ALBERT

Note: This volume draws together the final outputs of the five-year UNESCO/IUGS/IGCP Project 571 and presents new data on radon in the built and natural environments, radon as a diagnostic tool of geophysical phenomena, reflections and recommendations on the future of radon research and a critique of radon's asserted use as a therapy. By considering all the aspects of radon as a health hazard and potential indicator of natural hazards, the project brought together the dispersed research (from universities, governmental and non-governmental bodies as well as commercial companies) on radon within an interdisciplinary context to facilitate scientific advancement and understanding. Through the establishment of working groups at regional and local levels and the development of research networks, a variety of international meetings were organized and a number of journal special issues published to disseminate the results. The scale of the project was global: scientists from over 20 European countries, plus countries in the Americas, Asia and the Middle East have been participants of the project. | Contents: Radon, Health and Natural Hazards: a signpost for assessment and protection in the 21st century / G. K. Gillmore, F. E. Perrier and R. G. M. Crockett / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 1-5, 31 January 2018, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.11 --- Radon as a carcinogenic built-environmental pollutant / Gavin K. Gillmore, Robin G. M. Crockett and Paul S. Phillips / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 7-34, 6 January 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.5 --- Significant annual and sub-annual cycles in indoor radon concentrations: seasonal variation and correction / Robin G. M. Crockett, Christopher J. Groves-Kirkby, Antony R. Denman and Paul S. Phillips / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 35-47, 1 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.2 --- Radon as an anthropogenic indoor air pollutant as exemplified by radium-dial watches and other uranium- and radium-containing artefacts / Robin G. M. Crockett and Gavin K. Gillmore / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 49-61, 9 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.4 --- Radon dynamics in a dwelling with high radon levels in a karst area / J. Vaupotič, A. Brodar, A. Gregorič and I. Kobal / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 63-82, 11 January 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.9 --- Radionuclides in groundwater, rocks and stream sediments in Austria – results from a recent survey / Gerhard Schubert, Rudolf Berka, Christian Katzlberger, Klaus Motschka, Monika Denner, Johannes Grath and Rudolf Philippitsch / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 83-112, 23 May 2017, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.10 --- Effective radium-226 concentration in rocks, soils, plants and bones / Frédéric Perrier, Frédéric Girault and Hélène Bouquerel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 113-129, 21 November 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.8 --- Radon-222 and radium-226 occurrence in water: a review / Frédéric Girault, Frédéric Perrier and Tadeusz A. Przylibski / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 131-154, 2 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.3 --- Radon and carbon dioxide around remote Himalayan thermal springs / Frédéric Girault, Bharat Prasad Koirala, Mukunda Bhattarai and Frédéric Perrier / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 155-181, 2 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.6 --- Radon surveys and monitoring at active volcanoes: learning from Vesuvius, Stromboli, La Soufrière and Villarrica / C. Cigolini, M. Laiolo, D. Coppola, C. Trovato and G. Borgogno / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 183-208, 1 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.1 --- Radon: a radioactive therapeutic element / Tadeusz Andrzej Przylibski / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 451, 209-236, 2 December 2016, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP451.7

