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  • Nature Publishing Group
  • Springer
  • 2020-2024  (185)
  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989
  • 1950-1954
  • 2022  (185)
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  • 2020-2024  (185)
  • 2020-2020
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994
  • 1985-1989
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  • 1
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    Marine Mikroorganismen für den Plastikabbau (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Millions of tons of plastic waste are released into the marine environment every year. While they steadily accumulate, synthetic polymers provide a habitat for microorganisms. This denominated Plastisphere has been studied in detail over the past ten years. So have the enzymes responsible for microbial degradation, which are unfortunately lacking for most sorts of plastics. Therefore, the BMBF-funded project PLASTISEA is focusing on bioprospecting the marine treasure trove for novel plastic acting enzymes.
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  • 2
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    Cross-domain fusion in smart seafloor sensor networks (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Many of the socio-economic and environmental challenges of the 21st century like the growing energy and food demand, rising sea levels and temperatures put stress on marine ecosystems and coastal populations. This requires a significant strengthening of our monitoring capacities for processes in the water column, at the seafloor and in the subsurface. However, present-day seafloor instruments and the required infrastructure to operate these are expensive and inaccessible. We envision a future Internet of Underwater Things, composed of small and cheap but intelligent underwater nodes. Each node will be equipped with sensing, communication, and computing capabilities. Building on distributed event detection and cross-domain data fusion, such an Internet of Underwater Things will enable new applications. In this paper, we argue that to make this vision a reality, we need new methodologies for resource-efficient and distributed cross-domain data fusion. Resource-efficient, distributed neural networks will serve as data-analytics pipelines to derive highly aggregated patterns of interest from raw data. These will serve as (1) a common base in time and space for fusion of heterogeneous data, and (2) be sufficiently small to be transmitted efficiently in resource-constrained settings.
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  • 3
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    Fusion seismischer, akustischer und optischer Unterwasserdaten und Modelle zur Analyse submariner Hangrutschungen an Vulkansystemen (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: Die Messung submariner Bodendeformationen an den Flanken von Inselvulkanen hilft dabei, ihre Stabilität und die Gefahr von Hangrutschungen einzuschätzen, ist aber inherent schwierig für Gebiete, die unter Wasser liegen. Wiederholte Seismik- oder Fächerecholot-Vermessungen können größere Gebiete abdecken, aber Auflösung und Lokalisierung sind bestimmten Grenzen unterworfen. Optische Daten andererseits sind besser aufgelöst, aber limitiert in ihrer räumlichen Abdeckung, und Meeresbodengeodäsie wiederum liefert nur punktuelle Information. In diesem Artikel schlagen wir vor, verschiedene Arten von Fernerkundungsdaten zusammenzubringen und auch mit bestehenden statischen und dynamischen Modellen zu verschneiden. Aufgrund ihrer verschiedenen Modalitäten, Unsicherheiten und Skalierungen ist dies jedoch schwierig und bedarf einer Fusion. Zusammen mit anderen Aspekten (Erdbeben, Strömungen etc.) sollen die fusionierten Daten und Modelle langfristig neue Einblicke in das dynamische System des sich verändernden Meeresbodens, die dafür verantwortlichen Faktoren sowie die Auswirkungen instabiler submariner Hänge auf andere Meeressysteme bieten.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 4
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    Getting the big picture in cross-domain fusion (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-04
    Description: A central promise of cross-domain fusion (CDF) is the provision of a “bigger picture” that integrates different disciplines and may span very different levels of detail. We present a number of settings that call for this bigger picture, with a particular focus on how information from several domains can be made easily accessible and visualizable for different stakeholders. We propose harnessing an approach that is now well established in interactive maps, which we refer to as the “Google maps approach” (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA), which combines effective filtering with intuitive user interaction. We expect this approach to be applicable to a range of CDF settings.
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  • 5
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    A Data-Centric Approach for Improving Ambiguous Labels with Combined Semi-supervised Classification and Clustering (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-02
    Description: Consistently high data quality is essential for the development of novel loss functions and architectures in the field of deep learning. The existence of such data and labels is usually presumed, while acquiring high-quality datasets is still a major issue in many cases. Subjective annotations by annotators often lead to ambiguous labels in real-world datasets. We propose a data-centric approach to relabel such ambiguous labels instead of implementing the handling of this issue in a neural network. A hard classification is by definition not enough to capture the real-world ambiguity of the data. Therefore, we propose our method “Data-Centric Classification & Clustering (DC3)” which combines semi-supervised classification and clustering. It automatically estimates the ambiguity of an image and performs a classification or clustering depending on that ambiguity. DC3 is general in nature so that it can be used in addition to many Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) algorithms. On average, our approach yields a 7.6% better F1-Score for classifications and a 7.9% lower inner distance of clusters across multiple evaluated SSL algorithms and datasets. Most importantly, we give a proof-of-concept that the classifications and clusterings from DC3 are beneficial as proposals for the manual refinement of such ambiguous labels. Overall, a combination of SSL with our method DC3 can lead to better handling of ambiguous labels during the annotation process. (Source code is available at https://github.com/Emprime/dc3).
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  • 6
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    Insights into Gas Hydrate Dynamics from 3D Seismic Data, Offshore Mauritania (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: The gas hydrate system off Mauritania is characterized by the undulating landward termination of a gas hydrate-related bottom simulating reflector (BSR). Some of the most landward sections of this BSR reach up to within 6 m of the seafloor. This suggests a shallow sulphate-methane-interface over an unusually large area. We attribute this to the presence of large amounts of methane due to the efficient burial of organic matter in a high-productivity oceanographic region, and the efficient channelling of methane along permeable turbidite beds towards the feather edge of the gas hydrate stability zone. This is consistent with the observation of steps in the BSR, where it cross-cuts other inferred permeable horizons. The high thermal conductivity of a salt dome in the southern part of the study area distorts the subsurface temperature field, giving the base of the hydrate stability zone a concave-down shape. Within this anticline of the BSR, high amplitudes and a horizontal reflection that crosses the sedimentary strata indicate the entrapment of free gas. We interpret this as a direct indication of a reduced hydraulic permeability of the hydrate-bearing sediment.
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  • 7
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    Gemini connector: Interfacing differentiable physical models and neural networks (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-24
    Description: Spectacular advances have been made in the field of machine vision over the past decade. While this discipline is traditionally driven by geometric models, neural networks have proven to be superior in some applications and have significantly expanded the limits of what is possible. At the same time, conventional graphic models describe the relationship between images and the associated scene with textures and light in a physically realistic manner and are an important part of photogrammetry. Differential renderers combine these approaches by enabling gradient-based optimization in fixed structures of a graphics pipeline and thus adapt the learning process of neural networks. This fusion of formalized knowledge and machine learning motivates the idea of a modular differentiable renderer in which physical and statistical models can be recombined depending on the use case. We therefore present Gemini Connector: an initiative for the modular development and combination of differentiable physical models and neural networks. We examine opportunities and problems and motivate the idea with the extension of a differentiable rendering pipeline to include models of underwater optics for the analysis of deep sea images. Finally, we discuss use cases, especially within the Cross-Domain Fusion initiative.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 8
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    Modularizing Earth system models for interactive simulation (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-02
    Description: Interactive exploration of Earth system simulations may have great potential to improve the scientific modeling process. It will allow monitoring of the state of the simulation via dashboards presenting real-time diagnostics within a digital twin world. We present the state of the art for Earth system modeling in this context. Cross-domain data handling and fusion will make it possible to integrate model and observation data in the context of digital twins of the ocean. Domain-driven modularization of monolithic Earth system models allows one to recover interfaces for such a cross-domain fusion. Reverse engineering with static and dynamic analysis enables modularization of Earth system models. The modularization does not only help with restructuring existing Earth system models, it also makes it possible to integrate additional scientific domains into the interactive simulation environment.
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  • 9
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    Gas Hydrate and Fluid-Related Seismic Indicators Across the Passive and Active Margins off SW Taiwan (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-09-28
    Description: Well-constrained and widely distributed bottom simulating reflectors in various geological settings across both passive and active margins make the area offshore southwestern Taiwan an excellent location to study gas hydrate dynamics and fluid flow systems. Seismic data reveal the presence of subsurface fluid flow systems and ubiquitous free gas and gas hydrates. This article aims to summarize and map the different types of seismic observations related to the gas hydrate system. The spatial distribution of seismic indicators for gas accumulation, fluid migration, and the presence of gas hydrates suggests that topographic highs on both passive and active margins are sites of particularly efficient free gas accumulation and gas hydrate formation. Seismic indicators observed in fold and thrust structures suggest that the fluid system in the active margin is structurally controlled and that the highest gas hydrate saturation levels are found in the cores of thrust anticlines on the lower slope of the active margin area.
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  • 10
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    Northern Cascadia Margin Gas Hydrates — Regional Geophysical Surveying, IODP Drilling Leg 311 and Cabled Observatory Monitoring (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-09-28
    Description: This article reviews extensive geophysical survey data, ocean drilling results and long-term seafloor monitoring that constrain the distribution and concentration of gas hydrates within the accretionary prism of the northern Cascadia subduction margin, located offshore Vancouver Island in Canada. Seismic surveys and geologic studies conducted since the 1980s have mapped the bottom simulating reflector (BSR), detected gas hydrate occurrence and estimated gas hydrate and free gas concentrations. Additional constraints were obtained from seafloor-towed, controlled-source electromagnetic surveying. A component of these studies has been the examination of low-temperature seafloor vents and seeps that emit gas and fluids into the ocean. These features are identified seismically as chimney-like zones of reduced acoustic reflectivity within the sediment stratigraphy, functioning as conduits for gas and fluid migration from below the BSR to the seafloor. Gas hydrates have been recovered from the seafloor and from sediment cores at vent sites, mostly in massive (nodular) form and as a vein-like fracture filling. The Ocean Networks Canada cabled NEPTUNE observatory has gathered extensive continuous, long-term observations on gas hydrate dynamics at the seafloor and in boreholes at two nodes on the continental slope featuring high gas hydrate concentrations. Measurements taken at the observatory include a time-series of gas bubble emission rates, changes in the near-seafloor electromagnetic structure and seafloor compliance linked to gas hydrate formation and dissociation. Two Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) expeditions collected cores, measured downhole properties and deployed downhole instruments within the central accretionary prism. At IODP Site U1364, pore pressures are being monitored above and below the base of the gas hydrate stability zone at a slope setting using an “Advanced Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit” (A-CORK). Downhole pore pressures, temperatures and electrical resistivities also are being monitored at IODP Site U1416 using the “Simple Cabled Instrument for Measuring Parameters In Situ” (SCIMPI) tool at a vent site from near-seafloor to just above the base of the gas hydrate stability zone.
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  • 11
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    Risk Assessment for Deep-Seabed Mining (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-10-06
    Description: Uncertainties concerning deep-seabed mining relate to the expected impacts on the abyssal benthic and pelagic environment and its ecosystems but also include geopolitical, economic, societal and cultural uncertainty. The uncertain impacts from mining lead to anxiety and a low societal acceptance for the activity and are not the same for everybody at the same time. Hence, uncertainty is an important element of the risk involved in deep-seabed mining. This chapter describes the different risks involved, develops a methodology for risk assessment for the exploitation of marine mineral resources that takes into consideration the state of knowledge and evolving research on deep-sea ecosystems, and informs on possible environmental threshold values in relation to deep-seabed mining operations.
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  • 12
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    First Evidence of Bottom Simulation Reflectors in the Western Indian Ocean Offshore Tanzania (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-10-06
    Description: This article presents the first evidence of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) on the continental margin of the western Indian Ocean, offshore Tanzania. The analysis of 2D and 3D seismic reflection data revealed two different types of BSRs. The Type 1 BSR, identified in water depths of 2250–2370 m west of the Seagap fault, shows a continuous reflection that mimics the seafloor, has a reverse polarity with respect to the seafloor and crosscuts the stratigraphy. Type 2 BSRs have been identified on the slope of the Tanzanian margin in water depths less than 1500 m. They are represented by a phase-reversed reflection that mimics the seafloor topography, revealing lateral variations in amplitude that are expressed as changes from high to moderate brightness. Modelling results show that gas hydrates of microbial origin (100% CH4) are stable in a minimum water depth of 740 m and a bottom water temperature of 9 °C, thus indicating a possible microbial origin for the type 2 BSRs. The thickest gas hydrate stability zone is observed within the Kerimbas Graben at water depths of up to 3621 m, with values ranging from 321.4–383.4 m for geothermal gradients of 5.4 °C/100 m and 6.4 °C/100 m, respectively. We suggest that the type 1 BSR may have a thermogenic gas source, as the observed BSR depths are deeper than the calculated base of the gas hydrate stability zone for 100% methane. The interpreted faults that crosscut the stratigraphy may have facilitated gas transport from deeper source rocks.
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  • 13
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    Evaluating species richness using proteomic fingerprinting and DNA barcoding — a case study on meiobenthic copepods from the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: The Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) is a vast deep-sea region harboring a highly diverse benthic fauna, which will be affected by potential future deep-sea mining of metal-rich polymetallic nodules. Despite the need for conservation plans and monitoring strategies in this context, the majority of taxonomic groups remain scientifically undescribed. However, molecular rapid assessment methods such as DNA barcoding and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) provide the potential to accelerate specimen identification and biodiversity assessment significantly in the deep-sea areas. In this study, we successfully applied both methods to investigate the diversity of meiobenthic copepods in the eastern CCZ, including the first application of MALDI-TOF MS for the identification of these deep-sea organisms. Comparing several different species delimitation tools for both datasets, we found that biodiversity values were very similar, with Pielou’s evenness varying between 0.97 and 0.99 in all datasets. Still, direct comparisons of species clusters revealed differences between all techniques and methods, which are likely caused by the high number of rare species being represented by only one specimen, despite our extensive dataset of more than 2000 specimens. Hence, we regard our study as a first approach toward setting up a reference library for mass spectrometry data of the CCZ in combination with DNA barcodes. We conclude that proteome fingerprinting, as well as the more established DNA barcoding, can be seen as a valuable tool for rapid biodiversity assessments in the future, even when no reference information is available.
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  • 14
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    Taxonomic assessment of deep-sea decapod crustaceans collected from polymetallic nodule fields of the East Pacific Ocean using an integrative approach (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-08
    Description: Deep-sea decapod crustaceans (Crustacea: Decapoda) collected during nine research cruises to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific Ocean and the Peru Basin in the SE Pacific Ocean were studied comprehensively using an integrative taxonomic approach. The abyssal seafloors of both areas are rich in economically interesting polymetallic nodules. All specimens were morphologically identified and genetically analysed using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Eight species were collected, comprising three anomurans, three carideans, one dendrobranchiate, and one brachyuran, from water depths ranging between 4089 and 4511 m. COI sequences for representatives of the genera Parapagurus Smith, 1879, Ethusina SI Smith, 1884, and Bathystylodactylus Hanamura & Takeda, 1996 are provided for the first time. The molecular barcodes of the species provided herein will be valuable for the full taxonomic assignment of sequences produced in future metabarcoding and eDNA monitoring work. The new records extend the geographical distributional ranges or fill geographical gaps of the species reported, although none of the species is endemic to polymetallic nodule areas. This study is part of a taxonomic series aiming to describe the biodiversity of areas targeted for future deep-sea mining.
