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  • Elsevier  (4,222)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
  • Annual Reviews
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2020-2024  (4,288)
  • 2015-2019  (2)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1935-1939
  • 2022  (4,288)
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  • 1
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    New Mediums, Better Messages? (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: The notion of development influences and is influenced by all aspects of human life. Social science is but one representational option among many for conveying the myriad ways in which development is conceived, encountered, experienced, justified, courted, and/or resisted by different groups at particular times and places. This wide-ranging collection from a diverse group of academic and non-academic authors engages with the broad field of development through twelve chapters that deal with music, theatre, fiction, photography, festivals, computer games, the arts, blogging, and other media. It explores three broad areas of alternative forms of knowledge about development, organized around the three themes of ‘translation’, ‘advocacy’, and ‘engagement’. The first of these is concerned with how popular representations of development can successfully compete with and complement formal social scientific representations; the second relates to the politics of popular representations of development, and the way that popular productions shape debates; and the third asks whether popular representations of development can generate alternative critiques that allow for the articulation of views that would be unacceptable to more orthodox means.
    Keywords: international development, popular representations of development, culture, translation, advocacy, arts and international development, media and development, development studies, festivals, music, theatre, fiction, photography, computer games, blogging, politics of representation, decolonizing knowledge ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::A The arts
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The aim of this book is to provide student and researcher with a practical introduction to some of the principal ideas in gauge theories and their applications to elementary particle physics. Elementary particle physics has made remarkable progress. We have a comprehensive theory of particle interactions. One can argue that it gives a complete and correct description of all non-gravitational physics. This theory is based on the principle of gauge symmetry. Strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions are all gauge interactions. A knowledge of gauge theory is essential for anyone interested in modern high energy physics. Regardless of the ultimate correctness of every detail of this theory, it is the framework within which new theoretical and experimental advances will be interpreted in the foreseeable future.
    Keywords: Particle physics, relativistic quantum field theory, gauge symmetry, strong interactions, weak interactions, electromagnetic interactions, principles of locality, causality, renormalizability ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics
    Language: English
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  • 3
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    Chapter 17 Technology to Prevent Criminal Behavior (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-24
    Description: technology; prevent; criminal behavior
    Keywords: crime prevention; neurointerventions; neuroethics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKV Crime & criminology::JKVC Causes & prevention of crime
    Language: English
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  • 4
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    Sticky Power (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-13
    Description: Modern civilization revolves around money. However, money is a paradox. It is nothing more than a representation of and medium for decentralized networks of social trust, but its production is controlled by highly centralized networks of firms, places, and governments, and there is never enough of it to go around. Moreover, given that the creation of money, as credit, is based on expectations, money is at its heart an instrument for human agency to change the future. At the same time, however, the financial systems that produce money are deeply rooted in the past, and perpetuate themselves through history. This book seeks to deepen our understanding of the paradox of money, by introducing a novel conceptual lens—that of Global Financial Networks—to cast new light on the geography, history, politics, and sociology of finance from the middle ages to the global financial crisis and beyond. It shows that the power of finance is inherently “sticky”; with what are generally assumed to be new innovations such as “offshore” finance actually dating back centuries, and the architecture of global financial networks more broadly adapting to the rise and fall of empires and new technologies while changing surprisingly little in their basic character; or at most changing very slowly. A recognition of the mechanics of this durability, it is argued, calls for a new approach to reforming finance which is less reactively focused on regulation, and more proactively focused on building new institutional systems with a long-term “sticky power” of their own.
    Keywords: Financial geography, economic geography, economic history, international political economy, global financial networks, financial centers, financial and business services, offshore jurisdictions, financial innovation, financial institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCZ Economic history
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    Chapter 1 Rethinking our Assumptions about Moral Status (2022)
    Oxford University Press | Rethinking Moral Status
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Recent technological developments and potential technological developments of the near future require us to try to think clearly about what it is to have moral status and about when and why we should attribute moral status to beings and entities. What should we say about the moral status of human non-human chimeras, human brain organoids, artificial intelligence, cyborgs, post-humans, and human minds that have been uploaded into a computer, or onto the internet? In this introductory chapter we survey some key assumptions ordinarily made about moral status that may require rethinking. These include the assumptions that all humans who are not severely cognitively impaired have equal moral status, that possession of the sophisticated cognitive capacities typical of human adults is necessary for full moral status, that only humans can have full moral status, and that there can be no beings with higher moral status than ordinary adult humans. We also need to consider how we should treat beings and entities when we find ourselves uncertain about their moral status.
    Keywords: artificial intelligence, cyborgs, human brain organoids, human non-human chimeras, moral uncertainty, moral status, post-humans, slavery, species membership, uploaded minds ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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  • 6
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    Social Mobility in Developing Countries (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Social mobility is the hope of economic development and the mantra of a good society. There are disagreements about what constitutes social mobility, but there is broad agreement that people should have roughly equal chances of success regardless of their economic status at birth. Concerns about rising inequality have engendered a renewed interest in social mobility—especially in the developing world. However, efforts to construct the databases and meet the standards required for conventional analyses of social mobility are at a preliminary stage and need to be complemented by innovative, conceptual, and methodological advances. If forms of mobility have slowed in the West, then we might be entering an age of rigid stratification with defined boundaries between the always-haves and the never-haves—which does not augur well for social stability. Social mobility research is ongoing, with substantive findings in different disciplines—typically with researchers in isolation from each other. A key contribution of this book is the pulling together of the emerging streams of knowledge. Generating policy-relevant knowledge is a principal concern. Three basic questions frame the study of diverse aspects of social mobility in the book. How to assess the extent of social mobility in a given development context when the datasets by conventional measurement techniques are unavailable? How to identify drivers and inhibitors of social mobility in particular developing country contexts? How to acquire the knowledge required to design interventions to raise social mobility, either by increasing upward mobility or by lowering downward mobility?
    Keywords: Development economics & emerging economies; social mobility; welfare economics; economic growth ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics and emerging economies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBF Social and ethical issues::JBFQ Social mobility ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVK Welfare economics
    Language: English
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  • 7
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    Global Legitimacy Crises (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-24
    Description: This book addresses the consequences of legitimacy in global governance, in particular asking: when and how do legitimacy crises affect international organizations (IOs) and their capacity to rule. The book starts with a new conceptualization of legitimacy crisis that looks at public challenges from a variety of actors. Based on this conceptualization, it applies a mixed-methods approach to identify and examine legitimacy crises, starting with a quantitative analysis of mass media data on challenges of a sample of 32 IOs. It shows that some, but not all organizations have experienced legitimacy crises, spread over several decades from 1985 to 2020. Following this, the book presents a qualitative study to further examine legitimacy crises of two selected case studies: the WTO and the UNFCCC. Whereas earlier research assumed that legitimacy crises have negative consequences, the book introduces a theoretical framework that privileges the activation inherent in a legitimacy crisis. It holds that this activation may not only harm an IO, but could also strengthen it, in terms of its material, institutional, and decision-making capacity. The following statistical analysis shows that whether a crisis has predominantly negative or positive effects depends on a variety of factors. These include the specific audience whose challenges define a certain crisis, and several institutional properties of the targeted organization. The ensuing in-depth analysis of the WTO and the UNFCCC further reveals how legitimacy crises and both positive and negative consequences are interlinked, and that effects of crises are sometimes even visible beyond the organizational borders.
    Keywords: legitimacy, legitimacy crises, global governance, international organizations, legitimacy audiences, effects of legitimacy, capacity to rule, liberal world order, UNFCCC, WTO ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations::JPSN International institutions ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes::JPHV Political structures: democracy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory
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  • 8
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    Elementary Scattering Theory (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The opportunities for doing scattering experiments at synchrotron and neutron facilities have grown rapidly in recent years and are set to continue to do so into the foreseeable future. This text provides a basic understanding of how these techniques enable the structure and dynamics of materials to be studied at the atomic and molecular level. Although mathematics cannot be avoided in a theoretical discussion, the aim has been to write a book that most scientists will still find approachable. To this end, the first two chapters are devoted to providing a tutorial background in the mathematics and physics that are implicitly assumed in other texts. Thereafter, the philosophy has been one of keeping things as simple as possible.
    Keywords: scattering experiments, synchrotron facilities, neutron facilities, dynamics of materials, structure of materials ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFC Condensed matter physics (liquid state and solid state physics) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNT Crystallography ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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  • 9
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    Policy Success in Canada (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: This book offers twenty-two in-depth case studies of public policies and programs of both provincial and federal governments in Canada that have been markedly successful. Using a common analytical framework, each case study describes the history and evolution of the policy, and assesses the extent of its programmatic, process, political and long-term success. Combined, the cases provide a unique collection of stories about instances in which Canadian institutions and policymakers actually worked as taxpayers would hope they always do. The volume provides a key and open access resource for teachers and researchers of both Canadian and comparative public policy.
    Keywords: Policy Success, Canada, Program success, Political success, Policymaking, Policy endurance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This Handbook introduces philosophers, as well as other scholars in the humanities and social sciences, to one of the most dynamic new areas of philosophical inquiry. Disability raises some of the deepest conceptual and normative issues about human embodiment and well-being; dignity, respect, justice and equality; and personal and social identity. But it also raises pressing practical questions for educational, health, reproductive, and technology policy, and confronts controversial questions about the scope and direction of the human and civil rights movements. The Handbook addresses these issues and more, with contributions from some of the most prominent philosophers in the field. The clarity it brings to these discussions demonstrates fully the continued centrality and importance of philosophical inquiry.
    Keywords: Philosophy, disability, human embodiment, social identity, normative, conceptual, dignity, human well-being, civil rights, human rights ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
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  • 11
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    Comparative Policy Agendas (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: The Comparative Agendas Project (CAP) brings together data on government activities in over twenty countries, and provides a consistent categorizing system to understand when a given institution of government in a particular country took action on any issue of public policy. All topics are covered, comprehensively, over several decades, in some countries going back to World War II. Because of the open-data philosophy that animates the international network of scholars involved in the project and their meticulous attention to comparability and common data coding conventions, the databases of the CAP represent an unprecedented resource for the study of public policy across national borders. In this major new book, leaders of each national team provide the background and information needed for anyone to understand how best to make use of these newly available historical databases. Interested users will range from novice students of public policy to accomplished scholars, from interested citizens to professional journalists, political or partisan activists, and professional staff of legislative assemblies or national administrative agencies. The book’s sections include chapters introducing the CAP to a new audience, describing each national project, illustrating various cross-national uses and analyses that the CAP data allow, and concluding with ideas for further practical and research uses.
    Keywords: comparative public policy, comparative public administration, comparative legislative institutions, comparative media systems, comparative party systems, comparative politics, Comparative Agendas Project ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPB Comparative politics
    Language: English
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  • 12
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    Victims' State (2022)
    Oxford University Press | OUP USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Victims' State is the first integrated account of how Imperial Austria and the successor Austrian Republic responded to the needs of citizen-soldiers and their families in the age of mass politics and the First World War. It shows that compulsory military service and war mobilization changed the mission of the Austrian state and citizens' understanding of what they were entitled to, thus showing how war victim welfare was central to shaping modern European welfare state.
    Keywords: warfare-welfare nexus;Imperial Austria;Austrian First Republic;welfare state;First World War;disabled veteran;pension;conscription;war victim;social citizenship ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHW Military history::NHWR Specific wars and campaigns::NHWR5 First World War ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day::3MP 20th century, c 1900 to c 1999::3MPB Early 20th century c 1900 to c 1950::3MPBF c 1910 to c 1919::3MPBFB c 1914 to c 1918 (World War One period) ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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  • 13
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    The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This book delivers an introduction and overview of developing intersections between digital methods and literary studies. The Digital Humanities and Literary Studies serves as a starting place for those who wish to learn more about the possibilities, and the limitations, of the oft-touted digital humanities in the literary space. The volume engages with the proponents of digital humanities and its detractors alike, aiming to offer a fair and balanced perspective on this controversial topic. The book combines a survey and background approach with original literary research and, therefore, straddles the divide between seasoned digital experts and interested newcomers.
    Keywords: literary studies; literature; history; criticism; ethical & social aspects of IT ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects
    Language: English
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  • 14
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    Vulnerability and the Politics of Care (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Vulnerability is a fundamental aspect of existence, giving rise to the need for care in various forms. Yet we are not all vulnerable in the same way, and not all vulnerabilities are equally recognised or cared for. This transdisciplinary volume considers how vulnerability and care are shaped by relations of power within contemporary contexts of war, development, environmental degradation, sexual violence, aging populations and economic precarity. It proposes that care for vulnerable populations or individuals is inseparable from other political processes of recognition, welfare, healthcare and security, whilst also exploring vulnerability as a shared, generative condition that makes caring possible. Ethnographic and narrative accounts of vulnerable life and caring relations in various geographical regions - including Japan, Uganda, Micronesia, Iraq, Mexico, the UK and the US - are interspersed with perspectives from philosophy, International Relations, social and cultural theory, and more, resulting in a compelling series of intellectual exchanges, creative frictions and provocative insights.
    Keywords: health; politics
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  • 15
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    New Models for Managing Longevity Risk (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-10
    Description: Notwithstanding the terrible price the world has paid in the Coronavirus pandemic, the fact remains that longevity at older ages is likely to continue to rise in the medium and longer term. This volume explores how the private and public sectors can collaborate via public-private partnerships (PPPs) to develop new mechanisms to reduce older people’s risk of outliving their assets in later life. As we show in this volume, PPPs typically involve shared government financing alongside private-sector partner expertise, management responsibility, and accountability. In addition to offering empirical evidence on examples where this is working well, our contributors provide case studies, discuss survey results, and examine a variety of different financial and insurance products to better meet the needs of the aging population. The volume will be informative to researchers, plan sponsors, students, and policymakers seeking to enhance retirement plan offerings.
    Keywords: Longevity risk, public-private partnerships, retirement, pension, security ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KF Finance & accounting::KFF Finance::KFFP Pensions ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KN Industry & industrial studies::KNS Service industries::KNST Financial services industry ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography
    Language: English
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  • 16
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    Open Source Law, Policy and Practice (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-03
    Description: This book examines various policies, including the legal and commercial aspects of the Open Source phenomenon. Here, ‘Open Source’ is adopted as convenient shorthand for a collection of diverse users and communities, whose differences can be as great as their similarities. The common thread is their reliance on, and use of, law and legal mechanisms to govern the source code they write, use, and distribute. The central fact of open source is that maintaining control over source code relies on the existence and efficacy of intellectual property (‘IP’) laws, particularly copyright law. Copyright law is the primary statutory tool that achieves the end of openness, although implemented through private law arrangements at varying points within the software supply chain. This dependent relationship is itself a cause of concern for some philosophically in favour of ‘open’, with some predicting (or hoping) that the free software movement will bring about the end of copyright as a means for protecting software.