Note: Contents: Preface to Fourth Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to First Edition. - Acknowledgments. - PART I THE PERIGLACIAL DOMAIN. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Diagnostic Criteria. - 1.3 Periglacial Environments. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Periglacial Domain and the Cryosphere. - 1.6 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.6.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.6.2 The Challenge of Quaternary Science. - 1.6.3 Periglacial Geomorphology or Cold-Region Geomorphology?. - 1.7 Societal Considerations. - 1.8 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 2 Periglacial Climates. - 2.1 Boundary Conditions. - 2.2 Cold Deserts. - 2.3 Regional Climates. - 2.3.1 High Arctic Climates. - 2.3.2 Continental Climates. - 2.3.3 Alpine Climates. - 2.3.4 Montane Climates. - 2.3.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 2.3.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 2.4 Snow and Ice. - 2.5 Wind. - 2.6 Ground Climates. - 2.6.1 The 'n'-Factor. - 2.6.2 The Thermal Offset. - 2.6.3 The Ground Temperature Regime. - 2.7 Periglacial Climates and Global Climate Change. - 2.7.1 Basic Facts. - 2.7.2 Why Climate-Cryosphere Interactions Accelerate Climate Warming. - 3 Periglacial Ecosystems. - 3.1 General Statement. - 3.2 Biogeographic Zonation and Major Vegetation Types. - 3.3 Adaptations to Cold, Snow, Wind and Aridity. - 3.4 The Effect of Vegetation. - 3.5 The Polar Deserts. - 3.5.1 The High Arctic Polar Deserts. - 3.5.2 The High Arctic Polar Semi-Deserts. - 3.6 The Polar Desert-Tundra Transition. - 3.7 The Low-Arctic Tundra. - 3.8 The Forest-Tundra Bioclimatic Boundary (The Tree Line). - 3.9 The Boreal Forest. - 3.10 The Alpine and Montane Ecosystems. - 3.11 Antarctica - A Special Case. - 3.12 Periglacial Ecosystems and Climate Change. - PART II FROZEN GROUND AND PERMAFROST. - 4 Ground Freezing, Permafrost and the Active Layer. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 Basic Concepts. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 "The Frozen Fringe'. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Perennially-Frozen Ground (Permafrost). - 4.4 Moisture and Ice Within Permafrost. - 4.5 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 4.5.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 4.5.2 The TTOP Model. - 4.5.3 Physical Properties. - 4.5.4 Thermal Properties. - 4.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 4.6.1 Aquifers. - 4.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 4.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 4.7 The Active Layer. - 4.7.1 Terminology. - 4.7.2 The Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - 4.7.3 The Transient Layer. - 4.7.4 The Stefan Equation. - 5 Permafrost Distribution and Stability. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Controls over Permafrost Distribution. - 5.2.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.2.2 Rock Type. - 5.2.3 Vegetation. - 5.2.4 Snow Cover. - 5.2.5 Fire. - 5.2.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.3 Spatial Extent of Permafrost and Frozen Ground. - 5.3.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.3.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.3.3 Montane Permafrost. - 5.3.4 Seasonally-Frozen Ground. - 5.4 Sub-Sea and Relict Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.5 Permafrost and Ecosystems. - 5.6 Permafrost Monitoring and Mapping. - 5.6.1 CALM and GTN-P (TSP). - 5.6.2 BTS and Mountain Permafrost Probability Mapping. - 5.7 Climate Warming and Permafrost. - 5.7.1 Evidence for Warming Permafrost. - 5.7.2 Evidence for Thawing Permafrost. - 6 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Quantitative Parameters. - 6.3 Epigenetic, Syngenetic and Polygenetic Permafrost. - 6.4 Classification. - 6.4.1 The Russian Approach. - 6.4.2 The North American Approach. - 6.5 Main Ground Ice Types. - 6.5.1 Pore Ice. - 6.5.2 Segregated Ice. - 6.5.3 Intrusive Ice. - 6.5.4 Vein Ice. - 6.5.5 Other Types of Ice. - 6.6 Ice Distribution. - 6.6.1 Amounts. - 6.6.2 Distribution with Depth. - 6.6.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 6.6.4 Ice in Poorly-Lithified Sediments. - 6.7 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 6.7.1 Cryostructural Analysis. - 6.7.2 Cryostructures of Epigenetic and Syngenetic Permafrost. - 6.7.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 6.7.4 Aggradational Ice. - 6.7.5 Icy Bodies and Ice, Sand and Soil Pseudomorphs. - 6.8 Ice Crystallography. - 6.9 Ice Geochemistry. - 6.10 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 6.10.1 Nature and Extent. - 6.10.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 6.10.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 6.11 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7 Aggradational Permafrost Landforms. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 7.2.1 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 7.3 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 7.3.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 7.3.2 Ice, Sand and Soil ('Ground') Wedges. - 7.3.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 7.3.4 Polygon Morphology. - 7.3.5 Controls over Cracking. - 7.3.6 Climatic Significance. - 7.4 Ice and Sand Wedges. - 7.4.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.4.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.4.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.4.4 Growth and Deformation of Wedges. - 7.5 Organic Terrain. - 7.5.1 Palsas. - 7.5.2 Peat Plateaus. - 7.6 Frost Mounds. - 7.6.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 7.6.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 7.6.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 7.6.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 7.6.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 7.6.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 8 Thermokarst Processes and Landforms. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Thawing Ground. - 8.2.1 Thaw Strain and Thaw Settlement. - 8.2.2 Potential Depths of Soil Freezing and Thawing. - 8.2.3 The Development of Thermokarst. - 8.3 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.3.1 General Comments. - 8.3.2 Specific Causes. - 8.4 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.4.1 Thermokarst Subsidence (Thaw Settlement). - 8.4.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.4.3 Other Processes. - 8.5 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.5.1 Involuted Structures. - 8.5.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.5.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.5.4 Ice, Silt, Sand and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.6 Thermokarst Landscapes. - 8.6.1 The Alas-Thermokarst Relief of Central Yakutia. - 8.6.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.6.3 The Ice-Free Areas of Continental Antarctica. - 8.7 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.7.1 Low-Centred Polygons. - 8.7.2 High-Centred Polygons. - 8.7.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.8 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.8.1 Lakes and Taliks. - 8.8.2 Morphology. - 8.8.3 Growth and Drainage. - 8.8.4 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - Part III Periglacial Geomorphology. - 9 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 General Weathering Facts. - 9.3 Freezing and Thawing Indices. - 9.4 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 9.4.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 9.4.2 Insolation and Thermal Shock. - 9.4.3 Perspective. - 9.5 Chemical Weathering. - 9.5.1 Karkevagge. - 9.5.2 Solution and Karstification. - 9.5.3 Salt Weathering. - 9.6 Cryogenic Weathering. - 9.6.1 Cryogenic Disintegration. - 9.6.2 The Coefficient of Cryogenic Contrast. - 9.6.3 Physico-Chemical Changes. - 9.6.4 Problematic Phenomena. - 9.7 Cryobiological Weathering. - 9.8 Rates of Cold-Climate Bedrock Weathering. - 9.9 Cryosols and Cryopedology. - 9.9.1 Cryosols. - 9.9.2 Classification. - 9.9.3 Cryosolic Micromorphology. - 10 Mass-Wasting Processes and Active-Layer Phenomena. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 10.2.1 Solifluction. - 10.2.2 Frost Creep. - 10.2.3 Gelifluction. - 10.2.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 10.3 Rapid Mass-Wasting Processes. - 10.3.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 10.3.2 Debris Flows, Slush Flows and Avalanches. - 10.3.3 Rockfall. - 10.4 Snow Hydrology and Slopewash Processes. - 10.4.1 Snow Hydrology and Snowbanks. - 10.4.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 10.5 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 10.5.1 Frost Heaving. - 10.5.2 Bedrock Heave. - 10.5.3 Upward Heaving of Stones and Objects. - 10.5.4 Stone Tilting. - 10.5.5 Ne

Note: Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Executive Summary -- Part One - C’mon! Don’t tell me the current trends are sustainable! -- 1.1 Introduction: The World in Disarray -- 1.2 Limits to Growth - how relevant was its message?- 1.3 Planetary Boundaries -- 1.4 The Anthropocene -- 1.5 The Climate Challenge -- 1.6 Other disasters ahead -- 1.7 Unsustainable population growth - and urbanization -- 1.8 Unsustainable agriculture and food system -- 1.9 Trade versus environment -- 1.10 The 2030 Agenda - the devil is in implementation -- 1.11 Do we like disruptions? The case of the digital revolution -- 1.12 From Empty World to Full World -- Part Two - C’mon! Don’t stick to outdated philosophies! -- 2.1 Laudato Sí: The Pope raises His voice -- 2.2 Change the Story, Change the Future -- 2.3 1991: „The First Global Revolution“ -- 2.4 Capitalism got arrogant -- 2.5 The failure of the market doctrine -- 2.6 Philosophical errors of the market doctrine -- 2.7 Reductionist philosophy is shallow and inadequate -- 2.8 Gaps between Theory, Education and Social Reality -- 2.9 Tolerance and long-term perspectives -- 2.10 We may need a New Enlightenment -- Part Three Come On! Join us on an exciting journey towards a sustainable world! .- 3.1 A regenerative economy -- 3.2 Development Alternatives -- 3.3 The Blue Economy -- 3.4 Decentralized energy -- 3.5 Some agricultural success stories -- 3.6 Regenerative urbanization: Ecopolis -- 3.7 Climate: Some good news, but bigger challenges -- 3.8 Circular economy requires a new economic logic -- 3.9 Five-fold resource productivity -- 3.10 Healthy disruption -- 3.11 Reform of the financial sector -- 3.12 Reform of the economic set-up -- 3.13 Benign investment -- 3.14 Measuring well-being rather than GDP -- 3.15 Civil Society, Social Capital and Collective Leadership -- 3.16 Global Governance -- 3.17 National level action: China and Bhutan -- 3.18 Education for a sustainable civilization -- Conclusion: We invite readers to ‘come on’

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Origin and characters of silicon and its isotopes. - 1.2 A brief description of silicon geochemistry. - 1.3 The history of silicon isotope studies. - 2 Analytical methods of silicon isotope composition. - 2.1 Gas source isotope ratio mass spectrometric analysis of silicon isotopes. - 2.2 Multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (MC-ICPMS) analysis of silicon isotopes. - 2.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. - 2.4 Standards and reference materials for silicon isotope measurement. - 2.5 Comparison of different methods on silicon isotope analyses. - 3 Mechanisms of silicon isotope fractionation. - 3.1 The thermodynamic silicon isotope exchange fractionation. - 3.2 Kinetic fractionation of silicon isotopes. - 4 Distribution of silicon isotopes in nature. - 4.1 Silicon isotope compositions of extraterrestrial materials. - 4.2 Silicon isotope distribution in lithosphere. - 4.3 Silicon isotope compositions of soils. - 4.4 Hydrosphere. - 4.5 Biosphere. - 5 Several aspects of silicon isotope applications. - 5.1 Studies on global silicon cycle. - 5.2 Silicon isotope studies on environmental variation of ocean. - 5.3 Studies on mechanisms of absorption, transportation and precipitation of silicon in plant growth processes. - 5.4 Studies on silicon source and genesis of ore deposits. - References. - Index.

