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  • Copernicus  (12,694)
  • Frontiers Media  (11,884)
  • 2025-2025
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  • 1
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    Deglacial Subarctic Pacific Oxygenation Changes: Causes and Links to Northern Hemisphere Climate (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3European Geosciences Union EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2018-04-08-2018-04-13Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-18
    Description: We use a comprehensive suite of partially laminated high-resolution sediment cores from the Bering Sea, covering a depth transect from 1100 m to 2700 m to study deglacial surface ocean warming patterns, associated changes in biological productivity, oxygen minimum zone dynamics and continent-ocean links through Yukon river runoff. We apply a combination of planktic and benthic isotopes, x-ray fluorescence (XRF)-derived ele- mental ratios and a multi-proxy assessment of changes in upper ocean temperatures. Severe oxygen depletions occurred during the Bølling/Allerød (B/A) and early Holocene, which is in accordance with other locations in the North Pacific, especially the Alaska margin. Detailed analysis of the timing of lamination occurrence between the different sediment cores revealed that the onset of severe anoxia at the beginning of the B/A and early Holocene is a near-synchronous event, while the disappearance of laminations is a diachronic process. The deglacial Oxygen Minimum Zone(OMZ) strengthening is mainly driven by increased export production, visible in XRF-derived elemental ratios, and corresponding high accumulation rates of biogenic components. The export production in turn is a response to rising sea surface temperatures, decreased sea ice cover and increased thermal stratification, while a major nutrient source was the eastern continental shelf, which was flooded during the deglacial global sea level rise. It is discussed controversially whether oxygenation variations in the deglacial subarctic Pacific were coupled to changes in mid-depth water chemistry, or rather a response to physical processes like deep-intermediate ocean or mixed layer warming, or stratification changes. However, knowledge of the driving forcing mechanism for OMZ strengthening is of particular importance, as these are tightly coupled to the regional marine carbon budget, e.g. via the strength and efficiency of the biological pump. Here, our laminated sediments provided the opportunity to study ocean dynamics in exceptional detail, possible on decadal to annual timescales. Due to the correlation patterns of our records to the NGRIP oxygen isotope record through layer counts we presume that (i) the presence of laminations is tightly coupled to submillennial, short-term warm phases, especially during the Bølling-Allerød (B/A), (ii) that the laminations represent annual layered sediments (varves). The latter point in conjunction with our geochemical proxies strongly supports an atmospheric teleconnection between SE Asia, the North Atlantic and the North Pacific, with observed changes in mid-depth ocean dynamics occurring on fast, nearly decadal timescales. Thus, the Bering Sea OMZ is a highly sensitive system reacting almost instantaneously to small temperature changes and therefore has the potential to influence the global carbon budget on short timescales, in particular during episodes of rapidly warming climate.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    Radiative impact of an extreme Arctic biomass-burning event (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Atmos. Chem. Phys., Copernicus, 18, pp. 8829-8848
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: The aim of the presented study was to investigate the impact on the radiation budget of a biomass-burning plume, transported from Alaska to the High Arctic region of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, in early July 2015. Since the mean aerosol optical depth increased by the factor of 10 above the average summer background values, this large aerosol load event is considered particularly exceptional in the last 25 years. In situ data with hygroscopic growth equations, as well as remote sensing measurements as inputs to radiative transfer models, were used, in order to estimate biases associated with (i) hygroscopicity, (ii) variability of single-scattering albedo profiles, and (iii) plane-parallel closure of the modelled atmosphere. A chemical weather model with satellite-derived biomass-burning emissions was applied to interpret the transport and transformation pathways. The provided MODTRAN radiative transfer model (RTM) simulations for the smoke event (14:00 9 July–11:30 11 July) resulted in a mean aerosol direct radiative forcing at the levels of −78.9 and −47.0 W m ^-2 at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere, respectively, for the mean value of aerosol optical depth equal to 0.64 at 550 nm. This corresponded to the average clear-sky direct radiative forcing of −43.3 W/m ^2, estimated by radiometer and model simulations at the surface. Ultimately, uncertainty associated with the plane-parallel atmosphere approximation altered results by about 2 W m^−2. Furthermore, model-derived aerosol direct radiative forcing efficiency reached on average −126 W m^−2/τ550 and −71 W^m−2/τ550 at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere, respectively. The heating rate, estimated at up to 1.8 K day^−1 inside the biomass-burning plume, implied vertical mixing with turbulent kinetic energy of 0.3 m^2s^−2
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A synthesis dataset of permafrost-affected soil thermal conditions for Alaska, USA (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data, Copernicus, 10(4), pp. 2311-2328, ISSN: 1866-3516
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-06
    Description: Recent observations of near-surface soil temperatures over the circumpolar Arctic show accelerated warming of permafrost-affected soils. The availability of a comprehensive near-surface permafrost and active layer dataset is critical to better understanding climate impacts and to constraining permafrost thermal conditions and its spatial distribution in land system models. We compiled a soil temperature dataset from 72 monitoring stations in Alaska using data collected by the US Geological Survey, the National Park Service, and the University of Alaska Fairbanks permafrost monitoring networks. The array of monitoring stations spans a large range of latitudes from 60.9 to 71.3 N and elevations from near sea level to~ 1300 m, comprising tundra and boreal forest regions. This dataset consists of monthly ground temperatures at depths up to 1 m, volumetric soil water content, snow depth, and air temperature during 1997–2016. These data have been quality controlled in collection and processing. Meanwhile, we implemented data harmonization evaluation for the processed dataset. The final product (PF-AK, v0. 1) is available at the Arctic Data Center (https://doi. org/10.18739/A2KG55).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Arctic Ocean CO2 uptake: an improved multiyear estimate of the air–sea CO2 flux incorporating chlorophyll a concentrations (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Biogeosciences, Copernicus, 15(6), pp. 1643-1661, ISSN: 1726-4189
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-05
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Estimates of late Cenozoic climate change relevant to Earth surface processes in tectonically active orogens (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth Surface Dynamics, Copernicus, 6(2), pp. 271-301, ISSN: 2196-632X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-16
    Description: The denudation history of active orogens is often interpreted in the context of modern climate gradients. Here we address the validity of this approach and ask what are the spatial and temporal variations in palaeoclimate for a latitudinally diverse range of active orogens? We do this using high-resolution (T159, ca. 80 × 80 km at the Equator) palaeoclimate simulations from the ECHAM5 global atmospheric general circulation model and a statistical cluster analysis of climate over different orogens (Andes, Himalayas, SE Alaska, Pacific NW USA). Time periods and boundary conditions considered include the Pliocene (PLIO, ∼3Ma), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ∼21ka), mid-Holocene (MH, ∼6ka), and pre-industrial (PI, reference year 1850). The regional simulated climates of each orogen are described by means of cluster analyses based on the variability in precipitation, 2 m air temperature, the intra-annual amplitude of these values, and monsoonal wind speeds where appropriate. Results indicate the largest differences in the PI climate existed for the LGM and PLIO climates in the form of widespread cooling and reduced precipitation in the LGM and warming and enhanced precipitation during the PLIO. The LGM climate shows the largest deviation in annual precipitation from the PI climate and shows enhanced precipitation in the temperate Andes and coastal regions for both SE Alaska and the US Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, LGM precipitation is reduced in the western Himalayas and enhanced in the eastern Himalayas, resulting in a shift of the wettest regional climates eastward along the orogen. The cluster-analysis results also suggest more climatic variability across latitudes east of the Andes in the PLIO climate than in other time slice experiments conducted here. Taken together, these results highlight significant changes in late Cenozoic regional climatology over the last ∼3Myr. Comparison of simulated climate with proxy-based reconstructions for the MH and LGM reveal satisfactory to good performance of the model in reproducing precipitation changes, although in some cases discrepancies between neighbouring proxy observations highlight contradictions between proxy observations themselves. Finally, we document regions where the largest magnitudes of late Cenozoic changes in precipitation and temperature occur and offer the highest potential for future observational studies that quantify the impact of climate change on denudation and weathering rates.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 6
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    Moisture transport and Antarctic sea ice: austral spring 2016 event (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Dynamics, Copernicus, 9(3), pp. 939-954, ISSN: 2190-4979
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-09
    Description: In austral spring 2016 the Antarctic region experienced anomalous sea ice retreat in all sectors, with sea ice extent in October and November 2016 being the lowest in the Southern Hemisphere over the observational period (1979–present). The extreme sea ice retreat was accompanied by widespread warming along the coastal areas as well as in the interior of the Antarctic continent. This exceptional event occurred along with a strong negative phase of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) and the moistest and warmest spring on record, over large areas covering the Indian Ocean, the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. In October 2016, the positive anomalies of the totally integrated water vapor (IWV) and 2 m air temperature (T2m) over the Indian Ocean, western Pacific, Bellingshausen Sea and southern part of Ross Sea were unprecedented in the last 39 years. In October and November 2016, when the largest magnitude of negative daily sea ice concentration anomalies was observed, repeated episodes of poleward advection of warm and moist air took place. These results suggest the importance of moist and warm air intrusions into the Antarctic region as one of the main contributors to this exceptional sea ice retreat event.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Promising Oldest Ice sites in East Antarctica based on thermodynamical modelling (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3The Cryosphere Discussions, Copernicus, pp. 1-22, ISSN: 1994-0440
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-20
    Description: To resolve the mechanisms behind the major climate reorganisation which occurred between 0.9 and 1.2Ma, the recovery of a suitable 1.5 million-year-old ice core is fundamental. The quest for such an Oldest Ice core requires a number of key boundary conditions, of which the poorly known basal geothermal heat flux (GHF) is lacking. We use a transient thermodynamical 1D vertical model that solves for the rate of change of temperature in the vertical, with surface temperature and modelled GHF as boundary conditions. For each point on the ice sheet, the model is forced with variations in atmospheric conditions over the last 2Ma, and modelled ice-thickness variations. The process is repeated for a range of GHF values to determine the value of GHF that marks the limit between frozen and melting conditions over the whole ice sheet, taking into account 2Ma of climate history. These threshold values of GHF are statistically compared to existing GHF data sets. The new probabilistic GHF fields obtained for the ice sheet thus provide the missing boundary conditions in the search for Oldest Ice. High spatial resolution radar data are examined locally in the Dome Fuji and Dome C regions, as these represent the ice core community's primary drilling sites. GHF, bedrock variability, ice thickness and other essential criteria combined highlight a dozen major potential Oldest Ice sites in the vicinity of Dome Fuji and Dome C, where GHF allows for Oldest Ice.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Water stable isotope spatio-temporal variability in Antarctica in 1960–2013: observations and simulations from the ECHAM5-wiso atmospheric general circulation model (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, Copernicus, 14(6), pp. 923-946, ISSN: 1814-9332