    Keywords: open source, free software, intellectual property, copyright law, source code, private law, software supply, object code ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNQ IT & Communications law::LNQD Data protection law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNQ IT & Communications law ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law
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  • 17
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    The Digital Continent (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: Only ten years ago, there were more internet users in countries like France or Germany than in all of Africa put together. But much has changed in a decade. The year 2018 marks the first year in human history in which a majority of the world’s population are now connected to the internet. This mass connectivity means that we have an internet that no longer connects only the world’s wealthy. Workers from Lagos to Johannesburg to Nairobi and everywhere in between can now apply for and carry out jobs coming from clients who themselves can be located anywhere in the world. Digital outsourcing firms can now also set up operations in the most unlikely of places in order to tap into hitherto disconnected labour forces. With CEOs in the Global North proclaiming that ‘location is a thing of the past’ (Upwork, 2018), and governments and civil society in Africa promising to create millions of jobs on the continent, the book asks what this ‘new world of digital work’ means to the lives of African workers. It draws from a year-long fieldwork in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and Uganda, with over 200 interviews with participants including gig workers, call and contact centre workers, self-employed freelancers, small-business owners, government officials, labour union officials, and industry experts. Focusing on both platform-based remote work and call and contact centre work, the book examines the job quality implications of digital work for the lives and livelihoods of African workers.
    Keywords: gig economy, outsourcing, digital work, labour, job quality, precarity, flexibility, labour agency, Africa ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography::RGCM Economic geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::1 Geographical Qualifiers::1H Africa
    Language: English
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  • 18
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    Middle English Medical Recipes and Literary Play, 1375-1500 (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-27
    Description: This volume is the first detailed, book-length study of Middle English medical recipes in their literary, imaginative, social, and codicological contexts. Analysing recipe collections in over seventy late medieval manuscripts, this book explores how the words and structures of recipes could contribute to those texts’ healing purpose, but could also confuse, impede, exceed, and redefine that purpose. The study therefore presents a challenge to recipes’ traditional reputation as mundane, unartful texts written and read solely for the sake of directing practical action. Crucially, it also relocates these neglected texts and overlooked manuscripts within the complex networks forming medieval textual culture, demonstrating that—though marginalized in modern scholarship—medical recipes were actually linguistically, formally, materially, and imaginatively interconnected with many other late medieval discourses, including devotional writings, romances, fabliaux, and Chaucerian poetry. The monograph thus models for readers modes of analysis and close reading that might be deployed in relation to recipes in order to understand better their allusive, fragmentary, and playful qualities as well as their wide-ranging influence on medieval imaginations.
    Keywords: recipes, remedies, medicine, Middle English, poetry, networks, imagination, close reading, play, fragments ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSB Literary studies: general::DSBB Literary studies: ancient, classical and medieval ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500::3KL c 1000 CE to c 1500
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  • 19
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    Chapter 11 Watchful Waiting (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-31
    Description: This paper opens up the relationship between vulnerability and the temporalities of care. It takes ‘care’ as not just a material practice that supports, manages and sustains vulnerable bodies, but as a temporal practice, one that produces time in situations that are otherwise felt to be stuck or ‘chronic’. It draws on some co-written anecdotes about the use of ‘watchful waiting’ by medical practitioners working in general practice in the UK’s National Health System (NHS) to think through the meanings of waiting in relation to chronic health and mental health crises. The offer of ‘watchful waiting’ as a response to ‘chronic crisis’ becomes a test case for understanding a more general condition of watchful waiting as a form of care, in a context in which waiting for healthcare has become an agony for many, experienced as a form of abandonment or a key sign of health service failure. The paper attempts to re-think ‘waiting times’ within a wider history of the temporalities of care, in order to elucidate the ways an offer of waiting can itself be understood as a response to vulnerability through a practice of staying with or alongside the chronic temporalities of others.
    Keywords: Temporality, waiting, care, crisis, mental health, general practice, NHS ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services::MBPK Mental health services
    Language: English
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  • 20
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    Citizens, Elites, and the Legitimacy of Global Governance (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-18
    Description: Contemporary society has witnessed major growth in global governance, yet the legitimacy of global governance remains deeply in question. This book offers the first full comparative investigation of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. Empirically, it provides a comprehensive analysis of public and elite opinion toward global governance, building on two uniquely coordinated surveys covering multiple countries and international organizations. Theoretically, it develops an individual-level approach, exploring how a person’s characteristics in respect of socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust shape legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. The book’s central findings are threefold. First, there is a notable and general elite–citizen gap in legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. While elites on average hold moderately high levels of legitimacy toward international organizations, the general public is decidedly more skeptical. Second, individual-level differences in interests, values, identities, and trust dispositions provide significant drivers of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, as well as the gap between the two groups. Most important on the whole are differences in the extent to which citizens and elites trust domestic political institutions, which shape how these groups assess the legitimacy of international organizations. Third, both patterns and sources of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs vary across organizations and countries. These variations suggest that institutional and societal contexts condition attitudes toward global governance. The book’s findings shed light on future opportunities and constraints in international cooperation, suggesting that current levels of legitimacy point neither to a general crisis of global governance nor to a general readiness for its expansion.
    Keywords: global governance, international organizations, legitimacy, confidence, trust, citizens, elites, public opinion, elite opinion, International Criminal Court, International Monetary Fund, United Nations, World Bank, World Health Organization, World Trade Organization ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes
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  • 21
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    Topics of Thought (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This book concerns mental states such as thinking that Obama is tall, imagining that there will be a climate change catastrophe, knowing that one is not a brain in a vat, or believing that Martina Navratilova is the greatest tennis player ever. Such states are usually understood as having intentionality, that is, as being about things or situations to which the mind is directed. The contents of such states are often taken to be propositions. The book presents a new framework for the logic of thought, so understood—an answer to the question: Given that one thinks (believes, knows, etc.) something, what else must one think (ditto) as a matter of logic? This should depend on the propositions which make for the contents of the relevant thoughts. And the book defends the idea that propositions should be individuated hyperintensionally, i.e. not just by the sets of worlds at which they are true (as in standard ‘intensional’ possible worlds semantics), but also by what they are about: their topic or subject matter. Thus, the logic of thought should be ‘topic-sensitive’. After the philosophical foundations have been presented in Chapters 1−2, Chapter 3 develops a theory of Topic-Sensitive Intentional Modals (TSIMs): modal operators representing attitude ascriptions, which embed a topicality or subject matter constraint. Subsequent chapters explore applications ranging from mainstream epistemology (dogmatism, scepticism, fallibilism: Chapter 4), to the nature of suppositional thinking and imagination (Chapter 5), conditional belief and belief revision (Chapter 6), framing effects (Chapter 7), probabilities and indicative conditionals (Chapter 8).
    Keywords: Modal logic, Epistemic logic, Conditional logic, Hyperintensionality, Subject matters, Suppositional thought, Imagination, Belief revision, Framing effects, Indicative conditionals ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPL Philosophy: logic ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPK Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge
    Language: English
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    Neutron Interferometry (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the 2nd edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with their theoretical motivations and explanations. The basic ideas and results of interference experiments related to coherence and decoherence of matter waves and certain post-selection variations, gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts, Berry’s geometrical phases, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, and Bell’s inequalities are all discussed in this book. Both the scalar and vector Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are described in some detail. The book includes the theoretical underpinning as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The observed phase shifts due to the Earth’s gravity and rotation indicate a close connection to relativity theory. Neutron interferometry can be considered as a central technique of quantum optics with massive particles. It has stimulated the development of interferometry with atoms, molecules, and clusters. Quantum interference experiments with massive particles have direct consequences on the discussion of epistemological questions since they show explicitly the wave-particle duality, and the entanglement and the contextuality of various parameters governing our modern view of nature.
    Keywords: interferometry, neutrons, coherence, quantum mechanics, wave packets, spinor symmetry, quantum contextuality, AB effects, COW experiment, wave-particle duality, dynamical diffraction theory ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHJ Optical physics
    Language: English
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    Algorithmic Reason (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-06
    Description: Are algorithms ruling the world today? Is artificial intelligence making life-and-death decisions? Are social media companies able to manipulate elections? As we are confronted with public and academic anxieties about unprecedented changes, this book offers a different analytical prism to investigate these transformations as more mundane and fraught. Aradau and Blanke develop conceptual and methodological tools to understand how algorithmic operations shape the government of self and other. While disperse and messy, these operations are held together by an ascendant algorithmic reason. Through a global perspective on algorithmic operations, the book helps us understand how algorithmic reason redraws boundaries and reconfigures differences. The book explores the emergence of algorithmic reason through rationalities, materializations, and interventions. It traces how algorithmic rationalities of decomposition, recomposition, and partitioning are materialized in the construction of dangerous others, the power of platforms, and the production of economic value. The book shows how political interventions to make algorithms governable encounter friction, refusal, and resistance. The theoretical perspective on algorithmic reason is developed through qualitative and digital methods to investigate scenes and controversies that range from mass surveillance and the Cambridge Analytica scandal in the UK to predictive policing in the US, and from the use of facial recognition in China and drone targeting in Pakistan to the regulation of hate speech in Germany. Algorithmic Reason offers an alternative to dystopia and despair through a transdisciplinary approach made possible by the authors’ backgrounds, which span the humanities, social sciences, and computer sciences.
    Keywords: algorithms, governmentality, big data, artificial intelligence, politics, difference, self/other, friction, refusal, resistance ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development::UMB Algorithms & data structures ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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    Political Settlements and Development (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-06
    Description: Few concepts have captured the imagination of the conflict and development communities in recent years as powerfully as the idea of a ‘political settlement’. At its most ambitious, ‘political settlements analysis’ (PSA) promises to explain why conflicts occur and states collapse, the conditions for their successful rehabilitation, different developmental pathways from peace, and how to better fit development policy to country context. Yet despite the meteoric rise of the term and its tremendous promise, not all is well in the world of PSA. Rival definitions of the concept abound; there are disagreements about its scope and the way it should be used; a growing schism between conflict specialists and economists; basic concepts are ambiguous; and little progress has been made on measurement. This book consequently has three main aims. The first is to argue for a revised definition of a political settlement, capable of unifying its diverse strands. The second is to put the concept on a more solid theoretical and scientific footing, providing a method for measuring and categorizing political settlements, using both qualitative case studies and a large-n statistical analysis to illustrate its potential. And the third is to examine the implications of the findings for mainstream social science analysis and for policymakers.
    Keywords: Government Policy, Provision and Effects of Welfare Programmes, Economic Development, Development Planning and Policy, Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior, Bureaucracy, Administrative Processes in Public Organizations, Corruption, Conflict, Conflict Resolution, Alliances, Revolutions, Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation, Political Economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCS Economic systems & structures
    Language: English
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    Perceptual Experience (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This book offers an account of perceptual experience—its intrinsic nature, its engagement with the world, its relations to mental states of other kinds, and its role in epistemic norms. One of the book’s main claims is that perceptual experience constitutively involves representations of worldly items. A second claim is that the relevant form of representation can be explained in broadly biological terms. After defending these foundational doctrines, the book proceeds to give an account of perceptual appearances and how they are related to the objective world. Appearances turn out to be relational, viewpoint dependent properties of external objects. There is also a complementary account of how the objects that possess these properties are represented. Another major concern is the phenomenological dimension of perception. The book maintains that perceptual phenomenology can be explained reductively in terms of the representational contents of experiences, and it uses this doctrine to undercut the traditional arguments for dualism. This treatment of perceptual phenomenology is then expanded to encompass cognitive phenomenology, the phenomenology of moods and emotions, and the phenomenology of pain. The next topic is the various forms of consciousness that perceptual experience can possess. A principal aim is to show that phenomenology is metaphysically independent of these forms of consciousness, and another is to de-mystify the form known as phenomenal consciousness. The book concludes by discussing the relations of various kinds that perceptual experiences bear to higher level cognitive states, including relations of format, content, and justification or support.
    Keywords: perception, experience, representation, teleosemantics, appearance, phenomenology, pain, consciousness, iconic representation, epistemic justification ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPJ Philosophy: metaphysics & ontology ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPM Philosophy of mind ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTJ Philosophy: metaphysics and ontology ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTM Philosophy of mind
    Language: English
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    The Black Book of Quantum Chromodynamics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The LHC (Large Hadron Collider) will serve as the energy frontier for high-energy physics for the next 20 years. The highlight of the LHC running so far has been the discovery of the Higgs boson, but the LHC programme has also consisted of the measurement of a myriad of other Standard Model processes, as well as searches for Beyond-the-Standard-Model physics, and the discrimination between possible new physics signatures and their Standard Model backgrounds. Essentially all of the physics processes at the LHC depend on quantum chromodynamics, or QCD, in the production, or in the decay stages, or in both. This book has been written as an advanced primer for physics at the LHC, providing a pedagogical guide for the calculation of QCD and Standard Model predictions, using state-of-the-art theoretical frameworks. The predictions are compared to both the legacy data from the Tevatron, as well as the data obtained thus far from the LHC, with intuitive connections between data and theory supplied where possible. The book is written at a level suitable for advanced graduate students, and thus could be used in a graduate course, but is also intended for every physicist interested in physics at the LHC.
    Keywords: LHC, Tevatron, QCD, Standard Model, Higgs boson, W/Z bosons, jets, parton showers, resummation, parton distribution functions ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics
    Language: English
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    The Challenges of Technology and Economic Catch-up in Emerging Economies (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-13
    Description: This book synthesizes and interprets existing knowledge on technology upgrading failures as well as lessons from successes and failures in order to better understand the challenges of technology upgrading in emerging economies. The objective is to bring together in one volume diverse evidence regarding three major dimensions of technology upgrading: paths of technology upgrading, structural changes in the nature of technology upgrading, and the issues of technology transfer and technology upgrading. The knowledge of these three dimensions is being synthesized at the firm, sector, and macro levels across different countries and world macro-regions. Compared to the old and new challenges and uncertainties facing emerging economies, our understanding of the technology upgrading is sparse, unsystematic, and scattered. While our understanding of these issues from the 1980s and 1990s is relatively more systematized, the changes that took place during the globalization and proliferation of GVCs, the effects of the post-2008 events, and the effects of the current COVID-19 and geopolitical struggles on technology upgrading have not been explored and compared synthetically. Moreover, the recent growth slowdown in many emerging economies, often known as a middle-income trap, has reinforced the importance of understanding the technology upgrading challenges of catching-up economies. We believe that the time is ripe for “taking stock of the area” in order to systematize and evaluate the existing knowledge on processes of technology upgrading of emerging economies at the firm, sector, and international levels and to make further inroads in research on this issue. This volume aims to significantly contribute towards this end.
    Keywords: technological capabilities, technology upgrading, global value chain, middle-income trap, emerging economies, innovation and economic growth, technology transfer, economic catching-up ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJD Business innovation ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCG Economic growth ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV3 Knowledge management
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    The Spirit of Global Health (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Since the beginning of the World Health Organization, many of its staff members, regional offices, Member States, and directors-general have grappled with the question of what a ‘spiritual dimension’ of health looks like, and how it might enrich the health policies advocated by their organization. Contrary to the widespread perception that ‘spirituality’ is primarily related to palliative care and has emerged relatively recently within the WHO, this book shows that its history is considerably longer and more complex, and has been closely connected to the organization’s ethical aspirations, its quest for more holistic and equitable healthcare, and its struggle with the colonial legacy of international health organizations. Such ideals and struggles silently motivated many of its key actors and policies—such as the provision of universal primary healthcare—which for decades have embodied the organization’s loftiest aspirations. The WHO’s official relationship with ‘spirituality’ advanced in fits, leaps, and setbacks. At times creative and interdisciplinary, at others deeply political, this process was marked by cycles of institutional forgetting and remembering. Rather than a triumph of religious lobbyists, this book argues, the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health may be better understood as a ‘ghost’ that has haunted—and continues to haunt—the WHO as it comes to terms with its mandate of advancing health as a state of ‘complete well-being’ available to all.