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    Geoengineering: Methods, Associated Risks and International Liability (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-02
    Description: Climate change arguably constitutes one of the greatest risks to the long-term health of the world’s environment. In 2015, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted that the Earth’s climate system has consistently been warming since the 1950s and that a “large fraction of anthropogenic climate change resulting from CO2 emissions is irreversible on a multi-century to millennial time scale, except in the case of a large net removal of CO2 from the atmosphere over a sustained period”. Initial responses to climate change revolved around States attempting to reduce, rather than remove, greenhouse gas emissions. However, as the global economy expands, greenhouse gas emissions have continued to rise and cooperative arrangements aimed at reducing emissions have had limited, if any, impact. If recent predictions are to be believed, the remaining “carbon budget” needed to prevent average global temperatures from increasing by more than 1.5 °C may be exhausted by 2030. Climate Analytics estimates that the current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) made by States under the Paris Agreement indicate that average global temperatures will rise by 2.8 °C by 2100—almost double the stipulated efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels mentioned in Article 2(1)(a) of the Paris Agreement. The recent IPCC Special Report on 1.5 °C Global Warming concludes that without “increased and urgent mitigation ambition in the coming years, leading to a sharp decline in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, global warming will [cause] irreversible loss of the most fragile ecosystems and crisis after crisis for the most vulnerable people and societies”.
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  • 16
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    Cold comfort: Arctic seabirds find refugia from climate change and potential competition in marginal ice zones and fjords (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Climate change alters species distributions by shifting their fundamental niche in space through time. Such effects may be exacerbated by increased inter-specific competition if climate alters species dominance where competitor ranges overlap. This study used census data, telemetry and stable isotopes to examine the population and foraging ecology of a pair of Arctic and temperate congeners across an extensive zone of sympatry in Iceland, where sea temperatures varied substantially. The abundance of Arctic Brünnich’s guillemot Uria lomvia declined with sea temperature. Accessibility of refugia in cold water currents or fjords helped support higher numbers and reduce rates of population decline. Competition with temperate Common guillemots Uria aalge did not affect abundance, but similarities in foraging ecology were sufficient to cause competition when resources are limiting. Continued warming is likely to lead to further declines of Brünnich’s guillemot, with implications for conservation status and ecosystem services
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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    Invasive alien species as simultaneous benefits and burdens: trends, stakeholder perceptions and management (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: In addition to being a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, biological invasions also have profound impacts on economies and human wellbeing. However, the threats posed by invasive species often do not receive adequate attention and lack targeted management. In part, this may result from different or even ambivalent perceptions of invasive species which have a dual effect for stakeholders—being simultaneously a benefit and a burden. For these species, literature that synthesizes best practice is very limited, and analyses providing a comprehensive understanding of their economics are generally lacking. This has resulted in a critical gap in our understanding of the underlying trade-offs surrounding management efforts and approaches. Here, we explore qualitative trends in the literature for invasive species with dual effects, drawing from both the recently compiled InvaCost database and international case studies. The few invasive species with dual roles in InvaCost provide evidence for a temporal increase in reporting of costs, but with benefits relatively sporadically reported alongside costs. We discuss methods, management, assessment and policy frameworks dedicated to these species, along with lessons learned, complexities and persisting knowledge gaps. Our analysis points at the need to enhance scientific understanding of those species through inter- and cross-disciplinary efforts that can help advance their management.
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    Seasonality in the relationship between equatorial-mean heat content and interannual eastern equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature variability (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the tropical Atlantic Ocean lead to anomalous atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns with important ecological and socioeconomic consequences for the semiarid regions of sub-Saharan Africa and northeast Brazil. This interannual SST variability is characterized by three modes: an Atlantic meridional mode featuring an anomalous cross-equatorial SST gradient that peaks in boreal spring; an Atlantic zonal mode (Atlantic Nino mode) with SST anomalies in the eastern equatorial Atlantic cold tongue region that peaks in boreal summer; and a second zonal mode of variability with eastern equatorial SST anomalies peaking in boreal winter. Here we investigate the extent to which there is any seasonality in the relationship between equatorial warm water recharge and the development of eastern equatorial Atlantic SST anomalies. Seasonally stratified cross-correlation analysis between eastern equatorial Atlantic SST anomalies and equatorial heat content anomalies (evaluated using warm water volume and sea surface height) indicate that while equatorial heat content changes do occasionally play a role in the development of boreal summer Atlantic zonal mode events, they contribute more consistently to Atlantic Nino II, boreal winter events. Event and composite analysis of ocean adjustment with a shallow water model suggest that the warm water volume anomalies originate mainly from the off-equatorial northwestern Atlantic, in agreement with previous studies linking them to anomalous wind stress curl associated with the Atlantic meridional mode.
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    Biogeochemical feedbacks may amplify ongoing and future ocean deoxygenation: a case study from the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: A new box model is employed to simulate the oxygen-dependent cycling of nutrients in the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Model results and data for the present state of the OMZ indicate that dissolved iron is the limiting nutrient for primary production and is provided by the release of dissolved ferrous iron from shelf and slope sediments. Most of the removal of reactive nitrogen occurs by anaerobic oxidation of ammonium where ammonium is delivered by aerobic organic nitrogen degradation. Model experiments simulating the effects of ocean deoxygenation and warming show that the productivity of the Peruvian OMZ will increase due to the enhanced release of dissolved iron from shelf and slope sediments. A positive feedback loop rooted in the oxygen-dependent benthic iron release amplifies, both, the productivity rise and oxygen decline in ambient bottom waters. Hence, a 1% decline in oxygen supply reduces oxygen concentrations in sub-surface waters of the continental margin by 22%. The trend towards enhanced productivity and amplified deoxygenation will continue until further phytoplankton growth is limited by the loss of reactive nitrogen. Under nitrogen-limitation, the redox state of the OMZ is stabilized by negative feedbacks. A further increase in productivity and transition to sulfidic conditions is only possible if the rate of nitrogen fixation increases drastically under anoxic conditions. Such a transition would lead to a wide-spread accumulation of toxic sulfide with detrimental consequences for fishery yields in the Peruvian OMZ that currently provides a significant fraction of the global fish catch.
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    Understanding communities’ perceptions, demographics and uses of wetlands in Vhembe Biosphere Reserve, South Africa (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Wetlands are amongst the world’s most important ecosystems, providing direct and indirect benefits to local communities. However, wetlands worldwide continue to be degraded due to unsustainable use and improper resource management. In this paper, we assess the perceptions, importance, management and utilisation of wetlands among local community members using a household questionnaire and field observations within the seven Thulamela municipality wetlands, Vhembe Biosphere Reserve in South Africa. Seven wetlands were chosen for the study, with 140 household respondents randomly selected for a questionnaire survey. The study indicated that wetlands were beneficial in supporting local communities through resource provisioning. The unemployment rate and household respondents’ income were the main contributors to increased wetland dependency and utilisation. We found that urban and rural developments, unregulated use and extensive agricultural practices (i.e., cultivation, livestock grazing) have resulted in wetland degradation. We observed that the local communities around the wetlands were interested in the benefits they receive from wetlands when compared to their conservation. Furthermore, the study observed poor wetland co-management or collaboration among the local stakeholders. This has resulted in a lack of openly known, active platforms to discuss wetlands management issues. These results highlight that centralized, top–down approaches to wetland use are insufficient for maintaining and managing wetland ecosystems, posing a challenge to sustainable wetland management. Therefore, there is a need to develop a shared understanding through bottom-up approaches to wetland management nested within national regulatory frameworks, ideally combined with awareness building and knowledge sharing on ecological benefits and management of wetlands.
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    World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: This world atlas presents a comprehensive overview of the gas-hydrate systems of our planet with contributions from esteemed international researchers from academia, governmental institutions and hydrocarbon industries. The book illustrates, describes and discusses gas hydrate systems, their geophysical evidence and their future prospects for climate change and continental margin geohazards from passive to active margins. This includes passive volcanic to non-volcanic margins including glaciated and non-glaciated margins from high to low latitudes. Shallow submarine gas hydrates allow a glimpse into the past from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to modern environmental conditions to predict potential changes in future stability conditions while deep submarine gas hydrates remained more stable. This demonstrates their potential for rapid reactions for some gas hydrate provinces to a warming world, as well as helping to identify future prospects for environmental research. Three-dimensional and high-resolution seismic imaging technologies provide new insights into fluid flow systems in continental margins, enabling the identification of gas and gas escape routes to the seabed within gas hydrate environments, where seabed habitats may flourish. The volume contains a method section detailing the seismic imaging and logging while drilling techniques used to characterize gas hydrates and related dynamic processes in the sub seabed. This book is unique, as it goes well beyond the geophysical monograph series of natural gas hydrates and textbooks on marine geophysics. It also emphasizes the potential for gas hydrate research across a variety of disciplines. Observations of bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) in 2D and 3D seismic reflection data combined with velocity analysis, electromagnetic investigations and gas-hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) modelling, provide the necessary insights for academic interests and hydrocarbon industries to understand the potential extent and volume of gas hydrates in a wide range of tectonic settings of continental margins. Gas hydrates control the largest and most dynamic reservoir of global carbon. Especially 4D, 3D seismic but also 2D seismic data provide compelling sub-seabed images of their dynamical behavior. Sub-seabed imaging techniques increase our understanding of the controlling mechanisms for the distribution and migration of gas before it enters the gas-hydrate stability zone. As methane hydrate stability depends mainly on pressure, temperature, gas composition and pore water chemistry, gas hydrates are usually found in ocean margin settings where water depth is more than 300 m and gas migrates upward from deeper geological formations. This highly dynamic environment may precondition the stability of continental slopes as evidenced by geohazards and gas expelled from the sea floor. This book provides new insights into variations in the character and existence of gas hydrates and BSRs in various geological environments, as well as their dynamics. The potentially dynamic behavior of this natural carbon system in a warming world, its current and future impacts on a variety of Earth environments can now be adequately evaluated by using the information provided in the world atlas.
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    Seismic and geoacoustic evidence for subsurface fluid flow and seepage offshore Akçakoca, Southwestern Black Sea, Turkey (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Widespread indications of free and hydrate gas accumulations and mud volcanoes were imaged using multichannel seismic reflection, chirp sub-bottom profiler, multibeam bathymetry, and deep-towed side-scan sonar data collected along the Southwestern Black Sea margin, offshore Akçakoca. These indications are typically associated with sedimentary ridges along the continental slope and rise, particularly with the “Ereğli Plateau” (850–1350 m water depth), where 20 mud volcanoes were found. Two types of bottom-simulating reflections (BSR) were identified, both mimicking the seafloor relief: Type-1 crosscuts the sedimentary reflections with amplitudes similar to the surrounding strata, while Type-2 shows higher amplitudes that terminate against the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. These types were observed over large portions of the continental rise, indicating the base of gas hydrate accumulations. Analyses of the BSR depth indicate that thermogenic gas is possibly present in the gas hydrates. A fault-driven hypothetical model was then developed to describe the formation of gas hydrate and mud volcanoes and the effect of submarine fluid flow in the area. According to this model, Type-1 BSRs form through biogenic gas accumulations. The presence of fault regions with Type-2 BSRs suggests active fluid transfer between permeable and impermeable units, where the fault surfaces act as possible conduits for thermogenic gases produced in the deeper sediments and transported into the shallower subsurface where then thermogenic biogenic gases coexist.
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    Freshening and warming may restrict dispersal of Hemigrapsus takanoi into the Baltic Proper due to interactive effects on larval survival and feeding (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Salinity is a common stressor restricting the distribution of various decapod crustaceans. The interactive effects of such regional stressors with global climate change drivers are important to be considered when aiming to realistically predict the potential of a species’ dispersal and further spread into new habitats. Within species, their larval stages commonly determine a species tolerance and with this their potential to invade and successfully develop a sustaining population. This laboratory study investigated the combined effect of salinity (6 levels, 10–25) and temperature (19 and 23 °C) on larval survival, development to megalopa, and feeding (in Zoea I, III, and V) of the decapod Hemigrapsus takanoi. Larval development and survival to megalopa were generally favored by increasing salinity. While no larva developed to the megalopa stage at 23 °C and a salinity of 16, in 19 °C some larvae could successfully develop under a salinity as low as 16. All larval stages fed generally more with increasing salinity and temperature, but there was no interaction between the two factors. The results revealed that the H. takanoi population from Kiel Fjord (southwestern Baltic Sea) is capable of completing its larval development under the current Kiel Fjord environmental conditions. The geographical spread of this H. takanoi population into the wider Baltic Proper may, however, be restricted mainly due to the inability to establish and maintain a self-sustaining population under lower salinity conditions. Furthermore, the projected desalination of the Baltic Sea together with rising temperatures due to global warming and heat waves in summer may likely exert additional stress to this existing population, unless H. takanoi adapts at appropriate rates.
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    Internal igneous growth, doming and rapid erosion of a mature ocean island: the Miocene evolution of Maio (Cabo Verde) (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Maio Island (Cabo Verde Archipelago) is composed of uplifted Early Mesozoic MORB-type pillow lavas and deep-sea sediments, unconformably overlain and intruded by Miocene igneous rocks. Combined structural analyses and 40Ar–39Ar dating were used to constrain the Miocene evolution of Maio. Structures and ages of uplifted Mesozoic sequences and crosscutting Miocene dykes showed that numerous intrusive events were associated with the intense growth of an igneous core complex in the middle to upper crust, causing semi-circular doming and partial disruption of the Mesozoic strata. Two nosean nephelinite dykes cut the Valanginian Batalha Formation and yielded phlogopite 40Ar–39Ar ages of 10.405 ± 0.033 Ma and 10.570 ± 0.053 Ma (2σ errors). A nosean nephelinite dyke that cuts the overlying Valanginian to Early Aptian Morro Formation yielded an age of 9.273 ± 0.020 Ma. Combined with existing K–Ar and 40Ar–39Ar ages, this confirmed a main period of island growth between ~ 16 and 8.7 Ma. We re-interpreted extensive polymict conglomerates, which occur below the Late Miocene Monte Penoso Formation, as landslide deposits. A nephelinite lava clast yielded a phlogopite 40Ar–39Ar age of 8.666 ± 0.0274 Ma, which represents a maximum age for these landslides and thus confined a period of large-scale flank collapses and erosion to between 8.7 and 6.7 Ma. Flank collapses and further mass wasting during this period may have rejuvenated the igneous activity, i.e., resulting in the formation of the Tortonian/Messinian Monte Penoso and Malhada Pedra Formations, due to decompression-induced melting at upper mantle depths. Such interaction between flank collapses and rejuvenated volcanism may be a key to better understand ocean island evolution worldwide.
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    A changing Arctic Ocean (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Human activities are changing the Arctic environment at an unprecedented rate resulting in rapid warming, freshening, sea ice retreat and ocean acidification of the Arctic Ocean. Trace gases such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) play important roles in both the atmospheric reactivity and radiative budget of the Arctic and thus have a high potential to influence the region's climate. However, little is known about how these rapid physical and chemical changes will impact the emissions of major climate-relevant trace gases from the Arctic Ocean. The combined consequences of these stressors present a complex combination of environmental changes which might impact on trace gas production and their subsequent release to the Arctic atmosphere. Here we present our current understanding of nitrous oxide and methane cycling in the Arctic Ocean and its relevance for regional and global atmosphere and climate and offer our thoughts on how this might change over coming decades.
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    Modelling the damage costs of invasive alien species (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The rate of biological invasions is growing unprecedentedly, threatening ecological and socioeconomic systems worldwide. Quantitative understandings of invasion temporal trajectories are essential to discern current and future economic impacts of invaders, and then to inform future management strategies. Here, we examine the temporal trends of cumulative invasion costs by developing and testing a novel mathematical model with a population dynamical approach based on logistic growth. This model characterises temporal cost developments into four curve types (I–IV), each with distinct mathematical and qualitative properties, allowing for the parameterization of maximum cumulative costs, carrying capacities and growth rates. We test our model using damage cost data for eight genera (Rattus, Aedes, Canis, Oryctolagus, Sturnus, Ceratitis, Sus and Lymantria) extracted from the InvaCost database—which is the most up-to-date and comprehensive global compilation of economic cost estimates associated with invasive alien species. We find fundamental differences in the temporal dynamics of damage costs among genera, indicating they depend on invasion duration, species ecology and impacted sectors of economic activity. The fitted cost curves indicate a lack of broadscale support for saturation between invader density and impact, including for Canis, Oryctolagus and Lymantria, whereby costs continue to increase with no sign of saturation. For other taxa, predicted saturations may arise from data availability issues resulting from an underreporting of costs in many invaded regions. Overall, this population dynamical approach can produce cost trajectories for additional existing and emerging species, and can estimate the ecological parameters governing the linkage between population dynamics and cost dynamics.
