ALBERT

Description: This report is part of a series of reports that address flight deck design and evaluation, written as a response to loss of control accidents. In particular, this activity is directed at failures in airplane state awareness in which the pilot loses awareness of the airplane's energy state or attitude and enters an upset condition. In a report by the Commercial Aviation Safety Team, an analysis of accidents and incidents related to loss of airplane state awareness determined that hazard alerting was not effective in producing the appropriate pilot response to a hazard (CAST, 2014). In the current report, we take a detailed look at 28 airplane state awareness accidents and incidents to determine how well the hazard alerting worked. We describe a five-step integrated alerting-to-recovery sequence that prescribes how hazard alerting should lead to effective flight crew actions for managing the hazard. Then, for each hazard in each of the 28 events, we determine if that sequence failed and, if so, how it failed. The results show that there was an alerting failure in every one of the 28 safety events, and that the most frequent failure (20/28) was tied to the flight crew not orienting to (not being aware of) the hazard. The discussion section summarizes findings and identifies alerting issues that are being addressed and issues that are not currently being addressed. We identify a few recent upgrades that have addressed certain alerting failures. Two of these upgrades address alerting design, but one response to the safety events is to upgrade training for approach to stall and stall recovery. We also describe issues that are not being addressed adequately: better alert integration for flight path management types of hazards, airplanes in the fleet that do not meet the current alerting regulations, a lack of innovation for addressing cases of channelized attention, and existing vulnerabilities in managing data validity.

Description: Air traffic in the United States has continued to grow at a steady pace since 1980, except for a dip immediately after the tragic events of September 11, 2001. There are different growth scenarios associated both with the magnitude and the composition of the future air traffic. The Terminal Area Forecast (TAF), prepared every year by the FAA, projects the growth of traffic in the United States. Both Boeing and Airbus publish market outlooks for air travel annually. Although predicting the future growth of traffic is difficult, there are two significant trends: heavily congested major airports continue to see an increase in traffic, and the emergence of regional jets and other smaller aircraft with fewer passengers operating directly between non-major airports. The interaction between air traffic demand and the ability of the system to provide the necessary airport and airspace resources can be modeled as a network. The size of the resulting network varies depending on the choice of its nodes. It would be useful to understand the properties of this network to guide future design and development. Many questions, such as the growth of delay with increasing traffic demand and impact of the en route weather on future air traffic, require a systematic understanding of the properties of the air traffic network. There has been a major advance in the understanding of the behavior of networks with a large number of components. Several theories have been advanced about the evolution of large biological and engineering networks by authors in diversified disciplines like physics, mathematics, biology and computer science. Several networks exhibit a scale-free property in the sense that the probabilistic distribution of their nodes as a function of connections decreases slower than an exponential. These networks are characterized by the fact that a small number of components have a disproportionate influence on the performance of the network. Scale-free networks are tolerant to random failure of components, but are vulnerable to selective attack on components. This paper examines two network representations for the baseline air traffic system. A network defined with the 40 major airports as nodes and with standard flight routes as links has a characteristic scale: all nodes have 60 or more links and no node has more than 460 links. Another network is defined with baseline aircraft routing structure exhibits an exponentially truncated scale-free behavior. Its degree ranges from 2 connections to 2900 connections, and 225 nodes have more than 250 connections. Furthermore, those high-degree nodes are homogeneously distributed in the airspace. A consequence of this scale-free behavior is that the random loss of a single node has little impact, but the loss of multiple high-degree nodes (such as occurs during major storms in busy airspace) can adversely impact the system. Two future scenarios of air traffic growth are used to predict the growth of air traffic in the United States. It is shown that a three-times growth in the overall traffic may result in a ten-times impact on the density of traffic in certain parts of the United States.

Description: This presentation will: Describe some of the exploratory work and products of the UCAT, which lay the groundwork for NASAs UAM investments; Describe the UAM Grand Challenge

Description: We present the case for the presence of complex organic molecules, such as amino acids and nucleobases, formed by abiotic processes on the surface and in near-subsurface regions of Pluto. Pluto's surface is tinted with a range of non-ice substances with colors ranging from light yellow to red to dark brown; the colors match those of laboratory organic residues called tholins. Tholins are broadly characterized as complex, macromolecular organic solids consisting of a network of aromatic structures connected by aliphatic bridging units (e.g., Imanaka et al.,2004; Materese et al.,2014, 2015). The synthesis of tholins in planetary atmospheres and in surface ices has been explored in numerous laboratory experiments, and both gas- and solid-phase varieties are found on Pluto. A third variety of tholins, exposed at a site of tectonic surface fracturing called Virgil Fossae, appears to have come from a reservoir in the subsurface. Eruptions of tholin-laden liquid H2O from a subsurface aqueous repository appear to have covered portions of Virgil Fossae and its surroundings with a uniquely colored deposit (D.P. Cruikshank, personal communication) that is geographically correlated with an exposure of H2O ice that includes spectroscopically detected NH3 (C.M. Dalle Ore, personal communication). The subsurface organic material could have been derived from presolar or solar nebula processes, or might have formed in situ. Photolysis and radiolysis of a mixture of ices relevant to Pluto's surface composition (N2, CH4, CO) have produced strongly colored, complex organics with a significant aromatic content having a high degree of nitrogen substitution similar to the aromatic heterocycles pyrimidine and purine (Materese et al.,2014, 2015; Cruikshank et al.,2016). Experiments with pyrimidines and purines frozen in H2O-NH3 ice resulted in the formation of numerous nucleobases, including the biologically relevant guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil, and thymine (Materese et al.,2017). The red material associated with the H2O ice may contain nucleobases resulting from energetic processing on Pluto's surface or in the interior. Some other Kuiper Belt objects also exhibit red colors similar to those found on Pluto and may therefore carry similar inventories of complex organic materials. The widespread and ubiquitous nature of similarly complex organic materials observed in a variety of astronomical settings drives the need for additional laboratory and modeling efforts to explain the origin and evolution of organic molecules. Pluto observations reveal complex organics on a small body that remains close to its place of origin in the outermost regions of the Solar System.

Description: No abstract available

Description: Spacecraft surface charging during geomagnetically disturbed times is one of the most important causes of satellite anomalies. Predicting the surface charging environment is one prevalent task of the geospace environment models. Therefore, the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Focus Group "Inner Magnetosphere Crossenergy/Population Interactions" initiated a communitywide challenge study to assess the capability of several inner magnetosphere ring current models in determining surface charging environment for the Van Allen Probes orbits during the 17 March 2013 storm event. The integrated electron flux between 10 and 50 keV is used as the metrics. Various skill scores are applied to quantitatively measure the modeling performance against observations. Results indicate that no model consistently perform the best in all of the skill scores or for both satellites. We find that from these simulations the ring current model with observational flux boundary condition and Weimer electric potential driver generally reproduces the most realistic flux level around the spacecraft. A simple and weaker VollandStern electric field is not capable of effectively transporting the same plasma at the boundary toward the Earth. On the other hand, if the ring current model solves the electric field selfconsistently and obtains similar strength and pattern in the equatorial plane as the Weimer model, the boundary condition plays another crucial role in determining the electron flux level in the inner region. When the boundary flux spectra based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model/empirical model deviate from the shape or magnitude of the observed distribution function, the simulation produces poor skill scores along Van Allen Probes orbits.

Description: FACT is a software program that provides important information about winter weather operations to airline dispatchers and airport personnel. FACT has a "quad" design and shows various maps, text, and tabular information. It also has a team messaging capability. It is meant to be used by airline dispatchers and airport personnel to manage winter storms. This presentation is for a meeting with Boeing. COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT; AIRLINE OPERATIONS; STORMS COMPUTER PROGRAMS; AIRLINE OPERATIONS; WEATHER FORECASTING; MESSAGE PROCESSING; AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION; WINTER; STORMS (METEOROLOGY); COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT

Description: This work introduces an approach to estimate the complexity of a low-altitude air traffic scenario involving multiple UASs using mathematical programming. Given a set of multi-point UAS flight trajectories, vehicle dynamics, and a conflict resolution algorithm, an abstract model is developed such that it can be solved quickly using a mathematical programming optimization software without running high-fidelity simulations that can be computationally expensive and may not suit real-time apA quick and accurate assessment of complexity for a given traffic scenario can help plan and schedule flights to alleviate traffic bottleneck and mitigate operation risks, especially for unmanned aerial system traffic management where high traffic density or complexity is expected. This work introduces a traffic scenario complexity metric that was constructed based on the number of potential conflicts weighted by the conflict resolution cost associated. The cost associated with a conflict is calculated based on the corresponding conflict resolution maneuvers. To obtain the conflict resolution maneuvers, a MILP-based optimization was formulated with the vehicle model and conflict management parameters incorporated. To evaluate the complexity metrics, an approach of using measurements from high-fidelity simulations was proposed. The scenario complexity measurements for 920 random-generated scenarios were obtained through high-fidelity simulations and treated as the ground truth. Two statistics methods: Pearson and Alternative Conditional Expectations were applied for analysis. The results showed that the number of flights has low correlation with the scenario complexity according to the correlation coefficients calculated by both methods. The Alternative Conditional Expectations method shows that the proposed scenario complexity metric has better correlation with the ground truth than the number of potential conflicts.plications. In the abstract model, each vehicle is represented by a time-varied vector associated with position, speed, and heading information. The total extra distance that aircraft need to divert from their original routes to avoid collisions is computed and used to setup a quadratic programming formula. The metrics including the number of conflicts and extra distances travelled by all vehicles are then utilized to estimate the complexity of a given UAS flight scenario. Results and verification against high-fidelity simulations will be provided in the final draft.