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-10
    Description: Polar ice core water isotope records are commonly used to infer past changes in Antarctic temperature, motivating an improved understanding and quantification of the temporal relationship between δ18O and temperature. This can be achieved using simulations performed by atmospheric general circulation models equipped with water stable isotopes. Here, we evaluate the skills of the high-resolution water-isotope-enabled atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM5-wiso (the European Centre Hamburg Model) nudged to European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis using simulations covering the period 1960–2013 over the Antarctic continent. We compare model outputs with field data, first with a focus on regional climate variables and second on water stable isotopes, using our updated dataset of water stable isotope measurements from precipitation, snow, and firn–ice core samples. ECHAM5-wiso simulates a large increase in temperature from 1978 to 1979, possibly caused by a discontinuity in the European Reanalyses (ERA) linked to the assimilation of remote sensing data starting in 1979. Although some model–data mismatches are observed, the (precipitation minus evaporation) outputs are found to be realistic products for surface mass balance. A warm model bias over central East Antarctica and a cold model bias over coastal regions explain first-order δ18O model biases by too strong isotopic depletion on coastal areas and underestimated depletion inland. At the second order, despite these biases, ECHAM5-wiso correctly captures the observed spatial patterns of deuterium excess. The results of model–data comparisons for the inter-annual δ18O standard deviation difer when using precipitation or ice core data. Further studies should explore the importance of deposition and post-deposition processes affecting ice core signals and not resolved in the model. These results build trust in the use of ECHAM5-wiso outputs to investigate the spatial, seasonal, and inter-annual δ18O–temperature relationships. We thus make the first Antarctica-wide synthesis of prior results. First, we show that local spatial or seasonal slopes are not a correct surrogate for inter-annual temporal slopes, leading to the conclusion that the same isotope–temperature slope cannot be applied for the climatic interpretation of Antarctic ice core for all timescales. Finally, we explore the phasing between the seasonal cycles of deuterium excess and δ18O as a source of information on changes in moisture sources affecting the δ18O–temperature relationship. The few available records and ECHAM5-wiso show different phase relationships in coastal, intermediate, and central regions. This work evaluates the use of the ECHAM5-wiso model as a tool for the investigation of water stable isotopes in Antarctic precipitation and calls for extended studies to improve our understanding of such proxies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Solar and volcanic forcing of North Atlantic climate inferred from a process-based reconstruction (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, Copernicus, 14(8), pp. 1179-1194, ISSN: 1814-9332
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-10
    Description: The effect of external forcings on atmospheric circulation is debated. Due to the short observational period, the analysis of the role of external forcings is hampered, making it difficult to assess the sensitivity of atmospheric circulation to external forcings, as well as persistence of the effects. In observations, the average response to tropical volcanic eruptions is a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during the following winter. However, past major tropical eruptions exceeding the magnitude of eruptions during the instrumental era could have had more lasting effects. Decadal NAO variability has been suggested to follow the 11-year solar cycle, and linkages have been made between grand solar minima and negative NAO. However, the solar link to NAO found by modeling studies is not unequivocally supported by reconstructions, and is not consistently present in observations for the 20th century. Here we present a reconstruction of atmospheric winter circulation for the North Atlantic region covering the period 1241–1970 CE. Based on seasonally resolved Greenland ice core records and a 1200-year-long simulation with an isotope-enabled climate model, we reconstruct sea level pressure and temperature by matching the spatiotemporal variability in the modeled isotopic composition to that of the ice cores. This method allows us to capture the primary (NAO) and secondary mode (Eastern Atlantic Pattern) of atmospheric circulation in the North Atlantic region, while, contrary to previous reconstructions, preserving the amplitude of observed year-to-year atmospheric variability. Our results show five winters of positive NAO on average following major tropical volcanic eruptions, which is more persistent than previously suggested. In response to decadal minima of solar activity we find a high-pressure anomaly over northern Europe, while a reinforced opposite response in pressure emerges with a 5-year time lag. On centennial timescales we observe a similar response of circulation as for the 5-year time-lagged response, with a high-pressure anomaly across North America and south of Greenland. This response to solar forcing is correlated to the second mode of atmospheric circulation, the Eastern Atlantic Pattern. The response could be due to an increase in blocking frequency, possibly linked to a weakening of the subpolar gyre. The long-term anomalies of temperature during solar minima shows cooling across Greenland, Iceland and western Europe, resembling the cooling pattern during the Little Ice Age (1450–1850 CE). While our results show significant correlation between solar forcing and the secondary circulation pattern on decadal (r = 0.29, p 〈 0.01) and centennial timescales (r = 0.6, p 〈 0.01), we find no consistent relationship between solar forcing and NAO. We conclude that solar and volcanic forcing impacts different modes of our reconstructed atmospheric circulation, which can aid in separating the regional effects of forcings and understanding the underlying mechanisms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Global Carbon Budget 2018 (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data Discussions, Copernicus, pp. 1-3, ISSN: 1866-3591
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    A modelling assessment from glacial North Pacific deep water to modern intermediate water formation process (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 2018-04-08-2018-04-13Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-18
    Description: North Pacific Intermediate water (NPIW) is a dominant water mass controlling ∼400-1200m depth North Pacific Ocean, meanwhile there is a cessation of North Pacific deep water (NPDW) formation in in modern observations. In contrast, paleoceanographic evidences have recorded NPDW formations during last glacial periods. This sug- gests either a rapid or gradual shutting down process of NPDW formation during the last deglaciation. Here, we use an Earth System Model to diagnose the physical and corresponding biogeochemical evolutions in the North Pacific Ocean before and after the last deglaciation, as well as potential changes during rapid climate shifts of the last deglaciation. Linked to different background climate conditions and varying Atlantic Meridional Over- turning Circulation states, we characterize the modelled NPIW and NPDW changes and builds up linkages to marine records. Our results further develop our understanding about the deglacial switch from NPDW to modern NPIW-only formation process.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A global monthly climatology of total alkalinity: a neural network approach (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science Data Discussions, Copernicus, pp. 1-31, ISSN: 1866-3591
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-29
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Three-dimensional imaging from laser scanner, photogrammetric and acoustic non-destructive techniques in the characterization of stone building materials (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-26
    Description: Abstract. When combined, the three-dimensional imaging of different physical properties of architectural monumen- tal structures acquired through different methodologies can highlight with efficiency the characteristics of the stone building materials. In this work, we compound high res- olution Digital Color Images (DCI) and Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) data for a dense 3-D reconstruction of an ancient pillar in a nineteenth century building in the town of Cagliari, Italy. The TLS technique was supported by a digital photogrammetry survey in order to obtain a natural color texturized 3-D model of the studied pillar. Geometri- cal anomaly maps showing interesting analogies were com- puted both from the 3-D model derived from the TLS ap- plication and from the high resolution 3-D model detected with the photogrammetry. Starting from the 3-D reconstruc- tion from previous techniques, an acoustic tomography in a sector of prior interest of the investigated architectural ele- ment was planned and carried out. The ultrasonic tomogra- phy proved to be an effective tool for detecting internal decay or defects, locating the position of the anomalies and estimat- ing their sizes, shapes, and characteristics in terms of elastic- mechanical properties. Finally, the combination of geophysi- cal and petrographical data sets represents a powerful method for understanding the quality of the building stone materials in the shallow and inner parts of the investigated architectural structures.
    Description: Regione Autonoma della Sardegna (RAS) (Sardinian Autonomous Region), Regional Law 7th August 2007, no. 7, Promotion of scientific research and technological innovation in Sardinia (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 57-62
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Architectural monumental structures ; Structural Diagnosis ; Digital Color Images ; 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanner ; Acoustic tomography ; Petrographical data ; 3D Modeling ; Cultural Heritage ; Architectural Elements ND Diagnosis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Italian National Seismic Network and the earthquake and tsunami monitoring and surveillance systems (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-12
    Description: The Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia runs the Italian National Seismic Network (about 400 stations, seismometers, accelerometers and GPS antennas) and other networks at national scale for monitoring earthquakes and tsunami as a part of the National Civil Protection System coordinated by the Italian Department of Civil Protection. This work summarises the acquisition and the distribution of the data and the analysis that are carried out for seismic surveillance and tsunami alert.
    Description: INGV and DPC
    Description: Published
    Description: 31-38
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    ESM-SnowMIP: assessing snow models and quantifying snow-related climate feedbacks (2018)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus, 11(12), pp. 5027-5049, ISSN: 1991-9603
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-12-14
    Description: This paper describes ESM-SnowMIP, an international coordinated modelling effort to evaluate current snow schemes, including snow schemes that are included in Earth system models, in a wide variety of settings against local and global observations. The project aims to identify crucial processes and characteristics that need to be improved in snow models in the context of local- and global-scale modelling. A further objective of ESM-SnowMIP is to better quantify snow-related feedbacks in the Earth system. Although it is not part of the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), ESM-SnowMIP is tightly linked to the CMIP6-endorsed Land Surface, Snow and Soil Moisture Model Intercomparison (LS3MIP).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    TurtleCam : a “smart” autonomous underwater vehicle for investigating behaviors and habitats of sea turtles (2018)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 90, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00090.