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    Massive economic costs of biological invasions despite widespread knowledge gaps: a dual setback for India (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Biological invasions are one of the top drivers of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. An underestimated consequence of invasions is the enormity of their economic impacts. Knowledge gaps regarding economic costs produced by invasive alien species (IAS) are pervasive, particularly for emerging economies such as India—the fastest growing economy worldwide. To investigate, highlight and bridge this gap, we synthesised data on the economic costs of IAS in India. Specifically, we examine how IAS costs are distributed spatially, environmentally, sectorally, taxonomically, temporally, and across introduction pathways; and discuss how Indian IAS costs vary with socioeconomic indicators. We found that IAS have cost the Indian economy between at least US$ 127.3 billion to 182.6 billion (Indian Rupees ₹ 8.3 trillion to 11.9 trillion) over 1960–2020, and these costs have increased with time. Despite these massive recorded costs, most were not assigned to specific regions, environments, sectors, cost types and causal IAS, and these knowledge gaps are more pronounced in India than in the rest of the world. When costs were specifically assigned, maximum costs were incurred in West, South and North India, by invasive alien insects in semi-aquatic ecosystems; they were incurred mainly by the public and social welfare sector, and were associated with damages and losses rather than management expenses. Our findings indicate that the reported economic costs grossly underestimate the actual costs, especially considering the expected costs given India’s population size, gross domestic product and high numbers of IAS without reported costs. This cost analysis improves our knowledge of the negative economic impacts of biological invasions in India and the burden they can represent for its development. We hope this study motivates policymakers to address socio-ecological issues in India and launch a national biological invasion research programme, especially since economic growth will be accompanied by greater impacts of global change.
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    Climate change-related changes in cephalopod biodiversity on the North East Atlantic Shelf (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Global studies imply that cephalopods have benefited from climate change. However, in most areas, species-specific long-term cephalopod data sets do not exist to support this implication and to analyse the response of cephalopods to environmental changes. Our results illustrate that historical studies, in combination with recent data sets, can fill this gap, enabling descriptions of ecological changes over a long time. We show substantial changes in the cephalopod biodiversity of the North Sea at species level over the past 100 years. Some species, which seemed to migrate into the North Sea only for spawning or foraging in the nineteenth century, occur permanently in the North Sea nowadays. This applies, for example, to the loliginids Loligo forbesii and Alloteuthis subulata. The ommastrephids Todaropsis eblanae and Illex coindetii, now constantly present as well, had been described only as accidental migrants 100 years ago.
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    Symbiont transmission in marine sponges: reproduction, development, and metamorphosis (2022)
    Springer | BioMed Central
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) form symbioses with diverse microbial communities that can be transmitted between generations through their developmental stages. Here, we integrate embryology and microbiology to review how symbiotic microorganisms are transmitted in this early-diverging lineage. We describe that vertical transmission is widespread but not universal, that microbes are vertically transmitted during a select developmental window, and that properties of the developmental microbiome depends on whether a species is a high or low microbial abundance sponge. Reproduction, development, and symbiosis are thus deeply rooted, but why these partnerships form remains the central and elusive tenet of these developmental symbioses.
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    Phreatic and Hydrothermal Eruptions: From Overlooked to Looking Over (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Over the last decade, field investigations, laboratory experiments, geophysical exploration and petrological, geochemical and numerical modelling have provided insight into the mechanisms of phreatic and hydrothermal eruptions. These eruptions are driven by sudden flashing of ground- or hydrothermal water to steam and are strongly influenced by the interaction of host rock and hydrothermal system. Aquifers hosted in volcanic edifices, calderas and rift environments can be primed for instability by alteration processes affecting rock permeability and/or strength, while magmatic fluid injection(s), earthquakes or other subtle triggers can promote explosive failure. Gas emission, ground deformation and seismicity may provide short- to medium-term forerunner signals of these eruptions, yet a definition of universal precursors remains a key challenge. Looking forward in the next 10 years, improved warning and hazard assessment will require integration of field and experimental data with models combining case studies, as well as development of new monitoring methods integrated by machine learning approaches.
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    Intron size minimisation in teleosts (2022)
    Springer | BioMedCentral
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: Spliceosomal introns are parts of primary transcripts that are removed by RNA splicing. Although introns apparently do not contribute to the function of the mature transcript, in vertebrates they comprise the majority of the transcribed region increasing the metabolic cost of transcription. The persistence of long introns across evolutionary time suggests functional roles that can offset this metabolic cost. The teleosts comprise one of the largest vertebrate clades. They have unusually compact and variable genome sizes and provide a suitable system for analysing intron evolution. Results: We have analysed intron lengths in 172 vertebrate genomes and show that teleost intron lengths are relatively short, highly variable and bimodally distributed. Introns that were long in teleosts were also found to be long in mammals and were more likely to be found in regulatory genes and to contain conserved sequences. Our results argue that intron length has decreased in parallel in a non-random manner throughout teleost evolution and represent a deviation from the ancestral state. Conclusion: Our observations indicate an accelerated rate of intron size evolution in the teleosts and that teleost introns can be divided into two classes by their length. Teleost intron sizes have evolved primarily as a side-effect of genome size evolution and small genomes are dominated by short introns (〈256 base pairs). However, a non-random subset of introns has resisted this process across the teleosts and these are more likely have functional roles in all vertebrate clades.
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  • 33
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    Molecular machineries of ciliogenesis, cell survival, and vasculogenesis are differentially expressed during regeneration in explants of the demosponge Halichondria panicea (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Sponges are interesting animal models for regeneration studies, since even from dissociated cells, they are able to regenerate completely. In particular, explants are model systems that can be applied to many sponge species, since small fragments of sponges can regenerate all elements of the adult, including the oscula and the ability to pump water. The morphological aspects of regeneration in sponges are relatively well known, but the molecular machinery is only now starting to be elucidated for some sponge species. Here, we have used an explant system of the demosponge Halichondria panicea to understand the molecular machinery deployed during regeneration of the aquiferous system. We sequenced the transcriptomes of four replicates of the 5–day explant without an osculum (NOE), four replicates of the 17–18–day explant with a single osculum and pumping activity (PE) and also four replicates of field–collected individuals with regular pumping activity (PA), and performed differential gene expression analysis. We also described the morphology of NOE and PE samples using light and electron microscopy. Our results showed a highly disorganised mesohyl and disarranged aquiferous system in NOE that is coupled with upregulated pathways of ciliogenesis, organisation of the ECM, and cell proliferation and survival. Once the osculum is formed, genes involved in “response to stimulus in other organisms” were upregulated. Interestingly, the main molecular machinery of vasculogenesis described in vertebrates was activated during the regeneration of the aquiferous system. Notably, vasculogenesis markers were upregulated when the tissue was disorganised and about to start forming canals (NOE) and angiogenic stimulators and ECM remodelling machineries were differentially expressed once the aquiferous system was in place (PE and PA). Our results are fundamental to better understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the aquiferous system in sponges, and its similarities with the early onset of blood-vessel formation in animal evolution.
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    The Gabbro–Granodiorite Magmatic Complex of the Kronotsky Paleoarc (Eastern Kamchatka): Composition, Age, and Tectonic Position (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: New U‒Pb (LA-ICP-MS) geochronological data have been obtained on accessory zircons from granodiorites and on detrital zircons from stream-sediment samples from the Shipunsky massif in the Eastern Kamchatka region. The age of accessory zircons from amphibole–biotite granodiorites has been estimated at 49–44 Ma. Detrital zircons have the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene age from ~57 to ~49 Ma. Based on the geological and geochronological data, the massif was formed in two stages: a gabbroid intrusion (56‒51 Ma) and the quartz diorite-granodiorite intrusion (49‒44 Ma). In terms of the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous–Eocene volcanic rocks in the Shipunsky Peninsula and granitoids in the Shipunsky massif, they were formed in the suprasubduction setting. The Shipunsky granitoids belong to the I-type granites. The Shipunsky massif was formed as a part of the Kronotsky intraoceanic paleoarc during the Paleocene–Eocene in two stages. The southern segment of the Kronotsky paleoarc collided with the Kamchatka continental margin and the deformed rocks of this massif were brought to the surface.
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    Could atmospheric carbon be driving sedimentation? (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Purpose: The objective of this study was to provide insights into the most recent responses of sediments to climate change and their capability to sequester atmospheric carbon (C). Methods: Three sediment cores were collected, one from the western Black Sea, and two from the southern Adriatic Sea. Cores were extruded and sectioned into 1 cm or 0.5 cm intervals. Sections were frozen, weighed, freeze-dried, and then weighed again to obtain dry weights. Freeze-dried samples were dated by using lead 210 (210Pb) and cesium 137/ americium 241 (137Cs/241Am). Organic and inorganic C were determined by combustion. Particle size distribution was determined using a Beckman Coulter particle size analyzer (LS 13,320; Beckman Coulter Inc.). Mineralogical analyses were carried out by a Philips X’Pert powder diffractometer. Results: Sedimentation and organic and inorganic C accumulation rates increased with time in both the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea. The increase in accumulation rates continued after the global introduction in the early 1970s of controls on the release of phosphorus (P) into the environment and despite the reduced sediment yield of major rivers (Po and Danube). Therefore, the increased accumulation of organic and inorganic C in the sediments cannot be assigned only to nutrient availability. Instead, we suggest that the increase in organic C is the consequence of the increase in atmospheric C, which has made more carbon dioxide (CO2) available to phytoplankton, thus enabling more efficient photosynthesis. This process known as CO2 fertilization may increase the organic C accumulation in sediments. Simultaneously, the increase of sea temperatures decreases the calcite solubility resulting in increases of the inorganic C accumulation. Conclusion: Our results suggest that long-term, general increases in accumulation rates of organic and inorganic C in sediments are the consequence of increases in atmospheric C. This shows that coastal sediments play an important role in C uptake and thus in regulating the Earth’s climate.
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    Are the “100 of the world’s worst” invasive species also the costliest? (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Biological invasions are increasing worldwide, damaging ecosystems and socioeconomic sectors. Two decades ago, the “100 of the world’s worst” invasive alien species list was established by the IUCN to improve communications , identifying particularly damaging ‘flagship’ invaders globally (hereafter, worst). Whilst this list has bolstered invader awareness, whether worst species are especially economically damaging and how they compare to other invaders (hereafter, other) remain unknown. Here, we quantify invasion costs using the most comprehensive global database compiling them (InvaCost). We compare these costs between worst and other species against sectorial, taxonomic and regional descriptors, and examine temporal cost trends. Only 60 of the 100 worst species had invasion costs considered as highly reliable and actually observed estimates (median: US$ 43 million). On average, these costs were significantly higher than the 463 other invasive species recorded in InvaCost (median: US$ 0.53 million), although some other species had higher costs than most worst species. Damages to the environment from the worst species dominated, whereas other species largely impacted agriculture. Disproportionately highest worst species costs were incurred in North America, whilst costs were more evenly distributed for other species; animal invasions were always costliest. Proportional management expenditures were low for the other species, and surprisingly, over twice as low for the worst species. Temporally, costs increased more for the worst than other taxa; however, management spending has remained very low for both groups. Nonetheless, since 40 species had no robust and/or reported costs, the “true” cost of “some of the world’s worst” 100 invasive species still remains unknown.
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    The role of a changing Arctic Ocean and climate for the biogeochemical cycling of dimethyl sulphide and carbon monoxide (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and carbon monoxide (CO) are climate-relevant trace gases that play key roles in the radiative budget of the Arctic atmosphere. Under global warming, Arctic sea ice retreats at an unprecedented rate, altering light penetration and biological communities, and potentially affect DMS and CO cycling in the Arctic Ocean. This could have socio-economic implications in and beyond the Arctic region. However, little is known about CO production pathways and emissions in this region and the future development of DMS and CO cycling. Here we summarize the current understanding and assess potential future changes of DMS and CO cycling in relation to changes in sea ice coverage, light penetration, bacterial and microalgal communities, pH and physical properties. We suggest that production of DMS and CO might increase with ice melting, increasing light availability and shifting phytoplankton community. Among others, policy measures should facilitate large-scale process studies, coordinated long term observations and modelling efforts to improve our current understanding of the cycling and emissions of DMS and CO in the Arctic Ocean and of global consequences.
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    Climate Change or Mismanagement? (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Climate change and deoxygenation are affecting fish stocks on a global scale, but disentangling the impacts of these stressors from the effects of overfishing is a challenge. This study was conducted to distinguish between climate change and mismanagement as possible causes for the drastic decline in spawning stock size and reproductive success in cod (Gadus morhua) and herring (Clupea harengus) in the Western Baltic Sea, when compared with the good or satisfactory status and reproductive success of the other commercial species in the area. Available data on water temperature, wind speed, and plankton bloom during the spawning season did not reveal conclusive correlations between years with good and bad reproductive success of cod or herring. Notably, the other commercial species in the area have very similar life history traits suggesting similar resilience against stress caused by climate change or fishing. The study concludes that severe, sustained overfishing plus inappropriate size selectivity of the main fishing gears have caused the decline in spawning stock biomass of cod and herring to levels that are known to have a high probability of impaired reproductive success. It is pointed out that allowed catches were regulated by management and adhered to by the fishers, meaning that unregulated fishing did not occur. Thus, mismanagement (quotas that were too high and gears that selected too small sizes) and not climate change appears to be the primary cause of the bad status of cod and herring in the Western Baltic Sea.
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    Managing biological invasions: the cost of inaction (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Ecological and socioeconomic impacts from biological invasions are rapidly escalating worldwide. While effective management underpins impact mitigation, such actions are often delayed, insufficient or entirely absent. Presently, management delays emanate from a lack of monetary rationale to invest at early invasion stages, which precludes effective prevention and eradication. Here, we provide such rationale by developing a conceptual model to quantify the cost of inaction, i.e., the additional expenditure due to delayed management, under varying time delays and management efficiencies. Further, we apply the model to management and damage cost data from a relatively data-rich genus (Aedes mosquitoes). Our model demonstrates that rapid management interventions following invasion drastically minimise costs. We also identify key points in time that differentiate among scenarios of timely, delayed and severely delayed management intervention. Any management action during the severely delayed phase results in substantial losses (〉50% of the potential maximum loss). For Aedes spp., we estimate that the existing management delay of 55 years led to an additional total cost of approximately $ 4.57 billion (14% of the maximum cost), compared to a scenario with management action only seven years prior (〈 1% of the maximum cost). Moreover, we estimate that in the absence of management action, long-term losses would have accumulated to US$ 32.31 billion, or more than seven times the observed inaction cost. These results highlight the need for more timely management of invasive alien species—either pre-invasion, or as soon as possible after detection—by demonstrating how early investments rapidly reduce long-term economic impacts.
