eventual construction of new maritime works along the tirrenic littoral of the meridional Calabria and with the increased rhythm of denudation and of dispersion of the agrarian soil in the modern epoch.
    Notes: Riassunto L'ubicazione dell'antico cordone litorale, che ridossava l'Emporio di Medma (VIo secolo avanti Cristo) in Magna Grecia, è messa in correlazione con il veto geologico posto dall'Ing.Cortese all'eventuale costruzione di nuove opere marittime lungo il litorale tirrenico della Calabria meridionale e con l'incrementato ritmo di denudazione e di dispersione del terreno agrario nell'epoca moderna.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 142-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 144-144 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 81-81 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 90-100 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 127-131 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Anzahl der gleichzeitigen Niederschlagstagen in Genua und Savona (Abstand 35 km) wurde der AehnlichkeitsindexS nachBouët für jedes Jahr der Periode 1886–1900 berechnet. Die Diskussion der Ergebnisse zeigt u.a., dass die maritimen Orte, die am Fusse einer Bergkette liegen, gewöhnlich besser als die kontinentalen geeignet sind die zeitlichen Veränderungen der klimatischen Verhältnisse darzustellen.
    Notes: Riassunto L'esame dei giorni di ciascun anno dal 1886 al 1900 nei quali si sono avute precipitazioni apprezzabili tanto a Genova quanto a Savona (località distanti fra loro 35 km) viene istituito utilizzando l'indice di similitudineS recentemene introdotto daM. Bouët. La discussione dei risultati dimostra fra l'altro come le località marittime a ridosso di catene montuose siano più adatte a mettere in luce le variazioni nel tempo delle caratteristiche climatiche.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 130-133 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In Tabelle I geben die Verff. eine Liste der ihnen bekannten Tiefenbeben im östlichen Mittelmeer. Fig. 1 zeigt, dass deren IIerde im Allgemeinen in den Zonen der tätigen Vulkane liegen, ähnlich wie in der Umgebung des Pazifischen Ozeans. Dagegen ist deren Zusammenfallen mit positiven Schwereanomalien weniger doutlich.
    Abstract: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno raccolto nella Tab. 1 l'elenco dei terremoti profondi a loro noti del bacino mediterraneo orientale. La Fig. 1 mostra che in generale gli epicentri relativi sono distribuiti nelle zone dei vulcani attivi, analogamente a quanto accade ne'le regioni dell'Oceano Pacifico. Per contro, la connessione con le anomalie gravimetriche positive risulta meno evidente.
    Notes: Summary In Table I the authors give a list of known deep-focus earthquakes in the eastern Mediterranean. Fig. 1 shows that their epicenters generally lie in the zones of active volcanoes, as in the regions surrounding the Pacific Ocean; however, their coincidence with positive gravity anomalies is less evident.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 145-161 
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    Notes: Summary In ammunition sunk into the sea off the Danish coasts two large explosions occurred. Records of the resulting shocks were obtained at Köbenhavn, Lund and Göttingen. These are discussed and compared with those of some mine-explosions and of the earthquake of Oct. 31. 1930, 23h. Some macroseismic evidence is given and the methods available for the evaluation of the energy of the shocks are discussed.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 170-176 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 189-199 
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    Notes: Resumen En la presente Nota se expone la evolución que la teoria isostática ha seguido desde los fundamentales trabajos deHayford yBowie hasta el momento actual en que las importantes investigaciones deHeiskanen muestran el acuerdo de la teoría deAiry con los datos que resultan de la propagación de las ondas sísmicas, cuyo estudio hecho a fondo en la California meridional por el eminente SismólogoB. Gutenberg permite determinar los espesores de los estratos granítico é intermedios, así como la profundidad de la superficie deMohorovičič, lo que permite esperar una contribución esencial de la Sismología, que de solución definitiva al problema isostático.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 200-209 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary After having remembered the law of registration at Venice of the microseisms produced by the cyclones of the Atlantic NE and related the new facts and new studies which confirm it, after having found insufficient other explanations of the phenomenon and introduced the comparison withthe pulsation of the atmospheric pressure of period inferior to one hour, studied by the author lately, as explanation, a new hypothesis of work is proposed.