    Description: Sea turtles inhabiting coastal environments routinely encounter anthropogenic hazards, including fisheries, vessel traffic, pollution, dredging, and drilling. To support mitigation of potential threats, it is important to understand fine-scale sea turtle behaviors in a variety of habitats. Recent advancements in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) now make it possible to directly observe and study the subsurface behaviors and habitats of marine megafauna, including sea turtles. Here, we describe a “smart” AUV capability developed to study free-swimming marine animals, and demonstrate the utility of this technology in a pilot study investigating the behaviors and habitat of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea). We used a Remote Environmental Monitoring UnitS (REMUS-100) AUV, designated “TurtleCam,” that was modified to locate, follow and film tagged turtles for up to 8 h while simultaneously collecting environmental data. The TurtleCam system consists of a 100-m depth rated vehicle outfitted with a circular Ultra-Short BaseLine receiver array for omni-directional tracking of a tagged animal via a custom transponder tag that we attached to the turtle with two suction cups. The AUV collects video with six high-definition cameras (five mounted in the vehicle nose and one mounted aft) and we added a camera to the animal-borne transponder tag to record behavior from the turtle's perspective. Since behavior is likely a response to habitat factors, we collected concurrent in situ oceanographic data (bathymetry, temperature, salinity, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, currents) along the turtle's track. We tested the TurtleCam system during 2016 and 2017 in a densely populated coastal region off Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, where foraging leatherbacks overlap with fixed fishing gear and concentrated commercial and recreational vessel traffic. Here we present example data from one leatherback turtle to demonstrate the utility of TurtleCam. The concurrent video, localization, depth and environmental data allowed us to characterize leatherback diving behavior, foraging ecology, and habitat use, and to assess how turtle behavior mediates risk to impacts from anthropogenic activities. Our study demonstrates that an AUV can successfully track and image leatherback turtles feeding in a coastal environment, resulting in novel observations of three-dimensional subsurface behaviors and habitat use, with implications for sea turtle management and conservation.
    Description: This research was funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant #NA16NMF4720074 to the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries under the Species Recovery Grants to States program. Additional funding was provided by Jean Tempel, Hydroid Inc., and over 100 Project WHOI donors.
    Keywords: Autonomous underwater vehicle AUV ; CTD ; Entanglement ; Habitat ; Foraging behavior ; Jellyfish ; Leatherback sea turtle ; Video camera
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    High grazing rates on cryptophyte algae in Chesapeake Bay (2018)
    Frontiers Media
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-07-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 241, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00241.
    Description: Cryptophyte algae are globally distributed photosynthetic flagellates found in freshwater, estuarine, and neritic ecosystems. While cryptophytes can be highly abundant and are consumed by a wide variety of protistan predators, few studies have sought to quantify in situ grazing rates on their populations. Here we show that autumnal grazing rates on in situ communities of cryptophyte algae in Chesapeake Bay are high throughout the system, while growth rates, particularly in the lower bay, were low. Analysis of the genetic diversity of cryptophyte populations within dilution experiments suggests that microzooplankton may be selectively grazing the fastest-growing members of the population, which were generally Teleaulax spp. We also demonstrate that potential grazing rates of ciliates and dinoflagellates on fluorescently labeled (FL) Rhodomonas salina, Storeatula major, and Teleaulax amphioxeia can be high (up to 149 prey predator−1 d−1), and that a Gyrodinium sp. and Mesodinium rubrum could be selective grazers. Potential grazing was highest for heterotrophic dinoflagellates, but due to its abundance, M. rubrum also had a high overall impact. This study reveals that cryptophyte algae in Chesapeake Bay can experience extremely high grazing pressure from phagotrophic protists, and that this grazing likely shapes their community diversity.
    Description: The authors thank the National Science Foundation (OCE 1031718 and 1436169) for providing support for this research.
    Keywords: Cryptophytes ; Mixotrophy ; Grazing ; Chesapeake Bay ; Dinoflagellates ; Mesodinium rubrum
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 18
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    Characterizing the duration and severity of fishing gear entanglement on a North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) using stable isotopes, steroid and thyroid hormones in baleen (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 168, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00168.
    Description: North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) are highly endangered and frequently exposed to a myriad of human activities and stressors in their industrialized habitat. Entanglements in fixed fishing gear represent a particularly pervasive and often drawn-out source of anthropogenic morbidity and mortality to the species. To better understand both the physiological response to entanglement, and to determine fundamental parameters such as acquisition, duration, and severity of entanglement, we measured a suite of biogeochemical markers in the baleen of an adult female that died from a well-documented chronic entanglement in 2005 (whale Eg2301). Steroid hormones (cortisol, corticosterone, estradiol, and progesterone), thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) were all measured in a longitudinally sampled baleen plate. This yielded an 8-year profile of foraging and migration behavior, stress response, and reproduction. Stable isotopes cycled in annual patterns that reflect the animal's north-south migration behavior and seasonally abundant zooplankton diet. A progesterone peak, lasting approximately 23 months, was associated with the single known calving event (in 2002) for this female. Estradiol, cortisol, corticosterone, T3, and T4 were also elevated, although variably so, during the progesterone peak. This whale was initially sighted with a fishing gear entanglement in September 2004, but the hormone panel suggests that the animal first interacted with the gear as early as June 2004. Elevated δ15N, T3, and T4 indicate that Eg2301 potentially experienced increased energy expenditure, significant lipid catabolism, and thermal stress approximately 3 months before the initial sighting with fishing gear. All hormones in the panel (except cortisol) were elevated above baseline by September 2004. This novel study illustrates the value of using baleen to reconstruct recent temporal profiles and as a comparative matrix in which key physiological indicators of individual whales can be used to understand the impacts of anthropogenic activity on threatened whale populations.
    Description: The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Ocean Life Institute and Marine Mammal Center funded this study and NL was supported by a Postdoctoral Fellowship from Baylor University.
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    Addendum: Comparative genomic analysis of the class Epsilonproteobacteria and proposed reclassification to Epsilonbacteraeota (phyl. nov.) (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 772, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00772.
    Keywords: Epsilonproteobacteria ; Taxonomy ; Classification ; Genome ; Phylogenomics ; Epsilonbacteraeota ; Epsilonbacterota ; Evolution
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    Integrating archival tag data and a high-resolution oceanographic model to estimate basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) movements in the western Atlantic (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 25, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00025.
    Description: Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) populations are considered “vulnerable” globally and “endangered” in the northeast Atlantic by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Much of our knowledge of this species comes from surface observations in coastal waters, yet recent evidence suggests the majority of their lives may be spent in the deep ocean. Depth preferences of basking sharks have significantly limited movement studies that used pop-up satellite archival transmitting (PSAT) tags as conventional light-based geolocation is impossible for tagged animals that spend significant time below the photic zone. We tagged 57 basking sharks with PSAT tags in the NW Atlantic from 2004 to 2011. Many individuals spent several months at meso- and bathy-pelagic depths where accurate light-level geolocation was impossible during fall, winter and spring. We applied a newly-developed geolocation approach for the PSAT data by comparing three-dimensional depth-temperature profile data recorded by the tags to modeled in situ oceanographic data from the high-resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). Observation-based likelihoods were leveraged within a state-space hidden Markov model (HMM). The combined tracks revealed that basking sharks moved from waters around Cape Cod, MA to as far as the SE coast of Brazil (20°S), a total distance of over 17,000 km. Moreover, 59% of tagged individuals with sufficient deployment durations (〉250 days) demonstrated seasonal fidelity to Cape Cod and the Gulf of Maine, with one individual returning to within 60 km of its tagging location 1 year later. Tagged sharks spent most of their time at epipelagic depths during summer months around Cape Cod and in the Gulf of Maine. During winter months, sharks spent extended periods at depths of at least 600 m while moving south to the Sargasso Sea, the Caribbean Sea, or the western tropical Atlantic. Our work demonstrates the utility of applying advances in oceanographic modeling to understanding habitat use of highly migratory, often meso- and bathy-pelagic, ocean megafauna. The large-scale movement patterns of tagged sharks highlight the need for international cooperation when designing and implementing conservation strategies to ensure that the species recovers from the historical effects of over-fishing throughout the North Atlantic Ocean.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge funding from the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNS06AA96G), the Massachusetts Environmental Trust, and the Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Program. CB was funded by the Martin Family Society of Fellows for Sustainability Fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the Grassle Fellowship and Ocean Venture Fund at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship. Funding for the development of HYCOM has been provided by the National Ocean Partnership Program and the Office of Naval Research.
    Keywords: Movement ecology ; Satellite archival telemetry ; Migration ; Mesopelagic ; Oceanographic modeling ; Site fidelity
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    Identification and removal of contaminant sequences from ribosomal gene databases : lessons from the Census of Deep Life (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 840, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00840.
    Description: Earth’s subsurface environment is one of the largest, yet least studied, biomes on Earth, and many questions remain regarding what microorganisms are indigenous to the subsurface. Through the activity of the Census of Deep Life (CoDL) and the Deep Carbon Observatory, an open access 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence database from diverse subsurface environments has been compiled. However, due to low quantities of biomass in the deep subsurface, the potential for incorporation of contaminants from reagents used during sample collection, processing, and/or sequencing is high. Thus, to understand the ecology of subsurface microorganisms (i.e., the distribution, richness, or survival), it is necessary to minimize, identify, and remove contaminant sequences that will skew the relative abundances of all taxa in the sample. In this meta-analysis, we identify putative contaminants associated with the CoDL dataset, recommend best practices for removing contaminants from samples, and propose a series of best practices for subsurface microbiology sampling. The most abundant putative contaminant genera observed, independent of evenness across samples, were Propionibacterium, Aquabacterium, Ralstonia, and Acinetobacter. While the top five most frequently observed genera were Pseudomonas, Propionibacterium, Acinetobacter, Ralstonia, and Sphingomonas. The majority of the most frequently observed genera (high evenness) were associated with reagent or potential human contamination. Additionally, in DNA extraction blanks, we observed potential archaeal contaminants, including methanogens, which have not been discussed in previous contamination studies. Such contaminants would directly affect the interpretation of subsurface molecular studies, as methanogenesis is an important subsurface biogeochemical process. Utilizing previously identified contaminant genera, we found that ∼27% of the total dataset were identified as contaminant sequences that likely originate from DNA extraction and DNA cleanup methods. Thus, controls must be taken at every step of the collection and processing procedure when working with low biomass environments such as, but not limited to, portions of Earth’s deep subsurface. Taken together, we stress that the CoDL dataset is an incredible resource for the broader research community interested in subsurface life, and steps to remove contamination derived sequences must be taken prior to using this dataset.
    Description: We wish to acknowledge the support of the Sloan Foundation and the Deep Carbon Observatory and the Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy (Colwell).
    Keywords: 16S rRNA ; Contamination ; Microbial survey ; Census of Deep Life ; Deep subsurface
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    The eruption of submarine rhyolite lavas and domes in the deep ocean – Havre 2012, Kermadec Arc (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Earth Science 6 (2018): 147, doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00147.