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    The architecture of Recent brachiopod shells: diversity of biocrystal and biopolymer assemblages in rhynchonellide, terebratulide, thecideide and craniide shells (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Biological hard tissues are a rich source of design concepts for the generation of advanced materials. They represent the most important library of information on the evolution of life and its environmental conditions. Organisms produce soft and hard tissues in a bottom-up process, a construction principle that is intrinsic to biologically secreted materials. This process emerged early on in the geological record, with the onset of biological mineralization. The phylum Brachiopoda is a marine animal group that has an excellent and continuous fossil record from the early Cambrian to the Recent. Throughout this time interval, the Brachiopoda secreted phosphate and carbonate shells and populated many and highly diverse marine habitats. This required great flexibility in the adaptation of soft and hard tissues to the different marine environments and living conditions. This review presents, juxtaposes and discusses the main modes of mineral and biopolymer organization in Recent, carbonate shell-producing, brachiopods. We describe shell tissue characteristics for taxa of the orders Rhynchonellida, Terebratulida, Thecideida and Craniida. We highlight modes of calcite and organic matrix assembly at the macro-, micro-, and nano-scales based on results obtained by Electron Backscatter Diffraction, Atomic Force Microscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy. We show variation in composite hard tissue organization for taxa with different lifestyles, visualize nanometer-scale calcite assemblies for rhynchonellide and terebratulide fibers, highlight thecideide shell microstructure, texture and chemistry characteristics, and discuss the feasibility to use thecideide shells as archives of proxies for paleoenvironment and paleoclimate reconstructions.
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    A configurable method for benchmarking scalability of cloud-native applications (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Cloud-native applications constitute a recent trend for designing large-scale software systems. However, even though several cloud-native tools and patterns have emerged to support scalability, there is no commonly accepted method to empirically benchmark their scalability. In this study, we present a benchmarking method, allowing researchers and practitioners to conduct empirical scalability evaluations of cloud-native applications, frameworks, and deployment options. Our benchmarking method consists of scalability metrics, measurement methods, and an architecture for a scalability benchmarking tool, particularly suited for cloud-native applications. Following fundamental scalability definitions and established benchmarking best practices, we propose to quantify scalability by performing isolated experiments for different load and resource combinations, which asses whether specified service level objectives (SLOs) are achieved. To balance usability and reproducibility, our benchmarking method provides configuration options, controlling the trade-off between overall execution time and statistical grounding. We perform an extensive experimental evaluation of our method’s configuration options for the special case of event-driven microservices. For this purpose, we use benchmark implementations of the two stream processing frameworks Kafka Streams and Flink and run our experiments in two public clouds and one private cloud. We find that, independent of the cloud platform, it only takes a few repetitions (≤ 5) and short execution times (≤ 5 minutes) to assess whether SLOs are achieved. Combined with our findings from evaluating different search strategies, we conclude that our method allows to benchmark scalability in reasonable time.
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    Radon (222Rn) as tracer for submarine groundwater discharge investigation — limitations of the approach at shallow wind-exposed coastal settings (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Mapping radon (222 Rn) distribution patterns in the coastal sea is a widely applied method for localizing and quantifying submarine groundwater discharge (SGD). While the literature reports a wide range of successful case studies, methodical problems that might occur in shallow wind-exposed coastal settings are generally neglected. This paper evaluates causes and effects that resulted in a failure of the radon approach at a distinct shallow wind-exposed location in the Baltic Sea. Based on a simple radon mass balance model, we discuss the effect of both wind speed and wind direction as causal for this failure. We show that at coastal settings, which are dominated by gentle submarine slopes and shallow waters, both parameters have severe impact on coastal radon distribution patterns, thus impeding their use for SGD investigation. In such cases, the radon approach needs necessarily to allow for the impact of wind speed and wind direction not only during but also prior to the field campaign.
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    Integrating Data Science and Earth Science - Challenges and Solutions (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Contains various examples and applications of visual data exploration and computational approaches. Includes a framework and its application for the evaluation of the success of research projects Provides in depth examples of SMART monitoring and data FAIRness
    Type: Book , NonPeerReviewed
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    On the consolidation state of sediments from the accretionary prism offshore Vancouver Island, North Cascadia Margin (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Sediment geotechnical properties are an important component of geohazard analyses and studies on submarine slope failures on continental margins. The northern Cascadia margin is a region of repeated subduction earthquakes and related geohazards including devastating tsunamis. Despite several drilling campaigns at this margin mostly for gas hydrate studies, sediment geotechnical properties are lacking to date. We therefore investigated a set of 20 half-round samples from four drill sites of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 311 along a margin-perpendicular transect. Samples were analysed for Atterberg properties (liquid limit, plasticity limit, plasticity index) and consolidation state (pre-consolidation stress, over-consolidation ratio, initial void ratio and compression index). Results of these parameters are in good agreement with similar studies at the southern Cascadia margin from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 204 and are regarded robust, despite the long time-span between sample recovery in 2005 and our analyses. Individual results are interpreted at each of the drill sites and reflect the overall tectonic state of the location within the accretionary prism. An interplay of site-specific tectonic forcing, including thrust faulting, uplift, folding, and erosion appears to govern the depth-dependent consolidation state of the sediments.
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    Heat flux estimation from borehole temperatures acquired during logging while tripping: a case study with the sea floor drill rig MARUM-MeBo (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: During trip out of the drill string at the end of a drilling operation (logging while tripping) borehole temperatures can be measured without the need for additional operational time. A simple interpretation of the measured borehole temperatures is difficult due to the interfering influences of the drilling operations, mainly due to flushing the borehole during drilling. In this study, we present borehole temperature data from drilling campaigns with the sea floor drill rig MARUM-MeBo200 at the Danube Deep Sea Fan (Black Sea) and west of Taiwan (South China Sea). The temperature measurements were conducted with a PT1000 temperature sensor which is integrated in a memory acoustic borehole logging tool. We developed a modeling approach in order to simulate the drilling perturbations and subsequent evolution of the temperature field within the borehole. By fitting the model data to the measured time dependent temperature depth profiles, we estimated the undisturbed heat flux at the drill sites. This study shows that knowledge of the pattern of drilling operations with alternating phases of drilling/flushing and drill string handling is crucial for comparing temperatures measured during logging while tripping and simulated temperatures.
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    Shifting chemical defence or novel weapons? A review of defence traits in Agarophyton vermiculophyllum and other invasive seaweeds (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Seaweed bioinvasions increasingly affect coastal environments around the world, which increases the need for predictive models and mitigation strategies. The biotic interactions between seaweed invaders and invaded communities are often considered a key determinant of invasion success and failure and we here revise the current evidence that the capacity of seaweed invaders to deter enemies in newly reached environments correlates with their invasion success. Particularly efficient chemical defences have been described for several of the more problematic seaweed invaders during the last decades. However, confirmed cases in which seaweed invaders confronted un-adapted enemies in newly gained environments with deterrents that were absent from these environments prior to the invasion (so-called “novel weapons”) are scarce, although an increasing number of invasive and non-invasive seaweeds are screened for defence compounds. More evidence exists that seaweeds may adapt defence intensities to changing pressure by biological enemies in newly invaded habitats. However, most of this evidence of shifting defence was gathered with only one particular model seaweed, the Asia-endemic red alga Agarophyton vermiculophyllum, which is particularly accessible for direct comparisons of native and non-native populations in common garden experiments. A. vermiculophyllum interacts with consumers, epibionts and bacterial pathogens and in most of these interactions, non-native populations have rather gained than lost defensive capacity relative to native conspecifics. The increases in the few examined cases were due to an increased production of broad-spectrum deterrents and the relative scarcity of specialized deterrents perhaps reflects the circumstance that seaweed consumers and epibionts are overwhelmingly generalists.
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    Surprisingly high economic costs of biological invasions in protected areas (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Biological invasions are one of the main threats to biodiversity within protected areas (PAs) worldwide. Meanwhile, the resilience of PAs to invasions remains largely unknown. Consequently, providing a better understanding of how they are impacted by invasions is critical for informing policy responses and optimally allocating resources to prevention and control strategies. Here we use the InvaCost database to address this gap from three perspectives: (i) characterizing the total reported costs of invasive alien species (IAS) in PAs; (ii) comparing mean observed costs of IAS in PAs and non-PAs; and (iii) evaluating factors affecting mean observed costs of IAS in PAs. Our results first show that, overall, the reported economic costs of IAS in PAs amounted to US$ 22.24 billion between 1975 and 2020, of which US$ 930.61 million were observed costs (already incurred) and US$ 21.31 billion were potential costs (extrapolated or predicted). Expectedly, most of the observed costs were reported for management (73%) but damages were still much higher than expected for PAs (24%); in addition, the vast majority of management costs were reported for reactive, post-invasion actions (84% of management costs, focused on eradication and control). Second, differences between costs in PAs and non-PAs varied among continents and environments. We found significantly higher IAS costs in terrestrial PA environments compared to non-PAs, while regionally, Europe incurred higher costs in PAs and Africa and Temperate Asia incurred higher costs in non-PAs. Third, characterization of drivers of IAS costs within PAs showed an effect of environments (higher costs in terrestrial environments), continents (higher in Africa and South America), taxa (higher in invertebrates and vertebrates than plants) and Human Development Index (higher in more developed countries). Globally, our findings indicate that, counterintuitively, PAs are subject to very high costs from biological invasions. This highlights the need for more resources to be invested in the management of IAS to achieve the role of PAs in ensuring the long term conservation of nature. Accordingly, more spatially-balanced and integrative studies involving both scientists and stakeholders are required.
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    Geochemistry and petrogenesis of tertiary subvolcanics from north Tehran, southern Central Alborz (Iran) (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Tertiary subvolcanic basic rocks are found as sills, dykes, and stocks in the southern flanks of the Central Alborz Magmatic Belt, north of Tehran. The rocks can be divided into two subvolcanic rock groups based on their geographic locations: (1) the western Kiga group and (2) an eastern group. The eastern group range from micromonzogabbro/diorite to microgabbro, whereas the Kiga group consists of micromozodiorite to micromonzogabbro. Mineral compositions, whole-rock major and trace elements show that these rocks have calc-alkaline affinities. The eastern group extends to higher MgO (4–10wt%) than the Kiga group (MgO= 4–5 wt%). With decreasing MgO, the contents of SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Na2O, and P2O5 increase and the contents of CaO and compatible trace elements (e.g., Co, Ni, Cr) decrease, consistent with olivine and clinopyroxene fractionation. At a given MgO, the Kiga rocks have higher FeOt, K2O, and P2O5 and extend to higher overall highly to moderately incompatible elements (Rb, Ba, Th, U, Nb, Ta, LREE, Sr, and Zr) and lower Al2O3 and Na2O. The depletion in Nb and Ta but enrichments in Rb, Ba, Th, U, K, Pb, and Sr, compared to N-MORB as well as high Th/Yb (at a given Nb/Yb or Ta/Yb), indicates a subduction zone origin for both subvolcanic groups of rocks. The initial Sr and Nd isotopic ratios of the subvolcanic rocks vary from 0.7048 to 0.7064 and 0.5126 to 0.5128, respectively. Furthermore, εNd (50 Ma) values (+0.64 to +5.19) associated with the two-stage model ages (0.42 to 0.78 Ga) of the samples infer a contribution of Cadomian-enriched lithospheric mantle in their source for this melt. The most evolved sample from the Kiga group has the lowest 143Nd/144Nd and highest 206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios. The isotope correlations could be explained by upper crustal assimilation/contamination by the more evolved samples or reflect source differences (i.e., higher amount of subducted sediments) in the Kiga source. In conclusion, we interpret that the subvolcanic rocks have formed in an active continental margin.
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    Food web assessments in the Baltic Sea: Models bridging the gap between indicators and policy needs (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Ecosystem-based management requires understanding of food webs. Consequently, assessment of food web status is mandatory according to the European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) for EU Member States. However, how to best monitor and assess food webs in practise has proven a challenging question. Here, we review and assess the current status of food web indicators and food web models, and discuss whether the models can help addressing current shortcomings of indicator-based food web assessments, using the Baltic Sea as an example region. We show that although the MSFD food web assessment was designed to use food web indicators alone, they are currently poorly fit for the purpose, because they lack interconnectivity of trophic guilds. We then argue that the multiple food web models published for this region have a high potential to provide additional coherence to the definition of good environmental status, the evaluation of uncertainties, and estimates for unsampled indicator values, but we also identify current limitations that stand in the way of more formal implementation of this approach. We close with a discussion of which current models have the best capacity for this purpose in the Baltic Sea, and of the way forward towards the combination of measurable indicators and modelling approaches in food web assessments.
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    Two comparative studies of computer simulations and experiments as learning tools in school and out-of-school education (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Interactive computer simulations and hands-on experiments are important teaching methods in modern science education. Especially for the communication of complex current topics with social relevance (socioscientific issues), suitable methods in science education are of great importance. However, previous studies could not sufficiently clarify the educational advantages and disadvantages of both methods and often lack adequate comparability. This paper presents two studies of direct comparisons of hands-on experiments and interactive computer simulations as learning tools in science education for secondary school students in two different learning locations (Study I: school; Study II: student laboratory). Using a simple experimental research design with type of learning location as between-subjects factor (NStudy I = 443, NStudy II = 367), these studies compare working on computer simulations versus experiments in terms of knowledge achievement, development of situational interest and cognitive load. Independent of the learning location, the results showed higher learning success for students working on computer simulations than while working on experiments, despite higher cognitive load. However, working on experiments promoted situational interest more than computer simulations (especially the epistemic and value-related component). We stated that simulations might be particularly suitable for teaching complex topics. The findings reviewed in this paper moreover imply that working with one method may complement and supplement the weaknesses of the other. We conclude that that the most effective way to communicate complex current research topics might be a combination of both methods. These conclusions derive a contribution to successful modern science education in school and out-of-school learning contexts
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    Spatial organization of the kelp microbiome at micron scales (2022)
    BMC | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Background: Elucidating the spatial structure of host-associated microbial communities is essential for understanding taxon-taxon interactions within the microbiota and between microbiota and host. Macroalgae are colonized by complex microbial communities, suggesting intimate symbioses that likely play key roles in both macroalgal and bacterial biology, yet little is known about the spatial organization of microbes associated with macroalgae. Canopy-forming kelp are ecologically significant, fixing teragrams of carbon per year in coastal kelp forest ecosystems. We characterized the micron-scale spatial organization of bacterial communities on blades of the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana using fluorescence in situ hybridization and spectral imaging with a probe set combining phylum-, class-, and genus-level probes to localize and identify 〉 90% of the microbial community. Results: We show that kelp blades host a dense microbial biofilm composed of disparate microbial taxa in close contact with one another. The biofilm is spatially differentiated, with clustered cells of the dominant symbiont Granulosicoccus sp. (Gammaproteobacteria) close to the kelp surface and filamentous Bacteroidetes and Alphaproteobacteria relatively more abundant near the biofilm-seawater interface. A community rich in Bacteroidetes colonized the interior of kelp tissues. Microbial cell density increased markedly along the length of the kelp blade, from sparse microbial colonization of newly produced tissues at the meristematic base of the blade to an abundant microbial biofilm on older tissues at the blade tip. Kelp from a declining population hosted fewer microbial cells compared to kelp from a stable population. Conclusions: Imaging revealed close association, at micrometer scales, of different microbial taxa with one another and with the host. This spatial organization creates the conditions necessary for metabolic exchange among microbes and between host and microbiota, such as provisioning of organic carbon to the microbiota and impacts of microbial nitrogen metabolisms on host kelp. The biofilm coating the surface of the kelp blade is well-positioned to mediate interactions between the host and surrounding organisms and to modulate the chemistry of the surrounding water column. The high density of microbial cells on kelp blades (10(5)-10(7) cells/cm(2)), combined with the immense surface area of kelp forests, indicates that biogeochemical functions of the kelp microbiome may play an important role in coastal ecosystems.