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Note: Contents: 1 General introduction. - 1.1 Challenges of isotope-based temperature reconstructions. - 1.2 Thesis overview. - 1.3 Author contributions. - 2 Theoretical background. - 2.1 The isotopic composition of firn and ice. - 2.1.1 Fractionation of water isotopologues. - 2.1.2 Relationship with temperature. - 2.1.3 Measuring of the isotopic composition. - 2.2 Processes within the firn column. - 2.2.1 The firn column of polar ice sheets. - 2.2.2 The density of firn. - 2.2.3 The temperature profile of firn. - 2.2.4 Vapour diffusion in firn. - 2.3 Internal climate variability. - 3 Regional climate signal vs.local noise: a two-dimensional view of water isotopes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Data and methods. - 3.3 Results. - 3.3.1 Trench isotope records. - 3.3.2 Single-profile representativity. - 3.3.3 Mean trench profiles. - 3.3.4 Spatial correlation structure. - 3.3.5 Statistical noise model. - 3.4 Discussion. - 3.4.1 Local noise vs. regional climate signal. - 3.4.2 Representativity of isotope signals. - 3.4.3 Implications. - 3.5 Conclusions. - 3.6 Appendix A: Derivation of noise model. - 3.6.1 Definitions. - 3.6.2 Derivation of model correlations. - 3.6.3 Estimation of parameters. - 3.7 Appendix B: Noise level after diffusion. - 4 Constraints on post-depositional isotope modifications in east antarctic firn. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Data and methods. - 4.2.1 Sampling and measurements. - 4.2.2 Trench depth scale. - 4.2.3 Spatial variability of trench profiles. - 4.2.4 Quantification of downward advection, densification and diffusion. - 4.2.5 Statistical tests. - 4.3 Results. - 4.3.1 Comparison of T15 and T13 isotope data. - 4.3.2 Expected isotope profile changes. - 4.3.3 Temporal vs. spatial variability. - 4.4 Discussion. - 4.4.1 Densification, diffusion and stratigraphic noise. - 4.4.2 Additional post-depositional modifications. - 4.5 Conclusions. - 5 On the similarity and apparent cycles of isotope variations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Data and Methods. - 5.2.1 Data. - 5.2.2 Spectral analysis. - 5.2.3 Rice’s formula. - 5.2.4 Cycle length and amplitude estimation. - 5.2.5 Model for vertical isotope profiles. - 5.3 Results. - 5.3.1 Spectral analysis of isotope profiles. - 5.3.2 Theoretical and observed cycle length. - 5.3.3 Illustrative examples. - 5.3.4 Depth dependency of cycle length. - 5.3.5 Simulated vs. observed isotope variations. - 5.4 Discussion and summary. - 5.5 Conclusions. - 5.6 Appendix A: Input sensitivity. - 5.7 Appendix B: Additional results. - 5.8 Appendix C: Spectral significance testing. - 6 Timescale-dependency of antarctic isotope variations. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Data and methods. - 6.2.1 DML and WAIS isotope records. - 6.2.2 Spectral model. - 6.2.3 Timescale-dependent signal-to-noise ratio. - 6.2.4 Effects of diffusion and time uncertainty. - 6.2.5 Present-day temperature decorrelation. - 6.3 Results. - 6.3.1 Illustration of model approach. - 6.3.2 DML and WAIS isotope variability. - 6.4 Discussion. - 6.4.1 Interpretation of noise spectra. - 6.4.2 Interpretation of signal spectra. - 6.4.3 Signal-to-noise ratios. - 6.4.4 Differences between DML and WAIS. - 6.5 Conclusions. - 7 Declining temperature variability from LGM to holocene. - 8 General discussion and conclusions. - 8.1 Short-scale spatial and temporal isotope variability. - 8.1.1 Local spatial variability. - 8.1.2 Seasonal to interannual variability. - 8.1.3 Spatial vs. temporal variability. - 8.2 Extension to longer scales. - 8.2.1 Spatial vs. temporal variability on interannual timescales. - 8.2.2 Holocene and longer timescales. - 8.3 Concluding remarks and outlook. - Bibliography. - A Methods to: declining temperature variability from lgm to holocene. - A.1 Temperature proxy data. - A.2 Model-based temperature and variability change. - A.3 Temperature recalibration of proxy records. - A.3.1 Recalibration of ice-core records. - A.3.2 Recalibration of marine records. - A.4 Variance and variance ratio estimation. - A.5 Noise correction. - A.5.1 Testing effect of noise correction. - A.6 Effect of ecological adaption and bioturbation. - A.7 Effect of proxy sampling locations. - B Layering of surface snow and firn: noise or seasonal signal?. - B.1 Introduction. - B.2 Materials and methods. - B.2.1 Firn-core density profiles. - B.2.2 Trench density profiles. - B.2.3 Dielectric profiling and density estimates. - B.2.4 Comparison of DEP and CT density. - B.2.5 Ion measurements. - B.3 Results. - B.3.1 2-D trench density data. - B.3.2 Spatial correlation structure. - B.3.3 Comparison of mean density, isotope and impurity profiles. - B.3.4 Spectral analysis of vertical density data. - B.4 Discussion. - B.4.1 Spatial variability. - B.4.2 Representativeness of single profiles. - B.4.3 Seasonal cycle in snow density. - B.4.4 Density layering in firn and impurities. - B.5 Conclusions. - Acknowledgements - Danksagung.

Note: Contents: 1. Indian diversity and global migrations ; 2. The great Indian migration wave ; 3. Merchants and capital ; 4. Diasporas and Dreams ; 5. Partitions and displacments ; 6. Migration and development