    Notes: Riassunto Ricordata la legge delle registrazioni a Venezia dei microsismi generati dai cicloni dell'Atlantico NE, e riportati fatti nuovi e nuovi studi che la confermano, trovate insufficienti altre spiegazioni del fenomeno, e introdotto il confronto con lePulsazioni della pressione atmosferica di periodo inferiore cd un'ora, ultimamente studiato dall'Autore, si propone per la spiegazione una nuovaipotesi da lavoro.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 254-285 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Conformably to the uniformity of the tropics there exist in the lower troposphere uniform structural conditions. Therefore, nearly continuous types of ground layer are found to prevail throughout whole seasons. Upper air observations in the tropical parts of East Africa indicate that during the dry season the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 4 kms. Interdiurnal variability is slight. The day winds over the east coast of Victoria occupy only part of the ground layer. It is to be anticipated that in the equatorial coast zone the peplopause will occur at a level of 3 to 21/2 kms, and that in the region of the SE trade winds it will gradually subside to 1200 to 1400 meters. Similar conditions exist for the peplopause over the Somali Coast.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Dem gleichförmigen Klima der Tropen entspricht ein gleichförmiger Aufbau der unteren Troposphäre. Demnach sind hier für ganze Jahreszeiten ziemlich einheitliche Typen der Grundschicht nachzuweisen. Aerologische Beobachtungen im tropischen Ostafrika weisen auf eine Höhenlage der Peplopause von 3–4 km in der Trockenzeit hin. Die tägliche Schwankung ist gering. Die Tageswinde an der Ostküste des Victoriasees nehmen nur einen Teil der Grundschicht ein. In der äquatorialen Küstenzone ist eine Höhenlage der Peplopause bei 2 bis 21/2 km Höhe zu erwarten, im Bereiche des SE-Passates sinkt sie auf 1200–1400 m ab. Ähnliche Lagen der Peplopause gelten für die Somaliküste.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 65-74 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les membres les plus grands en longitude et latitude du mouvement théorique de la lune développés parHill 1891, fondés sur la théorie deDelaunay, sont ici calculés avec de nouvelles valeurs numériques de meilleure connaissance. C'est pourquoi une bonne accordance est obtenue des valeurs observées avec les valeurs théoriques. La méthode donne une contribution importante à la détermination de la figure de la terre par rapport à l'aplatissement géométrique et l'aplatissement statique, principalement par égard aux observations de la lune 1850–1950.
    Notes: Summary The largest members in longitude and latitude of the theoretical movement of the earth's moon, developped byHill 1891 fromDelaunays theory of the moon, have been here calculated with new, now better known numerical values. Effectively a highly better accordance of the observed values with the theoretical ones has been obtained. This method will be able to give an important contribution to the determination of the figure of the earth with regard to the geometrical and the static flattening, specially by moons observation material of 1850–1950.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 88-101 
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    Notes: Summary This paper discusses the atmospheric refractive index (a) throughout the year at the surface of the earth and (b) for each season in various air masses. Mean monthly or seasonal values, respectively, are employed. The annual variation in the refractive index at the earth's surface is examined by noting the contributions of the optical and the water vapor terms. The former exhibits a sinusoidal variation with a period of a year, having a maximum in winter and a minimum during summer. The amplitude of the cycle is latitude dependent, appearing greater in polar than in tropical regions. The magnitude of the water vapor term is more strongly dependent upon both season and latitude. Excepting areas where the dew point changes little from month to month, the water vapor term attains a single yearly maximum at about mid July. Graphs of the variation of refiactive index with altitude for the major air masses are included. Highest values of the index up to a height of 6 km are found in tropical maritime and monsoon air masses; lowest values, in arctic air masses. The rate of decrease of refractive index with height is usually quite different for diverse air masses. From the surface to an altitude of 6 km, the most constant rate of decrease with altitude, considering all air mass types, was found in the superior air mass.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 145-156 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La formule deStokes qui donne les hauteurs du géoïde a été appliquée au calcul des déviations de la verticale et du radius de courbure du géoïde. On déduit trois nouvelles conditions qui doivent être satisfaites par les lignes géodésiques réalisant ainsi un moyen de control des triangulations. Enfin on pose en rélation la formule deStokes avec celles deEötvös et deEvjen en ce qui concerne les applications géophysiques.