    Description: Silicic effusive eruptions in deep submarine environments have not yet been directly observed and very few modern submarine silicic lavas and domes have been described. The eruption of Havre caldera volcano in the Kermadec arc in 2012 provided an outstanding database for research on deep submarine silicic effusive eruptions because it produced 15 rhyolite (70–72 wt.% SiO2) lavas and domes with a total volume of ∼0.21 km3 from 14 separate seafloor vents. Moreover, in 2015, the seafloor products were observed, mapped and sampled in exceptional detail (1-m resolution) using AUV Sentry and ROV Jason2 deployed from R/V Roger Revelle. Vent positions are strongly aligned, defining NW-SE and E-W trends along the southwestern and southern Havre caldera margin, respectively. The alignment of the vents suggests magma ascent along dykes which probably occupy faults related to the caldera margin. Four vents part way up the steeply sloping southwestern caldera wall at 1,200–1,300 m below sea level (bsl) and one on the caldera rim (1,060 m bsl) produced elongate lavas. On the steep caldera wall, the lavas consist of narrow tongues that have triangular cross-section shapes. Two of the narrow-tongue segments are connected to wide lobes on the flat caldera floor at ∼1,500 m bsl. The lavas are characterized by arcuate surface ridges oriented perpendicular to the propagation direction. Eight domes were erupted onto relatively flat sea floor from vents at ∼1,000 m bsl along the southern and southwestern caldera rim. They are characterized by steep margins and gently convex-up upper surfaces. With one exception, the domes have narrow spines and deep clefts above the inferred vent positions. One dome has a relatively smooth upper surface. The lavas and domes all consist of combinations of coherent rhyolite and monomictic rhyolite breccia. Despite eruption from deep-water vents (most 〉900 m bsl), the Havre 2012 rhyolite lavas and domes are very similar to subaerial rhyolite lavas and domes in terms of dimensions, volumes, aspect ratio, textures and morphology. They show that lava morphology was strongly controlled by the pre-existing seafloor topography: domes and wide lobes formed where the rhyolite was emplaced onto flat sea floor, whereas narrow tongues formed where the rhyolite was emplaced on the steep slopes of the caldera wall.
    Description: This research was funded by an Australian Research Council Postdoctoral fellowship to RJC (DP110102196 and DE150101190), and National Science Foundation grants OCE1357443 and OCE1357216. FI was supported by a Tasmanian Government Postgraduate Award.
    Keywords: Lava ; Dome ; Submarine effusive eruption ; Rhyolite ; Havre
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    Exploring the ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in a metacommunity framework (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 49, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00049.
    Description: Species inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents are strongly influenced by the geological setting, as it provides the chemical-rich fluids supporting the food web, creates the patchwork of seafloor habitat, and generates catastrophic disturbances that can eradicate entire communities. The patches of vent habitat host a network of communities (a metacommunity) connected by dispersal of planktonic larvae. The dynamics of the metacommunity are influenced not only by birth rates, death rates and interactions of populations at the local site, but also by regional influences on dispersal from different sites. The connections to other communities provide a mechanism for dynamics at a local site to affect features of the regional biota. In this paper, we explore the challenges and potential benefits of applying metacommunity theory to vent communities, with a particular focus on effects of disturbance. We synthesize field observations to inform models and identify data gaps that need to be addressed to answer key questions including: (1) what is the influence of the magnitude and rate of disturbance on ecological attributes, such as time to extinction or resilience in a metacommunity; (2) what interactions between local and regional processes control species diversity, and (3) which communities are “hot spots” of key ecological significance. We conclude by assessing our ability to evaluate resilience of vent metacommunities to human disturbance (e.g., deep-sea mining). Although the resilience of a few highly disturbed vent systems in the eastern Pacific has been quantified, these values cannot be generalized to remote locales in the western Pacific or mid Atlantic where disturbance rates are different and information on local controls is missing.
    Description: LM was supported by NSF OCE 1356738 and DEB 1558904. SB was supported by the NSF DEB 1558904 and the Investment in Science Fund at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. MB was supported by the Austrian Science Fund grants P20190-B17 and P16774-B03. LL was supported by NSF OCE 1634172 and the JM Kaplan Fund. MN was supported by NSF DEB 1558904. Y-JW was supported by a Korean Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) grant PM60210.
    Keywords: Metacommunity ; Metapopulation ; Hydrothermal vent ; Connectivity ; Resilience ; Disturbance ; Species diversity ; Dispersal
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    Coincident mass occurrence of gelatinous zooplankton in northern Norway (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 158, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00158.
    Description: In autumn 2015, several sources reported observations of large amounts of gelatinous material in a large north Norwegian fjord system, either caught when trawling for other organisms or fouling fishing gear. The responsible organism was identified as a physonect siphonophore, Nanomia cara, while a ctenophore, Beroe cucumis, and a hydromedusa, Modeeria rotunda, were also registered in high abundances on a couple of occasions. To document the phenomena, we have compiled a variety of data from concurrent fisheries surveys and local fishermen, including physical samples, trawl catch, and acoustic data, photo and video evidence, and environmental data. Because of the gas-filled pneumatophore, characteristic for these types of siphonophores, acoustics provided detailed and unique insight to the horizontal and vertical distribution and potential abundances (~0.2–20 colonies·m−3) of N. cara with the highest concentrations observed in the near bottom region at ~320 m depth in the study area. This suggests that these animals were retained and accumulated in the deep basins of the fjord system possibly blooming here because of favorable environmental conditions and potentially higher prey availability compared to the shallower shelf areas to the north. Few cues as to the origin and onset of the bloom were found, but it may have originated from locally resident siphonophores. The characteristics of the deep-water masses in the fjord basins were different compared to the deep water outside the fjord system, suggesting no recent deep-water import to the fjords. However, water-masses containing siphonophores (not necessarily very abundant), may have been additionally introduced to the fjords at intermediate depths, with the animals subsequently trapped in the deeper fjord basins. The simultaneous observations of abundant siphonophores, hydromedusae, and ctenophores in the Lyngen-Kvænangen fjord system are intriguing, but difficult to provide a unified explanation for, as the organisms differ in their biology and ecology. Nanomia and Beroe spp. are holopelagic, while M. rotunda has a benthic hydroid stage. The species also have different trophic ecologies and dietary preferences. Only by combining information from acoustics, trawling, genetics, and local fishermen, were the identity, abundance, and the vertical and horizontal distribution of the physonect siphonophore, N. cara, established.
    Description: The work was funded by the Ministry of Fisheries and Coastal Affairs through the Institute of Marine Research (IMR), while the Research Council of Norway (RCN) is thanked for the financial support through the project The Arctic Ocean Ecosystem—(SI_ARCTIC, RCN 228896). AH was supported by the Norwegian Taxonony Initiative (NTI 70184233) and ForBio Research School funding (RCN 248799 and NTI 70184215).
    Keywords: Jellyfish bloom ; Genetics ; Acoustics ; Nanomia ; North Norwegian fjords ; Gelatinous zooplankton
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    Microbial community structure and associations during a marine dinoflagellate bloom (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 1201, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01201.
    Description: Interactions between microorganisms and algae during bloom events significantly impacts their physiology, alters ambient chemistry, and shapes ecosystem diversity. The potential role these interactions have in bloom development and decline are also of particular interest given the ecosystem impacts of algal blooms. We hypothesized that microbial community structure and succession is linked to specific bloom stages, and reflects complex interactions among taxa comprising the phycosphere environment. This investigation used pyrosequencing and correlation approaches to assess patterns and associations among bacteria, archaea, and microeukaryotes during a spring bloom of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Within the bacterial community, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were predominant during the initial bloom stage, while Alphaproteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Actinobacteria were the most abundant taxa present during bloom onset and termination. In the archaea biosphere, methanogenic members were present during the early bloom period while the majority of species identified in the late bloom stage were ammonia-oxidizing archaea and Halobacteriales. Dinoflagellates were the major eukaryotic group present during most stages of the bloom, whereas a mixed assemblage comprising diatoms, green-algae, rotifera, and other microzooplankton were present during bloom termination. Temperature and salinity were key environmental factors associated with changes in bacterial and archaeal community structure, respectively, whereas inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphate were associated with eukaryotic variation. The relative contribution of environmental parameters measured during the bloom to variability among samples was 35.3%. Interaction analysis showed that Maxillopoda, Spirotrichea, Dinoflagellata, and Halobacteria were keystone taxa within the positive-correlation network, while Halobacteria, Dictyochophyceae, Mamiellophyceae, and Gammaproteobacteria were the main contributors to the negative-correlation network. The positive and negative relationships were the primary drivers of mutualist and competitive interactions that impacted algal bloom fate, respectively. Functional predictions showed that blooms enhance microbial carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and alter the sulfur cycle. Our results suggest that microbial community structure is strongly linked to bloom progression, although specific drivers of community interactions and responses are not well understood. The importance of considering biotic interactions (e.g., competition, symbiosis, and predation) when investigating the link between microbial ecological behavior and an algal bloom’s trajectory is also highlighted.
    Description: This work was supported by NSFC (41476092, 41741015), S&T Projects of Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee (JCYJ20150831192329178, JCYJ20170817160708491, and JCYJ20170412171959157), Key Research and Development Plan of Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2017YFC1403600), as well as by the Woods Hole Center for Oceans and Human Health through the National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1314642), and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Grant 1-P01-ES021923-01).
    Keywords: Microbial community ; Algal bloom ; Dynamic process ; Network interaction ; Ecological function
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    Modeling tissue and blood gas kinetics in coastal and offshore common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Physiology 9 (2018): 838, doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00838.
    Description: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are highly versatile breath-holding predators that have adapted to a wide range of foraging niches from rivers and coastal ecosystems to deep-water oceanic habitats. Considerable research has been done to understand how bottlenose dolphins manage O2 during diving, but little information exists on other gases or how pressure affects gas exchange. Here we used a dynamic multi-compartment gas exchange model to estimate blood and tissue O2, CO2, and N2 from high-resolution dive records of two different common bottlenose dolphin ecotypes inhabiting shallow (Sarasota Bay) and deep (Bermuda) habitats. The objective was to compare potential physiological strategies used by the two populations to manage shallow and deep diving life styles. We informed the model using species-specific parameters for blood hematocrit, resting metabolic rate, and lung compliance. The model suggested that the known O2 stores were sufficient for Sarasota Bay dolphins to remain within the calculated aerobic dive limit (cADL), but insufficient for Bermuda dolphins that regularly exceeded their cADL. By adjusting the model to reflect the body composition of deep diving Bermuda dolphins, with elevated muscle mass, muscle myoglobin concentration and blood volume, the cADL increased beyond the longest dive duration, thus reflecting the necessary physiological and morphological changes to maintain their deep-diving life-style. The results indicate that cardiac output had to remain elevated during surface intervals for both ecotypes, and suggests that cardiac output has to remain elevated during shallow dives in-between deep dives to allow sufficient restoration of O2 stores for Bermuda dolphins. Our integrated modeling approach contradicts predictions from simple models, emphasizing the complex nature of physiological interactions between circulation, lung compression, and gas exchange.