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    Living on the edge: environmental variability of a shallow late Holocene cold-water coral mound (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Similar to their tropical counterparts, cold-water corals (CWCs) are able to build large three-dimensional reef structures. These unique ecosystems are at risk due to ongoing climate change. In particular, ocean warming, ocean acidification and changes in the hydrological cycle may jeopardize the existence of CWCs. In order to predict how CWCs and their reefs or mounds will develop in the near future one important strategy is to study past fossil CWC mounds and especially shallow CWC ecosystems as they experience a greater environmental variability compared to other deep-water CWC ecosystems. We present results from a CWC mound off southern Norway. A sediment core drilled from this relatively shallow (~ 100 m) CWC mound exposes in full detail hydrographical changes during the late Holocene, which were crucial for mound build-up. We applied computed tomography, 230Th/U dating, and foraminiferal geochemical proxy reconstructions of bottom-water-temperature (Mg/Ca-based BWT), δ18O for seawater density, and the combination of both to infer salinity changes. Our results demonstrate that the CWC mound formed in the late Holocene between 4 kiloannum (ka) and 1.5 ka with an average aggradation rate of 104 cm/kiloyears (kyr), which is significantly lower than other Holocene Norwegian mounds. The reconstructed BWTMg/Ca and seawater density exhibit large variations throughout the entire period of mound formation, but are strikingly similar to modern in situ observations in the nearby Tisler Reef. We argue that BWT does not exert a primary control on CWC mound formation. Instead, strong salinity and seawater density variation throughout the entire mound sequence appears to be controlled by the interplay between the Atlantic Water (AW) inflow and the overlying, outflowing Baltic-Sea water. CWC growth and mound formation in the NE Skagerrak was supported by strong current flow, oxygen replenishment, the presence of a strong boundary layer and larval dispersal through the AW, but possibly inhibited by the influence of fresh Baltic Water during the late Holocene. Our study therefore highlights that modern shallow Norwegian CWC reefs may be particularly endangered due to changes in water-column stratification associated with increasing net precipitation caused by climate change.
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    Cross-Host Protection of Marine Bacteria Against Macroalgal Disease (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Despite an increasing awareness of disease impacts on both cultivated and native seaweed populations, the development of marine probiotics has been limited and predominately focused on farmed animals. Bleaching (loss of thallus pigmentation) is one of the most prevalent diseases observed in marine macroalgae. Endemic probiotic bacteria have been characterized to prevent bleaching disease in red macroalgae Agarophyton vermiculophyllum and Delisea pulchra; however, the extent to which probiotic strains provide cross-protection to non-endemic hosts and the influence of native microbiota remain unknown. Using A. vermiculophyllum as a model, we demonstrate that co-inoculation with the pathogen Pseudoalteromonas arctica G-MAN6 and D. pulchra probiotic strain Phaeobacter sp. BS52 or Pseudoalteromonas sp. PB2-1 reduced the disease risks compared to the pathogen only treatment. Moreover, non-endemic probiotics outperformed the endemic probiotic strain Ralstonia sp. G-NY6 in the presence of the host natural microbiota. This study highlights how the native microbiota can impact the effectiveness of marine probiotics and illustrates the potential of harnessing probiotics that can function across different hosts to mitigate the impact of emerging marine diseases.
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    An Optical Digital Twin for Underwater Photogrammetry: GEODT - A Geometrically Verified Optical Digital Twin for Development, Evaluation, Training, Testing and Tuning of Multi-Media Refractive Algorithms (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Most parts of the Earth’s surface are situated in the deep ocean. To explore this visually rather adversarial environment with cameras, they have to be protected by pressure housings. These housings, in turn, need interfaces to the world, enduring extreme pressures within the water column. Commonly, a flat window or a half-sphere of glass, called flat-port or dome-port, respectively is used to implement such kind of interface. Hence, multi-media interfaces, between water, glass and air are introduced, entailing refraction effects in the images taken through them. To obtain unbiased 3D measurements and to yield a geometrically faithful reconstruction of the scene, it is mandatory to deal with the effects in a proper manner. Hence, we propose an optical digital twin of an underwater environment, which has been geometrically verified to resemble a real water lab tank that features the two most common optical interfaces. It can be used to develop, evaluate, train, test and tune refractive algorithms. Alongside this paper, we publish the model for further extension, jointly with code to dynamically generate samples from the dataset. Finally, we also publish a pre-rendered dataset ready for use at https://git.geomar.de/david-nakath/geodt.
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    Optical Imaging and Image Restoration Techniques for Deep Ocean Mapping: A Comprehensive Survey (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Visual systems are receiving increasing attention in underwater applications. While the photogrammetric and computer vision literature so far has largely targeted shallow water applications, recently also deep sea mapping research has come into focus. The majority of the seafloor, and of Earth’s surface, is located in the deep ocean below 200 m depth, and is still largely uncharted. Here, on top of general image quality degradation caused by water absorption and scattering, additional artificial illumination of the survey areas is mandatory that otherwise reside in permanent darkness as no sunlight reaches so deep. This creates unintended non-uniform lighting patterns in the images and non-isotropic scattering effects close to the camera. If not compensated properly, such effects dominate seafloor mosaics and can obscure the actual seafloor structures. Moreover, cameras must be protected from the high water pressure, e.g. by housings with thick glass ports, which can lead to refractive distortions in images. Additionally, no satellite navigation is available to support localization. All these issues render deep sea visual mapping a challenging task and most of the developed methods and strategies cannot be directly transferred to the seafloor in several kilometers depth. In this survey we provide a state of the art review of deep ocean mapping, starting from existing systems and challenges, discussing shallow and deep water models and corresponding solutions. Finally, we identify open issues for future lines of research.
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    Fusion von Tauchroboter- und Satellitenmessungen über unterschiedliche Skalen, Messmodelle und spektrale Abtastungen (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-13
    Description: In küstennahen Gewässern ist es von Vorteil, satellitengestützte optische Messungen des Meeres mit visuellen und sensorischen Beobachtungen von Tauchrobotern zu fusionieren. Obwohl Satelliten nur wenige Meter tief in Gewässer hineinschauen können, ist es möglich, generelle Wassereigenschaften oder den Bodenbewuchs von Küstengewässern zu bestimmen. Visuelle und sensorische Tauchroboterbeobachtungen sind hierzu komplementär und können auch tiefere Gewässer erreichen. Das mitgeführte künstliche Licht wird jedoch stark gestreut und erfordert andere Messmodelle. Zusätzlich sind die räumlichen und spektralen Auflösungen der Beobachtungen oftmals sehr unterschiedlich. Wir analysieren hier die damit verbundenen Problematiken und skizzieren Wege, wie die Fusion der grundverschiedenen Messungen dennoch gelingen könnte.
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    Co-developing the IPCC frequently asked questions as an effective science communication tool (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-14
    Description: In its Sixth Assessment Report Cycle (AR6), the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) aims to strengthen the communication of its products. As the only mandatory part of IPCC reports specifically targeting a lay audience, the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) provide an opportunity for broader communication of key IPCC topics. AR6 has released three Special Reports that include FAQs, varying in number and structure, as well as the approach taken to develop them. Using these Special Report FAQs, in this essay, we take stock of current efforts to co-develop IPCC FAQs and provide recommendations to strengthen the impact of these highly useful yet currently under-utilised resources. Building on evidence from a user survey, text analysis and social media statistics, we find that bringing together IPCC authors and communication specialists to jointly develop the text and graphics increases the accessibility and usefulness of the FAQs. Efforts made for informative visuals additionally increase their impact on social media. To maximise the potential and impact of the IPCC FAQs, we recommend involving communication experts from the beginning of the drafting process to share responsibility, which requires sufficient resources to be allocated to the FAQs. We also suggest developing common FAQ guidelines across Working Groups so future assessment reports can ensure all FAQs are an effective and useful tool for IPCC communication. We also hope that other scientific institutions and projects that wish to summarise scientific content for diverse audiences can benefit from our lessons learned.
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    Outlier quantification for multibeam data (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: This paper discusses the challenges of applying a data analytics pipeline for a large volume of data as can be found in natural and life sciences. To address this challenge, we attempt to elaborate an approach for an improved detection of outliers. We discuss an approach for outlier quantification for bathymetric data. As a use case, we selected ocean science (multibeam) data to calculate the outlierness for each data point. The benefit of outlier quantification is a more accurate estimation of which outliers should be removed or further analyzed. To shed light on the subject, this paper is structured as follows: first, a summary of related works on outlier detection is provided. The usefulness for a structured approach of outlier quantification is then discussed using multibeam data. This is followed by a presentation of the challenges for a suitable solution, and the paper concludes with a summary.
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    Finding and Using the World’s Gas Hydrates (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: For the past 50 years, gas hydrates have been regarded by scientists as part of the hydrocarbon reserves, particularly at governmental institutions. A better understanding of the processes controlling the distribution and dynamics of gas hydrates in nature, especially their sensitivity to changes in gas composition, pressure and temperature, requires both theoretical knowledge of their stability and dynamic behavior and knowledge of how gas hydrates form and where they occur in the sediment. Geophysical data, geochemical data and thermodynamic models indicate that both the rate of response and the total integrated response to climate change in the ocean depend on the location and forms in which hydrates are distributed. Thus, mapping gas hydrates by indirect geophysical methods or through dedicated drilling campaigns is fundamental to all research involving gas hydrates. This includes studies of their role in climate change, their consequences for slope stability, their role at the base of the food web for benthic ecosystems and their potential as a future energy resource. Here we provide a brief introduction to the occurrence of gas hydrates on Earth, and how this information may assist in detecting them on other planetary bodies.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed
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    New Zealand’s Gas Hydrate Systems (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: New Zealand’s large offshore region is dominated by the collision of the Pacific and Australian Plates. Gas hydrates have been identified in three areas: the Hikurangi Margin, the Taranaki and Northland Basins, and the Fiordland-Puysegur Margin. The Hikurangi Margin subduction margin to the east of the North Island stands out, displaying numerous indications of highly-concentrated gas hydrate occurrences. This subduction zone constitutes an environment with high fluid flow and rapidly changing pressure–temperature conditions, leading to anomalies such as the occurrence of double-bottom simulating reflections (BSRs). The Taranaki and Northland Basins west of the North Island is New Zealand’s most prominent petroleum province. So far, however, only limited evidence for hydrate occurrence has been found there. BSRs have also been detected south of the South Island along the Fiordland-Puysegur Margin, an incipient subduction zone. It is likely that gas hydrates are present elsewhere along New Zealand’s vast continental margins.
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    Abyssal fauna of polymetallic nodule exploration areas, eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Annelida: Spionidae and Poecilochaetidae (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-14
    Description: This paper represents a continuation of taxonomic publications on the benthic fauna of polymetallic nodule fields in the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) using material collected during baseline environmental survey work targeting two exploration contract areas (“UK-1” and “OMS”) and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest, “APEI-6.” Families Poecilochaetidae Hannerz, 1956 and Spionidae Grube, 1850 of the annelid suborder Spioniformia were studied here. Taxonomic data are presented for 25 species from 98 records as identified by a combination of morphological and genetic approaches. Although sub-optimal morphological condition can prevent new species being formally described, it is essential that morphological, molecular, and voucher data are made available for future surveys. Descriptions of two new species— Poecilochaetus brenkei sp. nov. and Laonice shulseae sp. nov.—increase the number of formally described new annelid species from the areas targeted in this study to 15 and CCZ-wide to 46. We also discuss the commonly reported “cosmopolitan” deep-sea spionid Aurospio dibranchiata Maciolek, 1981, which we show represents several genetically distinct species (three of these from CCZ area alone) but without reliable morphological characters to separate them. Molecular data provide evidence that 15 out of 25 species reported here have a wide distribution within the eastern CCZ and that Aurospio sp. “NHM_2186” and the known species Prionospio amarsupiata Neal & Altamira in Paterson et al. 2016 may be cosmopolitan. Lastly, the molecular data provide insights into relationships within Spioniformia, suggesting that both Poecilochaetidae and Trochochaetidae belong within Spionidae.
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    Socio-Spatial Theory in Nordic Geography (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This open access book is about socio-spatial theory in, and the nature of, Nordic geography. From both historical and contemporary perspectives, the book engages with theorisations of geography in the Nordic countries. Including chapters by geographers from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden, it reflects how theories about the relations between the social and the spatial have been developed, adopted and critiqued in Nordic human geography in relation to a wide range of themes, concepts and approaches. The book also traces institutional developments, distinct geographical traditions and intellectual histories, as well as authors’ own experiences as geographers in and beyond the Nordic area. The chapters together introduce and engage with debates and discussions that permeate Nordic geography and allows readers a glimpse of geographical thinking and the role of socio-spatial theory in the Nordic countries. By providing insights into how geographical ideas emerge, travel and are translated and adapted in specific contexts, the book contributes to debates about historical-geographical situatedness and theorisations of geography.
    Keywords: History of Nordic geography ; Socio-spatial theory in Nordic Geography ; Debates within Nordic geography ; History of geographical thought ; Theoretical geographical perspectives and approaches ; Radical and Critical Geography ; History of university developments in the Nordic countries ; Auto-biographical reflections among Nordic geographers ; Nordic small state geopolitics ; Nordic racial exceptionalism ; Regional planning ; Geography and landscape ; Marxist theorisation of geography ; Mobility and rural-urban transformations ; Nordic gender geography ; Urban space ; Nordic social and cultural geography ; Politicisizing nature in Nordic geography ; Tourism studies in Nordic geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBA Social theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography
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    Bioimage Data Analysis Workflows ‒ Advanced Components and Methods (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access textbook aims at providing detailed explanations on how to design and construct image analysis workflows to successfully conduct bioimage analysis. Addressing the main challenges in image data analysis, where acquisition by powerful imaging devices results in very large amounts of collected image data, the book discusses techniques relying on batch and GPU programming, as well as on powerful deep learning-based algorithms. In addition, downstream data processing techniques are introduced, such as Python libraries for data organization, plotting, and visualizations. Finally, by studying the way individual unique ideas are implemented in the workflows, readers are carefully guided through how the parameters driving biological systems are revealed by analyzing image data. These studies include segmentation of plant tissue epidermis, analysis of the spatial pattern of the eye development in fruit flies, and the analysis of collective cell migration dynamics. The presented content extends the Bioimage Data Analysis Workflows textbook (Miura, Sladoje, 2020), published in this same series, with new contributions and advanced material, while preserving the well-appreciated pedagogical approach adopted and promoted during the training schools for bioimage analysis organized within NEUBIAS – the Network of European Bioimage Analysts. This textbook is intended for advanced students in various fields of the life sciences and biomedicine, as well as staff scientists and faculty members who conduct regular quantitative analyses of microscopy images.
    Keywords: Analyzing Image Data in Biology ; Building a Bioimage Analysis Workflow ; Computational Analysis ; Chosing the Correct Components for Given Biological Questions ; Data Handling and Plotting ; Deep Learning ; Fast Computation ; GPU-Acceleration ; Handling Biological data ; Machine Learning ; Phyton ; Processing Language ; Understanding Bioimage Analysis Software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSF Cellular biology (cytology) ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSD Molecular biology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences
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    How to Build a Modern Tontine (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book introduces the modern tontine and its applications in retirement and decumulation. Personal financial management in the later stages of life presents unique challenges, and renowned retirement planning expert Dr. Milevsky proposes the modern tontine as a solution. With the goal of guiding professionals and retirees in more efficient decumulation, the book demonstrates how to build a modern tontine. It is technically oriented, employing a cookbook format, featuring R code, and examining retirement planning through a statistical lens. This how-to guide, which is a sequel to his 2020 book “Retirement Income Recipes in R”, will be invaluable for retirement planning professionals and advisors, as well as for PhD scholars in retirement planning, quantitative finance, and related fields. This book is open access.