    Notes: Summary Applications of theStokes-formula, expressing the height of the geoid by gravity anomalies, to the deflections of the vertical and the radius of curvature of the geoid. There are introduced 3 new conditions for the geodetic lines for improvement of triangulations. Furthermore the relations fromStokes toEötvös andEvjen formulas have been explored with regard to the geophysical applications.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 4-5 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 25-27 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 115-123 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 129-131 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 167-188 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Per Trieste e Punta d'Ostro (presso Cattaro) si espongono i valori giornalieri medi della frequenza delle precipitazioni e della nebulosità, confrontandoli quindi con quelli corrispondenti di Milano, Firenze e Roma. La questione della realtà di tali singolarità è trattata sotto l'aspetto statistico. In base ai risultati così ottenuti si ha modo di porre in luce le componenti principali dell'andamento annuale del tempo nelle regioni del bacino mediterraneo, fra le quali risaltano particolarmente le componenti cicloniche. Contemporaneamente si discutono i rapporti con lo sviluppo del tempo nell'Europa centrale, dal che si rileva fra l'altro che le date di massima attività temporalesca sono quasi identiche per Milano e per Monaco. Il periodo di siccità estiva per l'Italia centrale ed il bacino adriatico medio si aggira fra il 25 Giugno ed il 9 Settembre. Le principali regole e detti popolari antichi (Febbraio-Marzo) ben si accordano coi dati recenti.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Stationen Triest und Punta d'Ostro (bei Cataro) werden mittlere tägliche Häufigkeitswerte für Niederschlag und Bewölkung abgeleitet und auf ihre Singularitäten untersucht, wobei entsprechende Daten für Mailand, Florenz, und Rom veigleichend herangezogen werden. Die Frage nach der Realität dieser Singularitäten wird auf statistischem Wege nachgeprüft. An Hand dieser Witterungsregelfälle werden die wichtigsten Abschnitte im jährlichen Witterungsablauf des mittleren Mittelmeergebietes geschildert, wobei sich die zyklonalen Abschnitte besonders herausheben. Gleichzeitig werden Beziehungen zum Witterungsablauf Mitteleuropas nachgewiesen; die Häufungstermine der Gewitter in Mailand und München sind fast identisch. Die sommerliche Trokkenperiode umfasst in Mittelitalien und im Gebiet der mittleren Adria die Zeit vom 23. Juni bis 9. September. Die wichtigsten antiken Witterungsregelfälle (Februar-März) stimmen mit den heute vorliegenden Daten auffällig gut überein; für Eintritt und Ende der Etesien ist kein überzeugender Beweis möglich. Zum Abschluss wird noch der jährliche Gang der Niederschlagshäufigkeit in Oberitalien (Frühjahrs- bezw. Herbstregen), Süditalien und Albanien (Wintermaximum) auf den entsprechenden Jahresgang typischer Grosswetterlagen zurückgeführt. Grosswetterlagen mit meridionaler Zirkulation treten vorwiegend im Frühjahr und Herbst, solche mit zonaler Zirkulation vorwiegend im Winter und Sommer auf.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 189-212 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary If the occurence of the ground layer is a planetary phenomenon, it must be easily traceable in the vicinity of broadscale wind areas. As a phenonenon of the ground layer the trade-wind stream can be fully explained, and this shall be done now for the monsoon streams of tropical and subtropical Asia. The monsoon over Java is the example of a monsoon stream in an equatorial area where a dissipation of the ground layer through formation of depressions does not occur. In an equatorial monsoon the precipitation is of the type occuring in showery air (squall-type of ground layer), or thundery precipitation (thunder-type of ground layer). The NW monsoon of Java is a striking example for that, while, apart from isolated local dissipation, the SE monsoon is of trade wind character. To some extent this is true also in the case of the monsoon of India, the NE monsoon in a shallow phenomenon (standart-type of ground layer), while in its precipitation the SW monsoon closely resembles the rain monsoon of Java. A transformation takes place only in North India, especially over Assam. With the Himalaya mountainrange blocking the further advance, and with minor depressions forming, the ground layer begins to dissipate on a broad scale. This can lead to precipitation of extreme abundance in isolated locations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Wenn das Auftreten der Grundschicht eine planetarische Erscheinung ist, so muss sie im Bereiche grossräumiger Windgebiete leicht nachzuweisen sein. Die Passatströmung kann als Erscheinung der Grundschicht vollständig beschrieben werden; jetzt soll dieser Nachweis für die Monsunströmungen des tropischen