    Keywords: religion, spirituality, global health, World Health Organization, United Nations, primary healthcare, healthcare reform, social determinants of health ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAM Religious issues & debates::HRAM3 Religion & science ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAM Religious issues & debates::HRAM2 Religion & politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAX History of religion ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAM Religious issues and debates::QRAM3 Religion and science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAM Religious issues and debates::QRAM2 Religion and politics ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAX History of religion ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine
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    Bad Beliefs (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Why do people come to reject climate science or the safety and efficacy of vaccines, in defiance of the scientific consensus? A popular view explains bad beliefs like these as resulting from a range of biases that together ensure that human beings fall short of being genuinely rational animals. This book presents an alternative account. It argues that bad beliefs arise from genuinely rational processes. We’ve missed the rationality of bad beliefs because we’ve failed to recognize the ubiquity of the higher-order evidence that shapes beliefs, and the rationality of being guided by this evidence. The book argues that attention to higher-order evidence should lead us to rethink both how minds are best changed and the ethics of changing them: we should come to see that nudging—at least usually—changes belief (and behavior) by presenting rational agents with genuine evidence, and is therefore fully respectful of intellectual agency. We needn’t rethink Enlightenment ideals of intellectual autonomy and rationality, but we should reshape them to take account of our deeply social epistemic agency.
    Keywords: belief, evidence, rationality, autonomy, nudging ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPK Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPQ Ethics & moral philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPS Social & political philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTK Philosophy: epistemology and theory of knowledge ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTS Social and political philosophy
    Language: English
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    The Oxford Handbook of Digital Ethics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: digital ethics
    Keywords: digital ethics ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HP Philosophy::HPQ Ethics & moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy
    Language: English
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    The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-06
    Description: This book provides a systematic analysis of the political processes shaping the distribution of social transfers in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In doing so, the book addresses a notable gap in recent research on social protection concerning the politics of implementation. While considerable attention has been devoted to debating the merits of different policy designs and the political factors shaping the adoption and diffusion of different policy models, ultimately the ability of any social transfer programme to deliver on its promises is dependent on the effective implementation and distribution of social transfers in line with intended objectives. The chapters in this book examine international and sub-national variation in programme implementation in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nepal, and Rwanda, drawing on a common analytical framework that highlights the importance of state capacity and reach, rooted in histories of state formation, and contemporary political competition in shaping the distribution of social transfers. Comparative analysis of the case studies supports the view that variation in the capacity and reach of the state within countries is a centrally important factor shaping the effectiveness and impartiality of distribution. Yet state capacity alone is insufficient. Rather, political competition and power relations shape how this capacity is actually deployed in practice. As such, the book underscores the inherently political nature of implementation and questions common technocratic efforts to improve implementation by de-politicizing the social protection policy process.
    Keywords: social protection, social transfer, policy implementation, political economy, power relations, state capacity, Africa, South Asia ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::G Reference, information & interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTF Development studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCM Development economics & emerging economies
    Language: English
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    Movements After Revolution (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-16
    Keywords: Agrarian Movement;Communism;Communist Party;Labor Movement;Land Reform;Latin America;Mexican Revolution;Modern Mexico;People’s Movement;Popular Movement ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPW Political activism::JPWQ Revolutionary groups & movements ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History
    Language: English
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    Chapter Disabilities and wellbeing (2022)
    Oxford University Press | Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Disability
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This chapter argues for a normative distinction between disabilities that are inherently negative with respect to wellbeing and disabilities that are inherently neutral with respect to wellbeing. First, after clarifying terms I discuss recent arguments according to which possession of a disability is inherently neutral with respect to wellbeing. I note that though these arguments are compelling, they are only intended to cover certain disabilities, and in fact there exists a broad class regarding which they do not apply. In section three I discuss two such problem cases: Locked-in Syndrome and the Minimally Conscious State. In section four I explain why these are cases in which possession of the disability makes one worse off overall. I do so by explicating the notion of control over one’s situation. I argue that disabilities that significantly impair control over one’s own situation – e.g., Locked-in Syndrome and the Minimally Conscious State – strongly tend to be inherently negative with respect to wellbeing, while disabilities that do not strongly tend to be inherently neutral. The upshot is that we must draw an important normative distinction between disabilities that undermine this kind of control, and disabilities that do not.
    Keywords: wellbeing, Minimally Conscious State, Locked-in Syndrome, control over one’s situation ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
    Language: English
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    Particle Physics in the LHC era (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This book gives a modern introduction to particle physics. The main mathematical tools required for the rest of the book are developed in Chapter 2. A quantitative introduction to accelerator physics is presented in Chapter 3. Chapter 4 covers detector physics, with an emphasis on fundamental physical principles. Chapter 5 covers the static quark model, with applications to light mesons and baryons as well as heavier states containing charm and beauty quarks. Chapter 6 introduces relativistic quantum mechanics and uses spinors to relate Lorentz invariance to the Dirac equation. Chapter 7 covers the basics of the electroweak theory based on broken SU(2) × U(1) symmetry. Chapter 8 reviews some of the key experiments that led to the development of the electroweak theory. Chapter 9 explains the importance of deep inelastic scattering data for providing direct evidence for the existence of quarks. It also gives a brief introduction to quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Chapter 10 considers flavour oscillations in the quark sector and then discusses the evidence for CP violation. Chapter 11 examines the theory of neutrino oscillations as well as the evidence for these oscillations. Chapter 12 gives an elementary introduction to the Higgs mechanism as well as a careful explanation of the experimental evidence for the existence of a Higgs boson. Chapter 13 looks at LHC physics and explains how searches for Beyond the Standard Model Physics are performed. It concludes with a discussion of the evidence for dark matter and dark energy.
    Keywords: Particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, cosmology, accelerator physics, detector physics, quarks and leptons, Dirac equation, electroweak theory, quantum chromodynamics, flavour oscillations, CP violation, Higgs boson, Beyond the Standard Model physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVB Astrophysics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PG Astronomy, space and time::PGK Cosmology and the universe ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics
    Language: English
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    A Featural Typology of Bantu Agreement (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: The Bantu languages are in some sense remarkably uniform (SVO basic word order, noun classes, verbal morphology), but this extensive language family also show a wealth of morphosyntactic variation. Two core areas in which such variation is attested are subject and object agreement. The book explores the variation in Bantu subject and object marking on the basis of data from 75 Bantu languages, discovering striking patterns (the RANDOM and the AWSOM correlation), and providing a novel syntactic analysis. This analysis takes into account not just phi agreement, but also nominal licensing and information structure. A Person feature, associated with animacy, definiteness, or givenness, is shown to be responsible for differential object agreement, while at the same time accounting for doubling vs. non-doubling object marking – a hybrid solution to an age-old debate in Bantu comparative morphosyntax. It is furthermore proposed that low functional heads can Case-license flexibly downwards or upwards, depending on the relative topicality of the two arguments involved. This accounts for the properties of symmetric object marking in ditransitives (for Appl), and subject inversion constructions (for v). By keeping Agree constant and systematically determining which featural parameters are responsible for the attested variation, the proposed analysis argues for an emergentist view of features and parameters (following Biberauer 2018, 2019), and against both Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.
    Keywords: Bantu languages, agreement, Agree, comparative morphosyntax, Case, information structure, nominal licensing, Person, Topic, subject marking, object marking, crosslinguistic variation ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFK Grammar, syntax and morphology ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFF Historical and comparative linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::2 Language qualifiers::2H African languages::2HC Niger-Congo languages::2HCB Bantu languages
    Language: English
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    How to Achieve Inclusive Growth (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-30
    Description: Rising inequality and widespread poverty, social unrest and polarization, gender and ethnic disparities, declining social mobility, economic fragility, unbalanced growth due to technology and globalization, and existential danger from climate change are urgent global concerns of our day. These issues are intertwined. They therefore require a holistic framework to examine their interplay and bring the various strands together. This book brings together leading academic economists and experts from several international institutions to explain the sources and scale of these challenges. The book summarizes a wide array of empirical evidence and country experiences, lays out practical policy solutions, and devises a comprehensive and unified plan of action for combatting these economic and social disparities. This authoritative book is accessible to policy makers, students, and the general public interested in how to craft a brighter future by building a sustainable, green, and inclusive society in the years ahead.
    Keywords: Inclusive growth, growth, inequality, equality, poverty, development, climate change, disparities, income distribution, economic policy ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCV Economics of specific sectors::KCVG Environmental economics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCG Economic growth ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCA Economic theory and philosophy
    Language: English
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    Bell Nonlocality (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Nonlocality was discovered by John Bell in 1964, in the context of the debates about quantum theory, but is a phenomenon that can be studied in its own right. Its observation proves that measurements are not revealing pre-determined values, falsifying the idea of “local hidden variables” suggested by Einstein and others. One is then forced to make some radical choice: either nature is intrinsically statistical and individual events are unspeakable, or our familiar space-time cannot be the setting for the whole of physics. As phenomena, nonlocality and its consequences will have to be predicted by any future theory, and may possibly play the role of foundational principles in these developments. But nonlocality has found a role in applied physics too: it can be used for “device-independent” certification of the correct functioning of random number generators and other devices. After a self-contained introduction to the topic, this monograph on nonlocality presents the main tools and results following a logical, rather than a chronological, order.
    Keywords: Nonlocality, Bell’s theorem, John Bell, quantum entanglement, Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen, device-independent, quantum foundations, local hidden variables, local realism, spooky action ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHQ Quantum physics (quantum mechanics and quantum field theory) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science
    Language: English
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    Rethinking Moral Status (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Common-sense morality implicitly assumes that reasonably clear distinctions can be drawn between the ‘full’ moral status usually attributed to ordinary adult humans, the partial moral status attributed to non-human animals, and the absence of moral status, usually ascribed to machines and other artefacts. These assumptions were always subject to challenge; but they now come under renewed pressure because there are beings we are now able to create, and beings we may soon be able to create, which blur traditional distinctions between humans, non-human animals, and non-biological beings. Examples are human non-human chimeras, cyborgs, human brain organoids, post-humans, human minds that have been uploaded into computers and onto the internet, and artificial intelligence. It is far from clear what moral status we should attribute to any of these beings. While commonsensical views of moral status have always been questioned, the latest technological developments recast many of the questions and raise additional objections. There are a number of ways we could respond, such as revising our ordinary suppositions about the prerequisites for full moral status. We might also reject the assumption that there is a sharp distinction between full and partial moral status. The present volume provides a forum for philosophical reflection about the usual presuppositions and intuitions about moral status, especially in light of the aforementioned recent and emerging technological advances.
    Keywords: morality, moral status, chimera, cyborg, human brain organoid, post human, non-human animal, artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence
    Language: English
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    The Changing German Voter (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-11
    Description: Over the past half century, the behavior of German voters has changed profoundly—at first rather gradually but during the last decade at accelerated speed. Electoral decision-making has become much more volatile, rendering election outcomes less predictable. Party system fragmentation intensified sharply. The success of the Alternative for Germany (AfD) put an end to Germany’s exceptionality as one of the few European countries without a strong right-wing populist party. Utilizing a wide range of data compiled by the German Longitudinal Election Study, the book examines changing voters’ behavior in the context of changing parties, campaigns, and media during the period of its hitherto most dramatically increased fluidity at the 2009, 2013, and 2017 federal elections. Guided by the notions of realignment and dealignment, the study addresses three questions: How did the turbulences that increasingly characterize German electoral politics come about? How did they in turn condition voters’ decision-making? How were voters’ attitudes and choices affected by situational factors that pertained to the specifics of particular elections? The book demonstrates how traditional cleavages lost their grip on voters and a new socio-cultural line of conflict became the dominant axis of party competition. A series of major crises, but also programmatic shifts of the established parties promoted this development. It led to a segmentation of the party system that pits the right-wing populist AfD against the traditional parties. The book also demonstrates the relevance of coalition preferences, candidate images as well as media and campaign effects for voters’ attitudes, beliefs, and preferences.
    Keywords: Germany, electoral behavior, electoral change, party system development, realignment, dealignment, party competition, socio-economic conflict dimension, socio-cultural conflict dimension, right-wing populism ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPB Comparative politics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes::JPHF Elections & referenda ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::1 Geographical Qualifiers::1D Europe::1DF Central Europe::1DFG Germany
    Language: English
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    Future Morality (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: The world is changing so fast that it's hard to know how to think about what we ought to do. We barely have time to reflect on how scientific advances will affect our lives before they're upon us. New kinds of dilemma are springing up. Can robots be held responsible for their actions? Will artificial intelligence be able to predict criminal activity? Is the future gender-fluid? Should we strive to become post-human? Should we use drugs to improve our intimate relationships — or to reduce crime? Our intuitions about questions like these are often both weak and confused. David Edmonds has put together a philosophical task force to get to grips with these challenges. Twenty-nine philosophers present provocative and engaging pieces about aspects of life today, and life tomorrow — birth and death, health and medicine, brain and body, personal relationships, wrongdoing and justice, the internet, animals, and the environment. The future won't look the same when you've finished this book.
    Keywords: philosophy; moral philosophy; social & political philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy
    Language: English
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    Voices in Psychosis (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-10
    Description: Voices in Psychosis: Interdisciplinary Perspectives deepens and extends the understanding of hearing voices in psychosis in a striking way. For the first time, this collection brings multiple disciplinary, clinical and experiential perspectives to bear on an original and extraordinarily rich body of testimony: transcripts of forty in-depth phenomenological interviews conducted with people who hear voices and who have accessed Early Intervention in Psychosis services. Voice-hearing experiences associated with psychosis are highly varied, frequently distressing, poorly understood, and deeply stigmatized, even within mental health services. Voices in Psychosis responds to the urgent need for new ways of listening to and making sense of these experiences. The book addresses the social, clinical and research contexts in which the interviews took place, thoroughly investigating the embodied, multisensory, affective, linguistic, spatial, and relational qualities of voice-hearing experiences. The nature, politics, and consequences of these analytic endeavours is a focus of critical reflection throughout. This volume presents a collection of essays by members and associates of the Hearing the Voice project that were written in response to the transcripts. Each chapter gives a multifaceted insight into the experiences of voice-hearers in the North East of England and to their wider resonance in contexts ranging from medieval mysticism to Amazonian shamanism, from the nineteenth-century novel to the twenty-first-century survivor movement.