    Description: AF (N00014-17-1-2756), PT (N000141512553) and FHJ (N00014-14-1-0410) were supported by the Office of Naval Research, and FHJ by an AIASCOFUND fellowship from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, under EU's FP7 program (Agreement No. 609033). PT received funding from the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland) and their support is gratefully acknowledged.
    Keywords: Diving physiology ; Modeling and simulations ; Gas exchange ; Marine mammals ; Decompression sickness ; Blood gases ; Hypoxia
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    Mixotrophic activity and diversity of Antarctic marine protists in austral summer (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 13, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00013.
    Description: Identifying putative mixotrophic protist species in the environment is important for understanding their behavior, with the recovery of these species in culture essential for determining the triggers of feeding, grazing rates, and overall impact on bacterial standing stocks. In this project, mixotroph abundances determined using tracer ingestion in water and sea ice samples collected in the Ross Sea, Antarctica during the summer of 2011 were compared with data from the spring (Ross Sea) and fall (Arctic) to examine the impacts of bacterivory/mixotrophy. Mixotrophic nanoplankton (MNAN) were usually less abundant than heterotrophs, but consumed more of the bacterial standing stock per day due to relatively higher ingestion rates (1–7 bacteria mixotroph−1 h−1 vs. 0.1–4 bacteria heterotroph−1 h−1). Yet, even with these high rates observed in the Antarctic summer, mixotrophs appeared to have a smaller contribution to bacterivory than in the Antarctic spring. Additionally, putative mixotroph taxa were identified through incubation experiments accomplished with bromodeoxyuridine-labeled bacteria as food, immunoprecipitation (IP) of labeled DNA, and amplification and high throughput sequencing of the eukaryotic ribosomal V9 region. Putative mixotroph OTUs were identified in the IP samples by taxonomic similarity to known phototroph taxa. OTUs that had increased abundance in IP samples compared to the non-IP samples from both surface and chlorophyll maximum (CM) depths were considered to represent active mixotrophy and include ones taxonomically similar to Dictyocha, Gymnodinium, Pentapharsodinium, and Symbiodinium. These OTUs represent target taxa for isolation and laboratory experiments on triggers for mixotrophy, to be combined with qPCR to estimate their abundance, seasonal distribution and potential impact.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants OPP-0838955 (RG) and OPP-0838847 (RS).
    Keywords: Protist ; Diversity ; Mixotrophy ; Ross Sea ; Amplicon sequencing
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    Distinct siderophores contribute to iron cycling in the mesopelagic at Station ALOHA (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 61, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00061.
    Description: The distribution of dissolved iron (Fe), total organic Fe-binding ligands, and siderophores were measured between the surface and 400 m at Station ALOHA, a long term ecological study site in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Dissolved Fe concentrations were low throughout the water column and strong organic Fe-binding ligands exceeded dissolved Fe at all depths; varying from 0.9 nmol L−1 in the surface to 1.6 nmol L−1 below 150 m. Although Fe does not appear to limit microbial production, we nevertheless found siderophores at nearly all depths, indicating some populations of microbes were responding to Fe stress. Ferrioxamine siderophores were most abundant in the upper water column, with concentrations between 0.1 and 2 pmol L−1, while a suite of amphibactins were found below 200 m with concentrations between 0.8 and 11 pmol L−1. The distinct vertical distribution of ferrioxamines and amphibactins may indicate disparate strategies for acquiring Fe from dust in the upper water column and recycled organic matter in the lower water column. Amphibactins were found to have conditional stability constants (log KcondFeL1,Fe′) ranging from 12.0 to 12.5, while ferrioxamines had much stronger conditional stability constants ranging from 14.0 to 14.4, within the range of observed L1 ligands by voltammetry. We used our data to calculate equilibrium Fe speciation at Station ALOHA to compare the relative concentration of inorganic and siderophore complexed Fe. The results indicate that the concentration of Fe bound to siderophores was up to two orders of magnitude higher than inorganic Fe, suggesting that even if less bioavailable, siderophores were nevertheless a viable pathway for Fe acquisition by microbes at our study site. Finally, we observed rapid production of ferrioxamine E by particle-associated bacteria during incubation of freshly collected sinking organic matter. Fe-limitation may therefore be a factor in regulating carbon metabolism and nutrient regeneration in the mesopelagic.
    Description: This work was funded by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Postdoctoral Fellowship for RaB, the Simons Foundation (Award 329108), and the National Science Foundation (OCE-1356747).
    Keywords: Iron ; Siderophores ; Station ALOHA ; Organic ligands ; Iron limitation
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    The origin and role of organic matrix in coral calcification: insights from comparing coral skeleton and abiogenic aragonite (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 170, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00170.
    Description: Understanding the mechanisms of coral calcification is critical for accurately projecting coral reef futures under ocean acidification and warming. Recent suggestions that calcification is primarily controlled by organic molecules and the biological activity of the coral polyp imply that ocean acidification may not affect skeletal accretion. The basis for these suggestions relies heavily on correlating the presence of organic matter with the orientation and disorder of aragonite crystals in the skeleton, carrying the assumption that organic matter observed in the skeleton was produced by the polyp to control calcification. Here we use Raman spectroscopy to test whether there are differences in organic matter content between coral skeleton and abiogenic aragonites precipitated from seawater, both before and after thermal annealing (heating). We measured the background fluxorescence and intensity of C-H bonding signals in the Raman spectra, which are commonly attributed to coral polyp-derived skeletal organic matrix (SOM) and have been used to map its distribution. Surprisingly, we found no differences in either fluorescence or C-H bonding between abiogenic aragonite and coral skeleton. Annealing reduced the molecular disorder in coral skeleton, potentially due to removal of organic matter, but the same effect was also observed in the abiogenic aragonites. The presence of organic molecules in the abiogenic aragonites is further supported by measurements of N content and δ15N. Together, our data suggest that some of what has been interpreted in previous studies as polyp-derived SOM may actually be seawater-sourced organic matter or some other signal not unique to biogenic aragonite. Finally, we create a high-resolution Raman map of a Pocillopora skeleton to demonstrate how patterns of fluorescence and elevated calcifying fluid aragonite saturation state (ΩAr) along centers of calcification are consistent with both biological and physico-chemical controls. Our aim is to advance discussion on biological mediation of calcification and the implications for coral resilience in a high-CO2 world.
    Description: This study was supported by an ARC Laureate Fellowship (FL120100049) awarded to Professor Malcolm McCulloch and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies (CE140100020).
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    Electrical synapses enhance and accelerate interneuron recruitment in response to coincident and sequential excitation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience 12 (2018): 156, doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00156.
    Description: Electrical synapses are ubiquitous in interneuron networks. They form intercellular pathways, allowing electrical currents to leak between coupled interneurons. I explored the impact of electrical coupling on the integration of excitatory signals and on the coincidence detection abilities of electrically-coupled cerebellar basket cells (BCs). In order to do so, I quantified the influence of electrical coupling on the rate, the probability and the latency at which BCs generate action potentials when stimulated. The long-lasting simultaneous suprathreshold depolarization of a coupled cell evoked an increase in firing rate and a shortening of action potential latency in a reference basket cell, compared to its depolarization alone. Likewise, the action potential probability of coupled cells was strongly increased when they were simultaneously stimulated with trains of short-duration near-threshold current pulses (mimicking the activation of presynaptic granule cells) at 10 Hz, and to a lesser extent at 50 Hz, an effect that was absent in non-coupled cells. Moreover, action potential probability was increased and action potential latency was shortened in response to synaptic stimulations in mice lacking the protein that forms gap junctions between BCs, connexin36, relative to wild-type (WT) controls. These results suggest that electrical synapses between BCs decrease the probability and increase the latency of stimulus-triggered action potentials, both effects being reverted upon simultaneous excitation of coupled cells. Interestingly, varying the delay at which coupled cells are stimulated revealed that the probability and the speed of action potential generation are facilitated maximally when a basket cell is stimulated shortly after a coupled cell. These findings suggest that electrically-coupled interneurons behave as coincidence and sequence detectors that dynamically regulate the latency and the strength of inhibition onto postsynaptic targets depending on the degree of input synchrony in the coupled interneuron network.
    Description: This work was supported by the laboratory of Brain Physiology at Paris Descartes University (UMR8118), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche Grant INterneuron NETwork (INNET), the Laboratory of Cellular and Systemic Neurophysiology, Institute for Physiology I at the University of Freiburg, and the Grass foundation.
    Keywords: Gap junction ; Synaptic integration ; Interneurons ; Inhibition ; Coincidence ; Cerebellum
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    Nitrogen limitation of the summer phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote communities in the Chukchi Sea (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 362, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00362.
    Description: Major changes to Arctic marine ecosystems have resulted in longer growing seasons with increased phytoplankton production over larger areas. In the Chukchi Sea, the high productivity fuels intense benthic denitrification creating a nitrogen (N) deficit that is transported through the Arctic to the Atlantic Ocean, where it likely fuels N fixation. Given the rapid pace of environmental change and the potentially globally significant N deficit, we conducted experiments aimed at understanding phytoplankton and microbial N utilization in the Chukchi Sea. Ship-board experiments tested the effect of nitrate (NO3-) additions on both phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryote abundance, community composition, photophysiology, carbon fixation and NO3- uptake rates. Results support the critical role of NO3- in limiting summer phytoplankton communities to small cells with low production rates. NO3- additions increased particulate concentrations, abundance of large diatoms, and rates of carbon fixation and NO3- uptake by cells 〉1 μm. Increases in the quantum yield and electron turnover rate of photosystem II in +NO3- treatments suggested that phytoplankton in the ambient dissolved N environment were N starved and unable to build new, or repair damaged, reaction centers. While some increases in heterotrophic prokaryote abundance and production were noted with NO3- amendments, phytoplankton competition or grazers likely dampened these responses. Trends toward a warmer more stratified Chukchi Sea will likely enhance summer oligotrophic conditions and further N starve Chukchi Sea phytoplankton communities.