und subtropischen Asiens geliefert werden. Der Monsun über Java ist das Beispiel einer monsunalen Strömung in einem äquatorialen Gebiet, in dem Auflösungen der Grundschicht durch Depressionsbildungen nicht vorkommen. Die Niederschläge in einem äquatorialen Monsun sind Niederschläge in Schauerluft (Böenwettertyp der Grundschicht) oder gewittrige Niederschläge (Gewittertyp der Grundschicht). Ein grossartiges Beispiel hierfür ist der NW-Monsun Javas, während der SE-Monsun — von lokalen Auflösungen abgesehen — Passatcharakter hat. Ähnliches gilt auch für den Monsun Indiens, der NE-Monsun ist eine flache Erscheinung (Normaltyp der Grundschicht), während der SW-Monsun in seiner Niederschlagsbildung durchaus dem Regenmonsun Javas ähnelt. Eine Umwandlung tritt erst im nördlichen Indien, insbesondere über Assam ein. Infolge des Staus der Luftmassen am Himalaja und des Beginnes der Bildung kleiner Depressionen, beginnt auch hier die grossräumige Auflösung der Grundschicht, was in lokalen Lagen zu dem extremsten Niederschlägen führen kann.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 4-13 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Beyond the bad weather of the low pressure areas the structure of the current conditions in the lower tropopause is such that we can differentiate distinctly between two separate levels. The lower level is calles the ground layer. It is suggestes to introduce for that layer and the adjacent border layer above the designations «peplos» and «peplopause». The ground layer shows certain definite structural characteristics recurring in nearly all climatic zones.
    Abstract: Riassunto Al difuori delle condizioni che si riscontrano con cattivo tempo nelle depressioni isobariche, il regime delle correnti atmosferiche della bassa troposfera è dominato da due parti o strati nettamente distinti in quota. Di queste due parti quella inferiore viene indicata strato di base; proponendo la denominazione di peplos per la stessa e di peplopausa per il suo strato limite. In seno allo strato di base si riscontrano definite caratteristiche strutturali comuni a quasi tutte le zone climatiche.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ausserhalb des schlechten Wetters der Tiefdruckgebiete ist der Strömungszustand der unteren Troposphäre so gestaltet, dass wir diese in zwei deutlich getrennte Stockwerke einteilen können. Das untere Stockwerk nennen wir die Grundschicht. Für diese Schicht und die sie oben begrenzende Sperrschicht werden die Bezeichnungen Peplos und Peplopause vorgeschlagen. Die Grundschicht zeigt deuthch sich abhebende Typen im Aufbau, die sich in fast allen Khmagebieten wiederfinden lassen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 14-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The temporal variation of atmospherics is subjected to two facts: 1) The temporal and local distribution of sources of atmospherics, 2) The present conditions of propagation with regard to the just received short-wave band. Measurements of atmospherics in 50 m-band proved the connection between atmospherics and solar-radiation corresponding to the normal conditions of short-wave propagation, showing a minimum at day and a maximum at night. Whilst the Dellinger-effect did not happen, atmospherics disappeard on account of aurora borealis and strong disturbance of the earth's magnetic field, in consequence of corpusculare-radiation of the sun. Monthly distribution of atmospherics in 50 m-band for 2 years measurements are given.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der zeitliche Gang der atmosphätischen Störungen ist zwei Einflüssen unterworfen: 1) Der zeitlichen und räumlichen Verteilung der Störquellen, 2) Den jeweiligen Ausbreitungsbedingungen des zu empfangenden Frequenzbandes. Die bei 5,5 MHz durchgeführten Messungen des atmosphärischen Störpegels zeigen den erwarteten Zusammenhang zwischen dem täglichen Gang und dem Sonnenstand entsprechend den normalen Ausbreitungsbedingungen im 50 m Band. Während Mögel-Dellinger Effekte nicht festgestellt werden konnten, ist die Nordlichtstörung als Folge einer Korpuskularstrahlung der Sonne klar zu erkennen.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 61-88 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 91-96 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 127-129 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'année 1946 fut une période séismique très active dans le Valais. On eut l'occasion d'observer une grande série de répliques dans l'épicentre avec un séismographe transportable. Les phénomènes acoustiques accompagnant ces secousses et observés directement, sont comparés avec les enregistrements séismographiques. Les secousses se manifestant comme eyplosion ont des enregistrements séismiques très typiques. Le front de la première onde des secousses était très raide (Fig. 2), tandis que les secousses dont le bruit émis ressemblait à une voiture roulante ont eu des précurseurs faibles (Fig. 1).