    Keywords: voice-hearing, phenomenology, interdisciplinarity, psychosis, mental health services, trauma ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMP Abnormal psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMQ Psychology: emotions ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMS The self, ego, identity, personality ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MM Other branches of medicine::MMH Psychiatry ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services::JKSM Care of the mentally ill
    Language: English
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    Dancing the World Smaller (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This book examines international dance performances in New York City in the 1940s as sites in which dance artists and audiences contested what it meant to practice globalism in mid-twentieth-century America. Debates over globalism in dance proxied larger cultural struggles over how to reconcile the nation’s new role as a global superpower. In dance as in cultural politics, Americans labored over how to realize diversity while honoring difference and manage dueling impulses toward globalism, on the one hand, and isolationism, on the other.
    Keywords: Performing arts, dance, ballet, modern dance, world dance, dance, globalism, internationalism, modernism, ethnic, ethnologic, New York City, 1940s, mid-century, mid-twentieth century ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATQ Dance ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATX Other performing arts
    Language: English
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    Public Law and Economics (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: This comprehensive textbook applies economic analysis to public law. The economic analysis of law has revolutionized legal scholarship and teaching in the last half-century, but it has focused mostly on private law, business law, and criminal law. This book extends the analysis to fundamental topics in public law, such as the separation of government powers, regulation by agencies, constitutional rights, and elections. Every public law involves six fundamental processes of government: bargaining, voting, entrenching, delegating, adjudicating, and enforcing. The book devotes two chapters to each process, beginning with the economic theory and then applying the theory to a wide range of puzzles and problems in law. Each chapter concentrates on cases and legal doctrine, showing the relevance of economics to the work of lawyers and judges. Featuring lucid, accessible writing and engaging examples, the book addresses enduring topics in public law as well as modern controversies, including gerrymandering, voter identification laws, and qualified immunity for police.
    Keywords: law and economics, interpretive economics, constitutional economics, economics of rights, economics of bargaining, economics of voting, economics of entrenchment, economics of delegation, economics of adjudication, economics of enforcement ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law
    Language: English
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    Sacred Rivals (2022)
    Oxford University Press | OUP USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: France;Algeria;Ottoman Syria;Islam;Catholicism;Catholic Orientalism;Imperialism;Missions;Jesuits;Louis Veuillot;Melchior de Vogüé;Charles Lavigerie;White Fathers;Humanitarianism;Œuvre d'Orient;Civilizing Mission
    Keywords: France;Algeria;Ottoman Syria;Islam;Catholicism;Catholic Orientalism;Imperialism;Missions;Jesuits;Louis Veuillot;Melchior de Vogüé;Charles Lavigerie;White Fathers;Humanitarianism;Œuvre d'Orient;Civilizing Mission ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HR Religion & beliefs::HRA Religion: general::HRAX History of religion ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBJ Regional & national history::HBJD European history ; bic Book Industry Communication::H Humanities::HB History::HBT History: specific events & topics::HBTQ Colonialism & imperialism ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAX History of religion ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTQ Colonialism and imperialism
    Language: English
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    Chapter (When) Is Adblocking Wrong? (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-22
    Description: In this chapter, I examine three deontological objections to adblocking: the objection from property (according to which adblocking involves accessing another’s property without satisfying the conditions placed on such access by the owner), the objection from complicity (according to which, by blocking ads, consumers become complicit in wrongdoing of adblocking software providers), and the objection from freeriding (according to which adblocking consumers free-ride on other consumers who allow ads to be served). I argue that, though these objections plausibly establish the moral impermissibility of some instances of adblocking, they do not, even collectively, establish a blanket moral prohibition on adblocking, as it is currently done.
    Keywords: Adblocking, Piracy, Theft, Intellectual Property, Complicity, Extortion, Free-Riding ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LN Laws of Specific jurisdictions::LNR Intellectual property law
    Language: English
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    Empires and Communities in the Post-Roman and Islamic World, c. 400 – 1000 CE (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This book deals with the ways in which empires affect smaller communities – for instance, ethnic groups, religious communities, local or peripheral populations. It addresses Byzantinium, the early Islamic World and the West in the 5th to 10th centuries CE, a period with a particular dynamic of imperial formation and decline in Europe and the Mediterranean.
    Description: Dieser Band beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen von Imperien auf kleinere Gemeinschaften – zum Beispiel ethnische verbände, religiöse Gemeinschaften, lokale oder periphere Bevölkerungen. Behnadelt werden Byzanz, die frühislamische Welt und der Westen im 5.-10. Jahrhundert n. Chr., eine Zeit von besonders dynamischen Prozessen von Neubildung und verfall von Imperien in Europa und dem Mittelmeeraum.
    Keywords: Imperien – Geschichte – vor 1500; Zivilisation, mittelalterliche; Mittelalter; Islamisches Imperium, Geschichte; Ethnizität, Geschichte, bis 1500; Ost und West ; ÖFOS 2012, Byzantinistik ; ÖFOS 2012, Globalgeschichte ; ÖFOS 2012, Islam ; Imperialism—History—To 1500; Civilization, Medieval; Middle Ages; Islamic Empire—History; Ethnicity—History—To 1500; East and West (nach LCSH) ; ÖFOS 2012, Byzantine studies ; ÖFOS 2012, Global history ; ÖFOS 2012, Islam ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3K CE period up to c 1500 ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHG Middle Eastern history
    Language: English
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    Sick Note (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Sick Note is a history of how the British state asked, ‘who is really sick?’ Tracing medical certification for absence from work from 1948 to 2010, it shows that doctors, employers, employees, politicians, media commentators, and citizens each concerned themselves with measuring sickness. At various times, each understood that a signed note from a doctor was not enough to ‘prove’ whether someone was ‘really’ sick. Yet, with no better alternative on offer, the sick note survived in practice and in the popular imagination—just like the welfare state itself. Sick Note reveals the interplay between medical, employment, and social security policy. The physical note became an integral part of working and living in Britain, while the term ‘sick note’ was often deployed rhetorically as a mocking nickname or symbol of Britain’s economic and political troubles. Using government policy documents, popular media, internet archives, and contemporary research, this book covers the evolution of medical certification and the welfare state since the Second World War, demonstrating how sickness and disability policies responded to demographic and economic changes—though not always satisfactorily for administrators or claimants. Moreover, despite the creation of ‘the fit note’ in 2010, the idea of ‘the sick note’ has remained. With the specific challenges posed by the global pandemic in the early 2020s, Sick Note shows how the question of ‘who is really sick?’ has never been straightforward and will continue to perplex the British state.
    Keywords: history, welfare, United Kingdom, social security, medicine, employment, absenteeism, disability, politics ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBX History of medicine
    Language: English
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    India in the Persian World of Letters (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This study traces the development of philology (the analysis of literary language) in the Persian tradition in India, concentrating on its socio-political ramifications. The most influential Indo-Persian philologist of the eighteenth century was Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān (d. 1756), whose pen-name was Ārzū. Besides being a respected poet, Ārzū was a rigorous theoretician of language whose intellectual legacy was side-lined by colonialism. His conception of language accounted for literary innovation and historical change in part to theorize the tāzah-goʾī [literally, “fresh-speaking”] movement in Persian literary culture. Although later scholarship has tended to frame this debate in anachronistically nationalist terms (Iranian native speakers versus Indian imitators), the primary sources show that contemporary concerns had less to do with geography than with the question of how to assess innovative “fresh-speaking” poetry, a situation analogous to the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in early modern Europe. Ārzū used historical reasoning to argue that as a cosmopolitan language Persian could not be the property of one nation or be subject to one narrow kind of interpretation. Ārzū also shaped attitudes about reḳhtah, the Persianized form of vernacular poetry that would later be renamed and reconceptualized as Urdu, helping the vernacular to gain acceptance in elite literary circles in northern India. This study puts to rest the persistent misconception that Indians started writing the vernacular because they were ashamed of their poor grasp of Persian at the twilight of the Mughal Empire.
    Keywords: Persian, Indo-Persian, Urdu, philology, Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān Ārzū, tāzah-goʾī, vernacularization, literary culture, early modern, Mughal Empire ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general::CBX Language: history and general works ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DC Poetry::DCF Poetry by individual poets ; thema EDItEUR::D Biography, Literature and Literary studies::DS Literature: history and criticism::DSC Literary studies: poetry and poets ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFF Historical and comparative linguistics ; thema EDItEUR::3 Time period qualifiers::3M c 1500 onwards to present day::3ML 18th century, c 1700 to c 1799
    Language: English
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    The Role of Zooplankton Grazing and Nutrient Recycling for Global Ocean Biogeochemistry and Phytoplankton Phenology (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 127(10), ISSN: 2169-8953
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Zooplankton plays a notable role in ocean biogeochemical cycles. However, it is often simulated as one generic group and top closure term in ocean biogeochemical models. This study presents the description of three zooplankton functional types (zPFTs, micro-, meso- and macrozooplankton) in the ocean biogeochemical model FESOM-REcoM. In the presented model, microzooplankton is a fast-growing herbivore group, mesozooplankton is another major consumer of phytoplankton, and macrozooplankton is a slow-growing group with a low temperature optimum. Meso- and macrozooplankton produce fast-sinking fecal pellets. With three zPFTs, the annual mean zooplankton biomass increases threefold to 210 Tg C. The new food web structure leads to a 25% increase in net primary production and a 10% decrease in export production globally. Consequently, the export ratio decreases from 17% to 12% in the model. The description of three zPFTs reduces model mismatches with observed dissolved inorganic nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations in the South Pacific and the Arctic Ocean, respectively. Representation of three zPFTs also strongly affects phytoplankton phenology: Fast nutrient recycling by zooplankton sustains higher chlorophyll concentrations in summer and autumn. Additional zooplankton grazing delays the start of the phytoplankton bloom by 3 weeks and controls the magnitude of the bloom peak in the Southern Ocean. As a result, the system switches from a light-controlled Sverdrup system to a dilution-controlled Behrenfeld system. Overall, the results suggest that representation of multiple zPFTs is important to capture underlying processes that may shape the response of ecosystems and ecosystem services to on-going and future environmental change in model projections.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sea‐Ice Forecasts With an Upgraded AWI Coupled Prediction System (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 14(12), ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-23
    Description: A new version of the AWI Coupled Prediction System is developed based on the Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model v3.0. Both the ocean and the atmosphere models are upgraded or replaced, reducing the computation time by a factor of 5 at a given resolution. This allowed us to increase the ensemble size from 12 to 30, maintaining a similar resolution in both model components. The online coupled data assimilation scheme now additionally utilizes sea-surface salinity and sea-level anomaly as well as temperature and salinity profile observations. Results from the data assimilation demonstrate that the sea-ice and ocean states are reasonably constrained. In particular, the temperature and salinity profile assimilation has mitigated systematic errors in the deeper ocean, although issues remain over polar regions where strong atmosphere-ocean-ice interaction occurs. One-year-long sea-ice forecasts initialized on 1 January, 1 April, 1 July and 1 October from 2003 to 2019 are described. To correct systematic forecast errors, sea-ice concentration from 2011 to 2019 is calibrated by trend-adjusted quantile mapping using the preceding forecasts from 2003 to 2010. The sea-ice edge raw forecast skill is within the range of operational global subseasonal-to-seasonal forecast systems, outperforming a climatological benchmark for about 2 weeks in the Arctic and about 3 weeks in the Antarctic. The calibration is much more effective in the Arctic: Calibrated sea-ice edge forecasts outperform climatology for about 45 days in the Arctic but only 27 days in the Antarctic. Both the raw and the calibrated forecast skill exhibit strong seasonal variations.
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    A new procedure for evaluating light-to-moderate earthquake location based on InSAR data and forward modeling tested on Mediterranean area (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-18
    Description: We propose a procedure based on remote sensing Sentinel-1 InSAR data aiming at evaluating the variability of the moment tensor solutions provided by different agencies in case of light-to-moderate earthquake. We model the expected coseismic ground deformations from the available moment tensor solutions and compare them with the real ones retrieved with the InSAR data. Any differences between location and intensity of simulated and estimated seismic-induced deformation fields allow indirectly evaluating the variability of the solutions in terms of epicenter locations and kinematics of the causative faults. We applied this investigation method to several light (4〈Mw 〈 4.9) to moderate (5〈Mw 〈 5.9) earthquakes occurred along the Mediterranean area since the launch of the Sentinel-1A mission in 2014. The selected seismic events cover all the faulting mechanisms and are characterized by different estimated magnitudes and depths thus offering a synoptic view of the performance of the procedure in several cases. Thanks to the global coverage and the unprecedented revisit time of Sentinel-1 acquisitions, the proposed procedure can be easily extended to any seismic event occurred inland worldwide.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100057
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    To forty more years of Political Geography (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Political Geography, Elsevier, 92, pp. 102581-102581, ISSN: 0962-6298
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Incorporation of Na and S in bamboo coral skeletons (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Chemical Geology, Elsevier, 597, pp. 120795-120795, ISSN: 0167-6695
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: Ocean environmental conditions can be inferred from the chemical composition of bamboo coral skeletons. The high magnesium calcite internodes of these long-living octocorals may therefore represent a potential archive for seawater properties such as salinity or temperature where instrumental time series are absent. To extend these time series into the past using a natural archive the principles of temperature and salinity signal incorporation into cold-water coral skeletal material need to be investigated. Since skeletal Na and S concentrations have been proposed as environmental proxies, we mapped the spatial distribution and concentration of these elements in two Atlantic specimens of Keratoisis grayi (family Isididae). These measurements were conducted with an electron microprobe applying a spatial resolution of 4 μm. The mean apparent distribution coefficient of Na/Ca for the two samples was within 2.5 and 2.8*10−4, while that of S shows a similar depletion relative to seawater with 3.8 and 3.6*10−3. The two elements show an inverse correlation in bamboo coral skeletons. The mean apparent distribution coefficient of Na is similar to that of abiotic calcites. This similarity can be interpreted as the absence of significant vital effects for skeletal Na/Ca. Hence it corroborates the idea that the average skeletal composition of bamboo corals holds the potential to record past seawater conditions. In contrast, it appears unlikely that the spatial variations of the element distribution of seemingly simultaneously precipitated material along growth rings are exclusively controlled by environmental factors. We further exclude Rayleigh fractionation, ion-specific pumping, and Ca/proton exchange as the driver of Na and S distribution in bamboo corals. Instead, we adapt a calcification model originally proposed for scleractinians to bamboo corals. This model can explain the observed distribution of Na and S in the skeleton by a combination of Ca/proton pumping, bicarbonate active transport, and the formation of an organic skeletal matrix. The adapted model can further be used to predict the theoretical behaviour of other elements and disentangle vital effects from external factors influencing compositional features. It is therefore a useful tool for future studies on the potential of bamboo corals as environmental archives.