Description: Target generation systems provide the positions of aircraft in air traffic simulations. As the scope of the simulation domains expand, there is a need to develop systems that can provide position reports for thousands of aircraft simultaneously and at update rates that support out-the-window visualization. This paper discusses the motivation and reasoning behind investigating development of a next generation target generator through distributed computing using clustered node processing and how a target generation system benefit future research that utilizes human-in-the-loop simulations.

Description: This paper presents an encounter-based simulation architecture developed at NASA to facilitate flexible and efficient Detect and Avoid modeling in parametric or tradespace studies on large data sets. The basic premise of this tool is that large-scale input data can be reduced to a set of `canonical encounters' and that using the reduced data in simulations does not lead to loss of fidelity. A canonical encounter is specified as ownship and intruder flight portions potentially resulting in a loss of well clear along with a set of properties that characterize the encounter. The advantages of using canonical encounters include faster simulations, reduced memory footprint, ability to select encounters based on user-specified criteria, shared encounters across multiple teams, peer-reviewed encounters, and a better understanding of the input data set, to name a few.

Description: No abstract available

Description: Current radar-based air traffic service providers may preserve privacy for military and corporate operations by procedurally preventing public release of selected flight plans, position, and state data. The FAA mandate for national adoption of Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) in 2020 does not include provisions for maintaining these same aircraft-privacy options, nor does it address the potential for spoofing, denial of service, and other well-documented risk factors. This paper presents an engineering prototype that embodies a design and method that may be applied to mitigate these ADS-B security issues. The design innovation is the use of an open source permissioned blockchain framework to enable aircraft privacy and anonymity while providing a secure and efficient method for communication with Air Traffic Services, Operations Support, or other authorized entities. This framework features certificate authority, smart contract support, and higher-bandwidth communication channels for private information that may be used for secure communication between any specific aircraft and any particular authorized member, sharing data in accordance with the terms specified in the form of smart contracts. The prototype demonstrates how this method can be economically and rapidly deployed in a scalable modular environment.

Description: No abstract available

Description: No abstract available

Description: What: Thermal moonquakes are small amplitude events that are produced by diurnal temperature changes. Why: Finding the locations of thermal moonquakes will lead to information about lunar surface processes. Where: Apollo 17 Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment (LSPE) is able to locate thermal moonquake unlike Apollo 12-16. The primary science goal was an active source experiment to study the detailed structure of the lunar crust using 8 explosive packages (EPs). The secondary science goal was to passively listen for lunar seismic activity.

Description: No abstract available

Description: The Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover arrived at Mars in August 2012 with a primary goal of characterizing the habitability of ancient and modern environments. Curiosity landed in Gale crater to study a sequence of ~3.5 Ga old sedimentary rocks that, based on orbital visible/near-infrared reflectance spectra, contain secondary minerals that suggest deposition and/or alteration in liquid water. The sedimentary sequence that comprises the lower slopes of Mount Sharp within Gale crater may preserve a dramatic shift on early Mars from a relatively warm and wet climate to a cold and dry climate based on a transition from smectite-bearing strata to sulfate-bearing strata. The rover is equipped with cameras and geochemical and mineralogical instruments to examine the sedimentology and identify compositional changes within the stratigraphy. These observations provide information about variations in depositional and diagenetic environments over time. The Chemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument is one of two internal laboratories on Curiosity and includes a transmission X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer with a Co-K source. CheMin measures loose sediment samples scooped from the surface and drilled rock powders. The XRD provides quantitative mineralogy of scooped and drilled samples to a detection limit of ~1 wt.%. Curiosity has traversed 〉20 km since landing and has primarily been exploring the site of a predominantly ancient lake environment fed by groundwater and streams emanating from the crater rim. Results from CheMin demonstrate an incredible diversity in the mineralogy of fluvio-lacustrine rocks that signify variations in source rock composition, sediment transport mechanisms, and depositional and diagenetic fluid chemistry. Abundant trioctahedral smectite and magnetite at the base of the section may have formed from low-salinity pore waters with a circumneutral pH within lake sediments. A transition to dioctahedral smectite, hematite, and Ca-sulfate going up section suggests a change to more saline and oxidative aqueous conditions within the lake waters themselves and/or within diagenetic fluids. The primary minerals detected in fluvio-lacustrine samples by CheMin also suggest diversity in the igneous source regions for the sediments, where abundant pyroxene and plagioclase in most samples suggest a basaltic protolith, but sanidine and pyroxene in one sample may have been sourced from a potassic trachyte, and tridymite and sanidine in another sample may have been transported from a rhyolitic source. Crystal chemistry of major phases in each sample have been calculated from refined unit-cell parameters, providing further constraints on aqueous alteration processes and igneous protoliths for the sediments. Perhaps one of the biggest mysteries revealed by the CheMin instrument is the high abundance of X-ray amorphous materials (15 to 73 wt.%) in all samples measured to date. X-ray amorphous materials were detected by CheMin based on the observation of broad humps in XRD patterns. How these materials formed, their composition, and why they persist near the martian surface remain a topic of debate. The sedimentology and composition of the rocks analyzed by Curiosity demonstrate that habitable environments persisted intermittently on the surface or in the subsurface of Gale crater for perhaps more than a billion years.

Description: The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory Mission (HabEx) will image and spectroscopically characterize planetary systems in the habitable zone around nearby sun-like stars. Additionally, HabEx will perform a broad range of general astrophysics science enabled by 100 to 2500 nm spectral range and 3 x 3 arc-minute FOV. Critical to achieving the HabEx science goals is a large, ultra-stable telescope. The baseline HabEx telescope is a 4-m off-axis unobscured three-mirror-anastigmatic design with diffraction limited performance at 400 nm and wavefront stability of picometers per mK. These specifications are driven by science requirements. STOP (structural thermal optical performance) analysis predicts that the baseline telescopes opto-mechanical design meets its specified performance tolerances.

Description: In recent years, several commercial companies have proposed telecommunications constellations consisting of hundreds to thousands of 100-to-300-kg class spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO, the region below 2000-km altitude). If deployed, such large constellations (LCs) will dramatically change the landscape of satellite operations in LEO. From the large number of spacecraft and large amount of mass involved, it is clear that the deployment, operations, and frequent de-orbit and replenishment of the proposed LCs could significantly contribute to the existing orbital debris problem. To better understand the nature of the problem, the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office (ODPO) recently completed a parametric study on LCs. The objective was to quantify the potential negative debris-generation effects from LCs to the LEO environment and provide recommendations for mitigation measures. The tool used for the LC study was the ODPOs LEO-to-GEO Environment Debris (LEGEND) numerical simulation model, which has been used for various mitigation and remediation studies in the past. For the LC study, more than 300 scenarios based on different user-specified assumptions and parameters were defined. Selected results from key scenarios are summarized in this paper.

Description: The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at NASA Johnson Space Center (henceforth AACO) is responsible for receiving and curating all of NASAs extraterrestrial samples, current and future (as per NASA Policy Directive (NPD) 7100.10E Curation of Extraterrestrial Materials). As such, the AACO coordinates sample capture, containment, and transportation to the curation facility as well as documents, preserves, prepares, and distributes all of the samples within NASAs astromaterial collections for research, education, and public outreach. Since the lunar rock and soil samples returned during the Apollo Program, NASAs first Class V Restricted Earth Return Missions, the AACO curates six other astromaterials collections. Lessons learned from each collection and respective missions (e.g. Apollo, Genesis, Stardust) as well as advancements in science and technology have informed the AACOs plan for acquiring and curating Martian samples. Given the nature of the collection, a mobile and modular facility is recommended. The two broad requirements a Mars sample facility must maintain are: 1) the ability to contain the samples to protect the public from exposure of an unknown unknown biological agent and 2) ensure the scientific integrity of the samples are maintained (while maximizing scientific outcome). Although Apollo samples were eventually deemed safe and released to the scientific community for evaluation, there is no guarantee that this will be the case for Martian samples. Therefore, the facility in which the samples will be contained and investigated must be modular and able to accommodate an array of instrumentation that could be highly variable depending on the initial scientific outcomes. Furthermore, in order to facilitate proper sample capture and containment upon landing as well as sample distribution to other laboratories with proper containment, a mobile facility is a valuable investment.