    Notes: Summary During the year 1946 the seismic activity in the «Wallis» (Switzerland) was very high. A series of aftershocks has been registrated in the epicentre. At the same time the acoustic phenomenon accompanving the shocks has been observed directly. The different shocks could be classified in two types. The shocks which began as an eyplosion had all a very steep first wavefront (Fig. 2). The shocks which produced the same noise as an approaching heavy car had a very feeble first phase (Fig. 1).
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 177-180 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Man hat die Annahme gemacht, dass die jährliche Polhöhenschwankung grossenteils durch die jahreszeitlichen Luftmassenbewegungen, verursacht wird. Diese Polhöhenschwankungen können ihrerseits die auslösende Ursache für Erdbeben sein. Die Hypothese wird an Hand der Beobachtungen der Luftdruckschwankungen auf der Nordhalbkugel, der Polbewegung und der Frequenz der Tiefherdbeben während der Jahre 1922 bis 1935 auf die Probe gestellt.
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis has been advanced that major portions of the annual pole motion are caused by the seasonal transport of air masses. These pole motions in turn can act as trigger forces on earthquakes. This is tested by observations of northern hemisphere pressures, pole motion, and occurrence of deep focus earthquakes during the interval 1922 to 1935.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 12 (1948), S. 181-188 
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    Notes: Resumen En la presente Nota se determina por el método deKöveslighèty, valiéndose de fórmulas especiales y una variante que simplifica el cálculo extraordinariamente, la profundidad del sismo del Apenino toscano-romañol de 11 de febrero de 1939. Se obtiene para ella el valorh=6871 metros, que está en muy buen acuerdo con los dos de 7 y 10 km, obtenidos por el Prof.P. Caloi, valiéndose de los sismogramas registrados en las Estaciones próximas. Al final se hecen algunas consideraciones acerca de las ventajas, que, en ciertos casos, ofrece dicho metodo.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 238-240 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 53-57 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au moyen de mesures faites avec la balance de torsion d'Eötvös effectuées par le Service Fédéral Autrichien de Géodésie, de Cartographie, du Cadastre et des Poids et Mesures, un cas particulier d'élévation du géoide produite par un massif de montagne presque isolé est déterminé par intégration réitérée de $${{\partial V^2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial V^2 } {\partial y^2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial y^2 }}$$ . Le calcul direct du potentiel a conduit au même résultat.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aus Drehwaagenmessungen des Bundesamtes für Eich- und Vermessungegswesen wird in einem Spezialfall die Geoidhebung eines fast isolierten Gebirgsstockes durch zweimalige Integration von $${{\partial V^2 } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\partial V^2 } {\partial y^2 }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\partial y^2 }}$$ bestimmt. Direkte Berechnung des Potentials führt zum gleichen Resultat.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 109-114 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 6-10 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 43-52 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 78-79 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 1-7 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Nordkomponente des Erdstromes in Mogadiscio ist die mondentägige Variation abgeleitet worden, und ferner sind die lunaren Variationen dieser Komponente, für die Stunden des Tages und des Nachts getrennt, durch eine spezielle Methode hergeleitet worden. Die Resultate sind mit entsprechenden Resultaten anderer Observatorien verglichen worden.