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    Sliding modes in the management of renewable resources (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Automatica, Elsevier, 144, pp. 110487-110487, ISSN: 0005-1098
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: The presence of tipping points in ecological systems implies abrupt changes in the dynamics of the ecosystem. In these piecewise-smooth dynamical systems sliding dynamics, i.e., dynamics on the switching boundary, have been reported for population models. However, the question whether or not, and if so under which conditions, sliding dynamics may occur in an optimally controlled system have not yet been studied. We explore this issue in a simple harvesting model with two regimes, and find that optimal sliding may occur if regular steady states do not exist. Hence, sliding dynamics may be part of an optimal policy.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Distribution of phycotoxins in Última Esperanza Province during the PROFAN expedition 2019 (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Progress in Oceanography, Elsevier, 206, pp. 102851, ISSN: 00796611
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Harmful Algae Blooms pose an increasing threat to the public health and economic stability of Southern Chile, particularly to the aquaculture industries. This fieldwork performed during the PROFAN expedition from 12th to 22nd November 2019 extends the knowledge on the distribution of marine toxin-producing species in the difficult to access Última Esperanza Province in the Magallanes Region. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning toxins with high relative abundances of saxitoxin and lipophilic toxins dominated by yessotoxins, pectenotoxins and domoic acid were detected at nearly each sampling station. The respective toxin-producing organisms are mainly from the genus Alexandrium and Dinophysis. Furthermore, the first detection of pinnatoxin-G (PnTx-G) in Chilean waters strongly indicates the presence of the dinoflagellate Vulcanodinium rugosum.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    New Insights Into Cyclone Impacts on Sea Ice in the Atlantic Sector of the Arctic Ocean in Winter (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(22), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Based on the ERA5 reanalysis, we report on statistically significant impacts of transient cyclones on sea ice concentration (SIC) in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter under “New Arctic” conditions (2000–2020). This includes a pattern of reduced SIC prior to and during cyclones for the whole study domain, while a regional difference between increased SIC in the Barents Sea and reduced SIC in the Greenland Sea is found as the net effect from 3 days prior to 5 days after the cyclone passage. Generally, locally low to medium SIC conditions combined with intense cyclones drive highest SIC changes. There are indications that both thermodynamic and dynamic effects contribute to the SIC changes, but a detailed quantification is required in future research. We provide evidence that cyclone impacts on SIC have amplified compared to the “Old Arctic” (1979–1999), particularly in the Barents Sea.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 57
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    A site-specific earthquake ground response analysis using a fault-based approach and nonlinear modeling: the Case Pente site (Sulmona, Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: In this paper we present the ground response analyses (GRA) of a site where an industrial facility is planned. Because of its location on an active normal fault system known as a relevant seismic gap, the Mt. Morrone Fault system (MMF), and at the edge of a basin filled with slow velocity continental deposits, a inter-disciplinary and non-standard approach has been applied to assess the seismic input of the dynamic numerical analyses. It includes geological, seismological, geotechnical and engineering contributions. Two fault scenarios, MMF1 and MMF2, were considered and scenario-based (SSHA) and probabilistic (time-dependent, TD, and time-independent, TI) seismic hazard (PSHA) analyses were implemented. Comparison among the spectra corresponding to the 90th percentile of the SSHA statistical distribution and the PSHA average ones, shows that the MMF2 has values similar to the TD model. The SSHA 90th percentile distribution was selected as target spectra to retrieve the seismic input for GRA. Nonlinear numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation were implemented to derive surface ground motion parameters. GRA acceleration response spectra and their PGA are notably higher, and thus on the safety site, than those obtained following the Italian code approach for seismic resistant buildings. These results confirm that a scenario-based methodology can better capture the shaking effect in near-field conditions, avoiding possibly unconservative underestimations of the seismic actions and in view of a more robust performance-based approach used by engineers for either new design and/or assessment/retrofit purposes of the built environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 106970
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 58
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    The power of connection: Navigating the constraints of community engagement for disaster risk reduction (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, Elsevier, 68, pp. 102699-102699, ISSN: 2212-4209
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Community engagement for disaster risk reduction has become central to participatory emergency management. In neoliberal contexts, publics are increasingly portrayed as responsible for preparing and responding to disasters, while at the same time and contradictorily, they are engaged by the state to encourage compliance with top-down policies and directives. This is happening while incremental budget cuts reinforce the operationalisation of community engagement as information dissemination and service delivery. In this paper we scrutinize the ways in which community engagement for disaster risk reduction has been governed and translated into practice in Australia, focusing on the experiences of the practitioners and community representatives doing community engagement in a peri-urban and multi-hazard area of Victoria. We identify and discuss the role of connectors—individuals fostering connections within and among state-led emergency services, local government, and publics—in negotiating change and building relationships. Our analysis shows how the political economy of state-led emergency management hinders the efforts of connectors, contributing to disconnection between publics, community representatives, and emergency agencies. In navigating the bureaucratic, temporal, and financial constraints of state-led community engagement, the emergency sector is missing opportunities to listen, learn, and work with connectors. The result is missed opportunities to build meaningful connections with publics for disaster risk reduction.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 59
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    Ice sheet decline and rising atmospheric CO2 control AMOC sensitivity to deglacial meltwater discharge (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Global and Planetary Change, Elsevier, 210, pp. 103755-103755, ISSN: 0921-8181
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The last deglaciation was characterized by a sequence of abrupt climate events thought to be linked to rapid changes in Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The sequence includes a weakening of the AMOC after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), which ends with an abrupt AMOC amplification at the transition to the Bølling/Allerød (B/A). This transition occurs despite persistent deglacial meltwater fluxes that counteract vigorous North Atlantic deep-water formation. Using the Earth system model COSMOS with a range of deglacial boundary conditions and reconstructed deglacial meltwater fluxes, we show that deglacial CO2 rise and ice sheet decline modulate the sensitivity of the AMOC to these fluxes. While declining ice sheets increase the sensitivity, increasing atmospheric CO2 levels tend to counteract this effect. Therefore, the occurrence of a weaker HS1 AMOC and an abrupt AMOC increase in the presence of meltwater, might be explained by these effects, as an alternative to or in combination with changes in the magnitude or routing of meltwater discharge.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 60
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    A Modeling Perspective on the Lingering Glacial Sea Surface Temperature Conundrum (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(23), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-19
    Description: The strong cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ka BP) provides a rigorous test of climate models' ability to simulate past and future climate changes. We force an atmospheric general circulation model with two recent global LGM sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions, one suggesting a weak and the other a more pronounced cooling, and compare the simulated land surface temperatures (LSTs) to reconstructed data. Our results do not confirm either SST reconstruction. The cold SST data set leads to good agreement between simulated and observed LSTs at low latitudes, but is systematically too cold at mid-latitudes. The opposite is true for the warm SST data set. Differences between the simulated LSTs are caused by varying land surface albedos, which is lower for the warmer SST reconstruction. The inconsistency between reconstructed and simulated climate points to a potentially significant bias in the proxy reconstructions and/or the climate sensitivity of current climate models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 61
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    The Variscan subduction inheritance in the Southern Alps Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle: Clues from the Middle Triassic shoshonitic magmatism of the Dolomites (NE Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Although often speculated, the link between theMiddle Triassic shoshonitic magmatismat the NE margin of the Adria plate and the subduction-related metasomatismof the Southern Alps Sub-Continental Lithospheric Mantle (SCLM) has never been constrained. In this paper, a detailed geochemical and petrological characterization of the lavas, dykes and ultramafic cumulates belonging to the shoshonitic magmatic event that shaped the Dolomites (Southern Alps) was used tomodel the composition and evolution of the underlying SCLMin the time comprised between the Variscan subduction and the opening of the Alpine Tethys. Geochemical models and numerical simulations enabled us to define that 5–7% partial melting of an amphibole + phlogopite-bearing spinel lherzolite, similar to the Finero phlogopite peridotite, can account for the composition of the primitive Mid-Triassic SiO2- saturated to -undersaturated melts with shoshonitic affinity (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7032–0.7058; 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51219–0.51235; Mg # ~ 70; ~1.1 wt% H2O). By taking into account the H2O content documented in mineral phases from the Finero phlogopite peridotite, it is suggested that the Mid-Triassic SCLM source was able to preserve a significant enrichment and volatile content (600–800 ppm H2O) for more than 50 Ma, i.e. since the slab-related metasomatismconnected to the Variscan subduction. The partialmelting of a Finero-like SCLM represents the exhaustion of the subduction-related signature in the Southern Alps lithosphere that predated the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic asthenospheric upwelling related to the opening of the Alpine Tethys.
    Description: Published
    Description: 105856
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 62
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    Overcoming excessive numerical dissipation in SPH modeling of water waves (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: Excessive nonphysical energy dissipation is a problem in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) when modeling free surface waves, resulting in a significant decrease in wave amplitude within a few wavelengths for progressive waves. This dissipation poses a limitation to the physical scale of SPH applications involving water wave propagation. Some prior solutions to this wave decay problem rely on elaborate schemes, which require a complex, or non-straightforward, implementation. Other approaches demand large smoothing lengths that lead to longer simulation times and potential degradation of the results. In this work we present an approach based on a kernel gradient correction. Our scheme is fully 3D and solves the main known drawbacks of kernel gradient corrections, such as instabilities and lack of momentum conservation. The latter is ensured by adopting an averaged correction matrix, so as to conserve reciprocity during particle interactions. We test our model with a standing wave in a basin and a progressive wave train in a wave tank, and in both cases no nonphysical decay occurs. A comparison to an approach based on large smoothing factors shows advantages both in quality of the results and simulation time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104018
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: WCSPH ; Wave propagation ; Coastal engineering ; Kernel correction ; Decay
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 63
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    Efficiency analysis of social protection expenditure in the Italian Regions (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The attention and demand for greater social protection is increasing among the populations of all European countries. It is difficult to identify which of the structures and infrastructures, sectors and regional budgets are inefficient and/or negligent in respect of providing more social protection. In the political sphere the problem is examined from a qualitative point of view, because it is essential to have a valid decisional support system that provides useful information for structural and economic intervention programs devised to improve social protection. Regional spending on social protection is a fundamental component of individual well-being. This work is precisely aimed at assessing individual well-being in terms of technical expenses efficiency in the Italian Regions. Stochastic frontier analysis and a nonparametric deterministic model structure are the tools used to investigate the social protection determinants in the paper.
    Description: Published
    Description: 100965
    Description: 4TM. Web e Social
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Data envelopment analysis ; Technical efficiency ; Efficiency analysis
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  • 64
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    Distributed normal faulting in the tip zone of the South Alkyonides Fault System, Gulf of Corinth, constrained using 36Cl exposure dating of late-Quaternary wave-cut platforms (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The geometry, rates and kinematics of active faulting in the region close to the tip of a major crustal-scale normal fault in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, are investigated using detailed fault mapping and new absolute dating. Fault offsets have been dated using a combination of 234U/230Th coral dates and in situ 36Cl cosmogenic exposure ages for sediments and wave-cut platforms deformed by the faults. Our results show that deformation in the tip zone is distributed across as many as eight faults arranged within ~700 m across strike, each of which deforms deposits and landforms associated with the 125 ka marine terrace of Marine Isotope Stage 5e. Summed throw-rates across strike achieve values as high as 0.3–1.6 mm/yr, values that are comparable to those at the centre of the crustal-scale fault (2–3 mm/yr from Holocene palaeoseismology and 3–4 mm/yr from GPS geodesy). The relatively high deformation rate and distributed deformation in the tip zone are discussed in terms of stress enhancement from rupture of neighbouring crustal-scale faults and in terms of how this should be considered during fault-based seismic hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104063
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Crustal Deformation ; Active Faults ; Absolute Dating ; Marine terraces
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  • 65
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    Reversals in Temperature‐Precipitation Correlations in the Northern Hemisphere Extratropics During the Holocene (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(22), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-23
    Description: Future precipitation levels remain uncertain because climate models have struggled to reproduce observed variations in temperature-precipitation correlations. Our analyses of Holocene proxy-based temperature-precipitation correlations and hydrological sensitivities from 2,237 Northern Hemisphere extratropical pollen records reveal a significant latitudinal dependence and temporal variations among the early, middle, and late Holocene. These proxy-based variations are largely consistent with patterns obtained from transient climate simulations (TraCE21k). While high latitudes and subtropical monsoon areas show mainly stable positive correlations throughout the Holocene, the mid-latitude pattern is temporally and spatially more variable. In particular, we identified a reversal from positive to negative temperature-precipitation correlations in the eastern North American and European mid-latitudes from the early to mid-Holocene that mainly related to slowed down westerlies and a switch to moisture-limited convection under a warm climate. Our palaeoevidence of past temperature-precipitation correlation shifts identifies those regions where simulating past and future precipitation levels might be particularly challenging.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 66
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    Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation in Northern Greenland Dust Concentration Variability During the Last 400 Years (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(24), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: Statistical analysis of reanalysis and observed data reveals that high dust surface mass concentration in northern Greenland is associated with a Pacific Decadal Oscillation like pattern in its negative phase in the North Pacific as well as with La Niña conditions in the tropical Pacific region. The sea surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific realm resemble the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). The associated atmospheric circulation pattern, in the form of a wave-train from the North Pacific to the Eurasian continent, favors enhanced dust uptake and transport toward the northern Greenland. Similar patterns are associated with a low-resolution stacked record of five Ca2+ ice cores, that is, ngt03C93.2 (B16), ngt14C93.2 (B18), ngt27C94.2 (B21), GISP2−B, and NEEM-2011-S1, from northern Greenland, a proxy for regional dust concentration, during the last 400 years. We argue that northern Greenland ice core dust records could be used as proxies for the IPO and related teleconnections.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 67
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    Orbital tuning for the middle Eocene to early Oligocene Monte Cagnero Section (Central Italy): Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic implications (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: During the middle Eocene to early Oligocene Earth transitioned from a greenhouse to an icehouse climate state. The interval comprises the Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum (MECO; ~40 Ma) and a subsequent long-term cooling trend that culminated in the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT; ~34 Ma) with the Oi-1 glaciation. Here, we present a refined calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and an orbitally tuned age model for the Monte Cagnero (MCA) section spanning the middle Eocene to the early Oligocene (~41 to ~33 Ma). Spectral analysis of magnetic susceptibility (MS) data displays strong cyclicities in the orbital frequency band allowing us to tune the identified 405 kyr eccentricity minima in the MS record to their equivalents in the astronomical solution. Our orbitally tuned age model allows us to estimate the position and duration of polarity chrons (C18 to C13) and compare them with other standard and orbitally tuned ages. We were also able to constrain the timing and duration of the MECO event, which coincides with a minimum in the 2.4 Myr and 405 kyr eccentricity cycles. Our study corroborates the previous estimated age for the base of the Rupelian stage (33.9 Ma) and estimates the base of the Priabonian stage in the MCA section to be at 37.4 Ma. Finally, calcareous nannofossils with known paleoenvironmental preferences suggest a gradual shift from oligotrophic to meso-eutrophic conditions with an abrupt change at ~36.8 Ma. Besides, nannofossil assemblages suggest that enhanced nutrient availability pre- ceded water cooling at the late Eocene. Altogether, this evidence points to a poorly developed water column stratification prior to the cooling trend.