Note: Contents ISOLA Code for Multiple-Point Source Modeling—Review / Jiří Zahradník and Efthimios Sokos Seismic Moment Tensors in Anisotropic Media: A Review / Václav Vavryčuk The Frequency-Domain Moment-Tensor Inversion: Retrieving the Complete Source Moment-Tensor Spectra and Time Histories / Xiaoning Yang, Brian W. Stump and Mason D. Macphail Berkeley Seismic Moment Tensor Method, Uncertainty Analysis, and Study of Non-double-couple Seismic Events / Douglas S. Dreger Estimating Stability and Resolution of Waveform Inversion Focal Mechanisms / S. Scolaro, C. Totaro, D. Presti, Sebastiano D’Amico, G. Neri and B. Orecchio The Method of Cataclastic Analysis of Discontinuous Displacements / Yu. L. Rebetsky and A. Yu. Polets Challenges in Regional Moment Tensor Resolution and Interpretation / Simone Cesca and Sebastian Heimann The Role of Moment Tensors in the Characterization of Hydraulic Stimulations / Ismael Vera Rodriguez, James Rutledge and Sergey Stanchits Constrained Moment Tensors: Source Models and Case Studies / Jan Šílený Seismic Deformation Derived from Moment Tensor Summation: Application Along the Hellenic Trench / Anastasia Kiratzi, Christoforos Benetatos and Filippos Vallianatos Estimation of Empirical Green’s Tensor Spatial Derivative Elements: A Preliminary Study Using Strong Motion Records in Southern Fukui Prefecture, Japan / Michihiro Ohori Retrieval of the Seismic Moment Tensor from Joint Measurements of Translational and Rotational Ground Motions: Sparse Networks and Single Stations / Stefanie Donner, Heiner Igel, Céline Hadziioannou and the Romy group Overview of Moment Tensor Analysis in New Zealand / John Ristau Applications of Moment Tensor Solutions to the Assessment of Earthquake Hazard in Canada / J. F. Cassidy, H. Kao, John Ristau and A. Bent Intraplate Earthquakes in Europe—Source Parameters from Regional Moment Tensor Analysis / Jochen Braunmiller Source Characteristics of the January 8, 2013 (M W = 5.7) and May 24, 2014 (M W = 6.8) North Aegean Earthquakes Sequence / Doğan Kalafat, Kıvanç Kekovalı and Ali Pınar Investigating the Focal Mechanisms of the August 4th, 2003, Mw 7.6, South Orkney Islands Earthquake and its Aftershocks Sequence / M. P. Plasencia Linares, M. Guidarelli, M. Russi and G. F. Panza Waveform Modelling of 2009 Bhutan Earthquake of Magnitude 6.1 (Mw) Using Local Network Data of North East India / Santanu Baruah and Midusmita Boruah Resolving the Tectonic Stress by the Inversion of Earthquake Focal Mechanisms. Application in the Region of Greece. A Tutorial / Ioannis G. Kassaras and Vasilis Kapetanidis Relative Locations of Clustered Earthquakes in the Sea of Marmara and States of Local Stresses in the East of the Central Marmara Basin / Yasemin Korkusuz Öztürk and Nurcan Meral Özel Focal Mechanisms of Earthquakes and Stress Field of the Earth Crust in Azerbaijan / G. J. Yetirmishli and S. E. Kazimova Seismotectonic Crustal Strains of the Mongol-Baikal Seismic Belt from Seismological Data / Alena Seredkina and Valentina Melnikova The Stress State of Seismic Areas of the Central and East Asia / Yu. L. Rebetsky, A. Yu. Polets, O. A. Kuchay and N. A. Sycheva The Significance of Crustal Velocity Model in Moment Tensor Solutions: A Case Study of Yedisu Earthquakes / Fatih Turhan, Musavver Didem Cambaz and Jiří Zahradník An Overview of the Seismicity and Tectonics of the Black Sea / Doğan Kalafat Coulomb Stress Changes in the Area of December 2013–January 2014 Sannio-Matese Seismic Sequence (Southern Italy) / Santanu Baruah and Sebastiano D’Amico Active Faulting in the Earth’s Crust of the Baikal Rift System Based on the Earthquake Focal Mechanisms / Vladimir A. Sankov and Anna A. Dobrynina Quaternary Stress Field and Faulting in the Western Part of the Catanzaro Trough (Calabria, Southern Italy) / F. Brutto, F. Muto, M. F. Loreto, Sebastiano D’Amico, N. De Paola, V. Tripodi and S. Critelli A Seismogenic Zone Model for Seismic Hazard Studies in Northwestern Africa / J. A. Peláez, J. Henares, M. Hamdache and C. Sanz de Galdeano A Trial Modeling of Perturbed Repeating Earthquakes Combined by Mathematical Statics, Numerical Modeling and Seismological Observations / Keisuke Ariyoshi, Shunichi Nomura, Naoki Uchida and Toshihiro Igarashi Getting Started with GMT: An Introduction for Seismologists / Matthew R. Agius Devices for a Rotational Ground Motion Measurement / Leszek R. Jaroszewicz and Anna Kurzych

Note: Contents: Teil A - Basics der Antragstellung ; I. Förderer und Interessen ; 1. Die Förderlandschaft Deutschlands - Akteure und Intentionen ; 2. Förderung im deutschsprachigen Raum ; II Politische Gestaltungsprozesse und Rahmenbedingunge ; 1. Der Einfluss der Politik - Anwendungsbezogene Förderung in Europa ; 2. Die nationale Programmgestaltung der Ministerien - Das Beispiel BMBF ; III Rund um die Antragsbewertung - Über Gutachter, Antragssprache, Erfolgsquoten und das Scheitern ; 1. Gutachtersystem ; 2. Die Gutachter im Fokus - Motivation, Befindlichkeiten, individueller Lese- und Entscheidungsprozess ; IV. Die Sprache im Projektantrag - Einige Schreibtipps ; 1. Struktureller Aufbau und optische Lesefreundlichkeit ; 2. Der Schreibstil ; 3. Die richtige Argumentationslinie und den passenden Schtreibstil finden ; 4. "False friends" - Mehrdeutige Begrifflichkeiten ; V. Vom Scheitern - Unwägbarkeiten bei der Antragsstellung ; 1. Konkurrenz, Quoten und Ablehnungsgründe ; 2. Über die Vielfältigkeit des Scheiterns - Fehleranalyse ; Teil B - In zehn Schritten zum Projektantrag ; Vorüberlegungen ; Tragfähigkeit der Projektidee ; 2. Der Faktor Zeit - Wie lange brauche ich bis zu einer Projektbewilligung? ; 3. Strategische Entscheidungen für Ihr Vorhaben und die eigene Karriere - Passt der Förderer auch wirklich? ; Schritt 1 - Projektideenentwicklung ; 1. Wie fange ich am besten an - mit der Idee oder mit dem Programm? ; 2. Fantasie ist gefragt - Kreativitätstechniken im Projektentwicklungs­prozess ; Schritt 2 - Die (Kurz-)Skizze: In der Kürze liegt die Würze ; Schritt 3 - Ideen-, Fach- und Programmrecherche ; 1. Ist meine Idee einmalig? ; 2. Wer finanziert meine Idee? - Die Programmrecherche ; Schritt 4 - Partner: Wer macht mit? ; 1. Anforderungen an die Partnerschaft ; 2. Wo und wie finden Sie Ihre Partner? ; 3. Darstellung der Projektorganisation - Rollen im Projekt ; Schritt 5 - Die Antragstellung: Jetzt geht’s erst richtig los! ; 1. Antragswege, Antragsverfahren ; 2. Formales und Bürokratisches - Der Horror schlechthin? ; Schritt 6 - Das Projektdesign: Die inhaltliche Ausgestaltung des Projektantrags ; 1. Projekttitel und Akronym - Dem Kind einen Namen geben ; 2. Zusammenfassung/Abstract - Den Überblick verschaffen ; 3. Wie beginne ich? Forschungshypothesen, Gesamtziel oder Problemschilderung? ; 4. Der State of the Art - Das Aufzeigen der Relevanz des Themas 5. Das Arbeitsprogramm - Methoden und Vorgehensweise ; 6. Was bekommt der Förderer für sein Geld? Die Wirkungsbreite des Projektes - Pläne für Verbreitung, Verwertung, Impact und Nachhaltigkeit ; 7. Wie gewährleiste ich Qualität und Sicherheit? Das Evaluations- oder Qualitätskonzept des Projektes ; Schritt 7 - Die Planung des Projektes: Das Management beginnt ; 1. Planungsschritte und-regeln ; 2. Projekt-Planungstechniken ; Schritt 8 - Der Finanzplan: Was kostet das Ganze? ; 1. Wunsch und Wirklichkeit - Was wird finanziert? ; 2. Die Finanzkonditionen des Förderers: Förderhöchstgrenzen, Zuschuss­fähigkeit, Kostenmodelle ; 3. Kostenarten und deren Bedeutung ; Schritt 9 - Absicherungen: Juristisches ; Schritt 10 - Die Gestaltung der Anlagen: Was ist einem Antrag beizufügen? ; Teil C - Service ; 1. Beratungs- und Servicestellen - Eine kleine Auswahl ; 2. Literaturliste und Web-Links