    Description: Fieldwork and analysis for the ICESCAPE program was supported by Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration under Grant No. NNX10AF42G to KA.
    Keywords: Phytoplankton ; Nitrogen ; Chukchi Sea ; Nitrate ; Nutrient limitation
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    Oxidative formation and removal of complexed Mn(III) by Pseudomonas species (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 560, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00560.
    Description: The observation of significant concentrations of soluble Mn(III) complexes in oxic, suboxic, and some anoxic waters has triggered a re-evaluation of the previous Mn paradigm which focused on the cycling between soluble Mn(II) and insoluble Mn(III,IV) species as operationally defined by filtration. Though Mn(II) oxidation in aquatic environments is primarily bacterially-mediated, little is known about the effect of Mn(III)-binding ligands on Mn(II) oxidation nor on the formation and removal of Mn(III). Pseudomonas putida GB-1 is one of the most extensively investigated of all Mn(II) oxidizing bacteria, encoding genes for three Mn oxidases (McoA, MnxG, and MopA). P. putida GB-1 and associated Mn oxidase mutants were tested alongside environmental isolates Pseudomonas hunanensis GSL-007 and Pseudomonas sp. GSL-010 for their ability to both directly oxidize weakly and strongly bound Mn(III), and to form these complexes through the oxidation of Mn(II). Using Mn(III)-citrate (weak complex) and Mn(III)-DFOB (strong complex), it was observed that P. putida GB-1, P. hunanensis GSL-007 and Pseudomonas sp. GSL-010 and mutants expressing only MnxG and McoA were able to directly oxidize both species at varying levels; however, no oxidation was detected in cultures of a P. putida mutant expressing only MopA. During cultivation in the presence of Mn(II) and citrate or DFOB, P. putida GB-1, P. hunanensis GSL-007 and Pseudomonas sp. GSL-010 formed Mn(III) complexes transiently as an intermediate before forming Mn(III/IV) oxides with the overall rates and extents of Mn(III,IV) oxide formation being greater for Mn(III)-citrate than for Mn(III)-DFOB. These data highlight the role of bacteria in the oxidative portion of the Mn cycle and suggest that the oxidation of strong Mn(III) complexes can occur through enzymatic mechanisms involving multicopper oxidases. The results support the observations from field studies and further emphasize the complexity of the geochemical cycling of manganese.
    Description: This work was funded by grants from the Chemical Oceanography program of the National Science Foundation (OCE-1558738 and OCE-1558692).
    Keywords: Manganese(III) ; Mn(III)-DFOB ; Mn(III)-citrate ; Mn(III)-L ; Pseudomonas ; Bacterial manganese oxidation
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    Resting metabolic rate and lung function in wild offshore common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, near Bermuda (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Physiology 9 (2018): 886, doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00886.
    Description: Diving mammals have evolved a suite of physiological adaptations to manage respiratory gases during extended breath-hold dives. To test the hypothesis that offshore bottlenose dolphins have evolved physiological adaptations to improve their ability for extended deep dives and as protection for lung barotrauma, we investigated the lung function and respiratory physiology of four wild common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) near the island of Bermuda. We measured blood hematocrit (Hct, %), resting metabolic rate (RMR, l O2 ⋅ min-1), tidal volume (VT, l), respiratory frequency (fR, breaths ⋅ min-1), respiratory flow (l ⋅ min-1), and dynamic lung compliance (CL, l ⋅ cmH2O-1) in air and in water, and compared measurements with published results from coastal, shallow-diving dolphins. We found that offshore dolphins had greater Hct (56 ± 2%) compared to shallow-diving bottlenose dolphins (range: 30–49%), thus resulting in a greater O2 storage capacity and longer aerobic diving duration. Contrary to our hypothesis, the specific CL (sCL, 0.30 ± 0.12 cmH2O-1) was not different between populations. Neither the mass-specific RMR (3.0 ± 1.7 ml O2 ⋅ min-1 ⋅ kg-1) nor VT (23.0 ± 3.7 ml ⋅ kg-1) were different from coastal ecotype bottlenose dolphins, both in the wild and under managed care, suggesting that deep-diving dolphins do not have metabolic or respiratory adaptations that differ from the shallow-diving ecotypes. The lack of respiratory adaptations for deep diving further support the recently developed hypothesis that gas management in cetaceans is not entirely passive but governed by alteration in the ventilation-perfusion matching, which allows for selective gas exchange to protect against diving related problems such as decompression sickness.
    Description: Funding for this project was provided by the Office of Naval Research (ONR YIP Award No. N000141410563, and Dolphin Quest, Inc. FHJ was supported by the Office of Naval Research (Award No. N00014-1410410) and an AIAS-COFUND fellowship from Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies under the FP7 program of the EU (Agreement No. 609033).
    Keywords: Lung mechanics ; Total lung capacity ; Field metabolic rate ; Energetics ; Minimum air volume ; Diving physiology ; Marine mammals ; Spirometry
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    Evaluation of mixotrophy-associated gene expression in two species of polar marine algae (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Marine Science 5 (2018): 273, doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00273.
    Description: Mixotrophic flagellates can comprise significant proportions of plankton biomass in marine ecosystems. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of this ecological strategy, and the identification of major environmental factors controlling phagotrophic behavior (light and nutrients), the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying mixotrophic behavior are still unclear. In this study, we performed RNA-Seq transcriptomic analysis for two mixotrophic prasinophytes, Micromonas polaris and Pyramimonas tychotreta, under dissolved nutrient regimes that altered their ingestion of bacteria prey. Though the strains examined were polar isolates, both belong to genera with widespread distribution. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptomes of these two non-model phytoflagellates, identify transcripts consistent with phagotrophic activity and assess their differential expression in response to nutrient stress. De novo assembly of the transcriptomes yielded large numbers of novel coding transcripts with no known match within public databases. A summary of the transcripts by Gene Ontology terms showed many expected expression patterns, including genes involved in photosynthetic pathways and enzymes implicated in nutrient uptake pathways. Searches of KEGG databases identified several genes associated with intra-cellular digestive pathways actively transcribed in both prasinophytes. Differential expression analysis showed a larger response in P. tychotreta, where 23,373 genes were up-regulated and 1,752 were down-regulated in the low nutrient treatment when phagotrophy was enhanced. In contrast, in M. polaris, low nutrient treatments resulted in up-regulation of 314 transcripts while down-regulating 371. With respect to phagotrophic-related expression, 37 genes were co-expressed in both P. tychotreta and M. polaris, and although the response was less pronounced in M. polaris, it is consistent with differences in observed ingestion behavior. This study presents the first genomic data for Pyramimonas tychotreta, and also contributes to the limited available data for Micromonas polaris. Furthermore, it provides insight into the presence of genes associated with phagocytosis within the Prasinophyceae and contributes to the understanding of potential target genes required for the construction of a complete model of gene regulation of phagocytic behavior in algae.
    Description: The Owlsnest Super-Computing Cluster at Temple University is funded by a National Science Foundation Grant CNS-09-58854. The CUNY HPCC is operated by the College of Staten Island and funded, in part, by grants from the City of New York, State of New York, CUNY Research Foundation, and National Science Foundation Grants CNS-0958379, CNS-0855217, and ACI 1126113. Support for this work was also supplied by National Science Foundation grants PLR-1341362 (RG), PLR-1603538 (RS), and PLR-1603833 (RG).
    Keywords: Mixotrophy ; Pyramimonas ; Micromonas ; RNA-Seq ; Transcriptomics ; Phagotrophy
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    Using maximum entropy production to describe microbial biogeochemistry over time and space in a meromictic pond (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Environmental Science 6 (2018): 100, doi:10.3389/fenvs.2018.00100.
    Description: Determining how microbial communities organize and function at the ecosystem level is essential to understanding and predicting how they will respond to environmental change. Mathematical models can be used to describe these communities, but properly representing all the biological interactions in extremely diverse natural microbial ecosystems in a mathematical model is challenging. We examine a complementary approach based on the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle, which proposes that systems with many degrees of freedom will likely organize to maximize the rate of free energy dissipation. In this study, we develop an MEP model to describe biogeochemistry observed in Siders Pond, a phosphate limited meromictic system located in Falmouth, MA that exhibits steep chemical gradients due to density-driven stratification that supports anaerobic photosynthesis as well as microbial communities that catalyze redox cycles involving O, N, S, Fe, and Mn. The MEP model uses a metabolic network to represent microbial redox reactions, where biomass allocation and reaction rates are determined by solving an optimization problem that maximizes entropy production over time, and a 1D vertical profile constrained by an advection-dispersion-reaction model. We introduce a new approach for modeling phototrophy and explicitly represent oxygenic photoautotrophs, photoheterotrophs and anoxygenic photoautotrophs. The metabolic network also includes reactions for aerobic organoheterotrophic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria, sulfide oxidizing bacteria and aerobic and anaerobic grazers. Model results were compared to observations of biogeochemical constituents collected over a 24 h period at 8 depths at a single 15 m deep station in Siders Pond. Maximizing entropy production over long (3 day) intervals produced results more similar to field observations than short (0.25 day) interval optimizations, which support the importance of temporal strategies for maximizing entropy production over time. Furthermore, we found that entropy production must be maximized locally instead of globally where energy potentials are degraded quickly by abiotic processes, such as light absorption by water. This combination of field observations and modeling results indicate that natural microbial systems can be modeled by using the maximum entropy production principle applied over time and space using many fewer parameters than conventional models.
    Description: Primary funding for this project was from NSF GG grant EAR-1451356 to JV and JH, with additional support from Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation grant GBMF 3297. JV also received support from NSF Grants OCE-1637630 and OCE-1558710 and Simons Foundation grant 549941. The NSF Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI; OCE-0939564) also supported the participation of JH.
    Keywords: Maximum entropy production ; Microbial biogeochemistry ; Metabolic networks ; Phototrophy ; Community function ; Meromictic
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    Identification of erosional terraces on seamounts : implications for interisland connectivity and subsidence in the Galápagos Archipelago (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Earth Science 6 (2018): 88, doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00088.