Description: The paper presents an efficient trajectory generation and tracking approach for multi-rotor air vehicles operating in urban environment, which takes into account uncertainties in the urban wind field and in the vehicle's parameters. Generated trajectories are sufficiently smooth, based on the differential flatness of the vehicle's dynamics and optimal in the sense of minimum agility and time. They pass through given set of way points, guarantee flight without a side-slip, and satisfy vehicle's dynamics and actuator constraints. In addition, an algorithm is presented to compute the required power to traverse the generated trajectory. Presented algorithms are implementable in real time using on-board computers. They do not take into account the vehicle's existing flight controller, hence there is no guarantee that the controller will be able to provide acceptable tracking of the generated trajectory, especially in the presence of atmospheric disturbances. To this end, we propose an adaptive augmentation algorithm to improve vehicle's performance by taking into account the effects of disturbances and on-line estimates of vehicle's existing flight controller's gains. The algorithms have been verified by simulations using DJI S1000 octocopter's model.

Description: NASA's UTM project is conducting research on a traffic management concept for small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) flying in low altitude, uncontrolled airspace. The project started in 2015 and is developing prototype UTM systems of successively complex technical capability levels (TCL) that are tested in the field. To date TCL levels 1-3 have been tested and TCL 4 will be tested in the summer of 2019. Project results are transferred to the FAA and industry to advance the adoption, implementation, and design standards of future UTM systems.

Description: The surfaces of airless bodies, such as 101955 Bennu, are vulnerable to micrometeoroids, high-energy particles, and solar wind particles. As a result, material on the surface of these bodies experience physical and chemical changes that are collectively known as space weathering. Space weathering processes result in the production of sub-micronsized particles called submicroscopic particles. There are two types of submicroscopic particles, nanophase (〈33 nm in size) and microphase particles (〉33 nm in size). Studies of lunar samples show that nanophase particles occur within the glassy rims that surround grains and agglutinates. In contrast, microphase iron particles occur only within agglutinates. Another important difference between these two particles is that nanophase and microphase particles affect visible to near-infrared reflectance spectra differently. From lunar samples, the presence of nanophase particles in a regolith causes the regoliths reflectance spectrum to darken and redden, whereas the presence of microphase particles in a regolith causes it to only darken. In addition, the reflectance spectra of submicroscopic particle-bearing regolith exhibit weakened absorptions and spectral features. Lantz et al. (2018) found that these particles also affect spectral curvature [8]. By taking advantage of these spectral characteristics, with global spectral data, it is possible to model the nanophase and microphase particle abundances across a planetary surface resulting in the production of global space weathering maps.

Description: The chondrule regions generally regarded to be most susceptible to aqueous alteration are mesostasis and Fe-Ni metal nodules. In CMs, studies of mesostasis have successfully placed contraints into their asteroidal histories. Unlike CM mesostasis, only a few studies of CR mesostasis are currently available [e.g. 1-4]. Here we study the effects aqueous alteration can have on the texture, composition, and mineralogy of CR chondrule mesostasis from 9 Antarctic CR chondrites: EET 92062,5, EET 96259,13, GRA 95229,77, GRO 95577,61 LAP 02342,44, LAP 04516,4, LAP 04720,16 and MIL 07525,7 and MIL 090001,2, generously provided by the U.S. Antarctic Meteorite Collection. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed TEM and compositional study of differences between chondrule setting in CR mesostasis. Based on these data, we place constraints on the degree to which these CRs record aqueous alteration.

Description: The Astromaterials Curation Division at NASAs Johnson Space Center houses seven sample collections stored in separate clean rooms to avoid cross-contamination. Prior to receiving new sample collections from carbon rich asteroids, we instituted a monitoring program to characterize the microbial ecology of these labs and to understand how organisms could interact with and potentially contaminate current and future collections. Methods: Beginning in Oct. 2017 we sampled the Meteorite (ISO 7 equivalent) and Pristine Lunar (ISO 5 equivalent) labs on a monthly basis. Surface samples were collected using dry swabs. Air samples were collected using an impactor style air sampler. Cultivable organisms were identified and characterized. Aliquots of each sample were also preserved for DNA sequencing. For each sampling event recovery rate was calculated as the percentage of samples showing microbial growth1. Fungal colonies were selected for amino acid extraction and analysis via Ultra- Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection and Mass Spectrometry.

Description: Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2) will be NASAs first manned flight on the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion Spacecraft. The mission has been changed from an SLS Block 1B configuration to Block 1. This change has necessitated a reexamination of the flight profile to determine what changes must be made in order to accommodate the reduced launch vehicle performance on the Block 1. Launch availability and orbital debris risk will be traded to find the best flight profile for both SLS and Orion.

Description: The Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Division at JSC is responsible for the curation of extraterrestrial samples from NASA's past, present and future sample return missions. These samples provide data that help scientists better understand the history and evolution of our Solar System. Our mission is to preserve, protect, and distribute samples for research by the present and future scientific community.

Description: No abstract available

Description: Data from LRO has formed a corner-stone in our understanding of many fundamental aspects of lunar geology. However, as LRO approaches its 10th year of lunar discovery, key questions about volcanic, tectonic, and interior processes and composition still re-main.

Description: This joint briefing presents open and closed loop metrics about the performance of a reference Detect-and-Avoid algorithm using encounters built from NASA's UAS mission trajectories and Lincoln Lab's uncorrelated encounter model.

Description: NASA's Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program is creating an operational optical communications network to complement its current radio frequency (RF) networks. NASA is currently planning for a new optical communications relay node in geostationary (GEO) orbit to be commissioned in 2025, developed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), as evolved from Goddard's Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) GEO relay payload that will launch in 2019. The Next Generation optical relay node will serve as an initial element in a larger optical networking constellation that will consist of Government and commercial, and international relays. NASA's nodes will aggregate traffic at data rates of up to 10 Gigabits per second (Gbps) from users on the Earth's surface and up through suborbital, LEO, MEO, GEO, cislunar and even out to Earth-Sun Lagrange (1.25 Mkm) distances. Users that require low-latency will be serviced with an onboard complementary Ka-band downlink service. The next generation network will deploy 〉 100 Gbps space-to-ground links and also optical crosslinks between nodes to allow for user traffic backhaul to minimize ground station location constraints.

Description: Oral presentation will discuss the history of the ISS, ongoing research in space, and the plans for Gateway.

Description: The goal of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), Curiosity Rover mission is to determine if Gale Crater, Mars ever had a habitable environment and to search for evidence of extinct microbial life. Gale Crater is ~155 km wide with a layered central mound (~5 km high). The Curiosity rover has traversed ~20 km from the crater floor up 350 m to the lower slopes of the central mound for over 2200 Martian solar days (sols). Curiosity's instruments have evaluated the geochemistry and mineralogy of regolith fines, eolian sediments, and sedimentary rocks to assess Gale Crater's aqueous alteration history. Results indicate that Gale Crater surface material have experienced a complex authigenetic/diagenetic history involving fluids with varying pH, redox, and salt composition. The inferred geochemical conditions were favorable for microbial habitability and if life ever existed, there was likely sufficient organic C to support a small microbial population.

Description: This work introduces an approach to estimate the complexity of a low-altitude air traffic scenario involving multiple UASs using mathematical programming. Given a set of multi-point UAS flight trajectories, vehicle dynamics, and a conflict resolution algorithm, an abstract model is developed such that it can be solved quickly using a mathematical programming optimization software without running high-fidelity simulations that can be computationally expensive and may not suit real-time applications. In the abstract model, each vehicle is represented by a time-varied vector associated with position, speed, and heading information. The total extra distance that aircraft need to divert from their original routes to avoid collisions is computed and used to setup a quadratic programming formula. The metrics including the number of conflicts and extra distances travelled by all vehicles are then utilized to estimate the complexity of a given UAS flight scenario. Results and verification against high-fidelity simulations will be provided in the final draft.