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. History and evolution of the postdoctoral scholar in the United States / Keith Micoli and Steve Wendell 2. A review of postdoc reforms in the United States and the case of the Fair Labor Standards Act updates of 2016 / Adriana Bankston and Gary S. McDowell 3. Institutional support, programs, and policies for postdoctoral training / Nisha A. Cavanaugh 4. Postdoc scholars in S&E departments : plights, departmental expectations, and policies / Xuhong Su and Mary Alexander 5. Proactive postdoc mentoring / Sarah C. Hokanson and Bennett B. Goldberg 6. Career coherence, agency, and the postdoctoral scholar / Karen J. Haley, Tara D. Hudson and Audrey J. Jaeger 7. European cross-national mixed-method study on early career researcher experience / Montserrat Castelló, Kirsi Pyhältö and Lynn McAlpine 8. Postdoc trajectories : making visible the invisible / Lynn McAlpine 9. Global perspectives on the postdoctoral scholar experience / Karri Holley ... [et al.]

Note: Einleitung --- I Angewandte Mathematik und Grundlagen für das Machine Learning --- Lineare Algebra --- Wahrscheinlichkeits- und Informationstheorie --- Numerische Berechnung --- Grundlagen für das Machine Learning --- II Tiefe Netze: Zeitgemäße Verfahren --- Tiefe Feedforward-Netze --- Regularisierung --- Optimierung beim Trainieren von tiefen Modellen --- CNNs --- Sequenzmodellierung: RNNs und rekursive Netze --- Praxisorientierte Methodologie --- Anwendungen --- III Deep-Learning-Forschung --- Lineare Faktorenmodelle --- Autoencoder --- Representation Learning --- Strukturierte probabilistische Modelle für Deep Learning --- Monte-Carlo-Verfahren --- Die Partitionsfunktion --- Approximative Inferenz --- Tiefe generative Modelle --- Literaturverzeichnis --- Abkürzungsverzeichnis --- Index

Note: Contents: Vom Ursprung der Sozialpolitik ; Die soziale Frage in der Marktwirtschaft ; Von der Verteilung der Ressourcen ; Von Reichtum, Verantwortung und Umverteilung ; Fazit und Zusammenfassung

Note: Contents: Einleitung ; 1. Aus der Klimageschichte lernen ; 2. Die globale Erwärmung ; 3. Die Folgen des Klimawandels ; 4. Klimawandel in der öffentlichen Diskussion ; 5. Die Lösung des Klimaproblems

Note: Contents: Einleitung ; Erfordernisse der Transformationsforschung am Beispiel der Energiewende ; Energiewissen, Wissenspolitik und Energietransformationen ; Expertise im Nexus. Von der Verwendungs- zur Vernetzungsforschung ; Relevanzbeurteilungen in der Nachhaltigkeitsforschung. Von Experteneinschätzungen, Bauchgefühl und Urteilskraft ; Wissen auf die Straße - ko-kreative Verkehrspolitik jenseits der »Knowledge-Action-Gap« ; Transdisziplinarität und Projektmanagement. Zur Organisation von Wissensprozessen im Nachhaltigkeitsbereich ; Dilemmata der Nachhaltigkeit zwischen Evaluation und Reflexion. Begründete Kriterien und Leitlinien für Nachhaltigkeitswissen ; Nachhaltiges Publizieren. Zu den Grenzen des wissenschaftlichen Wachstums ; Zwischen Hoffnung und Skepsis. Perspektiven einer »nachhaltigen« Wirtschaft

Note: Contents: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword by Robert McLeman and FranÃois Gemenne -- Foreword by Mary Robinson -- Acknowledgements -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of boxes -- List of contributors -- Part I Existing knowledge, theories and methods -- 1 Environmental migration research: evolution and current state of the science -- 2 Theories of voluntary and forced migration -- 3 Mobility, displacement and migration, and their interactions with vulnerability and adaptation to environmental risks -- 4 Environmental change and international migration: a review -- 5 Immobility -- 6 Geospatial modeling and mapping -- 7 Modeling migration and population displacement in response to environmental and climate change: multilevel event history models -- 8 Estimating the population impacts of sea level rise -- 9 Qualitative research techniques: itâs a case-studies world -- 10 Incorporating Indigenous knowledge in research -- 11 Gender, migration and (global) environmental change -- 12 Environmental migrants, climate ârefugeesâ and sun-seeking expats: capturing the larger context of migration in a changing climate through appropriate and effective behavioural research -- Part II Empirical evidence from regions -- 13 Environmental change and migration: a review of West African case studies -- 14 Burkina Faso: the adaptation-migration policy nexus in a drying climate -- 15 Fleeing from arid lands: pastoralism in the context of climate change -- 16 Climate and risk of migration in South Africa -- 17 Deforestation, drought and environmental migration in Brazil: an overview -- 18 Internal migration in Bangladesh: a comparative analysis of coastal, environmentally challenged, and other districts -- 19 Environmental stressors and population mobility in China: causes, approaches and consequences -- 20 Environmental migration in Mexico -- 21 Transnational approaches to remittances, risk reduction, and disaster relief: evidence from post-Typhoon Haiyan experiences of Filipino immigrants in Canada -- 22 Population displacements and migration patterns in response to Hurricane Katrina -- 23 A community-based model for resettlement: lessons from coastal Louisiana -- 24 Social and cultural dimensions of environment-related mobility and planned relocations in the South Pacific -- Part III Legal and policy considerations -- 25 Definitions and concepts -- 26 Human rights, environmental displacement and migration -- 27 Climate, migration and displacement: exploring the politics of preventative action -- 28 Environmental migration and international political security: rhetoric, reality and questions -- 29 Green grabbing-induced displacement -- 30 Climate-induced community relocations: institutional challenges and human rights protections -- 31 UNHCRâs perspectives and activities on displacement in the context of climate change -- 32 Environmental change and human mobility: perspectives from the World Bank -- 33 Human mobility in the Anthropocene: perspectives from UN Environment -- 34 Platform on Disaster Displacement, follow-up to the Nansen Initiative: addressing the protection needs of persons displaced across borders in the context of disasters and climate change -- 35 A moment of opportunity to define the global governance of environmental migration: perspectives from the International Organization for Migration -- 36 Where do we go from here? Reflections on the future of environmental migration and displacement research -- Index