    Notes: Summary from earth-current observations made at Mogadiscio the lunar-diurnal variation has been derived for the northward component, and by means of a special method lunar variations during daylight hours and night hours have been determined separately. The results have been compared with corresponding results from other observatories.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 11 (1948), S. 42-67 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Some methods are developped to determine the position, the inclination and the magnetization of an ore body, if the anomalies of the vertical and horizontal components of the earth's magnetic field are measured. The ore body is supposed to have a figure like a thin plate. The methods lead from the caracteristics of the anomalies to the unknowns in a direct way without tryng. There are simple geometrical relations between the anomalies of both magnetic components. They are useful for controls and for correcting uncertain observations. An example from geophysical practice is discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden entwickelt, um die Lage, die Neigung und die Magnetisierung eines im Untergrund verborgenen, plattenförmigen Störungskörpers aus seinen erdmagnetischen Anomalien zu bestimmen. Es handelt sich um direkte Methoden, mit danen man aus den Merkmalen der Anomalienverteilung ohne zu probieren die Unbekannten ermittelt. Zwischen den Anomalien der Horizontalintensität und der Vertikalintensität bestehen einfache matematische, geometrische Beziebungen, die man zu. Kontrollen und zur Verbesserung unsicherer Beobachtungswerte heranziehen kann. Ein Beispied aus der Praxis wird vollständig durchgerechnet.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 58-64 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'expérience deFr. W. Bessel, faite en 1832 avec un pendule à eau diffère de tout'autre expérience effectuée avec des pendules solides. Mais il s'agit seulement d'une discordance apparente. En effet, au moyen de corrections peu sensibles, il est possible d'atteindre un plein accord entre les deux expériences et ainsi de confirmer la loi générale de l'égalité des masses.
    Notes: Summary The experiment ofFr. W. Bessel, 1832, with a fluid pendulum (water) is not in accordance with all other experiments, performed by solid pendulums. But the disaccordance is only an apparent one. With some little corrections to the experiment ofBessel with fluid it will be possible to attain full accordance with all other ones and therefore the general law of the equality of masses will be stated.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 102-108 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der thermo-hydrodynamischen Energiegleichung wird das Ergebnis abgeleitet, dass der thermodynamische Wirkungsgrad μ irrev einer stationären atmosphärischen Zirkulation, welche innerhalb einer geschlossenen StromflächeS verläuft, durch den Ausdruck $$\mu _{irrev} = \frac{{L_s }}{{4\pi \cdot \left( {q + } \right)m}} \cdot \frac{S}{M},$$ gegeben ist, in welchemM die gesamte Masse der Zirkulation,L 8 den Mittelwert der an der FlächeS von der Zirkulation an die Umgebung abgegebenen irreversiblen Arbeit (Erg pro cm2 und Sekunde) und (q +) m den fuer die ganze MasseM berechneten Mittelwert der Stärke der Wärmequellen (Erg pro Gramm und Sekunde) innerhalb der Zirkulation bedeutet. Dann zeigt der Vergleich räumlich verschiedener, aber energetisch ähnlicher Zirkulationen, fuer welche der QuotientL s /(q +) m den gleichen Wert hat, dass der thermodynamische Nutzeffekt mit in allen Richtungen wachsenden Lineardimensionen abnehmen muss, da in diesem Fall die MasseM stärker zunimmt als die Stromfläche (Oberfläche)S.
    Notes: Summary Starting from the hydro-thermodynamical energy equation the result is derived, that the thermodynamic efficiency μ irrev of a steady atmospheric circulation within a closed stream-surfaceS is given by $$\mu _{irrev} = \frac{{L_s }}{{4\pi \cdot \left( {q + } \right)m}} \cdot \frac{S}{M},$$ whereM denotes the entire mass of the circulation,L 8 the average of the irreversible work (ergs per cm2 and second) done by the circulation on the surroungings at the surfaceS, and (q +) m the average of the heat-source strengths (ergs per gramme and second) referred to the entire massM. The comparison of spatial different, but energetically similar circulations with the same value of the fractionL 8/(q +) m therefore shows, that the efficiency must decrease with increasing linear dimensions in all directions, since in this case the massM increase more rapidly than the stream-surfaceS.