Description: 5/22/2019 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1 Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) Analysis of APREQ Flights at CLT May 22, 2019 5/22/2019 Objective 2 Quantify impact of IADS Phase 1 & 2 capabilities on APREQ flights at CLT with respect to: Compliance to the Controlled Take Off Time (CTOT) Benefits for APREQ flights that use IDAC to renegotiate for an earlier CTOT Benefits of pre-scheduling APREQ flights using the Earliest Off Block Time (EOBT) Relationship between EOBT compliance and rescheduling CTOT 5/22/2019 CLT APREQ Daily Compliance(Compliance Improvement Since ATD-2 Start) 3 Steady increase of APREQ compliance over the life of the project. Reduced variation in compliance leading to improved predictability. In addition to overall improved compliance into TBM systems, the predictability is increasing 5/22/2019 APREQ Compliance 10K Rolling Window 4 The most substantial APREQ compliance improvements started with Phase 2 capability (AEFS integration, ZTL IDAC, pre-scheduling and scheduler updates). 5/22/2019 IADS Phase 1 & 2 Benefit Mechanisms 5 1. Collaborative surface metering Reduced engine run time Reduced fuel consumption and emissions 2. Overhead stream operational integration a.Scheduling controlled flights at the gate Reduced engine run time Reduced fuel consumption and emissions b.APREQ renegotiating for an earlier slot Reduced total delay Passenger value of time and crew costs Reduced engine run time Reduced fuel consumption and emissions Benefits (1) and (2a) achieved through tactical gate holds Benefit (2b) achieved through APREQ renegotiation process described below Step 1: APREQ flight has a release time but is capable of taking off earlier Step 2: FAA TMC uses the IDAC green space / red space to identify and request an earlierslot in the overhead stream Step 3: Aircraft receives earlierrelease time and the difference between the release times is the reduction in delay 5/22/2019 Benefits for APREQ flights using IDAC to renegotiate for earlierCTOT 6 LBS Fuel 270.7 hours of delay saved by electronically renegotiating a better overhead stream time for 2,071 flights. The benefits described here are associated with better use of existing capacity in the overhead stream, and technology to reduce surface delay. These benefits are in addition to (distinct from) surface metering savings. 5/22/2019 APREQ Delay For Pre-Scheduled Flights into KATL Have Been Reduced and are More Predictable For the Last Five Months 7 Substantial Improvements in predictability of delay for the last 5 months 5/22/2019 EOBT Compliance / CTOT Reschedulefor Pre-Scheduled Flights into KATL 8 5/22/2019 Wrap-up 9 Compliance to the CTOT has improved throughout the lifecycle of ATD-2 with biggest improvements following the introduction of Phase 2 capabilities Rescheduling APREQ flights using IDAC has reduced 270.7 hours of delay at CLT Predictability of local surface delay for APREQ flights is substantially improved via pre-scheduling with the IADS system Pre-scheduled flights that reschedule for later times tend to call ready later with respect to EOBT

Description: No abstract available

Description: A two-step automated Multi-Aircraft Control System traffic scenario generation process for Human-in-the-Loop evaluations of air traffic management concepts is described. The first step of the two-step process employs the scenario generation capability currently available in NASA's Air Traffic Management Testbed. The second step refines the scenario by filtering flights from the traffic scenario based on route length, cruise speed, cruise altitude, entry time and the desired ratio of internal to external flights. A solution for achieving the desired ratio of internal to external flights, where internal flights are shorter flights and external flights are longer flights based on a distance threshold, is described. Finally, schedulers are described for shaping the hourly arrival traffic count as a function of time in response to airport capacity constraint or for increasing the traffic demand with respect to the available arrival capacity. Results generated for arrival traffic to the four major airports in the New York Metroplex on a busy day using the two-step procedure are discussed. These results show that traffic scenarios for Multi-Aircraft Control System that meet the Human-in-the-Loop and fast-time simulation requirements can be created automatically following the procedures described in the paper. The automated process will improve the accuracy and efficiency by eliminating the tedious manual process for scenario generation.

Description: Human behavior often consists of a series of distinct activities, each characterized by a unique signature of visual behavior. This is true even in a restricted domain, such as piloting an aircraft, where patterns of visual signatures might represent activities like communicating, navigating, and monitoring. We propose a novel analysis method for gaze-tracking data, to perform blind discovery of these activities based on their behavioral signatures. The method is in some respects similar to recurrence analysis, but here we compare not individual fixations, but groups of fixations aggregated over a fixed time interval. The duration of this interval is a parameter that we will refer to as . We assume that the environment has been divided into a set of N different areas-of-interest (AOIs). For a given interval of time of duration , we compute the proportion of time spent fixating each AOI, resulting in an N-dimensional vector. These proportions can be converted to counts by multiplying by divided by the average fixation duration (another parameter that we fix at 280 milliseconds). We compare different intervals by computing the chi-square statistic. The p-value associated with the statistic is the likelihood of observing the data under the hypothesis that the data in the two intervals were generated by a single process with a single set of probabilities governing the fixation of each AOI. We have investigated the method using a set of 10 synthetic "activities," that sample 4 AOIs. Four of these activities visit 3 of the 4 AOIs, with equal probability; as there are four different ways to leave-one- out, there are four such activities. Similarly, there are six different activities that leave-two-out. Sequences of simulated behavior were generated by running each activity for 40 seconds, in sequence, for a total of 6.7 minutes. The figure to the right shows the matrix of chi-square statistics, using a value of 2.8 seconds for , corresponding to 10 fixations. Low values (dark) indicate poor evidence for activity differences, while high values (bright) indicate strong evidence. The dark squares along the main diagonal each correspond to the forty second intervals in which the activity was held constant; the 4x4 block at the lower left corresponds to the four leave-one-out activities, while the 6x6 block in the upper right corresponds to the leave-two-out activities. (The anti-diagonal pattern of white squares indicates those activity pairs that share no AOIs.) The chi-square values can be binarized by choosing a particular significance level; we are interested in grouping bins that represent the same activity, effectively accepting the null hypothesis. Therefore, we may adopt a relatively lax criterion; for example, choosing a p-value of 0.2 means that two behaviors that have only a 1-in-5 chance of being produced by a single activity might nevertheless be clustered together. We have explored several methods to perform clustering on the data and solving for the activity probabilities. Greedy methods begin by selecting the time bin that is similar to the most (or least) other bins, and then forming a cluster from it and all other non-discriminable bins. These methods show mediocre performance, as they do not take into account temporal contiguity. Preliminary results indicate that methods that "grow" clusters in time from seed points perform better.

Description: Hydrogen in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) in meteorites provides insight to mantle sources of indigenous water on differentiated bodies: e.g. Peslier et al. 2017 [1], including Mars [2-4]. However, all meteorite samples, including Martian shergottites, record impact events as fractures, deformation, silicate darkening, shock melt veins and pockets, etc. The effect of shock on hydrogen in NAMs is poorly constrained, and must be understood prior to using these data to infer planetary indigenous water. Here we present water contents and D/H ratios (calculated as dD, i.e. the variation of the D/H ratio relative to a standard, in this case sea water "SMOW") in pyroxene, olivine and maskelynite in the olivine-phyric shergottite Larkman Nunatak 06319 (LAR 06319) as a function of proximity to impact melt. While the results suggest impact may have a role in fractionating H isotopes, the magmatic signature of H2O in Mars can be preserved in some pyroxene.

Description: Water, in the form of structurally bound hydrogen in the crystal lattice of nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs), strongly influences many important physical processes on terrestrial planets and planetary objects. Water enhances the rates of plastic deformation and controls the degree of partial melting in silicate rocks, which influences the generation of melt and therefore the nature of planetary volcanism. Water has also been experimentally demonstrated to influence the nature of lattice preferred orientation in deformed aggregates, and thus may be important in the interpretation of seismic anisotropy data collected from planetary bodies, such as from the current InSight mission on Mars. Therefore, much attention has been focused on characterizing the distribution and concentration of water in the planets and rocky bodies of our solar system.

Description: Exploration Mission 2 (EM-2) will be NASAs first manned flight on the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion Spacecraft. The mission has been changed from an SLS Block 1B configuration to Block 1. This change has necessitated a reexamination of the flight profile to determine what changes must be made in order to accommodate the reduced launch vehicle performance on the Block 1. Launch availability and orbital debris risk will be traded to find the best flight profile for both SLS and Orion.

Description: The NASA Curiosity rover has encountered both ancient and modern dune deposits within Gale crater. The modern dunes are actively migrating across the surface within the Bagnold Dune field of which Curiosity conducted analysis campaigns at two different localities. Variations in mafic-felsic mineral abundances between these two sites have been related to the aeolian mineral sorting regime for basaltic environments identified on the Earth which become preferentially enriched in olivine relative to plagioclase feldspar with increasing distance from the source. This aeolian mineral sorting regime for basaltic minerals has also been inferred for Mars from orbital data. The aim of this study is to investigate whether this aeolian mafic-felsic mineral sorting trend has left a geochemical signature in the ancient dune deposits preserved within the Stimson formation. The Stimson formation unconformably overlies the Murray formation and consists of thickly laminated, cross-bedded sandstone. Stimson outcrops have a variable thickness up to 5 meters covering a total area of 17 square kilometers. A dry, aeolian origin was determined for this sandstone due to the high sphericity and roundness of the grains, uniform bimodal grain size distribution (250-710 microns), and 1-meter-thick cross-beds. Identifying the geochemical signature of mineral sorting can provide insights about the paleo-net sediment transport direction of the dunes and prevailing wind direction at the time of deposition.

Description: The Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover has been essential in understanding volatile-bearing phases in Gale Crater materials. SAMs evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) has detected H2O, CO2, O2, H2, SO2, H2S, HCl, NO, and other trace gases, including organic fragments, in many samples. The identity and evolution temperature of evolved gases can support CheMin instrument mineral detection and place constraints on trace volatile-bearing phases or phases difficult to characterize with X-ray diffraction (e.g., amorphous phases). For the past ~500 sols, MSL has been exploring the Vera Rubin Ridge (VRR), which exhibits a striking hematite signature in orbital remote sensing data, in order to understand the depositional and diagenetic history recorded in the rocks and how it relates to the underlying Murray Formation. Four rock samples were drilled, one from the Blunts Point Member (Duluth, DU), one from the Pettegrrove Point Member (Stoer, ST), and two from the Jura Member. The Jura Member displays differences in color, summarized as grey and red, and a key goal was to constrain the cause of this color difference and the associated implications for depositional or post-depositional conditions. To investigate, a grey (Highfield, HF) and a red (Rock Hall, RH) Jura sample were drilled. Here we will give an overview of results from SAM EGA-MS analyses of VRR materials, with some comparisons to analyses of samples of the underlying Murray.