Note: INHALT: EDITORIAL. - Auf den Spuren des Wandels: Forschung an den Brennpunkten unseres Planeten. - SCHWERPUNKTTHEMA. - Hotspot Arktis – wenn das Eis verschwindet. - OZEANOGRAPHIE. - E-Mails vom Filchner-Schelfeis. - MEEREISVORHERSAGE. - Wenn zwei sich „streiten“. - KLIMAMODELLIERUNG. - Stets die richtige Maschenweite. - HYDROAKUSTIK. - Der Sound des Ozeans. - OZEANOGRAPHIE. - Der Wärme-Pulsschlag des Nordatlantiks. - OZEANOGRAPHIE. - Wohin wandert der Rieseneisberg vom Larsen C-Schelfeis?. - ATMOSPHÄRENFORSCHUNG. - Per Anhalter in die Arktis. - KLIMAMODELLIERUNG. - Die Stärken des Rechnens. - FERNERKUNDUNG. - Die Lücken im Blick. - ATMOSPHÄRENFORSCHUNG. - Die Ozon-Story. - MEEREISPHYSIK. - Messungen aus der Vogelperspektive. - FORSCHUNGSVERBUND. - Den Klimawandel vor der Haustür verstehen. - INFOGRAFIK. - Einblicke in das Klima der Vergangenheit. - MEERESSPIEGELANSTIEG. - Eis weg - Land unter!. - IMPRESSUM.

Note: Contents: Preface - The strongman economy? ; 1 - Putin's economic inheritance ; 2 - Reforging the Russian state ; 3 - Rise of the energy giants ; 4 - Stabilizing Russia's finances ; 5 - Restructuring Russian industry ; 6 - Wages and welfare ; 7 From crisis to crisis ; 8 - Putinomics under pressure ; Postscript - Can Putinomics survive?

Note: Contents: Introduction: The Indispensable State, Sustaining Our Future ; 1 Debunking "Sustainability": Moving beyond "Feel-Good" Slogans ; 2 Sustainability by the State, Not Markets or Technology; 3 The State of Growth ; 4 Working with the State: Building the Social Security Net ; 5 The State's Obligations ; 6 Authority, Not Authoritarianism ; 7 Checks and Balances ; 8 Redefining Freedom, Rights, and Prosperity ; 9 The Tropical Haze Crisis ; 10 The Tropical City Is No Paradise ; 11 China: The Strong State? ; 12 Transition: From Business as Usual to the Sustainable State ; Conclusion: Either States Act, or Doom Looms

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Steam-engine economics; 3. Beyond homo economicus; 4. Big and dirty; 5. Pictures of improbability; 6. Trillions, or only hundreds?; 7. Zipf’s law and other stories; 8. Ants and traders; 9. Too big to ignore; 10. Climate tipping points and known unknowns; 11. Predators and prey; 12. Good enough for government work; 13. Fat tails and the failure of forecasting; 14. Misunderstanding risk; 15. Choices beyond calculation; 16. Who won World War II?; 17. Conclusion

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1Wissenschaftliche Zielsetzung 2 Grundlagen 2.1 Grundgleichungen 2.2 Potentielle Vorticity 2.3 Planetare Wellen 2.4 Atmosphärische Instabilität 2.5 Grenzschicht 2.6 Kopplung von Tropo- und Stratosphäre 3 Daten und Methoden 3.1 N-ICE2015 3.1.1 Expeditionsbeschreibung 3.1.2 Ziele der Expedition 3.2 Daten 3.2.1 Beobachtungsdaten 3.2.2 ERA-Interim Reanalyse 3.2.3 Das HIRHAM5 Modell 3.3 Analysemethoden 3.3.1 Temperaturinversionen 3.3.2 Vertikale Stabilität 3.3.3 Grenzschichthöhe 3.3.4 Eady Growth Rate 3.3.5 2d-Skalenfilterung und -Pattern-Korrelation 3.3.6 Nudging Experiment 4 Analyse der N-ICE2015 Radiosonden 4.1 Blick auf die Troposphäre 4.2 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: A 4.3 Zyklonencharakteristika 4.4 Temperaturinversionen und Stabilität 4.5 Vergleich mit ERA-Interim, SHEBA und Ny-Ålesund 4.6 Résumé der Expeditionsdaten 5 Nudging Studien mit HIRHAM5 5.1 Vergleich mit ERA-Interim 5.2 Vergleich der Simulationen 5.3 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: B 5.3.1 Synoptische Aktivität 5.4 Statistischer Vergleich 6 Einfluss der Stratosphäre 6.1 Stratosphäre im Winter 2014/2015 6.2 Fallstudie zum M2-Sturm: C 6.3 PV als Ladung 6.4 Résumé der Beobachtungen 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Zusätztliche Abbildungen B Literaturverzeichnis

Note: Text auf Englisch; Vorwort auf Deutsch, Französisch und Englisch; Zusammenfassung auf Englisch

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis: - The First Geometric POD of LEO Satellites - a Piece of History - Reference Frame From the Combination of a LEO Satellite with GPS Constellation and Ground Network of GPS Stations - Geometrical Model of the Earth’s Geo center Based on Temporal Gravity Field Maps - First Phase Clocks and Frequency Transfer - First Geometric POD of GPS and Galileo Satellites - Kinematics of IGS Stations - Reduced-Kinematic POD - First GPS Baseline in Space - the GRACE Mission - Geometrical Modeling of the Ionosphere and the Troposphere with LEO Orbit - Aerodynamics in Low LEO: A Novel Approach to Modeling Air Density Based on IGS TEC Maps - GPS Single-Frequency: From First cm-POD to Single Frequency GNSS-RO/R - Absolute Code Biases Based on the Ambiguity-Free Linear Combination - DCBs without TEC - LEO Near-Field Multipath and Antenna Effects - Probing the Flyby Anomaly Using Kinematic POD - Exotic Applications of Kinematic POD - Galileo-2: A Highly Accurate Dynamical GEO Reference Frame to Complement the TRF - Geometrical Representation of Gravity Field Determination

Note: Jacobin legacy: the origins of social justice -- National welfare and the universal declaration -- FDR's second bill -- Globalizing welfare after empire -- Basic needs and human rights -- Global ethics from equality to subsistence -- Human rights in the neoliberal maelstrom -- Conclusion: Croesus's world.