    Description: Shallow seamounts at ocean island hotspots and in other settings may record emergence histories in the form of submarine erosional terraces. Exposure histories are valuable for constraining paleo-elevations and sea levels in the absence of more traditional markers, such as drowned coral reefs. However, similar features can also be produced through primary volcanic processes, which complicate the use of terraced seamounts as an indicator of paleo-shorelines. In the western Galápagos Archipelago, we utilize newly collected bathymetry along with seafloor observations from human-occupied submersibles to document the location and depth of erosional terraces on seamounts near the islands of Santiago, Santa Cruz, Floreana, Isabela, and Fernandina. We directly observed erosional features on 22 seamounts with terraces. We use these observations and bathymetric analysis to develop a framework to identify terrace-like morphologic features and classify them as either erosional or volcanic in origin. From this framework we identify 79 erosional terraces on 30 seamounts that are presently found at depths of 30 to 300 m. Although intermittent subaerial connectivity between the islands has been hypothesized, the depths of these erosional terraces in the Santiago region are the first direct evidence of paleo-connectivity in the modern archipelago. Collectively, the terraces have non-randomly distributed depths. We suggest that peaks in the distribution of terrace depths likely represent long durations of exposure (i.e., sea-level still or lowstands). By comparing these peaks to those of subsidence adjusted sea-level curves, we identify the average subsidence rate that best reproduces the observed terrace distributions. These rates are 0.2–0.4 m/ka for this portion of the central Galápagos, since the formation of the seamounts, consistent with previous independent estimates. Using these subsidence rates and evidence for erosional terraces at depths up to 300 m, we conclude that all islands in the central archipelago have been intermittently connected starting between 435 and 900 ka. Individual island pairs have likely been repeatedly subaerially connected for short intervals since that time.
    Description: This project was carried out with financial support from the NSF (OCE-1634685 to SS and OCE-1634952 to VW) and the Dalio Explore Fund.
    Keywords: Erosional terraces ; Paleogeography ; Hotspot ; Ocean island ; Multibeam bathymetry ; Wave erosion
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    Two forms of electrical transmission between neurons (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience 11 (2018): 427, doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00427.
    Description: Electrical signaling is a cardinal feature of the nervous system and endows it with the capability of quickly reacting to changes in the environment. Although synaptic communication between nerve cells is perceived to be mainly chemically mediated, electrical synaptic interactions also occur. Two different strategies are responsible for electrical communication between neurons. One is the consequence of low resistance intercellular pathways, called “gap junctions”, for the spread of electrical currents between the interior of two cells. The second occurs in the absence of cell-to-cell contacts and is a consequence of the extracellular electrical fields generated by the electrical activity of neurons. Here, we place present notions about electrical transmission in a historical perspective and contrast the contributions of the two different forms of electrical communication to brain function.
    Description: This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants DC03186, DC011099, NS055726, NS085772 and NS0552827 to AP.
    Keywords: Synaptic communication ; Electrical synapse ; Gap junction ; Electric field ; Ephapsis
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    Functional genomics and phylogenetic evidence suggest genus-wide cobalamin production by the globally distributed marine nitrogen fixer Trichodesmium (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 189, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00189.
    Description: Only select prokaryotes can biosynthesize vitamin B12 (i.e., cobalamins), but these organic co-enzymes are required by all microbial life and can be vanishingly scarce across extensive ocean biomes. Although global ocean genome data suggest cyanobacteria to be a major euphotic source of cobalamins, recent studies have highlighted that 〉95% of cyanobacteria can only produce a cobalamin analog, pseudo-B12, due to the absence of the BluB protein that synthesizes the α ligand 5,6-dimethylbenzimidizole (DMB) required to biosynthesize cobalamins. Pseudo-B12 is substantially less bioavailable to eukaryotic algae, as only certain taxa can intracellularly remodel it to one of the cobalamins. Here we present phylogenetic, metagenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and chemical analyses providing multiple lines of evidence that the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium transcribes and translates the biosynthetic, cobalamin-requiring BluB enzyme. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that the Trichodesmium DMB biosynthesis gene, bluB, is of ancient origin, which could have aided in its ecological differentiation from other nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Additionally, orthologue analyses reveal two genes encoding iron-dependent B12 biosynthetic enzymes (cbiX and isiB), suggesting that iron availability may be linked not only to new nitrogen supplies from nitrogen fixation, but also to B12 inputs by Trichodesmium. These analyses suggest that Trichodesmium contains the genus-wide genomic potential for a previously unrecognized role as a source of cobalamins, which may prove to considerably impact marine biogeochemical cycles.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF research grants OCE-1260233, OCE-1260490, OCE-1657757, and OCE-143566.
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    Marine virus-like particles and microbes : a linear interpretation (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 9 (2018): 358, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00358.
    Description: Viruses are key players in ocean ecology and biogeochemistry, not only because of their functional roles but also partially due to their sheer abundance (Fuhrman, 1999; Wilhelm and Suttle, 1999). Because viruses cannot replicate without their hosts' machinery, their abundance is inextricably related to that of their (mostly microbial) hosts. The relationship between viral and microbial abundances is thus of great interest.
    Keywords: Marine viruses ; Virus ; Virioplankton ; Viral abundance ; Virus-like particles ; Virus to microbe ratio ; Virus to bacterium ratio ; Virus-microbe relationship
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    Leaf-FISH : microscale imaging of bacterial taxa on phyllosphere (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Microbiology 8 (2018): 2669, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.02669.
    Description: Molecular methods for microbial community characterization have uncovered environmental and plant-associated factors shaping phyllosphere communities. Variables undetectable using bulk methods can play an important role in shaping plant-microbe interactions. Microscale analysis of bacterial dynamics in the phyllosphere requires imaging techniques specially adapted to the high autoflouresence and 3-D structure of the leaf surface. We present an easily-transferable method (Leaf-FISH) to generate high-resolution tridimensional images of leaf surfaces that allows simultaneous visualization of multiple bacterial taxa in a structurally informed context, using taxon-specific fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes. Using a combination of leaf pretreatments coupled with spectral imaging confocal microscopy, we demonstrate the successful imaging bacterial taxa at the genus level on cuticular and subcuticular leaf areas. Our results confirm that different bacterial species, including closely related isolates, colonize distinct microhabitats in the leaf. We demonstrate that highly related Methylobacterium species have distinct colonization patterns that could not be predicted by shared physiological traits, such as carbon source requirements or phytohormone production. High-resolution characterization of microbial colonization patterns is critical for an accurate understanding of microbe-microbe and microbe-plant interactions, and for the development of foliar bacteria as plant-protective agents.
    Description: Funding was provided by the J. Unger Vetleson Foundation to SS.
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Combinatorial labeling ; Fluorescence in situ hybridization ; Leaf microenvironments ; Methylobacterium ; Phyllosphere ; Preferential colonization ; Zostera marina
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    Stochastic downscaling of precipitation in complex orography: a simple method to reproduce a realistic fine-scale climatology (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Stochastic downscaling of precipitation in complex orography: a simple method to reproduce a realistic fine-scale climatology〈/b〉〈br〉 Silvia Terzago, Elisa Palazzi, and Jost von Hardenberg〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2825-2840, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2825-2018, 2018〈br〉 This study proposes a modification to a stochastic downscaling method for precipitation, RainFARM, to improve the representation of the statistics of the daily precipitation at fine scales (1 km) in mountain areas. This method has been demonstrated in the Alps and it has been found to reconstruct small-scale precipitation distribution. It can be employed in a number of applications, including the analysis of extreme events and their statistics and hydrometeorological hazards.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus
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    Soil lacquer peel DIY: simply capturing beauty (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Soil lacquer peel DIY: simply capturing beauty〈/b〉〈br〉 Cathelijne R. Stoof, Jasper H. J. Candel, Laszlo van der Wal, and Gert Peek〈br〉 SOIL Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/soil-2018-27,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for SOIL〈/b〉 (discussion: final response, 2 comments)〈br〉 Teaching and outreach of soils is often done with real life snapshots of soils and sediments in lacquer or glue peels. While it may seem hard, anyone can make such a peel. Illustrated with handmade drawings and instructional video, we explain how to capture soils in peels using readily available materials. A new twist to old methods makes this more safe, simple and successful, and thus a true DIY (do it yourself) activity, highlighting the value and beauty of the ground below our feet.
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures〈/b〉〈br〉 Rosa Delia García, Emilio Cuevas, Ramón Ramos, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, Alberto Redondas, and José A. Moreno-Ruiz〈br〉 Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gi-2018-41,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Revised manuscript accepted for GI〈/b〉 (discussion: closed, 3 comments)〈br〉 IZA is a high-mountain station located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain; at 28.3° N, 16.5° W, 2373 m a.s.l.) and is a representative site of the subtropical North Atlantic free troposphere. It contributes with basic-BSRN radiation measurements, such as, global shortwave radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation and longwave downward radiation and extended-BSRN measurements, including ultraviolet ranges, shortwave upward radiation and longwave.
    Print ISSN: 2193-0856
    Electronic ISSN: 2193-0864
    Topics: Geosciences
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    High-spatial resolution probability maps of drought duration and magnitude across Spain (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉High-spatial resolution probability maps of drought duration and magnitude across Spain〈/b〉〈br〉 Fernando Domínguez-Castro, Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano, Miquel Tomás-Burguera, Marina Peña-Gallardo, Santiago Beguería, Ahmed El Kenawy, Yolanda Luna, and Ana Morata〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2018-289,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for NHESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We mapped – for the first time – the probability of occurrence of drought over Spain, with the overriding aim of improving current drought assessment, management and mitigation measures and strategies across the region. Spatially, our estimations suggest a higher probability of extreme drought events in southern and central areas of Spain, compared to northern and eastern regions. Nevertheless, there are strong differences between drought indices, as well as among drought timescales.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 45
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    Effect of deforestation and subsequent land use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Effect of deforestation and subsequent land use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco〈/b〉〈br〉 Natalia Andrea Osinaga, Carina Rosa Álvarez, and Miguel Angel Taboada〈br〉 SOIL, 4, 251-257, https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-4-251-2018, 2018〈br〉 The sub-humid Argentine Chaco, originally covered by forest, has been subjected to clearing since the end of the 1970s and replacement of the forest by no-till farming. The organic carbon stock content up to 1 m depth varied as follows: forest 〉 pasture 〉 continuous cropping, with no impact of the number of years under cropping. The incorporation of pastures of warm-season grasses was able to mitigate the decrease of C stocks caused by cropping and so could be considered sustainable management.