Description: No abstract available

Description: The Astromaterials Acquisition and Curation Office at the Johnson Space Center is the past, present, and future home of all of NASAs astromaterials sample collections. The primary goals of the curation office are to maintain the long-term integrity of the samples and ensure that the samples are distributed for scientific study in a fair, timely, and responsible manner, thus maximizing the return on each sample. Part of the curation process is planning for the future. To this end, we perform fundamental research in advanced curation initiatives to better prepared for future sample return missions. Advanced Curation is tasked with developing procedures, technology, and data sets necessary for curating new sample collections, or getting new results from existing sample collections. As part of these advanced curation efforts, we have installed and are operating a Nikon XTH 320 X-ray Computed Tomography(XCT) system in the JSC curation office with four interchangeable X-ray sources, a large-area detector, and a heavy-duty stage. These instrument characteristics allow us exceptional flexibility to analyze a wide range of sample sizes, from sub-mm soil particles to rocks 〉10 cm in diameter. The penetrative nature of the XCT scans allows for astromaterials samples to be analyzed within sealed low-density containers (e.g., Teflon bags), preserving the pristinity of the samples. We have begun scanning of the Apollo and Antarctic Meteorite sample suites in order to non-destructively map out lithic clasts (and other features) within the samples. The data from these scans will be made available to scientists via the JSC curation website and the Astromaterials Curation Newsletter. We anticipate sample requests from these new lithic clasts identified in these old samples. We also anticipate that XCT analyses like these would be useful for future sample return missions, like the OSIRIS REx mission, as well as future sample return missions.

Description: A two-step automated Multi-Aircraft Control System traffic scenario generation process for Human-in-the-Loop evaluations of air traffic management concepts is described. The first step of the two-step process employs the scenario generation capability currently available in NASA's Air Traffic Management Testbed. The second step refines the scenario by filtering flights from the traffic scenario based on route length, cruise speed, cruise altitude, entry time and the desired ratio of internal to external flights. A solution for achieving the desired ratio of internal to external flights, where internal flights are shorter flights and external flights are longer flights based on a distance threshold, is described. Finally, schedulers are described for shaping the hourly arrival traffic count as a function of time in response to airport capacity constraint or for increasing the traffic demand with respect to the available arrival capacity. Results generated for arrival traffic to the four major airports in the New York Metroplex on a busy day using the two-step procedure are discussed. These results show that traffic scenarios for Multi-Aircraft Control System that meet the Human-in-the-Loop and fast-time simulation requirements can be created automatically following the procedures described in the paper. The automated process will improve the accuracy and efficiency by eliminating the tedious manual process for scenario generation.

Description: This paper presents an encounter-based simulation architecture developed at NASA to facilitate flexible and efficient Detect and Avoid modeling in parametric or tradespace studies on large data sets. The basic premise of this tool is that large-scale input data can be reduced to a set of `canonical encounters' and that using the reduced data in simulations does not lead to loss of fidelity. A canonical encounter is specified as ownship and intruder flight portions potentially resulting in a loss of well clear along with a set of properties that characterize the encounter. The advantages of using canonical encounters include faster simulations, reduced memory footprint, ability to select encounters based on user-specified criteria, shared encounters across multiple teams, peer-reviewed encounters, and a better understanding of the input data set, to name a few.

Description: In magmatic systems, the availabil- ity of excess oxygen that can react with multivalent elements such as Fe and S to change their charge (oxi- dation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ or reduction of S6+ to S2-) is characterized by a parameter called the oxygen fugacity (O2). The O2 controls the availability of these ions and consequently the mineralsand the chemistry of those mineralsthat crystallize from a melt. Mineral mode and chemistry control how magmas evolve, and given that O2 varies by many orders of magnitude on different planets [2], understanding the O2 of a mag- ma is critical to relating observations about a magma to the body on which it forms. The mineral apatite was long thought to only incor- porate S6+ in a coupled substitution for P5+, but recently natural apatites with S2- were identified in lunar mare basalts that crystallized at low O2 [3]. This suggests that apatite can be used as a monitor of O2 assuming that one can 1) measure S6+/S (S6+ over total sulfur), and 2) determine some partitioning relationship be- tween apatite and melt for S6+ and S2-. The most common method for measuring S6+/S is X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES), but given the limited access to synchrotron facilities, it is wise to explore the potential of other methods for measuring S6+/S. One such possible method relies upon the shift in energy of the sulfur K- peak on the electron microprobe. However, apatite is subject to well-documented beam damage [4, 5], so it is neces- sary to evaluate under what conditions can reliable S6+ ethod.

Description: No abstract available

Description: Seismic data, inclusive of velocities and attenuation, can be utilized to elucidate the physical state of planetary interiors]. However, numerous micromechanical factors have been either experimentally demonstrated, or theoretically considered, to affect the propagation and dissipation of seismic energy within crystalline solids - including, but not limited to, changes in grain size, temperature, melt fraction, pressure and dislocation density. Thus, observed variations in seismic wave speeds and attenuation may be used to ultimately map variations in physical properties, such as those listed above, within planetary bodies. But, in order to complete a successful inversion of seismic data into representations of physical properties, a first requirement is to obtain a fundamental laboratory based understanding of how each of these possible factors individually influences seismic waves. Here we conduct an experimental study with the initial objective to further understand one of the most commonly invoked, yet least studied, mechanisms that could alter intrinsic seismic wave attenuation: water content (occurring as chemically-bound hydroxyl). The historical basis for determining the effect of water on seismic properties was established predominantly through analogy with large-strain creep experiments conducted on olivine under water-saturated conditions. While these deformation experiments routinely demonstrate a weakening of olivine in the presence of water, they represent a fundamentally different deformation regime in comparison to the microstrains experienced due to a passing seismic wave. Thus, in order to directly assess the effects of water on seismic properties, small-strain experiments are required. Substantially modified seismic properties in the presence of water have been observed previously at low strains and low frequencies, but only in a single exploratory study conducted under water-saturated conditions. Thus, to properly test the theoretical predictions we conducted a systematic study of the seismic properties of olivine using low-frequency torsional oscillation on aggregates containing varying concentrations of bound hydroxyl, for the first time at under saturated conditions.

Description: Impact cratering is an important geological process that occurs on every rocky body in the solar system. It alters the texture and mineralogy of rocks via shock metamorphism. The peak shock pressures experienced by a rock are traditionally evaluated using qualitative optical methods however, quantitative methods do exist. One such method was developed by Uchizono et al., who used X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to measure lattice strain () in several artificially shocked olivine grains using XRD peak broadening as a function of tan , where is the diffraction angle. They plotted the values against the known peak shock pressures experienced by the olivine grains. Using this calibration curve, the precise shock pressure experienced by a grain of olivine can be determined using its measured value. Another method was developed by McCausland et al. and Izawa et al., who used in situ XRD to measure strain-related mosaicity (SRM) of olivine in several ordinary chondrites and enstatite in enstatite chondrites, respectively. They plotted these results against the shock stage estimates for these meteorites. Using these plots, meteorites can be assigned to shock stage bins by measuring the SRM of olivine and/or enstatite. Both methods are useful for evaluating shock metamorphism, however, they have limitations. Uchizono et al.s calibration curve has been successfully applied to martian meteorites, however it can only be applied to olivine-bearing rocks. McCausland et al.s and Izawa et al.s SRM method is uncalibrated and is limited to binning meteorites by shock stage. This work aims to expand on both methods by creating calibration curves for clinopyroxene (CPX): one for , similar to Uchizono et al.s calibration curve for olivine, and one for SRM. This will extend the application of shock calibration methods to a greater variety of rock types. Preliminary results are presented herein.

Description: This paper describes exploratory modeling of an on-demand urban air mobility (UAM) network and sizing of vehicles to operate within that network. UAM seeks to improve the movement of goods and people around a metropolitan area by utilizing the airspace for transport. Aircraft sizing and overall network performance results are presented that include comparisons of battery-electric and various hybrid-electric vehicles that are fueled with diesel, jet fuel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Hybrid-electric propulsion systems consisting of internal combustion engine-generators, turbine-generators, and solid oxide fuel cells are explored. Ultimately, the "performance" of the UAM network over a day for each of the different vehicle types, propulsion systems, and stored energy sources is described in four parameters: 1) the average cost per seat-kilometer, which considers the costs of the energy/fuel, vehicle acquisition, insurance, maintenance, pilot, and battery replacement costs, 2) carbon dioxide emission rates associated with vehicle operations, 3) the average passenger wait time, and 4) the average load factor, i.e., the total number of seats filled with paying passengers divided by the total number of available seats. Results indicate that the "dispatch model," which determines when and where aircraft are flown around the UAM network, is critical in determining the overall network performance. This is due to the often-conflicting desires to allow passengers to depart with minimal wait time while still maintaining a high load factor to reduce operating costs. Additionally, regardless of the dispatch model, hybrid-electric aircraft powered by internal combustion engines fueled with diesel or LNG are consistently the lowest cost per seat-kilometer. Battery-electric and future technology LNG/solid oxide fuel cell aircraft produce the lowest emissions (assuming the California grid) with LNG-fueled internal combustion engine-powered hybrids producing only slightly more carbon dioxide.