    Keywords: tontine ; risk management ; retirement ; decumulation ; insurance ; Business Analytics ; Mathematical Finance ; Statistical Finance ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics
    Language: English
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    Regularized System Identification (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book provides a comprehensive treatment of recent developments in kernel-based identification that are of interest to anyone engaged in learning dynamic systems from data. The reader is led step by step into understanding of a novel paradigm that leverages the power of machine learning without losing sight of the system-theoretical principles of black-box identification. The authors’ reformulation of the identification problem in the light of regularization theory not only offers new insight on classical questions, but paves the way to new and powerful algorithms for a variety of linear and nonlinear problems. Regression methods such as regularization networks and support vector machines are the basis of techniques that extend the function-estimation problem to the estimation of dynamic models. Many examples, also from real-world applications, illustrate the comparative advantages of the new nonparametric approach with respect to classic parametric prediction error methods. The challenges it addresses lie at the intersection of several disciplines so Regularized System Identification will be of interest to a variety of researchers and practitioners in the areas of control systems, machine learning, statistics, and data science. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: System Identification ; Machine Learning ; Linear Dynamical Systems ; Nonlinear Dynamical Systems ; Kernel-based Regularization ; Bayesian Interpretation of Regularization ; Gaussian Processes ; Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces ; Estimation Theory ; Support Vector Machines ; Regularization Networks ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFM Automatic control engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHS Statistical physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics::PBTB Bayesian inference ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPF Information theory::GPFC Cybernetics and systems theory
    Language: English
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    Anal Incontinence (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book describes the latest advances in the anal incontinence diagnostic and therapeutic processes. Anal incontinence is a devastating condition heavily impacting on the patients’ lives. Those suffering from this disorder are generally very embarrassed and reluctant to undergo an appropriate clinical evaluation, thus becoming more isolated and worsening the quality of their life. Luckily, nowadays a wide range of treatments is available to improve this oppressive condition; however, the recognition of the related pathophysiological alterations is mandatory to grant its successful management. This volume will help the surgeons community to keep abreast of developments in diagnostics and treatment of this impairing condition. and will provide all health professionals with the appropriate tools to face this impairing condition.
    Keywords: Continence mechanism ; Fecal incontinence ; Pelviperineal disorders ; Anal sphincter ; Continence Surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJH Gastroenterology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJS Urology and urogenital medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKS Medical imaging::MKSH Medical imaging: radiology
    Language: English
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    Digital Humanism (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book deals with cultural and philosophical aspects of artificial intelligence (AI) and pleads for a “digital humanism”. This term is beginning to be en vogue everywhere. Due to a growing discontentment with the way digitalization is being used in the world, particularly formulated by former heroes of Internet, social media and search engine companies, philosophical as well as industrial thought leaders begin to plead for a humane use of digital tools. Yet the term “digital humanism” is a particular terminology that lacks a sound conceptual and philosophical basis and needs clarification still – and this gap is exactly filled by this book. It propagates a vision of society in which digitization is used to strengthen human self-determination, autonomy and dignity and whose time has come to be propagated throughout the world. The advantage of this book is that it is philosophically sound and yet written in a way that will make it accessible for everybody interested in the subject. Every chapters begins with a film scene illustrating a precise philosophical problem with AI and how we look at it – making the book not only readable, but even entertaining. And after having read the book the reader will have a clear vision of what it means to live in a world where digitization and AI are central technologies for a better and more humane civilization.
    Keywords: Digital Humanism ; Philosophy of Computer Science ; Computer Ethics ; Scientific Communication ; Artificial Intelligence ; Computers and Society ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDA Philosophy of science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBL Digital and information technologies: Legal aspects
    Language: English
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    Higher Education in Romania: Overcoming Challenges and Embracing Opportunities (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This open access book includes a series of relevant policy research articles, elaborared in the framework of the “Quality in higher education: internationalisation and databases to enhance the Romanian education system” project, implemented by the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI), together with the Ministry of Education. The project aims to develop and implement systemic measures at tertiary education level, leading to an increased quality of the overall higher education system and universities better prepared for labour market requirements and international standards. The book focuses on areas of interest for Romanian higher education, such as systemic measures to improve access, participation and completion for (vulnerable) students, better promotion of the Romanian higher education to attract students, as well as instruments for a more efficient use of data at higher education level. Each article includes evidence-based policy proposals that could support new strategic initiatives in higher education, including new legislation. Additionally, the collection of articles tells a comprehensive story about the audacity of a higher education system which went through significant challenges to align itself with both European and international trends, as well as respond to national imperatives. Over the last three decades, since the fall of the Iron Curtain, Romanian higher education has undergone significant transformations, aiming to align itself to the latest developments and trends at European and international level. The National Law on Education no. 1/2011 has set the stage for a full implementation of the Bologna Process action lines, taking into account that Romania was already a part of the largest European intergovernmental process – currently the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) – as a founding member. However, since the adoption of this normative framework, the law suffered numerous amendments, making it challenging to observe and achieve coherence in its implementation. Furthermore, Romania is also currently redesigning the strategy for the alocation of European structural funds 2021-2027, based on two strategic documents - the new Education and Employment Operational Programme and the National Recovery and Resilience Plan which highlight the reform and investment priorities at a national level. At the same time, 2021 is a good time to analyze the level of implementation for the objectives and measures included in the National Strategy for Tertiary Education 2015-2020, the Europe 2020 Strategy, and the Bologna Process action lines in the 2010 – 2020 timeframe. Therefore, the present moment may be an important time to assess the impact of strategic documents and actions in the last decade and, possibly, to draft a new National Education Law, better adapted to current realities, starting from the recent initiative by the President of Romania – the Educated Romania strategic vision which was also politically assumed by the Romanian Government.
    Keywords: Romanian Higher Education ; Future Direction of European Higher Education ; Internationalization of Higher Education ; Digital Technology in Higher Education ; Educational Policy Romania ; European Policies Higher Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies & policy
    Language: English
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    Mediation im Erbrecht (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: Dieses Open-Access Buch erläutert in einer praxisnahen Darstellung, wie sich Erbstreitigkeiten durch eine Mediation zügig und für alle Beteiligten sehr befriedigend beilegen lassen. Auf der Grundlage ihrer jahrelangen Mediationspraxis berichten die Verfasser, warum sich erbrechtliche Konflikte in besonderer Weise für pragmatische Kompromisse eignen und wie es gelingt, die Erben auf diesen Weg zu bringen. Das Buch versteht sich als Ratgeber für anwaltliche Berater, Mediatoren sowie für Erblasser und Erben und gibt vielfältige Hilfestellungen für kluges Konfliktmanagement in der Gestaltung und Abwicklung der Vermögensnachfolge.
    Keywords: Erbrecht ; Konfliktmanagement ; Mediation ; Erbstreit ; Konfliktlösung ; Nachfolgeplanung ; Familienunternehmen ; Streitbeilegung ; Mediatoren ; Vermögens- und Unternehmensnachfolge ; Erbrechtliche Konflikttypen ; Mediation als Konfliktlösungsverfahren ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNA Legal systems: general::LNAC Legal systems: civil procedure, litigation and dispute resolution::LNAC5 Arbitration, mediation and alternative dispute resolution ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LB International law ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LA Jurisprudence and general issues::LAF Systems of law::LAFD Systems of law: civil codes / civil law ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKM Clinical psychology::MKMT Psychotherapy
    Language: German
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    Women, Migration and Gendered Experiences (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This open access book focuses on Albanian internal and international female migration and places gender at the heart of postsocialist transformation. It explores the vulnerabilities that arise for female citizens from the contradictory policies produced by the Albanian state. By illuminating the intersection of gender and migration, it shows how Albanian women are likely to embed themselves in complex social relations and migration trajectories. By focusing on various cases – internal, international, return, economic and student female migrants – the book underlines that migration does not follow any kind of evolutionary development, according to which women go from 'traditional’ to ‘modern' gender relations. By providing a compelling account on the complex negotiations and tactics women employ to deal with gender inequalities, this book leads to a better understanding of gender and migration entanglements. It is a useful read to students, academics in migration and gender studies as well as social scientists and policy-makers in European countries.
    Keywords: Albanian female migration ; Gender relations and post-socialist transformations ; Internal and international female student migration ; Internal and international care chains ; Post-socialist migratory processes ; Tactics and strategies mobilised by women ; Informality and rudimentary welfare state ; Education as a platform for migration in Albania ; Invisibility of domestic care work sector in Albania ; Intersections of care, gender and migration regimes ; Gendered imaginaries of Albanian female migrants ; Albanian migrants filling the care gap in Italy and Greece ; Commercialization of care ; Social networks in post-socialist Albanian migration ; Open access ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: English
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    Forest Radioecology in Fukushima (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This is an open access book that provides holistic information on the radioactive contamination of forests. Topics are highly interdisciplinary, ranging from the dynamics of radioactive cesium in forest ecosystems to the radiation protection or the socio-economic aspects of radiation effects. It is designed to help people understand the radioactive contamination in forests and provide hints of how to cope with it and restore their livelihoods. The book is characterized by its well-balanced structure that allows the reader to understand the whole picture without going into too much scientific content. After explaining the basics of radioactive materials and radiation, the book illustrates the radioactive contamination of forests, it also describes the impacts on the forestry and life of local people and the measures taken by. Few books address the concerns about how to deal with radioactive contamination of forests and the future perspectives. In this book, people can learn all about the Fukushima nuclear accident of forests, forest products, and people with abundant reference materials. In addition, the book contains four memoirs contributed by Japanese and European researchers that graphically record what the researchers thought and how they acted in the chaos of the aftermath of the accident. In 2021 that marking the 10th anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear accident and the 35th anniversary of the Chernobyl accident, nuclear disasters are in the spotlight more than ever. This thought-provoking book on how to prepare for a severe nuclear accident is suitable for sharing with people all over the world as a lesson on the next nuclear accidents, now that the number of nuclear power plants is still increasing. The translation of this work was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). Intensive improvements were subsequently made by the authors throughout the text to ensure accuracy of expression and contents and to enhance the clarity.
    Keywords: Fukushima accident ; Forestry and forest ecosystem ; Radioecology ; Radiation impact ; Radiation protection ; Auto-translation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVR Forestry and silviculture ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management
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    Social and Affective Neuroscience of Everyday Human Interaction (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This Open Access book presents the current state of the art knowledge on social and affective neuroscience based on empirical findings. This volume is divided into several sections first guiding the reader through important theoretical topics within affective neuroscience, social neuroscience and moral emotions, and clinical neuroscience. Each chapter addresses everyday social interactions and various aspects of social interactions from a different angle taking the reader on a diverse journey. The last section of the book is of methodological nature. Basic information is presented for the reader to learn about common methodologies used in neuroscience alongside advanced input to deepen the understanding and usability of these methods in social and affective neuroscience for more experienced readers.
    Keywords: Social Cognition ; Clinical Neuroscience ; Moral Emotions ; Embodiment ; Social bonding ; Interpersonal Neuroscience ; Rapid Emotional Responses ; Mirror Neurons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences
    Language: English
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    50 Years World Heritage Convention: Shared Responsibility – Conflict & Reconciliation (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This open access book identifies various forms of heritage destruction and analyses their causes. It proposes strategies for avoiding and solving conflicts, based on integrating heritage into the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It reflects on the identity-building role of heritage, on multidimensional conflicts and the destruction of heritage, and considers conflict-solving strategies and future perspectives. Furthermore, it engages theoretically and practically with the concepts of responsibility, reconciliation and sustainability, relating mainly to four Sustainable Development Goals, i.e. SDGs 4 (education), 11 (e.g. World Heritage), 13 (climate action) and 17 (partnerships for the goals). More than 160 countries have inscribed properties on the UNESCO World Heritage list since the World Heritage Convention came into force. Improvements in the implementation of the Convention, such as the Global Strategy for a Representative, Balanced and Credible World Heritage List, have occurred, but other conflicts have not been solved. The book advocates for a balanced distribution of properties and more effective strategies to represent the global diversity of cultural and natural heritage. Furthermore it highlights the importance of heritage in identity building.
    Keywords: World Heritage Convention ; Shared Responsibility heritage ; Global Governance cultural heritage ; Urban Transformation sustainability ; Technological Change cultural heritage ; War and Terrorism – Conflict Reconciliation ; Climate Change cultural heritage ; Heritage Commodification ; Sustainable Development cultural heritage ; UNESCO cultural heritage ; 50 Years World Heritage Convention ; Theoretical Reflections on heritage ; Destruction of Heritage is Multidimensional ; Commodification of Heritage ; Improvement article 27 world Heritage Convention ; Youth perspectives on World Heritage ; Future of the World Heritage Convention ; Destruction of Heritage is destroying identity ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
    Language: English
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    Metalearning (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book as one of the fastest-growing areas of research in machine learning, metalearning studies principled methods to obtain efficient models and solutions by adapting machine learning and data mining processes. This adaptation usually exploits information from past experience on other tasks and the adaptive processes can involve machine learning approaches. As a related area to metalearning and a hot topic currently, automated machine learning (AutoML) is concerned with automating the machine learning processes. Metalearning and AutoML can help AI learn to control the application of different learning methods and acquire new solutions faster without unnecessary interventions from the user. This book offers a comprehensive and thorough introduction to almost all aspects of metalearning and AutoML, covering the basic concepts and architecture, evaluation, datasets, hyperparameter optimization, ensembles and workflows, and also how this knowledge can be used to select, combine, compose, adapt and configure both algorithms and models to yield faster and better solutions to data mining and data science problems. It can thus help developers to develop systems that can improve themselves through experience. This book is a substantial update of the first edition published in 2009. It includes 18 chapters, more than twice as much as the previous version. This enabled the authors to cover the most relevant topics in more depth and incorporate the overview of recent research in the respective area. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in the areas of machine learning, data mining, data science and artificial intelligence. ; Metalearning is the study of principled methods that exploit metaknowledge to obtain efficient models and solutions by adapting machine learning and data mining processes. While the variety of machine learning and data mining techniques now available can, in principle, provide good model solutions, a methodology is still needed to guide the search for the most appropriate model in an efficient way. Metalearning provides one such methodology that allows systems to become more effective through experience. This book discusses several approaches to obtaining knowledge concerning the performance of machine learning and data mining algorithms. It shows how this knowledge can be reused to select, combine, compose and adapt both algorithms and models to yield faster, more effective solutions to data mining problems. It can thus help developers improve their algorithms and also develop learning systems that can improve themselves. The book will be of interest to researchers and graduate students in the areas of machine learning, data mining and artificial intelligence.
    Keywords: Metalearning ; Automating Machine Learning (AutoML) ; Machine Learning ; Artificial Intelligence ; algorithm selection ; algorithm recommendation ; algorithm configuration ; hyperparameter optimization ; automating the workflow/pipeline design ; metalearning in ensemble construction ; metalearning in deep neural networks ; transfer learning ; algorithm recommendation for data streams ; automating data science ; Open Access ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases::UNF Data mining ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
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    Open Mapping towards Sustainable Development Goals (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-12-14
    Description: This collection amplifies the experiences of some of the world’s young people who are working to address SDGs using geospatial technologies and multi-national collaboration. Authors from every region of the world who have emerged as leaders in the YouthMappers movement share their perspectives and knowledge in an accessible and peer-friendly format. YouthMappers are university students who create and use open mapping for development and humanitarian purposes. Their work leverages digital innovations - both geospatial platforms and communications technologies - to answer the call for leadership to address sustainability challenges. The book conveys a sense of robust knowledge emerging from formal studies or informal academic experiences - in the first-person voices of students and recent graduates who are at the forefront of creating a new map of the world. YouthMappers use OpenStreetMap as the foundational sharing mechanism for creating data together. Authors impart the way they are learning about themselves, about each other, about the world. They are developing technology skills, and simultaneously teaching the rest of the world about the potential contributions of a highly connected generation of emerging world leaders for the SDGs. The book is timely, in that it captures a pivotal moment in the trajectory of the YouthMappers movement’s ability to share emerging expertise, and one that coincides with a pivotal moment in the geopolitical history of planet earth whose inhabitants need to hear from them. Most volumes that cover the topic of sustainability in terms of youth development are written by non-youth authors. Moreover, most are written by non-majoritarian, entrenched academic scholars. This book instead puts forward the diverse voices of students and recent graduates in countries where YouthMappers works, all over the world. Authors cover topics that range from water, agriculture, food, to waste, education, gender, climate action and disasters from their own eyes in working with data, mapping, and humanitarian action, often working across national boundaries and across continents. To inspire readers with their insights, the chapters are mapped to the United Nations 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in ways that connect a youth agenda to a global agenda. With a preface written by Carrie Stokes, Chief Geographer and GeoCenter Director, United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This is an open access book.