    Description: Published
    Description: 110563
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 68
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    The migration path of Gondwanian dinosaurs toward Adria: New insights from the Cretaceous of NW Sicily (Italy) (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-16
    Description: The increasing dinosaur record from Italy questioned classic palaeogeographic scenarios for the Central Mediterranean area and suggest the proximity of landmass areas and a geographical connection between Gondwana and Laurasia during Cretaceous times. Besides several track-sites and exceptionally-preserved specimens (e.g. Scipionyx samniticus), the Italian dinosaur record also consists of isolated bones, among which the bone fragment of a theropod discovered in north-western Sicily. The bone occurs in a shallowwater carbonate succession (i.e. Pizzo Muletta, Palermo Mountains) pertaining to the Panormide Carbonate Platform (PCP). The bone was previously ascribed to the Cenomanian, strongly supporting the hypothesis of a land bridge connecting Gondwana and Adria via PCP. More recently, new sedimentological and biostratigraphic studies on the Pizzo Muletta succession have been carried out. The obtained results allow to predate the stratigraphic position of the dinosaur bone to the late Aptianeearly Albian and to assess a detailed AptianeCenomanian evolution of this sector of the PCP. In particular, the karstic overprint of Cenomanian rudist limestones indicate a subaerial exposure of the platform preceding its drowning during latest Cenomanian times. The new assumptions allow to extend the temporal duration of the intermittent land bridge between Gondwana and Laurasia at least from Aptian to Cenomanian times and to add further evidences of the dominant tectonic control affecting the Western Tethys during Cretaceous times.
    Description: Published
    Description: 104919
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 69
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    Dissolved and particulate iron redox speciation during the LOHAFEX fertilization experiment (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Marine Pollution Bulletin, Elsevier, 184, pp. 114161-114161, ISSN: 0025-326X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The redox speciation of iron was determined during the iron fertilization LOHAFEX and for the first time, the chemiluminescence assay of filtered and unfiltered samples was systematically compared. We hypothesize that higher chemiluminescence in unfiltered samples was caused by Fe(II) adsorbed onto biological particles. Dissolved and particulate Fe(II) increased in the mixed layer steadily 6-fold during the first two weeks and decreased back to initial levels by the end of LOHAFEX. Both Fe(II) forms did not show diel cycles downplaying the role of photoreduction. The chemiluminescence of unfiltered samples across the patch boundaries showed strong gradients, correlated significantly to biomass and the photosynthetic efficiency and were higher at night, indicative of a biological control. At 150 m deep, a secondary maximum of dissolved Fe(II) was associated with maxima of nitrite and ammonium despite high oxygen concentrations. We hypothesize that during LOHAFEX, iron redox speciation was mostly regulated by trophic interactions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 70
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    Functional repertoire convergence of distantly related eukaryotic plankton lineages abundant in the sunlit ocean (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Cell Genomics, Elsevier, 2(5), pp. 100123-100123, ISSN: 2666-979X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Marine planktonic eukaryotes play critical roles in global biogeochemical cycles and climate. However, their poor representation in culture collections limits our understanding of the evolutionary history and genomic underpinnings of planktonic ecosystems. Here, we used 280 billion Tara Oceans metagenomic reads from polar, temperate, and tropical sunlit oceans to reconstruct and manually curate more than 700 abundant and widespread eukaryotic environmental genomes ranging from 10 Mbp to 1.3 Gbp. This genomic resource covers a wide range of poorly characterized eukaryotic lineages that complement long-standing contributions from culture collections while better representing plankton in the upper layer of the oceans. We performed the first, to our knowledge, comprehensive genome-wide functional classification of abundant unicellular eukaryotic plankton, revealing four major groups connecting distantly related lineages. Neither trophic modes of plankton nor its vertical evolutionary history could completely explain the functional repertoire convergence of major eukaryotic lineages that coexisted within oceanic currents for millions of years.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 71
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    Atmosphere‐Snow Exchange Explains Surface Snow Isotope Variability (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(20), pp. e2022gl099529-e2022gl099529, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: The climate signal imprinted in the snow isotopic composition allows to infer past climate variability from ice core stable water isotope records. The concurrent evolution of vapor and surface snow isotopic composition between precipitation events indicates that post-depositional atmosphere-snow humidity exchange influences the snow and hence the ice core isotope signal. To date, however, this is not accounted for in paeleoclimate reconstructions from isotope records. Here we show that vapor-snow exchange explains 36% of the summertime day-to-day δ18O variability of the surface snow between precipitation events, and 53% of the δD variability. Through observations from the Greenland Ice Sheet and accompanying modeling we demonstrate that vapor-snow exchange introduces a warm bias on the summertime snow isotope value relevant for ice core records. In case of long-term variability in atmosphere-snow exchange the relevance for the ice core signal is also variable and thus paleoclimate reconstructions from isotope records should be revisited.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 72
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    Temporal and spatial distribution of epibenthic dinoflagellates in the Kattegat-Skagerrak, NE Atlantic–Focus on Prorocentrum lima and Coolia monotis (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 118, pp. 102318-102318, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: Epibenthic dinoflagellates occur globally and include many toxin-producing species of concern to human health and benthic ecosystem function. Such benthic harmful algal blooms (BHABs) have been well described from tropical and sub-tropical coastal environments, but assessments from north temperate waters, e.g., northern Europe, and polar regions are scarce. The present study addressed the biodiversity and distribution of potentially toxic epibenthic dinoflagellate populations along the west coast of Sweden (Kattegat-Skagerrak) by morphological and molecular criteria. Morphological analysis conducted by light- and electron-microscopy was then linked by DNA barcoding of the V4 region of 18S rRNA gene sequences to interpret taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships. The presence of two potentially toxigenic epibenthic dinoflagellates, Prorocentrum lima (Ehrenberg) F.Stein and Coolia monotis Meunier was confirmed, along with a description of their spatial and temporal distribution. For P. lima, one third of the cell abundance values exceeded official alarm thresholds for potentially toxic BHAB events (〉1000 cells gr–1 of macroalgae fresh weight). The same species were recorded consecutively for two summers, but without significant temporal variation in cell densities. SEM analyses confirmed the presence of other benthic Prorocentrum species: P. fukuyoi complex, P. cf. foraminosum and P. cf. hoffmannianum. Analyses of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene also indicated the presence P. compressum, P. hoffmannianum, P. foraminosum, P. fukuyoi, and P. nanum. These findings provide the first biogeographical evidence of toxigenic benthic dinoflagellates along the west coast of Sweden, in the absence of ongoing monitoring to include epibenthic dinoflagellates. Harmful events due to the presence of Coolia at shellfish aquaculture sites along the Kattegat-Skagerrak are likely to be rather marginal because C. monotis is not known to be toxigenic. In any case, as a preliminary assessment, the results highlight the risk of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) events caused by P. lima, which may affect the development and sustainability of shellfish aquaculture in the region.
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  • 73
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    Apparent biogeographical trends in Alexandrium blooms for northern Europe: Â identifying links to climate change and effective adaptive actions (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 119, pp. 102335-102335, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: The marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium Halim represents perhaps the most significant and intensively studied genus with respect to species diversity, life history strategies, toxigenicity, biogeographical distribution, and global magnitude and consequences harmful algal blooms (HABs). The socioeconomic impacts, environmental and human health risks, and mitigation strategies for toxigenic Alexandrium blooms have also been explored in recent years. Human adaptive actions based on future scenarios of bloom dynamics and shifts in biogeographical distribution under climate-change parameters remain under development and not yet implemented on a regional scale. In the CoCliME (Co-development of climate services for adaptation to changing marine ecosystems) project these issues were addressed with respect to past, current and anticipated future status of key HAB genera and expected benefits of enhanced monitoring. Data on the distribution and frequency of Alexandrium blooms related to paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) events from key CoCliME Case Study areas, comprising the North Sea and adjacent Kattegat-Skagerrak, Norwegian Sea, and Baltic Sea, and eastern North Atlantic marginal seas, were evaluated in a contemporary and historical context over the past several decades. The first evidence of possible biogeographical expansion of Alexandrium taxa into eastern Arctic gateways was provided from DNA barcoding signatures. Various key climate change indicators, such as salinity, temperature, and water-column stratification, relevant to Alexandrium bloom initiation and development were identified. The possible influence of changing variables on bloom dynamics, magnitude, frequency and spatial and temporal distribution were interpreted in the context of regional ocean climate models. These climate change impact indicators may play key roles in selecting for the occurrence and diversity of Alexandrium species within the broader microeukaryote communities. For example, shifts to higher temperature and lower salinity regimes predicted for the southern North Sea indicate the potential for increased Alexandrium blooms, currently absent from this area. Ecological and socioeconomic impacts of Alexandrium blooms and effects on fisheries and aquaculture resources and coastal ecosystem function are evaluated, and, where feasible, effective adaptation strategies are proposed herein as emerging climate services.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Spatial and biological oceanographic insights into the massive fish-killing bloom of the haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Harmful Algae, Elsevier, 118, pp. 102287-102287, ISSN: 1568-9883
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-09
    Description: A bloom of the fish-killing haptophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway during May and June 2019 was the most harmful algal event ever recorded in the region, causing massive mortalities of farmed salmon. Accordingly, oceanographic and biodiversity aspects of the bloom were studied in unprecedented detail, based on metabarcoding and physico-chemical and biotic factors related with the dynamics and distribution of the bloom. Light- and electron-microscopical observations of nanoplankton samples from diverse locations confirmed that C. leadbeateri was dominant in the bloom and the primary cause of associated fish mortalities. Cell counts by light microscopy and flow cytometry were obtained throughout the regional bloom within and adjacent to five fjord systems. Metabarcoding sequences of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene from field material collected during the bloom and a cultured isolate from offshore of Tromsøy island confirmed the species identification. Sequences from three genetic markers (18S, 28S rRNA gene and ITS region) verified the close if not identical genetic similarity to C. leadbeateri from a previous massive fish-killing bloom in 1991 in northern Norway. The distribution and cell abundance of C. leadbeateri and related Chrysochromulina species in the recent incident were tracked by integrating observations from metabarcoding sequences of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene. Metabarcoding revealed at least 14 distinct Chrysochromulina variants, including putative cryptic species. C. leadbeateri was by far the most abundant of these species, but with high intraspecific genetic variability. Highest cell abundance of up to 2.7 × 107 cells L − 1 of C. leadbeateri was found in Balsfjorden; the high cell densities were associated with stratification near the pycnocline (at ca. 12 m depth) within the fjord. The cell abundance of C. leadbeateri showed positive correlations with temperature, negative correlation with salinity, and a slightly positive correlation with ambient phosphate and nitrate concentrations. The spatio-temporal succession of the C. leadbeateri bloom suggests independent initiation from existing pre-bloom populations in local zones, perhaps sustained and supplemented over time by northeastward advection of the bloom from the fjords.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Metagenomic survey of the microbiome of ancient Siberian permafrost and modern Kamchatkan cryosols (2022)
    Oxford University Press
    In:  EPIC3microLife, Oxford University Press, 3(1), pp. 1-15, ISSN: 2633-6693
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: In the context of global warming, the melting of arctic permafrost raises the threat of a re-emergence of microorganisms some of which were shown to remain viable in ancient frozen soils for up to half a million years. In order to evaluate this risk, it is of interest to acquire a better knowledge of the composition of the microbial communities found in this understudied environment. Here we present a metagenomics analysis of 12 soil samples from Russian Arctic and subarctic pristine areas: Chukotka, Yakutia, and Kamchatka, including 9 permafrost samples collected at various depths. These large datasets (9.2 1011 total bp) were assembled (525,313 contigs 〉 5kb), their encoded protein contents predicted, then used to perform taxonomical assignments of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic organisms, as well as DNA viruses. The various samples exhibited variable DNA contents and highly diverse taxonomic profiles showing no obvious relationship with their locations, depths or deposit ages. Bacteria represented the largely dominant DNA fraction (95%) in all samples, followed by archaea (3.2%), surprisingly little eukaryotes (0.5%), and viruses (0.4%). Although no common taxonomic pattern was identified, the samples shared unexpected high frequencies of β-lactamase genes, almost 0.9 copy/bacterial genome. In addition of known environmental threats, the particularly intense warming of the Arctic might thus enhance the spread of bacterial antibiotic resistances, today's major challenge in public health. β-lactamases were also observed at high frequency in other types of soils, suggesting their general role in the regulation of bacterial populations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Remote sensing annual dynamics of rapid permafrost thaw disturbances with LandTrendr (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Remote Sensing of Environment, Elsevier, 268, pp. 112752-112752, ISSN: 0034-4257
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Permafrost is warming globally which leads to widespread permafrost thaw. Particularly ice-rich permafrost is vulnerable to rapid thaw and erosion, impacting whole landscapes and ecosystems. Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS) are abrupt permafrost disturbances that expand by several meters each year and lead to an increased soil organic carbon release. Local Remote Sensing studies identified increasing RTS activity in the last two decades by increasing number of RTS or heightened RTS growth rates. However, a large-scale assessment across diverse permafrost regions and at high temporal resolution allowing to further determine RTS thaw dynamics and its main drivers is still lacking. In this study we apply the disturbance detection algorithm LandTrendr for automated large-scale RTS mapping and high temporal thaw dynamic assessment to North Siberia (8.1×106km2). We adapted and parametrised the temporal segmentation algorithm for abrupt disturbance detection to incorporate Landsat+Sentinel-2 mosaics, conducted spectral filtering, spatial masking and filtering, and a binary machine-learning object classification of the disturbance output to separate between RTS and false positives (F1 score: 0.609). Ground truth data for calibration and validation of the workflow was collected from 9 known RTS cluster sites using very high-resolution RapidEye and PlanetScope imagery. Our study presents the first automated detection and assessment of RTS and their temporal dynamics at large-scale for 2001–2019. We identified 50,895 RTS and a steady increase in RTS-affected area from 2001 to 2019 across North Siberia, with a more abrupt increase from 2016 onward. Overall the RTS-affected area increased by 331 compared to 2000 (2000: 20,158ha, 2001–2019: 66,699ha). Contrary to this, 5 focus sites show spatio-temporal variability in their annual RTS dynamics, with alternating periods of increased and decreased RTS development, indicating a close relationship to thaw drivers. The majority of identified RTS was active from 2000 onward and only a small proportion initiated during the assessment period, indicating that the increase in RTS-affected area was mainly caused by enlarging existing RTS and not by new RTS. The detected increase in RTS dynamics suggests advancing permafrost thaw and underlines the importance of assessing abrupt permafrost disturbances with high spatial and temporal resolution at large-scales. Obtaining such consistent disturbance products will help to parametrise regional and global climate change models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Isotopic Characterization of Water Masses in the Southeast Pacific Region: Paleoceanographic Implications (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 127(1), ISSN: 2169-9275
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-31
    Description: In this study, we used stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O), deuterium (δD), and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in combination with temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations to characterize the coastal (71°–78°W) and an oceanic (82°–98°W) water masses (SAAW—Subantarctic Surface Water; STW—Subtropical Water; ESSW—Equatorial Subsurface water; AAIW—Antarctic Intermediate Water; PDW—Pacific Deep Water) of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The results show that δ18O and δD can be used to differentiate between SAAW-STW, SAAW-ESSW, and ESSW-AAIW. δ13CDIC signatures can be used to differentiate between STW-ESSW (oceanic section), SAAW-ESSW, ESSW-AAIW, and AAIW-PDW. Compared with the oceanic section, our new coastal section highlights differences in both the chemistry and geometry of water masses above 1,000 m. Previous paleoceanographic studies using marine sediments from the SEP continental margin used the present-day hydrological oceanic transect to compare against, as the coastal section was not sufficiently characterized. We suggest that our new results of the coastal section should be used for past characterizations of the SEP water masses that are usually based on continental margin sediment samples.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Intensification of the East Australian Current After ∼1400 CE (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(24), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-13