Description: Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is an up and coming topic in the world of aerosciences. A variety of companies, most notably Uber, has begun working towards making air taxis a regular part of day to day life. However, the implementation of this system into society will require a significant amount of work: making helicopters that can handle these flights and operate safely in urban environments, having landing zones, and working out new technologies to lower costs. NASA has also taken interest in this new idea and has formed a focus group of interns to tackle some of these problems. They have started by designing a few concept models for what these air taxis could look like, focusing on low noise, multiple passenger configurations, and the potential for electric or hybrid helicopters. One particular model is known as NR2, or the "Side by Side," which features two rotors spinning in opposite directions. Though these models are purely conceptual at this point, understanding the real-world aerodynamics and performance of this model is crucial to its future development. Using a program known as Rotorcraft Computational Fluid Dynamics (RotCFD), the performance characteristics of the rotors and aircraft, such as the lift, drag, thrust and power can be determined. These simulations can be run in a variety of flight configurations, with hover, forward flight, and climb being focused on in this study. The rotor collective angle can also be changed and used to get results about the lift and drag for the blades and the model body. These simulations can provide information for future model construction and wind tunnel testing.

Description: NASA's UAS Traffic management (UTM) -TCL-4 focuses on safely enabling large scale small UAS oper- ations in low altitude airspace in dense urban regions. This paper presents an operational architecture of an autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle operating in TCL4. An on-line path planning scheme is proposed which can effectively plan for feasible paths in real time with TCL-4 constraints. An end to end system is designed and tested in high fidelity Reflection architecture which demonstrates the feasibility of the approach.

Description: No abstract available

Description: No abstract available

Description: Space weathering alters the surfaces of airless planetary bodies via irradiation from the solar wind and micrometeorite impacts. These processes modify the microstructure, chemical composition, and spectral properties of surface materials, typically resulting in the reddening (increasing reflectance with increasing wavelength), darkening (reducing albedo), and attenuation of characteristic absorption features in reflectance spectra. In lunar samples, these changes in optical properties are driven by the production of reduced nanophase Fe particles (npFe). Our understanding of space weathering has largely been based on data from the Moon and, more recently, near-Earth S-type asteroids. However, the environment at Mercury is significantly different, with the surface experiencing intense solar wind irradiation and higher velocity micrometeorite impacts. Additionally, the composition of Mercurys surface varies significantly from that of the Moon, including a component with very low albedo known as low reflectance material (LRM) which is enriched with up to 4 wt.% carbon over the local mean. Our understanding of how carbon phases, including graphite, are altered as a result of these processes is limited.

Description: In a negative-polarity coronal hole, magnetic flux emergence, seen by the Solar Dynamics Observatory's {SDO) Helioseismic Magnetic lmager (HMI), begins at approximately 19:00 UT on March 3, 2016. The emerged magnetic field produced sunspots, which NOAA numbered 12514 two days later. The emerging magnetic field is largely bipolar with the opposite-polarity fluxes spreading apart overall, but there is simultaneously some convergence and cancellation of opposite-polarity flux at the polarity inversion line (PIL) inside the emerging bipole. In the first fifteen hours after emergence onset, three obvious eruptions occur, observed in the coronal EUV images from SDO's Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). The first two erupt from separate segments of the external PIL between the emerging positve-polarity flux and the extant surrounding negative-polarity flux, with the exploding magnetic field being prepared and triggered by flux cancellation at the external PIL. The emerging bipole shows obvious overall left-handed shear and/or twist in its magnetic field. The focus of th is poster is the third and largest eruption, which comes from inside the emerging bipole and blows it open to produce a CME observed by SOHO/LASCO. That eruption is preceded by flux cancellation at the emerging bipole's interior PIL, cancellation that plausibly builds a sheared and twisted flux rope above the interior PIL and finally triggers the blow-out eruption of the flux rope via photospheric-convectiondriven slow tether-cutting reconnection of the legs of the sheared core field, low above the interior PIL, as proposed by van Ballegooijen & Martens (1989) and Moore & Roumeliotis (1992). The production of this eruption is a (perhaps rare) counterexample to solar eruptions that result from external collisional shearing between opposite polarities from two distinct emerging and/or emerged bipoles (Chintzoglou et al. 2019).

Description: We present data from ground-based, vacuum-chamber tests demonstrating the ability to modulate the output of a plasma source capable of producing a low-Earth orbit (LEO) type plasma. We obtained plasma oscillations up to 2.5 kHz impingent on stationary test equipment, which corresponds to meter-level ionospheric structures in LEO. This plasma source is, therefore, suitable for developing scientific instruments that measure the LEO plasma environment, in situ, with meter-level spatial resolution. Measurements were made using a fixed-bias collector and an electrometer sampling at 40 kHz. A mechanical aperture was established at the output of the plasma source via two concentric grids. The outer grid was free to rotate in the azimuthal direction with respect to the fixed inner grid. An identical, alternating hole pattern in the two grids resulted in a variable aperture that cycles through 90 open/close cycles per revolution. The frequency of the plasma oscillations is limited by the mechanism used to spin the grids and the bearing assembly on which the grids rotate. Higher frequencies are obtainable by upgrading the drive mechanism, allowing the possibility of centimeter-level spatial resolution.

Description: This is both a presented version of NASA's in-flight icing training aids, and a brief discussion of NASA Glenn's two icing-capable facilities that simulate the airframe and engine icing environments. This presentation has been adapted for a Kent State University Aviation Safety Day. The original version was developed in 2006 time frame, and has been presented to both pilots and engineers.

Description: No abstract available

Description: Determining the biological impact of spaceflight through novel approaches is essential to reduce the health risks to astronauts for long-term space missions. The current established health risks due to spaceflight are only reflecting known symptomatic and physiologic responses and do not reflect early onset of other potential diseases. There are many unknown variables which still need to be identified to fully understand the health impacts due to the environmental factors in space. One method to uncover potential novel biological mechanisms responsible for health risks in astronauts is by utilizing NASA's GeneLab Data Systems (genelab.nasa.gov). GeneLab is public repository that hosts multiple omics datasets generated from space biology experiments that include experiments flown in space, simulated cosmic radiation.

Description: This paper presents results on potential interaction effects from UAM (Urban Air Mobility) operations integrated into current operational scenarios by evaluating if/where/how Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) alerts are triggered on-board commercial aircraft. A range of operational scenarios are evaluated with combinations of UAM vehicle route, speed, altitude, and direction along the DFW (Dallas-Fort Worth) "spine route." The effect of UAM altitude uncertainty on the above is also explored. The analysis was done for both South flow and North flow configurations of DFW. When UAM operations are deterministic, no TCAS RAs (Resolution Advisories) are issued. However, UAM altitude uncertainties point out geographic areas of concern with the associated severity of interactions.

Description: This presentation covers how a high level overview of the Fuser used on ATD-2.

Description: Overview of NASA Integrated Demand Management (IDM) research into synchronized use of strategic and tactical air traffic management systems describes the initial motivation for the research, summary description of key experiments conducted between 2016 and the present, collaboration with outside partners and stakeholders, and the current status of the research.

Description: The Flight Awareness Collaboration Tool (FACT) is a web-based software tool that provides important information about winter weather operations to airline dispatchers and airport personnel. This document provides instructions on how to operate FACT. It reviews FACT goals, features, functions, controls, and data displays. The manual uses text and screen shots of the screens to guide new users on how to access FACT features. This manual is required for FACT distribution to airlines and airports and is needed as part of the NASA patent process.

Description: This presentation provides an overview of work being done to develop test vectors for the terminal area, in coordination with RTCA Special Committee 228, an organization developing the Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Detect and Avoid (DAA) systems. The work leverages existing encounter data to develop a set of encounters to be used to define and refine both performance-based and functionally-based terminal area MOPS requirements. The encounter set would be used across various organizations supporting MOPS terminal area requirements development to provide some level of consistency in terms of terminal area assumptions. The work will investigate other potentially applicable data sets and make any similarly needed adjustments to arrive at a consolidated set of terminal area encounters.