    Keywords: YouthMappers ; Sustainable development goals ; Open street map ; Open spatial data ; Community engagement ; Youth empowerment ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::D Literature & literary studies::DS Literature: history & criticism ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
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    Managing Future Challenges for Safety (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This open access book addresses the future of work and industry by 2040—a core interest for many disciplines inspiring a strong momentum for employment and training within the industrial world. The future of industrial safety in terms of technological risk-management, although of obvious concern to international actors in various industries, has been quite sparsely addressed. This brief reflects the viewpoints of experts who come from different academic disciplines and various sectors such as oil and gas, energy, transportation, and the digital and even the military worlds, as expressed in debates and discussions during a two-day international seminar. The contributors address such questions as: What influence will ageing and lack of digital skills in the workforce of the occidental world have on safety culture? What are the likely impacts of big data, artificial intelligence and autonomous technologies on decision-making, and on the roles and responsibilities of individual actors and whole organizations? What role have human beings in a world of accelerating changes? What effects will societal concerns and the entrance of new players have on technological risk management and governance? Managing Future Challenges for Safety will interest and influence researchers considering the future effects of a number of currently developing technologies and their practitioner counterparts working in industry and regulation.
    Keywords: Industrial Safety ; Future of Hazardous Industries ; Sociodemographic Trends ; Human and Organisational Factors ; Safety Models ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCD Economics of industrial organisation ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBL Sociology: work & labour ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJM Management & management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV2 Personnel & human resources management ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMR Cognition & cognitive psychology
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    Reindeer Husbandry (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book focuses on climate change, Indigenous reindeer husbandry, and the underlying concept of connecting the traditional knowledge of Indigenous reindeer herders in the Arctic with the latest research findings of the world’s leading academics. The Arctic and sub-Arctic environment, climate, and biodiversity are changing in ways unprecedented in the long histories of the north, challenging traditional ways of life, well-being, and food security with legitimate concerns for the future of traditional Indigenous livelihoods. The book provides a clear and thorough overview of the potential problems caused by a warming climate on reindeer husbandry and how reindeer herders’ knowledge should be brought to action. In particular, the predicted impacts of global warming on winter climate and the resilience of the reindeer herding communities are thoroughly discussed.
    Keywords: Arctic societies ; Indigenous knowledge ; Reindeer husbandry in the Arctic ; Resilience to a changing Arctic ; Sami and reindeer herds ; Indigenous people communities ; Planning for adaptation action ; Climate change impacts ; Climate change mitigation ; Polar geography ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology::RNCB Biodiversity
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    Person-Centered Outcome Metrology (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This unique collection of chapters from world experts on person-centered outcome (PCO) measures addresses the following critical questions: Can individual experiences be represented in measurements that do not reduce unique differences to meaningless uniformity? How person-centric are PCO measures? Are PCO measurements capable of delivering the kind of quality assured quantification required for high-stakes decision making? Are PCO measures likely to support improved health care delivery? Have pivotal clinical studies failed to deliver treatments for diseases because of shortcomings in the PCO measures used? Are these shortcomings primarily matters of precision and meaningfulness? Or is the lack of common languages for communicating outcomes also debilitating to quality improvement, research, and the health care economy? Three key issues form an urgent basis for further investigation. First, the numbers generated by PCO measures are increasingly used as the central dependent variables upon which high stakes decisions are made. The rising profile of PCO measures places new demands for higher quality information from scale and test construction, evaluation, selection, and interpretation. Second, PCO measurement science has well-established lessons to be learned from those who have built and established the science over many decades. Finally, the goal in making a PCO measurement is to inform outcome management. As such, it is vitally important that key stakeholders understand that, over the last half century, developments in psychometrics have refocused measurement on illuminating clinically important individual differences in the context of widely reproduced patterns of variation in health and functioning, comparable scale values for quality improvement, and practical explanatory models. This book’s audience includes anyone interested in person-centered care, including healthcare researchers and practitioners, policy makers, pharmaceutical industry representatives, clinicians, patient advocates, and metrologists. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: patient-centered outcomes ; psychometrics ; health measurement ; social measurement ; clinical outcome assessments ; patient reported outcomes ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBG Medical equipment and techniques ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology::JMB Psychological methodology::JMBT Psychological testing and measurement ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services::MBPM Medical administration and management ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBG Medical equipment and techniques ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JM Psychology::JMB Psychological methodology::JMBT Psychological testing and measurement ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MB Medicine: general issues::MBP Health systems and services::MBPM Medical administration and management
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    Experimental Techniques in Nuclear and Particle Physics (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: I have been teaching courses on experimental techniques in nuclear and particle physics to master students in physics and in engineering for many years. This book grew out of the lecture notes I made for these students. The physics and engineering students have rather different expectations of what such a course should be like. I hope that I have nevertheless managed to write a book that can satisfy the needs of these different target audiences. The lectures themselves, of course, need to be adapted to the needs of each group of students. An engineering student will not qu- tion a statement like “the velocity of the electrons in atoms is ?1% of the velocity of light”, a physics student will. Regarding units, I have written factors h and c explicitly in all equations throughout the book. For physics students it would be preferable to use the convention that is common in physics and omit these constants in the equations, but that would probably be confusing for the engineering students. Physics students tend to be more interested in theoretical physics courses. However, physics is an experimental science and physics students should und- stand how experiments work, and be able to make experiments work. This is an open access book. ; I have been teaching courses on experimental techniques in nuclear and particle physics to master students in physics and in engineering for many years. This book grew out of the lecture notes I made for these students. The physics and engineering students have rather different expectations of what such a course should be like. I hope that I have nevertheless managed to write a book that can satisfy the needs of these different target audiences. The lectures themselves, of course, need to be adapted to the needs of each group of students. An engineering student will not qu- tion a statement like “the velocity of the electrons in atoms is ?1% of the velocity of light”, a physics student will. Regarding units, I have written factors h and c explicitly in all equations throughout the book. For physics students it would be preferable to use the convention that is common in physics and omit these constants in the equations, but that would probably be confusing for the engineering students. Physics students tend to be more interested in theoretical physics courses. However, physics is an experimental science and physics students should und- stand how experiments work, and be able to make experiments work.
    Keywords: Neutron ; Particle Physics ; Particle accelerator ; detector gas ionization ; electronics nuclear detector ; meassurement technique nuclear ; particle acceleration ; principle particle accelerator ; radiation matter ; subatomic poarticles ; textbook detector ; textbook nuclear experiments ; textbook nuclear physics ; textbook particle acceleration ; textbook particle physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THK Nuclear power and engineering ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc
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    Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering 2020 (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book provides an overview of the dissertations of the eleven nominees for the Ernst Denert Award for Software Engineering in 2020. The prize, kindly sponsored by the Gerlind & Ernst Denert Stiftung, is awarded for excellent work within the discipline of Software Engineering, which includes methods, tools and procedures for better and efficient development of high quality software. An essential requirement for the nominated work is its applicability and usability in industrial practice. The book contains eleven papers that describe the works by Jonathan Brachthäuser (EPFL Lausanne) entitled What You See Is What You Get: Practical Effect Handlers in Capability-Passing Style, Mojdeh Golagha’s (Fortiss, Munich) thesis How to Effectively Reduce Failure Analysis Time?, Nikolay Harutyunyan’s (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg) work on Open Source Software Governance, Dominic Henze’s (TU Munich) research about Dynamically Scalable Fog Architectures, Anne Hess’s (Fraunhofer IESE, Kaiserslautern) work on Crossing Disciplinary Borders to Improve Requirements Communication, Istvan Koren’s (RWTH Aachen U) thesis DevOpsUse: A Community-Oriented Methodology for Societal Software Engineering, Yannic Noller’s (NU Singapore) work on Hybrid Differential Software Testing, Dominic Steinhofel’s (TU Darmstadt) thesis entitled Ever Change a Running System: Structured Software Reengineering Using Automatically Proven-Correct Transformation Rules, Peter Wägemann’s (FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg) work Static Worst-Case Analyses and Their Validation Techniques for Safety-Critical Systems, Michael von Wenckstern’s (RWTH Aachen U) research on Improving the Model-Based Systems Engineering Process, and Franz Zieris’s (FU Berlin) thesis on Understanding How Pair Programming Actually Works in Industry: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Dynamics – which actually won the award. The chapters describe key findings of the respective works, show their relevance and applicability to practice and industrial software engineering projects, and provide additional information and findings that have only been discovered afterwards, e.g. when applying the results in industry. This way, the book is not only interesting to other researchers, but also to industrial software professionals who would like to learn about the application of state-of-the-art methods in their daily work.
    Keywords: Software Engineering ; Software Development ; Requirements Engineering ; Software Modeling ; Software Research ; Ernst Denert Award ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJQ Business mathematics and systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZM Information architecture
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    Molecules in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book covers recent advances in experiments using the ultra-cold, very weakly perturbing superfluid environment provided by helium nanodroplets for high resolution spectroscopic, structural and dynamic studies of molecules and synthetic clusters. The recent infra-red, UV-Vis studies of radicals, molecules, clusters, ions and biomolecules, as well as laser dynamical and laser orientational studies, are reviewed. The Coulomb explosion studies of the uniquely quantum structures of small helium clusters, X-ray imaging of large droplets and electron diffraction of embedded molecules are also described. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis and detection of new species by mass spectrometry and deposition electron microscopy.
    Keywords: Microscopic superfluidity ; X-ray imaging ; Spectroscopy of biomolecules ; Spectroscopic matrices ; Vibronic spectroscopy ; Rovibronic spectroscopy ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHN Nuclear physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter::PHFB Low temperature physics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry::PNFS Spectrum analysis, spectrochemistry, mass spectrometry
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    Made-to-Measure Future(s) for Democracy? (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access volume analyses the development of democracy at different levels of governance (from local to global). The Basque search for an institutional and democratic model that adapts to its social needs and solves its problems offers an interesting perspective for analyzing the way in which democracy is seeking new forms of materialization from the local to the global. The volume is divided into four parts. The chapters in Part I analyze the tensions between the neoliberal vision of democracy and the voices contesting it, with projections at different levels of government. The chapters in Part II focus on the emerging framework and scales of Western democracy. The chapters in Part III present new forms of citizen participation, paying special - though not exclusive - attention to new practical strategies for Basque society. The volume concludes with a block of chapters on the relevance of reviewing the methodological and epistemological frameworks from which knowledge about democracy and mechanisms of citizen participation is generated (Part IV). By delving deeper into the idea and practice of democratic governance, this volume will be of interest to researchers and students from all disciplines of politics, international relations, sociology and law.
    Keywords: Basque Country ; Basque society ; Western democracy ; neolibralism ; inequality ; citizen participation ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPH Political structure & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPH Political structure and processes ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration
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    Innopolis University - From Zero to Hero (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book describes the development of Innopolis, a young Russian university established in 2012 to focus on teaching excellence in computer science, engineering, and robotics. It reports on the problems that were faced in the first decade of its development, and the adopted solutions. It shows how the key aspects for the development of the faculty, the curricula, the university structure, and the challenge of internationalization have been successfully addressed by the university management and professors, and how the solutions are scalable for other newly founded research organizations. The book is divided in five parts: “The Beginning” describes the very early days in general, from the foundation and start-up of the university with the related processes. “The People” reports on the initial hiring of the faculty members, the selection of students, and the curriculum development. “The Activities” provide information about the creation of the single research institutions and labs, and their relation to industry. “The Future” gives an outlook on the planned internationalization and faculty strategy. Eventually, “A Visual Journey” shows a selection of photographs illustrating highlights of the whole process and the current achievements. The processes and the components described built the basis for the development of Innopolis, and many of them still have a big impact on its present and its future. The fewer mistakes are made at the beginning, the higher the probability to fully achieve the initial goals.
    Keywords: Computer Education ; University Development ; Development of an International Faculty ; Curricula Development ; Industry Cooperation ; Online Education ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNK Educational administration and organization ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNV Educational equipment and technology, computer-aided learning (CAL) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
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    Theoretical Foundations of Synchrotron and Storage Ring RF Systems (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This is an open access book. This course-tested text is an ideal starting point for engineers and physicists entering the field of particle accelerators. The fundamentals are comprehensively introduced, derivations of essential results are provided and a consistent notation style used throughout the book allows readers to quickly familiarize themselves with the field, providing a solid theoretical basis for further studies. Emphasis is placed on the essential features of the longitudinal motion of charged particle beams, together with the corresponding RF generation and power amplification devices for synchrotron and storage ring systems. In particular, electrical engineering aspects such as closed-loop control of system components are discussed. The book also offers a valuable resource for graduate students in physics, electronics engineering, or mathematics looking for an introductory and self-contained text on accelerator physics.
    Keywords: Closed-loop Control ; Longitudinal Beam Dynamics ; Low-Level RF (LLRF) Systems ; Particle Accelerator Technology ; RF Accelerating Cavities and Power Amplification ; Radio Frequency Systems ; Synchrotrons ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFN Microwave technology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDD Scientific standards, measurement etc ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBN Nanotechnology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics::PBWH Mathematical modelling
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    Mathematical Modeling of the Human Brain (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book bridges common tools in medical imaging and neuroscience with the numerical solution of brain modelling PDEs. The connection between these areas is established through the use of two existing tools, FreeSurfer and FEniCS, and one novel tool, the SVM-Tk, developed for this book. The reader will learn the basics of magnetic resonance imaging and quickly proceed to generating their first FEniCS brain meshes from T1-weighted images. The book's presentation concludes with the reader solving a simplified PDE model of gadobutrol diffusion in the brain that incorporates diffusion tensor images, of various resolution, and complex, multi-domain, variable-resolution FEniCS meshes with detailed markings of anatomical brain regions. After completing this book, the reader will have a solid foundation for performing patient-specific finite element simulations of biomechanical models of the human brain.
    Keywords: magnetic resonance imaging ; Mesh generation ; mathematical modeling ; finite element methods ; scientific computing ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBW Applied mathematics::PBWH Mathematical modelling ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDE Maths for scientists ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFG Physiology ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBK Calculus and mathematical analysis::PBKS Numerical analysis
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    Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Experiments (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: This open access book is a pedagogical text on nuclear reactor experiments, covering almost all the experiments that can be carried out at the University Training Reactor, Kindai University (UTR-KINKI) with respect to reactor physics and radiation detection, and additionally including academic materials of test and research reactors, nuclear instrumentation, nuclear laws and regulations, in this main body. The book is an excellent primer for students who are interested in reactor physics, radiation detection, nuclear laws and regulations at universities, and the best textbook for students who have started to study the nuclear energy related fields to understand the basic theories and principles of the experiments in the fields of reactor physics and radiation detection. UTR-KINKI has been used for educational reactor experiments and basic research in a wide range of fields related to the use of radiation (neutrons, gamma-ray, beta-ray, alpha-ray, and X-ray), including reactor physics, radiation detection, radiation health physics, activation analysis, radiation biology, medical applications and archaeology. Also, UTR-KINKI has been actively engaged in nuclear education with its long history of operation, and has gained extensive experience in educational activities for undergraduate and graduate students, elementary, junior high and high school teachers, junior high and high school students, and general audiences.