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Contents Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 The Periglacial Concept: Definitions and Scope 1.2 The Periglacial Realm 1.3 The Development of Periglacial Geomorphology 1.4 Periglacial Geomorphology: The Quaternary Context 1.5 The Aims and Organization of this Book 2 Periglacial Environments 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Periglacial Climates 2.3 Soils in Periglacial Environments 2.4 Vegetation Cover in Periglacial Environments 2.5 Synthesis 3 Ground Freezing and Thawing 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Ground Heating and Cooling 3.3 Soil Freezing 3.4 Ice Segregation in Freezing Soils 3.5 Thaw Consolidation 3.6 Synthesis 4 Permafrost 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Permafrost Thermal Regime 4.3 Classification of Permafrost 4.4 Detection, Mapping and Modelling of Permafrost 4.5 Permafrost Distribution 4.6 Permafrost-glacier Interactions 4.7 The Geomorphic Importance of Permafrost 5 Ground Ice and Cryostratigraphy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Genetic Classification of Ground Ice 5.3 Description of Ground Ice 5.4 Ice Contacts 5.5 Cryostratigraphy 5.6 The Transition Zone 5.7 Massive Ground Ice 5.8 Yedoma 6 Thermal Contraction Cracking: Ice Wedges and Related Landforms 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Thermal Contraction Cracking and Polygon Evolution 6.3 Ice Veins and Ice Wedges 6.4 Ice-wedge Polygons 6.5 Sand Veins and Sand Wedges 6.6 Composite Veins and Composite Wedges 6.7 Sand-wedge Polygons 6.8 Frost Cracking of Seasonally Frozen Ground 6.9 Thaw Modification of Frost Wedges 6.10 Frost-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Frost Polygons in Areas of Past Permafrost 7 Pingos, Palsas and other Frost Mounds 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Characteristics of Pingos 7.3 Hydrostatic Pingos 7.4 Hydraulic Pingos 7.5 Pingo Problems and Problem Pingos 7.6 Segregation Ice Mounds: Palsas, Lithalsas and Related Landforms 7.7 Palsas 7.8 Peat Plateaus 7.9 Lithalsas 7.10 Permafrost Plateaus 7.11 Other Permafrost Mounds 7.12 Ephemeral Frost Mounds 7.13 Relict Permafrost Mounds 8 Thermokarst 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Thermokarst Lakes and Drained Lake Basins 8.3 Thermokarst Pits, Bogs and Fens 8.4 Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 8.5 Small-scale Thermokarst Features: Beaded Streams, Sinkholes and Thermokarst Gullies 8.6 Sediment Structures associated with Thermokarst 8.7 Relict Thermokarst Phenomena 9 Seasonally Frozen Ground Phenomena 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Upfreezing of Clasts 9.3 Frost Heave of Bedrock 9.4 Patterned Ground: The Embroidery on the Landscape 9.5 Patterned Ground Processes 9.6 Sorted Patterned Ground 9.7 Nonsorted Patterned Ground 9.8 Cryoturbations 9.9 Pedogenic Effects of Freezing and Thawing 9.10 Fragipans 9.11 Synthesis 10 Rock Weathering and Associated Landforms 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Physical Weathering Processes 10.3 Chemical Weathering Processes 10.4 Biotic Weathering Processes 10.5 Weathering Processes in Periglacial Environments 10.6Cold-climate Karst 10.7 Tors 10.8 Blockfields and Related Periglacial Regolith Covers 10.9 Brecciated Bedrocks 11 Periglacial Mass Movement and Hillslope Evolution 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solifluction Processes 11.3 Solifluction Landforms 11.4 Pleistocene Solifluction Landforms and Slope Deposits 11.5 Active-layer Failures 11.6 Permafrost Creep 11.7 Nivation 11.8 Cryoplanation 11.9 Slope Form and Slope Evolution 12 Talus Slopes and Related Landforms 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Rockfall Talus 12.3 The Geomorphic Role of Snow Avalanches 12.4 Debris-flow Activity 12.5 Rock Glaciers 12.6 Pronival (Protalus) Ramparts 12.7 Synthesis 13 Fluvial Processes and Landforms 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Periglacial Hydrology 13.3 Slopewash 13.4 Slushflows 13.5 Sediment Transport in Periglacial Rivers 13.6 Bank and Channel Erosion 13.7 River Channels 13.8 Alluvial Landforms in Periglacial Environments 13.9 Valley Form 13.10 Pleistocene Periglacial Rivers 13.11 Synthesis 14 Wind Action 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Aeolian Processes 14.3 Wind Erosion in Present Periglacial Environments 14.4 Aeolian Deposits in Present Periglacial Environments 14.5 Quaternary Aeolian Deposits 14.6 Synthesis 15 Periglacial Coasts 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Nature of Periglacial Coasts 15.3 The Role of Ice in Shoreline Evolution 15.4 Ice-rich Permafrost Coasts 15.5 Thermokarst Coasts 15.6 Barrier Coasts 15.7 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats 15.8 Rock Coasts 15.9 Raised and Inherited Shorelines 15.10 Lake Shorelines 15.11 Synthesis 16 Past Periglacial Environments 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction Based on Periglacial Features 16.3 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles 16.4 Pre-Late Devensian Periglacial Features in the British Isles 16.5 The Dimlington Stade in the British Isles 16.6 The Younger Dryas (Loch Lomond) Stade in the British Isles 16.7 Past Periglacial Environments of the British Isles: Commentary 16.8 Late Weichselian Periglacial Environments in Continental Europe 16.9 Late Wisconsinan Periglacial Environments in North America 16.10 Permafrost Extent in the Northern Hemisphere During the Last Glacial Stage 16.11 Concluding Comments 17 Climate Change and Periglacial Environments 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Permafrost Degradation 17.3 Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in the Circumpolar North 17.4Geomorphological Implications of Climate Change in High Mountain Environments 17.5 Climate Change ,Permafrost Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 17.6 Conclusion Appendix: Text Abbreviations, Units and Symbols Employed in Equations References Index