Description: When optimizing the takeoff sequence and schedule for departures at busy airports, it is important to accurately predict the taxi times from gate to runway because those are used to calculate the earliest possible takeoff times. Several airports like Charlotte Douglas International Airport show relatively long taxi times inside the ramp area with large variations, with respect to the travel times in the airport movement area. Also, the pushback process times have not been accurately modeled so far mainly due to the lack of accurate data. The recent deployment of the integrated arrival, departure, and surface traffic management system at Charlotte airport by NASA enables more accurate flight data in the airport surface operations to be obtained. Taking advantage of this system, actual pushback times and ramp taxi times from historical flight data at this airport are analyzed. Based on the analysis, a simple, data-driven prediction model is introduced for estimating pushback times and ramp transit times of individual departure flights. To evaluate the performance of this prediction model, several machine learning techniques are also applied to the same dataset. The prediction results show that the data-driven prediction model is as good as the machine learning algorithms when comparing various prediction performance metrics.

Description: No abstract available

Description: The dramatic flow of data from the Kepler and K2 missions opens the opportunity to significantly improve our knowledge of stellar interiors, surface dynamics, and structure. However, interpretation of these observations is a challenging task because it depends on tiny effects that can be studied only with advanced first-principles modeling. We present results of 3D time-dependent radiative hydrodynamic simulations of stellar outer convection zones and atmospheres taking into account chemical composition, radiative transfer, turbulence effects, and a realistic equation of state for main sequence stars. We will discuss properties of convective structure and dynamics, convective overshoot, effects of magnetic fields and rotation, as well as the potential influence of turbulent surface dynamics on high-precision RV measurements.

Description: When faced with the question of designing an asteroid deflection mission or with the decision of launching it, significant uncertainties are present in the asteroids physical properties, and its orbit solution. The success of the deflection mission relies heavily on these aspects. For example, a heavier than expected asteroid will reduce the imparted deflection DV. So will a larger porosity value by reducing the beta factor [1]. Here, we present a new capability that estimates asteroid impact risk under consideration of these uncertainties. The new method samples the uncertainty space along multiple dimensions, performs a predetermined deflection, propagates the deflected samples to the Earth, models the impact damage, and estimates the overall risk outcome. The work builds on the Probabilistic Asteroid Impact Risk (PAIR) assessment tool [2] by including orbital uncertainty and deflection capabilities. We demonstrate this risk estimation approach for threatening asteroids using the example of the fictitious impactor 2019 PDC. Such analysis provides a quantitative basis for the work of decision makers and disaster managers. It may further find application in areas such as mitigation mission planning where projected post-mitigation risk can be compared to premitigation levels as a means of cost-benefit analysis formitigation options.

Description: No abstract available

Description: The newly developed Trajectory Option Set (TOS), a preference-weighted set of alternative routes submitted by flight operators, is a capability in the U.S. traffic flow management system that enables automated trajectory negotiation between flight operators and Air Navigation Service Providers. The objective of this paper is to describe and demonstrate an approach for automatically generating pre-departure and airborne TOSs that have a high probability of operational acceptance. The approach uses hierarchical clustering of historical route data to identify route candidates. The probability of operational acceptance is then estimated using predictors trained on historical flight plan amendment data using supervised machine learning algorithms, allowing the routes with highest probability of operational acceptance to be selected for the TOS. Features used describe historical route usage, difference in flight time and downstream demand to capacity imbalance. A random forest was found to be the best performing algorithm for learning operational acceptability, with a model accuracy of 0.96. The approach is demonstrated for an historical pre-departure flight from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport.

Description: Fine-grained, spinel-rich Ca-Al-rich inclusions (FGIs) in carbonaceous chondrites consist of numerous layered nodules having cores of spinel, hibonite, and/or perovskite surrounded by multiple thin layers of melilite, anorthite, diopside, and/or olivine. They are interpreted as aggregates of direct high-temperature condensates from an 16O-rich nebular gas that escaped significant melting. However, FGIs are very complex objects composed of intimate intergrowths of fine-grained refractory phases and show extremely large variations in mineralogy, modal abundance, and textures. Thus, detailed FIB/TEM analyses of FGIs are required to fully characterize their micro-to-nanometer scale textures, mineralogy, and chemical compositions and hence elucidate their formation processes and conditions in the early solar nebula. Here, we present our on-going study of pristine FGIs from the reduced CV3 chondrites Efremovka and Thiel Mountains (TIL) 07003 and 07007 that have minimal evidence for secondary parent body alteration.

Description: thermally-metamorphosed ordinary chondrite regolith breccias (Monahans 1998, hereafter simply Monahans ( 5) and Zag (H3-6)) contain fluid inclusion-bearing halite (NaCl) crystals dated to be ~4.5 billion years old. Thus, compositional data on fluid inclusions in these halites will reveal unique information regarding the origin and activity of aqueous fluids in the early solar system, and especially their interactions with organic mate- rial. Our initial analyses of solid inclusions in Monahans halite has shown the presence of olivine, high- and low- Ca pyroxene, feldspars, magnetite, sulfides, phyllosilicates, zeolites, metal, phosphates and abundant organics. We age of carbon, carbonates and organics in these residues, and low but significant amino acids concentrations in Monahans and Zag halite.

Description: The CM chondrites are generally complex impact breccias, in which lithic clasts and mineral fragments showing various degrees of aqueous alteration and possibly originating from different parent bodies are mixed together. The occurrence of CM-like clasts in other chondritic and achondritic meteorite breccias is also well-documented, however, reports on the occurrence of foreign clasts in CM chondrites are rare. In this study, we reinvestigated the white clast in the Murchison CM chondrite and demonstrate that the clast is not related to R chondrites as earlier suggested. In addition to the classification we discuss the origin and the history of its formation by studying several aspects like mineralogy, bulk chemistry, Rare Earth Elements (REE), oxygen isotopes, and the soluble organic compounds.

Description: Detect-and-Avoid (DAA) systems are essential to the safe operations of Unmanned Aircraft Systems, and have the objectives of mitigating collisions with and remaining Well Clear of manned aircraft. This paper analyzes four candidate DAA Well Clear definitions for non-cooperative aircraft using mitigated performance metrics of DAA systems. These DAA Well Clear definitions were proposed in previous work based on their unmitigated collision risk and maneuver initiation range. In this work they are evaluated using safety and operational suitability metrics computed from a large number of representative encounters. Results suggest that although the four candidate DAA Well Clear definitions provide comparable safety, the alerting characteristics give preference for the DAA Well Clear definition without a temporal parameter.

Description: e aerodynamic effects of Cold Soaked Fuel Frost have become increasingly significant as airworthiness authorities have been asked to allow it during aircraft take-off. The Federal Aviation Administration and the Finnish Transport Safety Agency signed a Research Agreement in aircraft icing research in 2015 and started a research co-operation in frost formation studies, computational fluid dynamics for ground de/anti-icing fluids, and de/anti-icing fluids aerodynamic characteristics. The main effort has been so far on the formation and aerodynamic effects of CSFF. To investigate the effects, a generic high-lift common research wind tunnel model and DLR-F15 airfoil, representing the wing of a modern jet aircraft, was built including a wing tank cooling system. Real frost was generated on the wing in a wind tunnel test section and the frost thickness was measured with an Elcometer gauge. Frost surface geometry was measured with laser scanning and photogrammetry. The aerodynamic effect of the frost was studied in a simulated aircraft take-off sequence, in which the speed was accelerated to a typical rotation speed and the wing model was then rotated to an angle of attack used at initial climb. Time histories of the lift coefficient were measured with a force balance. The experiments showed that depending on the ambient temperature the frost may evaporate/melt during the take-off sequence. Lift losses after rotation with CSFF contamination at ambient temperatures of 4 to 7C above freezing point were measured to be 4 to 5 % for roughness values, k/c, below 10(exp -3). For comparison, lift loss tests with typical anti-icing fluids were to roughly equal lift losses. This paper gives an overview of the performed activities.

Description: The newly developed Trajectory Option Set (TOS), a preference-weighted set of alternative routes submitted by flight operators, is a capability in the U.S. traffic flow management system that enables automated trajectory negotiation between flight operators and Air Navigation Service Providers. The objective of this paper is to describe and demonstrate an approach for automatically generating pre-departure and airborne TOSs that have a high probability of operational acceptance. The approach uses hierarchical clustering of historical route data to identify route candidates. The probability of operational acceptance is then estimated using predictors trained on historical flight plan amendment data using supervised machine learning algorithms, allowing the routes with highest probability of operational acceptance to be selected for the TOS. Features used describe historical route usage, difference in flight time and downstream demand to capacity imbalance. A random forest was found to be the best performing algorithm for learning operational acceptability, with a model accuracy of 0.96. The approach is demonstrated for an historical pre-departure flight from Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport to Newark Liberty International Airport.

Description: When optimizing the takeoff sequence and schedule for departures at busy airports, it is important to accurately predict the taxi times from gate to runway because those are used to calculate the earliest possible takeoff times. Several airports like Charlotte Douglas International Airport show relatively long taxi times inside the ramp area with large variations, with respect to the travel times in the airport movement area. Also, the pushback process times have not been accurately modeled so far mainly due to the lack of accurate data. The recent deployment of the integrated arrival, departure, and surface traffic management system at Charlotte airport by NASA enables more accurate flight data in the airport surface operations to be obtained. Taking advantage of this system, actual pushback times and ramp taxi times from historical flight data at this airport are analyzed. Based on the analysis, a simple, data-driven prediction model is introduced for estimating pushback times and ramp transit times of individual departure flights. To evaluate the performance of this prediction model, several machine learning techniques are also applied to the same dataset. The prediction results show that the data-driven prediction model is as good as the machine learning algorithms when comparing various prediction performance metrics.