    Keywords: Nuclear Reactor Physics ; Nuclear Education ; UTR-KINKI ; Reactor Physics ; Radiation Detection ; Test and Research Reactors ; Nuclear Instrumentation ; Nuclear Laws and Regulations ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHM Atomic and molecular physics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TH Energy technology and engineering::THK Nuclear power and engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHP Particle and high-energy physics
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    Digital Interaction and Machine Intelligence (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This book is open access, which means that you have free and unlimited access. This book presents the Proceedings of the 9th Machine Intelligence and Digital Interaction Conference. Significant progress in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its wider use in many interactive products are quickly transforming further areas of our life, which results in the emergence of various new social phenomena. Many countries have been making efforts to understand these phenomena and find answers on how to put the development of artificial intelligence on the right track to support the common good of people and societies. These attempts require interdisciplinary actions, covering not only science disciplines involved in the development of artificial intelligence and human-computer interaction but also close cooperation between researchers and practitioners. For this reason, the main goal of the MIDI conference held on 9-10.12.2021 as a virtual event is to integrate two, until recently, independent fields of research in computer science: broadly understood artificial intelligence and human-technology interaction.
    Keywords: Computational Intelligence ; AI ; MIDI 2021 ; MIDI ; Machine Intelligence ; Digital Interaction ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning
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    Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book constitutes the proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Agile Software Development, XP 2022, which was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in June 2022. XP is the premier agile software development conference combining research and practice. It is a unique forum where agile researchers, practitioners, thought leaders, coaches, and trainers get together to present and discuss their most recent innovations, research results, experiences, concerns, challenges, and trends.  XP conferences provide an informal environment to learn and trigger discussions and welcome both people new to agile and seasoned agile practitioners. This year’s conference was held with the theme “Agile in the Era of Hybrid Work”. The 13 full papers and 1 short paper presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 40 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: agile practices; agile processes; and agile in the large.
    Keywords: agile software development ; software creation and management ; Scrum ; lean software development ; process management ; test-driven development ; project and people management ; software development techniques ; risk management ; empirical software engineering ; software measurement ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJQ Business mathematics and systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYZ Human–computer interaction::UYZM Information architecture
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    Integrating Data Science and Earth Science (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-18
    Description: This open access book presents the results of three years collaboration between earth scientists and data scientist, in developing and applying data science methods for scientific discovery. The book will be highly beneficial for other researchers at senior and graduate level, interested in applying visual data exploration, computational approaches and scientifc workflows.
    Keywords: Machine learning ; SMART monitoring ; Computational data exploration ; Digital Earth ; Visual data exploration ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UM Computer programming / software development::UMB Algorithms & data structures ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability & statistics ; bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PB Mathematics
    Language: English
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    Interlocal Adaptations to Climate Change in East and Southeast Asia (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: This Open Access book’s main focus is agriculture and natural resource management, disaster risk reduction, and human resource development in the countries of East and Southeast Asia and Japan. Asia is one of the regions which is the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. More than sixty percent of the world’s people live in the region, making it the growth center of the world. Asia is vast and includes various countries and regions, this book is focused on East and Southeast Asia including Japan. It is essential to share the knowledge and experiences for adapting climate change among these areas. In order to tackle these issues, the book aims to: Promote inter-local lessons learnt sharing climate change adaptations; "agriculture and natural resource management" and "disaster risk reduction and human resource development" Provides insights into new adaptation measures and research approaches that can consider the regional nature of Southeast Asia Share practical adaptation options permeated by society in each country/region This book will be of interest to researchers and students examining climate change impacts in East and Southeast Asia.
    Keywords: Climate change ; Climate-Change Adaptation ; Disaster risk reduction ; East and Southeast Asia ; Agriculture ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNR Natural disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TV Agriculture & farming::TVB Agricultural science ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies
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    Deployment and Operation of Complex Software in Heterogeneous Execution Environments (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book provides an overview of the work developed within the SODALITE project, which aims at facilitating the deployment and operation of distributed software on top of heterogeneous infrastructures, including cloud, HPC and edge resources. The experts participating in the project describe how SODALITE works and how it can be exploited by end users. While multiple languages and tools are available in the literature to support DevOps teams in the automation of deployment and operation steps, still these activities require specific know-how and skills that cannot be found in average teams. The SODALITE framework tackles this problem by offering modelling and smart editing features to allow those we call Application Ops Experts to work without knowing low level details about the adopted, potentially heterogeneous, infrastructures. The framework offers also mechanisms to verify the quality of the defined models, generate the corresponding executable infrastructural code, automatically wrap application components within proper execution containers, orchestrate all activities concerned with deployment and operation of all system components, and support on-the-fly self-adaptation and refactoring.
    Keywords: Heterogeneous Computing ; Cloud, Edge ; HPC ; IaC ; DevOps ; Semantic Reasoning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMZ Software Engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UL Operating systems
    Language: English
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    Social Science Research in the Arab World and Beyond (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-15
    Description: This book presents and discusses the logic and method of social science research adapted mainly for instruction at Arab universities and for research in Arab countries, but with applicability beyond the region. It illustrates major concepts and methods pertaining to research with examples of previous studies carried out in the Arab world and with exercises using Arab Barometer and other datasets. The book situates itself between a regular methods textbook and an annotated list of major concepts and methods, and includes an introduction, three chapters, and four appendices.
    Keywords: Social Science Research ; Social Statistical Analysis ; Research Ethics ; Textbook ; Social Science Methodology ; Arab Barometer ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBC Social research & statistics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNZ Study & learning skills: general
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    Securitization and Democracy in Eurasia (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open-access book presents cutting-edge research on securitization and democratic development in the OSCE Region. Gathering contributions by practitioners and researchers from various disciplines, it presents case studies and highlights recent activities of proactive engagement in democratic institution-building and responding to security threats from the Balkans to Central Asia. The volume is divided into three parts, the first of which focuses on security-related matters, armed conflicts, minorities, and women’s safety, as well as the roles that civil society, foreign governments, social media, and external donors play in this area. These contributions illustrate how the OSCE’s informal approach to peace, security, and securitization as norm entrepreneur is closely linked to the level of democracy among its member states. The second part presents a special section on the political implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), assessing the impact of this infrastructural program on the levels of democracy and/or autocracy in Eurasia. The third part consists of short chapters outlining future research and debates. The book will appeal to students and scholars of international relations, security studies, and the human rights-politics nexus. This is the 2022 instalment in a series of books released by the OSCE Academy in Bishkek. The OSCE works to promote Minority Protection, Security, Democratic Development and Human Rights, guided by the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), and to enhance securitization and development policies in Eurasia, Europe, Central Asia and North America. Since being founded in 1993, the OSCE and its agencies and departments have attracted a wealth of academic research in various fields and disciplines, ranging from economic development and election monitoring to enhancing global principles of human rights and securitization.
    Keywords: Security Architecture in Eurasia ; Eurasian Regional Integration ; Western Balkan Region ; China’s Belt and Road Initiative ; Democracy in Eurasia ; Glocal Governance ; Great Power Rivalry in Central Asia ; Norm entrepreneurs ; Security studies ; Human rights ; Central Europe and Central Asia ; OSCE Region ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPW Political activism / Political engagement::JPWL Terrorism, armed struggle ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPA Political science and theory ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTP Development studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPB Comparative politics
    Language: English
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    Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-15
    Description: This open access book is a collection of articles based on presentations from the 2020 Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos conference that gives an overview of conference outcomes. The vision of the conference has been to unite researchers, scientists, physicians and other healthcare professionals, patient advocates, and students from across the world to discuss research advancements, identify gaps, and develop actionable goals to translate basic research findings into clinical best practices, effective community interventions, and professional training programs to decrease cancer risks and eliminate cancer disparities for Latinos. This conference comes at an especially important time when Latinos – the largest and youngest minority group in the U.S. – are expected to face a 142% rise in cancer cases in the coming years. Disparities continue to impact this population in critical areas: access to preventive and clinical care, changeable risk behaviors, quality of life, and mortality. Each chapter summarizes the presentation and includes current knowledge in the specific topic areas, identified gaps, and opportunities for future research. Topics explored include: Applying an Exposome-Wide (ExWAS) Approach to Latino Cancer Disparities Supportive Care Needs and Coping Strategies Used by Latino Men Cancer Survivors Optimizing Engagement of the Latino Community in Cancer Research Latino Population Growth and the Changing Demography of Cancer Implementation Science to Enhance the Value of Cancer Research in Latinos A Strength-Based Approach to Cancer Prevention in Latinxs Overcoming Clinical Research Disparities by Advancing Inclusive Research Advancing the Science of Cancer in Latinos: Building Collaboration for Action will appeal to a wide readership due to its comprehensive coverage of topics ranging from basic science and community prevention research to clinical practice to policy. The book is an essential resource for physicians and other medical professionals, researchers, scientists, academicians, patient advocates, and students. It also will appeal to policy-makers, NCI-designated cancer centers, academic centers, state health departments, and community organizations.
    Keywords: Latinx cancer ; Health equity ; health threats in the Latino\Latina community ; vulnerable populations and cancer health disparities ; cancer outcomes and survivorship ; precision medicine ; engaging Latinos in cancer research ; emerging healthcare policies ; implementation science and innovative technology ; hot topics in Latino\Latina cancer health disparities ; cancer and lifestyles ; cancer patient advocacy ; cancer therapies and clinical trials ; HPV vaccination for cancer prevention ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MJ Clinical & internal medicine::MJC Diseases & disorders::MJCL Oncology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCQ Health economics ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies
    Language: English
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    Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Bananas are a staple food for over 500 million people and are also an important cash crop. Fusarium wilt, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, is one of the most destructive diseases of banana globally. Since the 1990s, an aggressive variant of this fungus, called Tropical Race 4 (TR4), severely affected banana plantations in Southeast Asia from where it spread to other continents, including Latin America, where the global banana export market is primarily centred. TR4 is a soil borne pathogen making the disease difficult to contain. The Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture implemented a Coordinated Research Project (CRP) ‘Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with Disease Resistance for Coffee and Banana” (2015-2020). This CRP brought together experts from Asia, Europe and Africa in addition to experts of the Joint FAO/IAEA Centre to develop resistance against TR4 through mutation-assisted breeding. Induced mutagenesis is particularly attractive in case of banana since most cultivated bananas are seedless, thus hampering conventional cross breeding. This Open Access book is a compilation of the protocols developed under the CRP specifically for TR4. The first part covers methods for mutation induction, including the integrated use of innovative single-cell culture with mutagenesis techniques. The book also describes up-to-date phenotypic screening methods for TR4 resistance in banana under field-, greenhouse- and laboratory conditions. Finally, molecular and bioinformatics tools for genome-wide mutation discovery following Next Generation Sequencing are also described. Given the imminent threat of Fusarium Wilt TR4 on banana production globally, it is our hope and intention that the book will serve as a timely reference and guide for banana breeders and pathologists worldwide who are committed to the genetic improvement of banana for Fusarium wilt resistance.
    Keywords: Musa ; Fusarium wilt TR4 ; mutation breeding ; phenotyping ; genotyping ; NGS ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany and plant sciences ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TV Agriculture and farming::TVB Agricultural science
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    Global Perspectives on Educational Innovations for Emergency Situations (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-08-18
    Description: This open access book focuses on making the transition from in-person, classroom education to other feasible alternative modes and methodologies to deliver education at all levels. The book presents and analyzes research questions to explore in this arena, including pedagogical issues relating to technological and infrastructure challenges, teacher professional development, issues of disparity, access and equity, and impact of government policies on education. It also provides unique opportunities and vehicles for generating scholarship that helps explain the varied educational needs, perspectives and solutions that arise during an emergency and the different roles educational institutions and educators may play during this time. Developed from a highly successful Presidential Session at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), this edited volume presents AECT and its membership as the premier organization focusing on the provision of educational communications and technology leadership. In addition, it functions as a contemporary document of this global crisis as well as a rich resource for possible future emergency scenarios in the educational arena.
    Keywords: COVID-19 ; Pedagogical issues ; Technological and infrastructure challenges ; AECT 2020 virtual convention ; Teacher professional development ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher & further education, tertiary education::JNMT Teacher training
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    Cyber Security (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th China Annual Conference on Cyber Security, CNCERT 2022, held in Beijing, China, in August 2022. The 17 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. The papers are organized according to the following topical sections: ​​data security; anomaly detection; cryptocurrency; information security; vulnerabilities; mobile internet; threat intelligence; text recognition.
    Keywords: application service layer ; artificial intelligence ; communication systems ; computer crime ; computer networks ; computer security ; computer systems ; cryptography ; cyber security ; data communication systems ; data security ; databases ; machine learning ; network protocols ; network security ; privacy ; signal processing ; telecommunication networks ; telecommunication systems ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UR Computer security ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBL Digital and information technologies: Legal aspects ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UT Computer networking and communications::UTN Network security
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    Health Crises and Media Discourses in Sub-Saharan Africa (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This is an open access book which brings together leading scholars and critical discourses on political, economic, legal, technological, socio-cultural and systemic changes and continuities intersecting media and health crises in Sub-Saharan Africa. The volume extensively discusses COVID-19 but it also covers other epidemics, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS as well as “silent” health crises such as mental health---simmering across the subcontinent. The chapters fill knowledge gaps, highlight innovations, unpack the complexities surrounding the media ecosystem in times of health crises. They explore, among other issues, the politics of public health communication; infodemics; existential threats to media viability; draconian legislations; threats to journalists/journalism; COVID-related entrepreneurship, marginalization, and more. This is a timely resource for academics, advocacy groups, media practitioners and policy makers working on crises and media reporting, not just in Africa but anywhere in the global South.
    Keywords: Health communication ; COVID-19 ; Political economy of the media ; Pandemics and the media ; Media gagging ; Marginalization discourses ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Regulatory frameworks ; Reporters Without Borders ; Intimidation of journalists ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFD Media studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::M Medicine::MB Medicine: general issues::MBN Public health & preventive medicine
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    The Socially Responsible Organization (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-21
    Description: This book explores the nature of the socially responsible organization, specifically the role of crisis management in creating a socially responsible organization. It applies the Myers-Briggs Personality Typology (MBPTI) and the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Framework to issues such as responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, regulation of tech companies, and infrastructure. Dr. Mitroff lists the major arguments given in regards to these issues and subjects them to the strongest possible scrutiny and critique to hold both individuals and organizations accountable to the larger responsibilities we share as global citizens. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: COVID-19 vaccine ; Dis- and Misinformation ; Infrastructure Wars ; Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Framework ; Regulating Tech ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJC Business strategy ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JM Psychology::JMJ Occupational & industrial psychology ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJU Organizational theory & behaviour ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KJ Business & management::KJG Business ethics & social responsibility
    Language: English
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    Intangible Capital and Growth (2022)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-16
    Description: For several decades now, advanced economies across the globe have been undergoing a process of rapid transformation towards becoming knowledge economies. It is now widely recognized that intangible capital has been a crucial element in the growth performance of these economies and their firms. The term serves as a useful device for capturing those dimensions of capital that are not tangible in nature but are nevertheless fundamentally important for growth. It encompasses investments in education (human capital) and in informal (social capital) and formal (rule of law) institutions by the public sector and households, as well as investments by businesses aimed at enhancing their knowledge base, such as software, innovative property, and economic competencies. Intangible Capital and Growth is the first of two open-access volumes presenting a selection of the author's essays on Labor Productivity, Monetary Economics, and Political Economy. This first volume brings together eight of the author's essays, selected with the aim of providing an overview of his research to date on intangible capital and growth.
    Keywords: Intangible Capital ; Labour Productivity Growth ; Euro ; EMU ; Political Economy ; Economic Crisis ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCB Macroeconomics ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCL International economics
    Language: English
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