Note: Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction to environmental DNA (eDNA) 1.1 Definitions 1.2 A brief history of eDNA analysis 1.3 Constraints when working with eDNA 1.4 Workflow in eDNA studies and main methods used 1.5 Environmental DNA as a monitoring tool 2 DNA metabarcode choice and design 2.1 Which DNA metabarcode? 2.2 Properties of the ideal DNA metabarcode 2.3 In silica primer design and testing 2.3.1 Prerequisites 2.3.2 Reference sequences: description, filtering, and formatting for ecoPrimers 2.3.3 In silica primer design with ecoPrimers 2.3.3.1 'Ihe ecoPrimers output 2.3.4 In silica primer testing with ecoPCR 2.3.4.1 The ecoPCR output 2.3.4.2 Filtering of the ecoPCR output 2.3.4.3 Evaluation of primer conservation 2.3.4.4 Taxonomic resolution and Bs index 2.4 Examples of primer pairs available for DNA metabarcoding 3 Reference databases 3.1 Extracting reference databases from EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ 3.1.1 Downloading a local copy of EMBL 3.1.2 Identifying sequences corresponding to the relevant metabarcode 3.2 Marker-specific reference databases 3.2.1 Nuclear rRNA gene reference databases 3.2.2 Eukaryote-specific databases 3.3 Building a local reference database 3.3.1 PCR-based local reference database 3.3.2 Shotgun-based local reference database 3.4 Current challenges and future directions 4 Sampling 4.1 The cycle of eDNA in the environment 4.1.1 State and origin 4.1.2 Fate 4.1.3 Transport 4.2 Sampling design 4.2.1 Focusing on the appropriate DNA population 4.2.2 Defining the sampling strategy 4.3 Sample preservation 5 DNA extraction 5.1 From soil samples 5.2 From sediment 5.3 From litter 5.4 From fecal samples 5.5 From water samples 6 DNA amplification and multiplexing 6.1 Principle of the PCR 6.2 Which polymerase to choose? 6.3 The standard PCR reaction 6.4 The importance of including appropriate controls 6.4.1 Extraction negative controls 6.4.2 PCR negative controls 6.4.3 PCR positive controls 6.4.4 Tagging system controls 6.4.5 Internal controls 6.5 PCR optimization 6.6 How to limit the risk of contamination? 6.7 Blocking oligonucleotides for reducing the amplification of undesirable sequences 6.8 How many PCR replicates? 6.9 Multiplexing several metabarcodes within the same PCR 6.10 Multiplexing many samples on the same sequencing lane 6.10.1 Overview of the problem 6.10.2 Strategy 1: single-step PCR with Illumina adapters 6.10.3 Strategy 2: two-step PCR with Illumina adapters 6.10.4 Strategy 3: single-step PCR with tagged primers 7 DNA sequencing 7.1 Overview of the first, second, and third generations of sequencing technologies 7.2 The Illumina technology 7.2.1 Library preparation 7.2.2 Flow cell, bridge PCR, and clusters 7.2.3 Sequencing by synthesis 7.2.4 Quality scores of the sequence reads 8 DNA metabarcoding data analysis 8.1 Basic sequence handling and curation 8.1.1 Sequencing quality 8.1.1.1 The pros and cons of read quality-based filtering 8.1.1.2 Quality trimming software 8.1.2 Paired-end read pairing 8.1.3 Sequence demultiplexing 8.1.4 Sequence dereplication 8.1.5 Rough sequence curation 8.2 Sequence classification 8.2.1 Taxonomic classification 8.2.2 Unsupervised classification 8.2.3 Chimera identification 8.3 Taking advantages of experimental controls 8.3.1 Filtering out potential contaminants 8.3.2 Removing dysfunctional PCRs 8.4 General considerations on ecological analyses 8.4.1 Sampling effort and representativeness 8.4.1.1 Evaluating representativeness of the sequencing per PCR 8.4.1.2 Evaluating representativeness at the sampling unit or site level 8.4.2 Handling samples with varying sequencing depth 8.4.3 Going further and adapting the ecological models to metabarcoding 9 Single-species detection 9.1 Principle of the quantitative PCR (qPCR) 9.1.1 Recording amplicon accumulation in real time via fluorescence measurement 9.1.2 The typical amplification curve 9.1.3 Quantification of target sequences with the Ct method 9.2 Design and testing of qPCR barcodes targeting a single species 9.2.1 1he problem of specificity 9.2.2 qPCR primers and probe 9.2.3 Candidate qPCR barcodes 9.3 Additional experimental considerations 9.3.1 General issues associated with sampling, extraction, and PCR amplification 9.3.2 The particular concerns of contamination and inhibition 10 Environmental DNA for functional diversity 10.1 Functional diversity from DNA metabarcoding 10.1.1 Functional inferences 10.1.2 Targeting active populations 10.2 Metagenomics and metatranscriptomics: sequencing more than a barcode 10.2.1 General sampling constraints 10.2.1.1 Optimization of the number of samples 10.2.1.2 Enrichment in target organisms 10.2.1.3 Enrichment in functional information 10.2.2 General molecular constraints 10.2.3 From sequences to functions 10.2.3.1 Assembling (or not) a metagenome 10.2.3.2 Sorting contigs or reads in broad categories 10.2.3.3 Extracting functional information via taxonomic inferences 10.2.3.4 Functional annotation of metagenomes 11 Some early landmark studies 11.1 Emergence of the concept of eDNA and first results on microorganisms 11.2 Examining metagenomes to explore the functional information carried by eDNA 11.3 Extension to macroorganisms 12 Freshwater ecosystems 12.1 Production, persistence, transport, and delectability of eDNA in freshwater ecosystems 12.1.1 Production 12.1.2 Persistence 12.1.3 Transport/ diffusion distance 12.1.4 Detectability 12.2 Macroinvertebrates 12.3 Diatoms and microeukaryotes 12.4 Aquatic plants 12.5 Fish, amphibians, and other vertebrates 12.5.1 Species detection 12.5.2 Biomass estimates 12.6 Are rivers conveyer belts of biodiversity information? 13 Marine environments 13.1 Environmental DNA cycle and transport in marine ecosystems 13.2 Marine microbial diversity 13.3 Environmental DNA for marine macroorganisms 14 Terrestrial ecosystems 14.1 Delectability, persistence, and mobility of eDNA in soil 14.2 Plant community characterization 14.3 Earthworm community characterization 14.4 Bacterial community or metagenome characterization 14.5 Multitaxa diversity surveys 1 5 Paleoenvironments 15.1 Lake sediments 15.1.1 Pollen, macrofossils, and DNA metabarcoding 15.1.2 Plants and mammals from Lake Anteme 15.1.3 Viability in the ice-free corridor in North America 15.2 Permafrost 15.2.1 Overview of the emergence of permafrost as a source of eDNA 15.2.2 Large-scale analysis of permafrost samples for reconstructing past plant communities 15.3 Archaeological midden material 15.3.1 Bulk archaeological fish bones from Madagascar 15.3.2 Midden from Greenland to assess past human diet 16 Host-associated microbiota 16.1 DNA dynamics 16.2 Early molecular-based works 16.3 Post-holobiont works 17 Diet analysis 17.1 Some seminal diet studies 17.1.1 Proof of concept-analyzing herbivore diet using next-generation sequencing 17.1.2 Assessing the efficiency of conservation actions in Bialowieza forest 17.1.3 Characterizing carnivore diet, or how to disentangle predator and prey eDNA 17.1.4 Analyzing an omnivorous diet, or integrating several diets in a single one 17.2 Methodological and experimental specificities of eDNA diet analyses 17.2.1 eDNAsources 17.2.1.1 Feces 17.2.1.2 Gut content 17.2.1.3 Whole body 17.2.2 Quantitative aspects 17.2.2.1 Relationship between the amount of ingested food and DNA quantity in the sample 17.2.2.2 Quantifying DNA with PCR and next-generation sequencing 17.2.2.3 Empirical correction of abundances 17.2.3 Diet as a sample of the existing biodiversity 17.2.4 Problematic diets 18 Analysis of bulk samples 18.1 What is a bulk sample? 18.2 Case studies 18.2.1 Bulk insect samples for biodiversity monitoring 18.2.2 Nematode diversity in tropical rainforest 18.2.3 Marine metawan diversity in benthic ecosystems 18.3 Metabarcoding markers for bulk samples 18.4 Alternative strategies 19 The future of eDNA metabarcoding 19.1 PCR-based approaches 19.1.1 Singl