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 124-128 
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    Pure and applied geophysics 13 (1948), S. 213-233 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 28-28 
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    Notes: Summary The electrovenogram of the isolated vein of the wing membrane (Chiroptera) exhibits two main irregularities in its diphasic action current—a fast initial wave before the beginning of the systole and a very protracted after-wave. Following this the rise and fall of potential run parallel with the contraction and dilatation of the vessels.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 421-424 
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    Notes: Summary In answer to objections put forward byBrandenberger andSchintz against their theory concerning the chemical nature of bone salts, the authors afford supplementary evidence about the real crystalline and chemical entity of hydrated tricalcium phosphate. According to the conditions, the precipitate contains either dicalcium phosphate or lime and this affects the nature of the product obtained by calcination. The mineral bone substance is not a hydroxylapatite because it turns either to carbonato-apatite or oxyapatite according to carbon dioxide being kept or not in the crystal lattice. The X-ray patterns of those two apatites are undoubtedly different.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 427-428 
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    Notes: Summary By condensing 2:4:5-triamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine with dihydroxyacetone (diacetate), diaminoacetone or acetone-1,3-di (p-formylaminobenzoic acid) not the expected 8- or 9-oxymethyl resp. -aminomethyl-pteridines but 8-or 9-methyl-pteridines were obtained. With p-tolyl-d-isoglucosamine not a tetrahydroxybutyl-pteridine but a trihydroxybutyl-pteridine was formed. For an explanation of these results it is supposed that from the dihydro-pteridines formed at first by intramolecular splitting off of H2O or R·NH2 aromatization takes place.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 431-432 
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    Notes: Summary (1) By precipitation with ammonium sulfate, streptomycin, or calcium salts, we obtained from the pulp of tomatoes a substance containing carotinoids. The behaviour of this substance was analogous to that of chloroplst-substance and to that of animal cytoplasmatic nucleoproteins. Like these it contains proteins, lipids, and very probably nucleic acids. We regard this substance as achromoplastine. (2) Experiments with slices of green tomatoes show that the changing over of the chlorophyll content into the carotinoid content is inhibited by the presence of streptomycin. (3) Streptomycin inhibits the formation of chlorophyll in etiolated separated cabbage leafs, just as this drug inhibits the formation of chlorophyll in growing seeds. (4) The development of anthocyanides is not influenced by streptomycin.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 434-436 
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    Notes: Summary Techniques are described for the isolation of nuclei from animals cells and for the determination of the desoxyribonucleic acid content for each nucleus. These techniques have already been used in order to study a few mammalian species. From the first results (especially in calf, ox and bull), it seems to appear that the nucleus of the somatic cells contains constantly the same amount of desoxyribonucleic acid, whatever tissue and animal we studied within the same species; and this amount is just the double of that of the haploid cells (spermatozoa) in the same animal. This result constitutes a strong argument, from the analytical point of view, for the theory according to which the desoxyribonucleic acid is considered to be the substrate of the hereditary characters of the species.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 452-452 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 465-472 
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    Notes: Summary Der Autor tritt erneut der Ansicht der Neodarwinisten entgegen, daß geographische, erbliche Varianten Vorstufen neuer Arten seien. Für deren Entstehung sowie für Merkmale höherer Einheiten kommen nur plötzlich große und nicht einzelne summierende Mutationsschritte in Betracht. Mikromutationen liefern lediglich das Material für die Entstehung von Rassen und Unterarten. Nicht nur größere systematische Unterschiede, sondern auch Anpassungsmerkmale kommen durch Großmutationen zustande. Als Beispiele werden unter anderem zwei Mutationen beiDrosphila melanogaster angeführt. Bei der einen sind die Flügel in Halteren, oder umgekehrt, diese in Flügel, umgebildet. Bei der anderen, vom Autor aufgefundenen, sind aus den Flügeln beinartige Organe geworden. Diese Mutante ist außerdem deswegen von Bedeutung, weil sich nach Kreuzung mit anderen Mutationen Merkmale entwickeln, die an den letzteren nicht erscheinen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 480-481 
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    Notes: Riassunto È possibile ottenere actomiosina, sensibile all'ATP, combinando miosine e actine di diverse specie di Vertebrati. La miosina di aragosta, per lo meno quale fin qui estratta; non si combina con le actine dei Vertebrati. Le miosine di coniglio, colombo e teleosteo si combinano con l'actina di aragosta formando un'actomiosina sensibile all'ATP.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 483-484 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 408-409 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 411-411 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 418-420 
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    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Mechanismus der Serini-Reaktion wird kurz erörtert und ein 17, 20-Oxyd als Zwischenprodukt vorgeschlagen. Das stereochemische Ergebnis der Reaktion soll von zwei Faktoren abhängig sein, und zwar: 1. von der Geometrie des « transition state » und 2. von der Konfiguration des Oxydrings. Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen, kann vorausgesagt werden, daßReichsteins Substanz 0-Diacetat durch die Serini-Reaktion in ein 17-Iso-20-keton und nicht in ein 17-Normal-20-keton umgewandelt werden soll. Tatsächlich ist das 17-Isoallopregnanol-(3β)-on-20 als einziges Produkt experimentell aufgefunden worden.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 425-426 
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    Notes: Résumé La structure du réseau spatial de l'azulène cristallisé a été déterminée à l'aide des rayons X. Les valeurs des constantes du réseau sont en général les mêmes que celles trouvées parMisch etvan der Wyk. Au contraire, la statistique des interférences observées montre des différences importantes et conduit au groupe spatial P 21/a, à la place de P 21 et P 21/m indiqué par les auteurs cités.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 432-433 
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    Notes: Résumé Nombreux sont les travaux qui traitent de la séparation et de la purification de l'arginase. Le présent travail décrit une méthode de purification qui permet d'obtenir une arginase active contenant des traces d'impuretés (80% d'arginase active).