    Description: The East Australian Current (EAC) is the western boundary current of the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre that transports warm tropical waters to higher southern latitudes and significantly impacts the climate of Australia and New Zealand. Modern observations show that the EAC has strengthened with rising global temperatures. However, little is known about the pre-industrial variability of the EAC and the forcing mechanisms. Planktic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white) Mg/Ca-based sea surface temperature reconstructions offshore northeastern Australia between 15° and 26°S reveal an increase by ∼1.2°C after ∼1400 CE. We infer that the increase in temperature is related to a stronger EAC heat transport that is likely driven by a strengthening of the Southern Hemisphere subtropical gyre circulation due to a progressive shift of the Southern annular mode toward its positive phase and of El Niño-Southern Oscillation toward more El Niño-like conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Presence, Sources and Transport of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Arctic Ocean (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 50(1), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Towards a multisensor station for automated biodiversity monitoring (2022)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Basic and Applied Ecology, Elsevier, 59, pp. 105-138, ISSN: 1439-1791
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-03
    Description: Rapid changes of the biosphere observed in recent years are caused by both small and large scale drivers, like shifts in temperature, transformations in land-use, or changes in the energy budget of systems. While the latter processes are easily quantifiable, documentation of the loss of biodiversity and community structure is more difficult. Changes in organismal abundance and diversity are barely documented. Censuses of species are usually fragmentary and inferred by often spatially, temporally and ecologically unsatisfactory simple species lists for individual study sites. Thus, detrimental global processes and their drivers often remain unrevealed. A major impediment to monitoring species diversity is the lack of human taxonomic expertise that is implicitly required for large-scale and fine-grained assessments. Another is the large amount of personnel and associated costs needed to cover large scales, or the inaccessibility of remote but nonetheless affected areas. To overcome these limitations we propose a network of Automated Multisensor stations for Monitoring of species Diversity (AMMODs) to pave the way for a new generation of biodiversity assessment centers. This network combines cutting-edge technologies with biodiversity informatics and expert systems that conserve expert knowledge. Each AMMOD station combines autonomous samplers for insects, pollen and spores, audio recorders for vocalizing animals, sensors for volatile organic compounds emitted by plants (pVOCs) and camera traps for mammals and small invertebrates. AMMODs are largely self-containing and have the ability to pre-process data (e.g. for noise filtering) prior to transmission to receiver stations for storage, integration and analyses. Installation on sites that are difficult to access require a sophisticated and challenging system design with optimum balance between power requirements, bandwidth for data transmission, required service, and operation under all environmental conditions for years. An important prerequisite for automated species identification are databases of DNA barcodes, animal sounds, for pVOCs, and images used as training data for automated species identification. AMMOD stations thus become a key component to advance the field of biodiversity monitoring for research and policy by delivering biodiversity data at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sensitivity of Sea Ice Growth to Snow Properties in Opposing Regions of the Weddell Sea in Late Summer (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 49(19), ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: The sensitivity of sea ice to the contrasting seasonal and perennial snow properties in the southeastern and northwestern Weddell Sea is not yet considered in sea ice model and satellite remote sensing applications. However, the analysis of physical snowpack properties in late summer in recent years reveals a high fraction of melt-freeze forms resulting in significant higher snow densities in the northwestern than in the eastern Weddell Sea. The resulting lower thermal conductivity of the snowpack, which is only half of what has been previously assumed in models in the eastern Weddell Sea, reduces the sea ice bottom growth by 18 cm during winter. In the northwest, however, the potentially formed snow ice thickness of 22 cm at the snow/ice interface contributes to additional 7 cm of thermodynamic ice growth at the bottom. This sensitivity study emphasizes the enormous impact of unappreciated regional differences in snowpack properties on the thermodynamic ice growth.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The Performance of the ERA‐Interim and ERA5 Atmospheric Reanalyses Over Weddell Sea Pack Ice (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 127(9), ISSN: 2169-9275
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: We use meteorological measurements from three drifting buoys to evaluate the performance of the ERA-Interim and ERA5 atmospheric reanalyses from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts over the Weddell Sea ice zone. The temporal variability in surface pressure and near-surface air temperature is captured well by the two reanalyses but both reanalyses exhibit a warm bias relative to the buoy measurements. This bias is small at temperatures close to 0°C but reaches 5–10°C at −40°C. For two of the buoys the mean temperature bias in ERA5 is significantly smaller than that in ERA-Interim while for the third buoy the biases in the two products are comparable. 10 m wind speed biases in both reanalyses are small and may largely result from measurement errors associated with icing of the buoy anemometers. The biases in downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation are significant in both reanalyses but we caution that the pattern of bias is consistent with potential errors in the buoy measurements, caused by accumulation of snow and ice on the radiometers. Overall, our study suggests that, with the exception of near-surface temperature, both reanalyses reproduce the buoy measurements to within the limits of measurement uncertainty. We suggest that the significant biases in near-surface air temperature may result from the simplified representation of sea ice used in the reanalysis models, and we recommend the use of a more sophisticated representation of sea ice, including variable ice and snow thicknesses, in future reanalyses.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Turbulent Mixing During Late Summer in the Ice–Ocean Boundary Layer in the Central Arctic Ocean: Results From the MOSAiC Expedition (2022)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 127(8), ISSN: 2169-9275
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-29
    Description: We examined mixing processes within the ice–ocean boundary layer (IOBL) close to the geographic North Pole, with an emphasis on wind-driven sea ice drift. Observations were conducted from late August to late September 2020, during the final leg of the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. Measurements of ice motion, and profiles of currents, hydrography, and microstructure turbulence were conducted. The multifarious direct observations of sea ice and the upper ocean were used to quantify the transport of momentum, heat, and salt in the IOBL. The ice drift was mostly characterized by the inertial oscillation at a semi-diurnal frequency, which forced an inertial current in the mixed layer. Observation-derived heat and salinity fluxes at the ice–ocean interface suggest early termination of basal melting and transitioning to refreezing, resulting from a rise in the freezing point temperature by the presence of freshened near-surface water. Based on the friction velocity, the measured dissipation rate (ε) of turbulent energy can be approximated as 1.4–1.7 times of the “Law of the Wall” criterion. We also observed a spiraling Ekman flow and find its vertical extent in line with the estimate from ε-based diffusivity. Following passage of a storm, the enhanced oscillatory motions of the ice drift caused trapping of the near-inertial waves (NIWs) that exclusively propagated through the base of the weakly stratified mixed layer. We accounted Holmboe instabilities and NIWs for the observed distinct peak of the dissipation rate near the bottom of the mixed layer.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Microplastic-associated pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in environment (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: The ubiquitous use of microplastics and their release into the environment especially the water bodies by anthropogenic/industrial activities are the major resources for microplastic contamination. The widespread and often injudicious use of antimicrobial drugs or antibiotics in various sectors including human health and hygiene, agriculture, animal husbandry and food industries are leading to the release of antibiotics into the wastewater/sewage and other water bodies, particularly in urban setups and thus leads to the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the microbes. Microplastics are emerging as the hubs as well as effective carriers of these microbial pathogens beside their AMR-genes (ARGs) in marine, freshwater, sewage/wastewater, and urban river ecosystems. These drug resistant bacteria interact with microplastics forming synthetic plastispheres, the ideal niche for biofilm formations which in turn facilitates the transfer of ARGs via horizontal gene transfer and further escalates the occurrence and levels of AMR. Microplastic-associated AMR is an emerging threat for human health and healthcare besides being a challenge for the research community for effective management/address of this menace. In this review, we encompass the increasing prevalence of microplastics in environment, emphasizing mainly on water environments, how they act as centers and vectors of microbial pathogens with their associated bacterial assemblage compositions and ultimately lead to AMR. It further discusses the mechanistic insights on how microplastics act as hosts of biofilms (creating the plastisphere). We have also presented the modern toolbox used for microplastic-biofilm analyses. A review on potential strategies for addressing microplastic-associated AMR is given with recent success stories, challenges and future prospects.
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    Procure, Bank, Release: Carbon Removal Certificate Reserves to Manage Carbon Prices on the Path to Net-Zero (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: The European Union cap-and-trade emissions trading system (EU ETS) faces two challenges in the context of the European Green Deal. First, to meet the Paris temperature target, emissions in the energy and industrial sectors must fall to net-zero and then even become net-negative. Second, there is a concern that excessive CO2 price spikes and volatility on this path will jeopardize the political acceptance and support for emissions trading as a climate policy instrument. Conditional supply of carbon removal credits (CRCs) to support dynamic carbon price caps would make it possible to stabilize the market in the transition from positive to net-negative emissions trading while keeping the net-emissions path unchanged. CRCs would be assigned for carbon removal achieved for example with methods like Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage or Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage and would be used by companies under the EU ETS to compensate for their emissions. However, we suggest that there would be no direct exchange between emitting companies under the EU ETS and carbon removal companies, i.e., the demand and supply side of CRCs, during an initial phase. Instead, we suggest assigning an institutional mandate to for example a carbon central bank (CCB) to organize the supply of CRCs. Under this mandate, carbon removal would be procured, would be translated into a corresponding number of CRCs, and a fraction of it could be auctioned to the market at a later point in time, provided that market prices exceed a certain (dynamic) price cap.
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    Structures and functions of algal glycans shape their capacity to sequester carbon in the ocean (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Algae synthesise structurally complex glycans to build a protective barrier, the extracellular matrix. One function of matrix glycans is to slow down microorganisms that try to enzymatically enter living algae and degrade and convert their organic carbon back to carbon dioxide. We propose that matrix glycans lock up carbon in the ocean by controlling degradation of organic carbon by bacteria and other microbes not only while algae are alive, but also after death. Data revised in this review shows accumulation of algal glycans in the ocean underscoring the challenge bacteria and other microbes face to breach the glycan barrier with carbohydrate active enzymes. Briefly we also update on methods required to certify the uncertain magnitude and unknown molecular causes of glycan-controlled carbon sequestration in a changing ocean.
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    The effects of atmospheric and lateral buoyancy fluxes on Labrador Sea mixed layer depth (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: The depth of the Labrador Sea mixed layer during winter convection is a balance between atmospheric buoyancy loss and lateral buoyancy exchange, and is notoriously difficult to represent accurately in ocean and climate models. This study shows that lateral exchanges of heat and salt between the shelf and the interior are smaller in a regional coupled ocean–sea ice model at higher vertical resolution (75 levels compared with 50 levels), due in part to altered bathymetry along the Greenland shelf. Reduced lateral exchange results in a stronger stratification in the interior of the Labrador Sea, with stronger convection resistance which results in unrealistically shallow mixed layers. The westward fluxes of heat and salt associated with Irminger Water at Cape Farewell are 50 % and 33 % lower, respectively, with higher vertical resolution. Exchanges south of the Labrador Sea from the North Atlantic Current are also smaller, contributing to a reduction in salt and heat import into the Labrador Sea interior. When the high resolution model is forced with a stronger wintertime buoyancy loss at the ocean surface, this weakens the Labrador Sea stratification, allowing the forcing to break through the freshwater cap and increasing convection, bringing mixed layer depths back to observed values. A strong atmospheric forcing can therefore compensate for a reduction in lateral advection. The mixed layer depths, which are representative of convection and Labrador Sea water formation, will be the focus in this study. Therefore, this study suggests that convection and Labrador Sea Water formation is a complex interplay of surface and lateral fluxes, linked to stratification thresholds.
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  • 88
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    Inferring parental areas of juvenile mussels using hydrodynamic modelling (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Mussel aquaculture is heavily reliant on wild mussel populations that supply juveniles (spat) for seeding farms. However, little is often known about parent populations, representing a risk for the sustainability of the industry. We used hydrodynamic back-tracking models to identify potential parental areas that provision green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) spat across a range of settlement sites in New Zealand's largest aquaculture area. Median parental area varied considerably between 19 km2 for sites located in enclosed bays and a maximum of 〉1150 km2 for sites located in open bays. Median distance to parent populations ranged between 1.8 and 21.4 km, with a maximum larval dispersal estimated to be ca. 100 km. Small seasonal variations in parental area and dispersal distance were detected in some regions, whereas inter-annual variability was relatively minor. Regional connectivity between settlement and parental regions ranged between a minimum of 45% of larvae originating in the same parental region, to maximum retention rates of 99.9% for sites in enclosed bays, implying a considerable regional variation in the potential for self-seeding and exporting mussel larvae other areas. Our results also delineate areas that support spatfall by identifying likely locations for wild or farmed parental populations, and by establishing the spatial extent where mussel reproduction and larval development through to settlement take place. These dispersal and connectivity patterns are crucial to support management decisions for the conservation and restoration of parental populations, and other environmental constraints, such as water quality, which are necessary to ensure the sustainability of spat catching operations that enable shellfish farming.
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    The effect of off-bottom versus on-bottom oyster culture on total and pathogenic Vibrio spp. abundances in oyster tissue, water and sediment samples (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Varying culture methods are commonly used for eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, aquaculture in the Northeast United States. Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus, two human pathogenic bacteria species, accumulate in this edible, filter feeding shellfish. This study examined the use of two methods in an intertidal area (oysters cultured in trays and in bags on sediment) and two methods in a subtidal area (oysters cultured in trays and loose on the sediment) in Massachusetts over the growing season in 2015. Abundance of total V. vulnificus along with total and pathogenic (tdh+/trh+) V. parahaemolyticus were determined in oysters, sediment and water using real-time PCR. Temperature, salinity, turbidity and chlorophyll were continually measured every 15 min at each location. There were significantly higher abundances of total and pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in on-bottom cultured oysters, while significantly higher abundances of V. vulnificus were identified in oysters from off-bottom culture in a subtidal location in Duxbury Bay, MA. In an intertidal location, Wellfleet Bay, MA, significantly higher abundances of total and tdh+ V. parahaemolyticus were found in off-bottom oysters, but significantly higher abundances of V. vulnificus and trh+ V. parahaemolyticus were found in on-bottom oysters. Spearman's correlation indicated that temperature is positively associated with concentrations of Vibrio spp. in oysters, water and sediment, but positive correlations between salinity and Vibrio spp. was also observed. Conversely, turbidity had a negative effect on Vibrio spp. concentrations in all sample types. There was no observed relationship inferred between chlorophyll and Vibrio spp. abundances in oysters, water or sediment.