Description: NASA is currently developing a suite of decision support capabilities for integrated arrival, departure, and surface (IADS) operations in a metroplex environment. The effort is being made in three phases, under NASA's Airspace Technology Demonstration 2 (ATD-2) sub-project, through a strong partnership with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), air carriers, airport, and general aviation community. The Phase 1 Baseline IADS capabilities provide enhanced operational efficiency and predictability of flight operations through data exchange and integration, tactical surface metering, and automated coordination of release time of controlled flights for overhead stream insertion. The users of the IADS system include the personnel at the Charlotte Douglas International Airport (CLT) air traffic control tower, American Airlines ramp tower, CLT terminal radar approach control (TRACON), and Washington Center. This paper describes the Phase 1 Baseline IADS capabilities and field evaluation conducted at CLT from September 2017 for a year. From the analysis of operations data, it is estimated that 538,915 kilograms of fuel savings, and 1,659 metric tons of CO2 emission reduction were achieved during the period with a total of 944 hours of engine run time reduction. The amount of CO2 savings is estimated as equivalent to planting 42,560 urban trees. The results have also shown that the surface metering had no negative impact on on-time arrival performance of both outbound and inbound flights. The technology transfer of Phase 1 Baseline IADS capabilities has been made to the FAA and aviation industry, and the development of additional capabilities for the subsequent phases is underway.

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Description: For highly eccentric orbits such as that of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)mission, with apogee radius now 29.34 Earth radii, the third-body effects of Sun andMoon are the major perturbations. One key consequence is an oscillation in MMSperigee altitude, on an approximately 6 year cycle. This variation has already requiredperigee-raise maneuvers to avoid an untimely reentry. There is also a long-termevolution in the orientation of the MMS orbit, with period roughly twice as long. Thiseffect may potentially be useful for MMS science studies, as it can bring the spacecraftinto new regions of the magnetosphere.

Description: Fourteen CO3 chondrites have been recovered in the Dominion Range (DOM) dense collection area of the Transantarctic Mtns by ANSMET teams during the 2008-09, 2010-11, and 2014-15 seasons [1-3]. DOM 08006, one of the largest masses, has been studied extensively and is recognized to be a very primitive unmetamor-phosed sample of great value to planetary science [4]. Studies of pre-solar grains, organics, chondrules, inclusions, and matrix have revealed a rich scientific treasure helping to constrain the conditions in the early solar system (e.g., [4-8]). Many of the masses paired with this sample are significant, yet the pairing has been called into question due to the finding that DOM 08004 seems less primitive than DOM 08006 [5]. Because of the significant masses involved, and the great scientific value of DOM 08006, we have undertaken a detailed assessment of the pairing using field relations, macroscopic observations, petrography, and olivine compositions.

Description: This presentation reviews voluntary safety reports received by NASA's Aviation Safety Reporting System pertaining to safety issues related to Ground Operations.

Description: This presentation describes the manner in which the ATD-2 began consuming data from SWIM and gradually built new services to satisfy in its mission. This lessons learned from this work indicate that additional data-rich services will be required in the future. This also led to the development of data pre-processing and mediation services that are now of much interest to the community. The presentation mentions some of the barriers to progress that exist for those seeking to use SWIM flight data, and NASA's desire to share its lessons learned with the aviation community.

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Description: The Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST) has identified a set of safety enhancements to mitigate the risks of loss of control in-flight (LOCI) accidents and incidents involving commercial transport airplanes. In support of this, NASA has been developing technologies intended to enhance flight crew awareness of airplane systems, attitude, and energy state. This report describes preliminary ideas for a methodology to assess the goodness of onboard airplane energy state and automation mode prediction functions. The methodology is intended to contribute to the goal of moving these prediction technologies to the readiness level required for transition to industry and reduce the technology certification risks. In addition, this report describes a simulation-based approach named CASPEr (Characterization of Airplane State Prediction Error) to characterize the performance of these predictive functions over a wide range of operational conditions. The first exploratory version of this approach is described. The bulk of the report documents the initial results of tests to characterize the performance of an airplane trajectory prediction function. Future reports will give additional performance characterization results for this function and a complete description of the proposed methodology to assess such functions.

Description: This report presents data analysis results for a simulation-based approach named CASPEr (Characterization of Airplane State Prediction Error) to characterize the performance of onboard energy state and automation mode prediction functions for terminal area arrival and approach phases of flight over a wide range of conditions. In particular, the results include quantification of energy state (i.e., altitude and airspeed) prediction performance, models for prediction performance as a function of initial energy state (i.e., initial altitude, airspeed, and weight) and weather factors, and analysis of outlier prediction performance. Wind speed, wind direction, and wind gradient were found to be major factors in energy state prediction performance. Initial energy and gust intensity were also significant factors in airspeed prediction performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that errors in automation mode prediction may be a major contributor to outlier prediction performance.

Description: Oxygen fugacity and water content are crucial parameters for many chemical and physical properties of the Earth's mantle, for example bearing on fluid type, melting initiation, and deformation. However, the exact behaviour of Fe3+ and H during melting and metasomatism is still under debate. Here, the Fe3+/Fe ratio (Mssbauer and EMP) and water content (FTIR) of peridotite minerals are examined in mantle xenoliths from Kilbourne Hole (KH), NM, and Dish Hill (DH), CA (USA). These spinel peridotites have compositions consistent with partial melting with variable degrees of metasomatism (undetectable to cryptic to modal). Pyroxenites also allow to examine melt-rock reactions. Bulk-rock Fe2O3 content of the KH peridotites correlates with indices of melting (positive with bulk-rock Al2O3 and Cpx Yb contents, and negative with spinel Cr#) confirming that Fe3+ behaves as an incompatible element during melting. Correlations of the Fe3+/Fe ratio of minerals with these indices, however, indicates that Fe3+ is incompatible in Cpx but compatible in Opx and spinel during melting. Water contents in olivine, Cpx and Opx from most KH peridotites can be explained by partial melting and correlate negatively with the Fe3+/Fe ratio of spinel and Opx but positively with that of Cpx. This indicates partial control of Fe3+ on the incorporation of H in pyroxene, but not related to a redox equilibrium in Cpx. The higher Fe3+/Fe ratio of spinel in the metasomatized KH and DH peridotites, and in the pyroxenites confirms that oxidation characterizes modal metasomatism. Metasomatism, however, is not necessarily accompanied by water addition.

Description: The primary objective of this study was to capture pilot feedback and decision-making with regard to proposed, hypothetical, go-around criteria that were developed based on previous research. A secondary objective of the study was to assess crew members' awareness of the aircraft state on approach. An experiment was conducted using Boeing 737-800 and Airbus A330-200 level D full-flight simulators, in which pilots flew multiple approaches which were on the borderline of the proposed go-around criteria at 300 ft. Pilots were instructed that they could either execute a go-around or land the airplane on each run, forcing a decision for the borderline cases at 300 ft. Pilots were instructed to go around if the aircraft was outside of the go-around criteria at 300 ft or if either pilot was uncomfortable with the approach. The results revealed that: 1) the most important factors which drove go-around decision-making during the experiment were airspeed and localizer deviation, 2) the objective data suggested that the 300-ft gate is viable, although many pilots were still uncomfortable with that gate height; perhaps more emphasis on checking stability at 1,000 ft and 500 ft would make more pilots comfortable with the 300-ft go-around gate, 3) allowing for momentary deviations should be considered, and 4) the acceptability of the criteria is highly dependent on given pilot's risk tolerance. Overall, the proposed criteria performed well, and most pilots would find the criteria acceptable with some minor adjustments.

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Description: Energy coupling between the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere can affect the electron population in the outer radiation belt. However, the precise role of different internal and external mechanisms that leads to changes of the relativistic electron population is not entirely known. This paper describes how ultralow frequency (ULF) wave activity during the passage of Alfvenic solar wind streams contributes to the global recovery of the relativistic electron population in the outer radiation belt. To investigate the contribution of the ULF waves, we searched the Van Allen Probes data for a period in which we can clearly distinguish the enhancement of electron uxes from the background. We found that the global recovery that started on 22 September 2014, which coincides with the corotating interaction region preceding a highspeed stream and the occurrence of persistent substorm activity, provides an excellent scenario to explore the contribution of ULF waves. To support our analyses, we employed ground and spacebased observational data and global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and calculated the ULF wave radial diffusion coefcients employing an empirical model. Observations show a gradual increase of electron uxes in the outer radiation belt and a concomitant enhancement of ULF activity that spreads from higher to lower Lshells. Magnetohydrodynamic simulation results agree with observed ULF wave activity in the magnetotail, which leads to both fast and Alfven modes in the magnetospheric nightside sector. The observations agree with the empirical model and are conrmed by phase space density calculations for this global recovery period.

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