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 447-448 
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    Notes: Summary Experiments on tadpoles showed that during menstruation the toxicity of the urine is increased. The authors regard this as a proof for the existence of a “menotoxin”.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 451-452 
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 452-452 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 453-465 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In three chapters the most important topics of paramagnetism are reviewed. In the first chapter a short introduction to normal paramagnetism is given and then the phenomena of paramagnetic relaxation are described and discussed. The second chapter deals with the resonance phenomena occurring when an oscillating magnetic field is applied perpendicular to a large constant field. In normal paramagnetic substances these phenomena are studied with the aid of centimetre waves while the corresponding resonance for atomic nuclei is observable at common radio wavelengths. It is stressed that the observation of nuclear magnetic resonance has opened a number of new domains of research. Special attention is given to the unravelling of nuclear magnetic relaxation. In the last chapter the attainment of extremely low temperatures by adiabatic demagnetization is described. It is indicated how thermodynamic temperatures have been determined down to 3 millidegrees absolute. Finally it is mentioned that attempts are being carried out to align atomic nuclei at the low temperatures reached.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 474-475 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die farblosen, lebhaft fluoreszierenden Polyene, Phytofluen und Phytofluenol, wurden in Pflanzenextrakten aufgefunden. Sie werden spektroskopisch sowie chromatographisch gekennzeichnet und ihre Beziehung zu carotinoiden Farbstoffen wird besprochen.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 481-483 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eier des SeeigelsParacentrotus lividus wurden in unbefruchtetem Zustand und in verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien gefroren, vakuumgetrocknet, fein zerrieben und mit 0,9%iger Kochsalzlösung extrahiert. Diese Produkte wurden als Suspensionen Kaninchen injiziert und damit Immunsera erhalten, in denen spezifische Antikörper mit Hilfe der Präcipitinreaktion nachzuweisen waren. Als Antigenlösungen dienten klare, dialysierte Zentrifugate der Extrakte. Mit spezifischer Adsorption konnte folgendes festgestellt werden: In den Extrakten von 48 Stunden alten Larven (Plutei) ist eine Antigenfraktion vorhanden, die in früheren Stadien noch fehlt. Sie wird offenbar von der Seeigelzelle erst nach vollendetem Blastulastadium und nach begonnener Gastrulation in größerer Menge gebildet. Extrakte von 48 Stunden alten Larven, die durch Lithiumbehandlung stark vegetativiert waren, unterschieden sich in ihrer serologischen Konstitution anscheinend nicht von denen normaler Plutei.
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    Cellular and molecular life sciences 4 (1948), S. 31-31 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following intravenous injection of pyruvic acid (PA) in the form of the sodium salt in the normal rabbit the level of PA in the blood rises, falling again to the initial level after 60 minutes. In the case of the alloxandiabetic animal the elimination of PA administered in equal doses is markedly retarded. If animals are used that suffer from a progredient alloxan diabetes leading to death in coma, an increased endogenous hyperpyruviæmia can be demonstrated. Insulin plays no part in the regulation of PA metabolism; through the application of aneurin, however, one succeeds in enabling the organism to make use of PA. A separate report will deal with the complex relations holding in endogenous hyperpyruviæmia in coma.
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