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    Pseudoalteromonas piscicida X-8 causes bleaching disease in farmed Saccharina japonica (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Saccharina japonica is a commercially farmed seaweed of global importance. However, disease occurrence during different stages of cultivation can result in substantial economic losses. Identification of the causative agents of disease remains a significant bottleneck to the large scale cultivation of S. japonica. In this study, an aerobic heterotrophic, flagellated, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacterial strain X-8 was isolated from the bleaching diseased S. japonica sporelings. Pathogenecity of strain X-8 was tested by re-infection assay. The ultrastructural changes of infected S. japonica cells by strain X-8 indicated that chloroplasts were the first organelle responding to X-8 infection with deformed structure and later followed by fragmented nucleus. However, the ultra-structure of mitochondria and cell wall remained intact during the re-infection. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, morphological and biochemical characteristics, strain X-8 was designated as Pseudoalteromonas piscicida X-8. The pathogenicity of P. piscicida X-8 was identified by Koch's Postulate under laboratory conditions. Our results will not only help to establish a stable experimental model between the pathogenic bacteria and the host S. japonica to further elucidate the virulence mechanisms, but will also provide information for disease management to effectively prevent and mitigate the occurrence of bleaching disease of S. japonica at nursery stage.
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    Working during non-standard work time undermines intrinsic motivation (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: How do people’s perceptions about when they work affect their intrinsic motivation? We find that working during non-standard work time (weekends/holidays) versus standard work time (Monday-Friday, 9-to-5) undermines people’s intrinsic motivation for their professional and academic pursuits. Working during non-standard work time decreases intrinsic motivation by causing people to consider better uses of their time. That is, people generate more upward counterfactual thoughts, which mediates the effect of work time on reduced intrinsic motivation. As a causal test of this process, increasing consideration of upward counterfactuals during standard work time reduces intrinsic motivation, whereas decreasing consideration of upward counterfactuals during non-standard work time helps employees and students maintain intrinsic motivation for their professional and academic pursuits. Overall, we identify a novel determinant of intrinsic motivation and address a real challenge many people face: How changing work schedules affect interest and enjoyment of work, with important consequences for work outcomes.
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    Seagrasses and local environment control the bacterial community structure and carbon substrate utilization in brackish sediments (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Seagrasses are complex benthic coastal ecosystems that play a crucial role in organic matter cycling and carbon sequestration. However, little is known about how seagrasses influence the structure and carbon utilization potential of benthic bacterial communities. This study examined the bacterial communities in monospecific and mixed meadows of seagrasses and compared with bulk (unvegetated) sediments from Chilika, a brackish water coastal lagoon of India. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed a vegetation effect in terms of differences in benthic bacterial community diversity, composition, and abundances in comparison with bulk sediments. Desulfobacterales, Chromatiales, Enterobacteriales, Clostridiales, Vibrionales, and Acidimicrobiales were major taxa that contributed to differences between seagrass and bulk sediments. Seagrasses supported ∼5.94 fold higher bacterial abundances than the bulk due to rich organic carbon stock in their sediments. Co-occurrence network demonstrated much stronger potential interactions and connectedness in seagrass bacterial communities compared to bulk. Chromatiales and Acidimicrobiales were identified as the top two keystone taxa in seagrass bacterial communities, whereas, Dehalococcoidales and Rhizobiales were in bulk communities. Seagrasses and local environmental factors, namely, water depth, water pH, sediment salinity, redox potential, total organic carbon, available nitrogen, sediment texture, sediment pH, and sediment core depth were the major drivers of benthic bacterial community composition. Carbon metabolic profiling revealed that heterotrophic bacteria in seagrass sediments were much more metabolically diverse and active than bulk. The utilization of carbon substrate guilds, namely, amino acids, amines, carboxylic acids, carbohydrates, polymers, and phenolic compounds was enhanced in seagrass sediments. Metabolic mapping predicted higher prevalence of sulfate-reducer and N2 fixation metabolic functions in seagrass sediments. Overall, this study showed that seagrasses control benthic bacterial community composition and diversity, enhance heterotrophic carbon substrate utilization, and play crucial roles in organic matter cycling including degradation of hydrocarbon and xenobiotics in coastal sediments.
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  • 93
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    Relationships between gene transcription and contaminant concentrations in Baltic ringed seals: a comparison between tissue matrices (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Ringed seals (Pusa hispida) are slowly recovering in the eastern and northern parts of the Baltic Sea after years of hunting pressure and contaminant exposure. Still, consequences of anthropogenic activities such as contaminant exposure and increasing temperatures are stressors that continue to have deleterious effects on their habitat and health. Transcription profiles of seven health-related genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, endocrine disruption and stress were evaluated in blood, blubber, and liver of Baltic ringed seals in a multi-tissue approach. Selected persistent organic pollutants and total mercury concentrations were measured in blubber and liver, and muscle and liver of these animals, respectively. Concentrations of contaminants varied across tissues on a lipid weight basis but not with sex. mRNA transcript levels for all seven target genes did not vary between sexes or age classes. Transcript levels of thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα), retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) correlated with levels of persistent organic pollutants. TRα transcript levels also correlated positively with mercury concentrations in the liver. Of the three tissues assessed in this multi-tissue approach, blubber showed highest transcription levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT), thyroid stimulating hormone receptor beta (TSHβ), oestrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα). The wide range of genes expressed highlights the value of minimally invasive sampling (e.g. biopsies) for assessing health endpoints in free-ranging marine wildlife and the importance of identifying optimal matrices for targeted gene expression studies. This gene transcript profile study has provided baseline information on transcript levels of biomarkers for early on-set health effects in ringed seals and will be a useful guide to assess the impacts of environmental change in Baltic pinnipeds for conservation and management.
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  • 94
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    Fair train-test split in machine learning: Mitigating spatial autocorrelation for improved prediction accuracy (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Highlights • Our data split method handles spatial autocorrelation and imposes prediction fairness. • The sets impose fair algorithms with similar difficulty in all machine learning steps. • Kriging variance is a surrogate of spatial prediction difficulty. • The resulting training and test sets are compatible with any machine learning model. Machine learning supports prediction and inference in multivariate and complex datasets where observations are spatially related to one another. Frequently, these datasets depict spatial autocorrelation that violates the assumption of identically and independently distributed data. Overlooking this correlation result in over-optimistic models that fail to account for the geographical configuration of data. Furthermore, although different data split methods account for spatial autocorrelation, these methods are inflexible, and the parameter training and hyperparameter tuning of the machine learning model is set with a different prediction difficulty than the planned real-world use of the model. In other words, it is an unfair training-testing process. We present a novel method that considers spatial autocorrelation and planned real-world use of the spatial prediction model to design a fair train-test split. Demonstrations include two examples of the planned real-world use of the model using a realistic multivariate synthetic dataset and the analysis of 148 wells from an undisclosed Equinor play. First, the workflow applies the semivariogram model of the target to compute the simple kriging variance as a proxy of spatial estimation difficulty based on the spatial data configuration. Second, the workflow employs a modified rejection sampling to generate a test set with similar prediction difficulty as the planned real-world use of the model. Third, we compare 100 test sets' realizations to the model's planned real-world use, using probability distributions and two divergence metrics: the Jensen-Shannon distance and the mean squared error. The analysis ranks the spatial fair train-test split method as the only one to replicate the difficulty (i.e., kriging variance) compared to the validation set approach and spatial cross-validation. Moreover, the proposed method outperforms the validation set approach, yielding a minor mean percentage error when predicting a target feature in an undisclosed Equinor play using a random forest model. The resulting outputs are training and test sets ready for model fit and assessment with any machine learning algorithm. Thus, the proposed workflow offers spatial aware sets ready for predictive machine learning problems with similar estimation difficulty as the planned real-world use of the model and compatible with any spatial data analysis task.
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  • 95
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    Visioning a framework for effective environmental management of deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining: Drivers, barriers, and enablers (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Deep-sea polymetallic nodule mining is expected to start within the next decade. There is currently a pressing need to develop best practices to minimise the potential environmental impacts of this new industry. Project-specific environmental management processes, such as environmental impact assessment (EIA), and the associated environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP), must be effective to sufficiently mitigate environmental impacts of deep-sea mining (DSM) projects. This paper identifies the key drivers, barriers, and enablers to polymetallic nodule mining from a review of recent literature and develops an environmental management framework prior to any exploitation licenses being approved. We explore how the drivers to polymetallic nodule mining are framed in a global context, including claims that it will facilitate clean energy transitions, increase mineral supply diversity, and improve life cycle sustainability. We highlight the key barriers to effective environmental management, including epistemic uncertainty about deep-sea ecosystems, assessment of harmful effects from mining activities, and stakeholder support for a social license. We identify three enablers, including the precautionary approach, the ecosystem approach, and adaptive management, all of which are highly interdependent and must be operationalised to address the identified barriers. The results of this analysis indicate a complex social-ecological narrative infused throughout recent literature, emphasising the need for systems-level thinking and broader stakeholder participation. We present an environmental management framework designed to support good industry practice and guide future research.
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  • 96
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    A strong mitigation scenario maintains climate neutrality of northern peatlands (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Northern peatlands store 300–600 Pg C, of which approximately half are underlain by permafrost. Climate warming and, in some regions, soil drying from enhanced evaporation are progressively threatening this large carbon stock. Here, we assess future CO2 and CH4 fluxes from northern peatlands using five land surface models that explicitly include representation of peatland processes. Under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, northern peatlands are projected to remain a net sink of CO2 and climate neutral for the next three centuries. A shift to a net CO2 source and a substantial increase in CH4 emissions are projected under RCP8.5, which could exacerbate global warming by 0.21°C (range, 0.09–0.49°C) by the year 2300. The true warming impact of peatlands might be higher owing to processes not simulated by the models and direct anthropogenic disturbance. Our study highlights the importance of understanding how future warming might trigger high carbon losses from northern peatlands.
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  • 97
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    The effect of abrupt increase in water temperature on the survival and growth of eelgrass Zostera marina (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Increased water temperature is considered an important cause of the loss of seagrass beds. This paper quantified the interactive influence of different combinations of water temperature and duration on the responses of Zostera marina plants in terms of survivorship, morphology, growth and physiology. The LT50 (lethal temperature that caused an increase in mortality to 50% of that of the control) and ET50 (effect time that caused a decrease in growth to 50% of that of the control) were calculated to reveal the quantitative relationship between temperature and duration that resulted in limiting effects on the survival and growth of Z. marina plants. Z. marina plants were exposed to different combinations of water temperature [23 (control), 25, 27, 29, and 31 °C] and duration (5, 10, 15 and 20 days), and then the plants were transferred to the control condition for over 30 days under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the survival rate of plants at the end of recovery were significantly lower than those of plants at the end of direct impact under the temperature levels of 29 and 31 °C in each duration, indicating that short-term periods of obviously increased water temperature would lead to long-term effects on the survival of Z. marina plants. Regression analysis revealed that the relationship between water temperature and duration that resulted in limiting effects on the survival and growth of Z. marina could be described as a strong power function. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the survival and growth of Z. marina plants exposed to different temperature levels were significantly correlated with leaf soluble sugar contents. This study will further develop our understanding of the degradation and disappearance of seagrass beds induced by increased temperature.
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  • 98
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    Comparative analysis of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies developed against the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, TNF-α, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 with monoclonal antibodies made against ovine IFN-γ bovine IL-17A and IL-1β revealed they recognize epitopes conserved on dolphin and bovine orthologues (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Opportunities to include Cetancodontamorpha in the study of the evolution of the immune system in the clades of Artiodactylamorpha, Ruminantiamorpha, Suinamorpha, and Camelidamorpha have increased with the use of the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, as a sentinel species to study the effects of environmental pollutants on the health of marine mammals. Efforts are currently underway to increase the number reagents needed for detailed studies. Thus far, screening of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) made to leukocyte differentiation molecules (LDM) and the major histocompatibility (MHC) class I and class II molecules in Ruminantiamorpha have yielded some mAbs that recognize conserved epitopes expressed on orthologues in the bottlenose dolphin. More direct approaches are in progress to identify additional mAbs to bottlenose LDM and cytokines. As reported here, both direct and indirect approaches were used to identify mAbs specific for cytokines useful in monitoring the effects of environmental pollutants on the immune system. Immunization of mice with expressed bottlenose dolphin cytokines yielded mAbs specific for IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A. Screening of previously developed mAbs used in livestock immunology research revealed mAbs developed against ovine IFN-γ and bovine IL-17 and IL-1β recognize conserved epitopes in bottlenose dolphin orthologues. The mAbs identified in the present study expand the reagents available to study the function of the immune system in bottlenose dolphins and cattle.
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  • 99
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    Assessment of the impact of dust aerosols on crop and water loss in the Great Salt Desert in Iran (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-24
    Description: Knowledge of the spatial distribution of dust aerosols and their effects on crops is important for policy formulation and food security. This study aims to investigate the impact of dust source susceptibility areas (DSSA) on the loss of agricultural crop and corresponding water consumption in terms of Water Footprint in the Great Salt Desert, Iran. To this goal, MODIS satellite images during the 2005–2020 period were used to identify dust sources and 135 dust source zones were identified. Machine learning algorithm viz. Random Forest (RF), generalized linear model (GLM), and Artificial neural network (ANN) were tested to reproduce DSSA. The best method was RF and applied to calculate and classify DSSA in five risk levels from very low to very high. The amount of wheat production under high risk of DSSA was estimated using the average crop yield from recent years using agriculture statistics. We calculated the loss of crops and corresponding water consumption for three scenarios, assuming a typical loss of 20, 40, and 60% of the wheat production for better crop loss estimation. Finally, the spatial relationships between wheat farmland and high-risk DSSA were assessed using ordinary least squares regression (OLS) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) at sub-watershed scale. The area of wheat cultivation in high and very high risk of DSSA is 10188.04 km2, which is 36% of all agricultural land for wheat in the region. Loss of wheat crop to DSSA meant that 1270.58 to 3811 million m3 water used for the production of wheat were lost, corresponding to 2%, to 7% of lost water compared to the total water consumption for wheat production in the study area.
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    Past, present and future of the boundaries of the Pseudomonas genus: Proposal of Stutzerimonas gen. Nov (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-24
    Description: Pseudomonas is one the best studied bacterial genera, and it is the genus with the highest number of species among the gram-negative bacteria. Pseudomonas spp. are widely distributed and play relevant ecological roles; several species are commensal or pathogenic to humans, animals and plants. The main aim of the present minireview is the discussion of how the Pseudomonas taxonomy has evolved with the development of bacterial taxonomy since the first description of the genus in 1894. We discuss how the successive implementation of novel methodologies has influenced the taxonomy of the genus and, vice versa, how the taxonomic studies developed in Pseudomonas have introduced novel tools and concepts to bacterial taxonomy. Current phylogenomic analyses of the family Pseudomonadaceae demonstrate that a considerable number of named Pseudomonas spp. are not monophyletic with P. aeruginosa, the type species of the genus, and that a reorganization of several genera can be foreseen. Phylogenomics of Pseudomonas, Azomonas and Azotobacter within the Pseudomonadaceae is presented as a case study. Five new genus names are delineated to accommodate five well-defined phylogenetic branches that are supported by the shared genes in each group, and two of them can be differentiated by physiological and ecological properties: the recently described genus Halopseudomonas and the genus Stutzerimonas proposed in the present study. Five former Pseudomonas species are transferred to Halopseudomonas and 10 species to Stutzerimonas.
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