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 46
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    Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Description of the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) station at the Izaña Observatory (2009–2017): measurements and quality control/assurance procedures〈/b〉〈br〉 Rosa Delia García, Emilio Cuevas, Ramón Ramos, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, Alberto Redondas, and José A. Moreno-Ruiz〈br〉 Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gi-2018-41,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Revised manuscript accepted for GI〈/b〉 (discussion: closed, 3 comments)〈br〉 IZA is a high-mountain station located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain; at 28.3° N, 16.5° W, 2373 m a.s.l.) and is a representative site of the subtropical North Atlantic free troposphere. It contributes with basic-BSRN radiation measurements, such as, global shortwave radiation, direct radiation, diffuse radiation and longwave downward radiation and extended-BSRN measurements, including ultraviolet ranges, shortwave upward radiation and longwave.
    Electronic ISSN: 2193-0872
    Topics: Geosciences
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    Bayesian earthquake dating and seismic hazard assessment using chlorine-36 measurements (BED v1) (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Bayesian earthquake dating and seismic hazard assessment using chlorine-36 measurements (BED v1)〈/b〉〈br〉 Joakim Beck, Sören Wolfers, and Gerald P. Roberts〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4383-4397, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4383-2018, 2018〈br〉 Seismic hazard assessment requires records of earthquake recurrence with many slip events. Current data from paleoseismology on individual faults are sparse and do not provide stable estimates of earthquake recurrence. We propose a statistical model-based method to study timings of earthquakes over the past few millennia. The results agree with historical earthquakes for faults in the Italian Apennines, and can aid future studies of fault interactions over multiple earthquake cycles.
    Print ISSN: 1991-9611
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-962X
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    Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals? (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals?〈/b〉〈br〉 James O. Knighton, Osamu Tsuda, Rebecca Elliott, and M. Todd Walter〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5657-5673, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5657-2018, 2018〈br〉 Decision-making for flood risk management is often the collective effort of professionals within government, NGOs, private practice, and advocacy groups. Our research investigates differences among flood experts within Tompkins County, New York (USA). We explore how they differ in their perceptions of flooding risk, desired project outcomes, and knowledge. We observe substantial differences among experts, and recommend formally acknowledging these perceptions when engaging in flood management.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    High variability of particulate organic carbon export along the North Atlantic GEOTRACES section GA01 as deduced from 234Th fluxes (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉High variability of particulate organic carbon export along the North Atlantic GEOTRACES section GA01 as deduced from 〈sup〉234〈/sup〉Th fluxes〈/b〉〈br〉 Nolwenn Lemaitre, Frédéric Planchon, Hélène Planquette, Frank Dehairs, Debany Fonseca-Batista, Arnout Roukaerts, Florian Deman, Yi Tang, Clarisse Mariez, and Géraldine Sarthou〈br〉 Biogeosciences, 15, 6417-6437, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-6417-2018, 2018〈br〉 We investigated the surface particulate organic carbon export fluxes in the North Atlantic with the objective of better understanding the biological carbon pump. Our results highlighted that exports depended on the intensity and stage of the bloom, the phytoplankton size and community structures. After comparing with primary production, we concluded that, during our study, the North Atlantic behaves like most of the highly productive areas in the world's ocean, with a low export efficiency.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology〈/b〉〈br〉 Camilo Melo-Aguilar, J. Fidel González-Rouco, Elena García-Bustamante, Jorge Navarro-Montesinos, and Norman Steinert〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1583-1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1583-2018, 2018〈br〉 Air–ground temperature coupling is the central assumption of borehole temperature reconstructions. Here, this premise is assessed from a pseudo-reality perspective by considering last millennium ensembles of simulations from the Community Earth System Model. The results show that long-term variations in the energy fluxes at the surface during industrial times, due to the influence of external forcings, impact the long-term air–ground temperature coupling.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
    Topics: Geosciences
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    A General Analytical Model for Head Response to Oscillatory Pumping in Unconfined Aquifers: Consider the Effects of Delayed Gravity Drainage and Initial Condition (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉A General Analytical Model for Head Response to Oscillatory Pumping in Unconfined Aquifers: Consider the Effects of Delayed Gravity Drainage and Initial Condition〈/b〉〈br〉 Ching-Sheng Huang, Ya-Hsin Tsai, Hund-Der Yeh, and Tao Yang〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-482,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 2 comments)〈br〉 This study develops a new model describing head fluctuation induced by oscillatory pumping test (OPT) in unconfined aquifer with the effects of delayed gravity drainage (DGD) and initial condition regarding the hydraulic head prior to OPT. The DGD reduces to instantaneous gravity drainage when a dimensionless parameter exceeds 500. A pseudo-steady state model excluding initial condition causes a time shift from the actual transient model in predicting simple harmonic motion of head fluctuation.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China? (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China?〈/b〉〈br〉 Bing-Qi Zhu, Xiao-Zong Ren, and Patrick Rioual〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-395,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Although rainfall is scarce in global deserts, the Otindag Desert is abundant of water resources (mainly groundwater). To understand the water origin in this desert, stable and radioactive isotopes and hydrochemistry of natural waters were investigated. The groundwaters in the desert were young but not of meteoric origin, i.e., out of control by the modern and palaeo- direct recharge. The tectonic control, but not the climate control, is essentially responsible for the water origin there.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
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    Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM〈/b〉〈br〉 Rumi Ohgaito, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Ryouta O'ishi, Toshihiko Takemura, Akinori Ito, Tomohiro Hajima, Shingo Watanabe, and Michio Kawamiya〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1565-1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1565-2018, 2018〈br〉 The behaviour of dust in terms of climate can be investigated using past climate. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21000 years before present) is known to be dustier. We investigated the impact of plausible dust distribution on the climate of the LGM using an Earth system model and found that the higher dust load results in less cooling over the polar regions. The main finding is that radiative perturbation by the high dust loading does not necessarily cool the surface surrounding Antarctica.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9340
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9359
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    A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea〈/b〉〈br〉 Jiaxun Li, Guihua Wang, Huijie Xue, and Huizan Wang〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-116,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A novel predictive model is built for eddy propagation trajectory using the multiple linear regression method. This simple model has related various oceanic parameters to eddy propagation position changes in the South China Sea (SCS). The performance of the proposed model is examined in the SCS based on twenty years of satellite altimeter data, and demonstrates its significant forecast skills over a 4-week forecast window comparing to the traditional persistence method.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
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  • 55
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    Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology (2018)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Influence of radiative forcing factors on ground–air temperature coupling during the last millennium: implications for borehole climatology〈/b〉〈br〉 Camilo Melo-Aguilar, J. Fidel González-Rouco, Elena García-Bustamante, Jorge Navarro-Montesinos, and Norman Steinert〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1583-1606, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1583-2018, 2018〈br〉 Air–ground temperature coupling is the central assumption of borehole temperature reconstructions. Here, this premise is assessed from a pseudo-reality perspective by considering last millennium ensembles of simulations from the Community Earth System Model. The results show that long-term variations in the energy fluxes at the surface during industrial times, due to the influence of external forcings, impact the long-term air–ground temperature coupling.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9340
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9359
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  • 56
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    Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM〈/b〉〈br〉 Rumi Ohgaito, Ayako Abe-Ouchi, Ryouta O'ishi, Toshihiko Takemura, Akinori Ito, Tomohiro Hajima, Shingo Watanabe, and Michio Kawamiya〈br〉 Clim. Past, 14, 1565-1581, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-1565-2018, 2018〈br〉 The behaviour of dust in terms of climate can be investigated using past climate. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21000 years before present) is known to be dustier. We investigated the impact of plausible dust distribution on the climate of the LGM using an Earth system model and found that the higher dust load results in less cooling over the polar regions. The main finding is that radiative perturbation by the high dust loading does not necessarily cool the surface surrounding Antarctica.
    Print ISSN: 1814-9324
    Electronic ISSN: 1814-9332
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  • 57
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    Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China? (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Direct or indirect recharge on groundwater in the middle-latitude desert of Otindag, China?〈/b〉〈br〉 Bing-Qi Zhu, Xiao-Zong Ren, and Patrick Rioual〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-395,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Although rainfall is scarce in global deserts, the Otindag Desert is abundant of water resources (mainly groundwater). To understand the water origin in this desert, stable and radioactive isotopes and hydrochemistry of natural waters were investigated. The groundwaters in the desert were young but not of meteoric origin, i.e., out of control by the modern and palaeo- direct recharge. The tectonic control, but not the climate control, is essentially responsible for the water origin there.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Inter-comparison of Atmospheric Trace Gas Dispersion Models: Barnett Shale Case Study (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Inter-comparison of Atmospheric Trace Gas Dispersion Models: Barnett Shale Case Study〈/b〉〈br〉 Anna Karion, Thomas Lauvaux, Israel Lopez Coto, Colm Sweeney, Kimberly Mueller, Sharon Gourdji, Wayne Angevine, Zachary Barkley, Aijun Deng, Arlyn Andrews, Ariel Stein, and James Whetstone〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-736,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In this study, we use atmospheric methane concentration observations collected during an airborne campaign to compare different model-based emissions estimates from the Barnett Shale oil and natural gas production basin in Texas, U.S.A. We find that the tracer dispersion model has a significant impact on the results, because the models differ in their simulation of vertical dispersion. Additional work is needed to evaluate and improve vertical mixing in the tracer dispersion models.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
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    Insights into the morphology of multicomponent organic/inorganic aerosols from molecular dynamics simulations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Insights into the morphology of multicomponent organic/inorganic aerosols from molecular dynamics simulations〈/b〉〈br〉 Katerina S. Karadima, Vlasis G. Mavrantzas, and Spyros N. Pandis〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1098,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 We explore the morphologies of multicomponent nanoparticles through atomistic molecular dynamics simulations under atmospherically relevant conditions. Phase separation is predicted for almost all simulated nanoparticles either between organics and inorganics or between hydrophobic and hydrophilic constituents. Three main particle types were identified: organic islands at the surface, inorganic core-organic shell morphologies, and complex structures with hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
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    Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas〈/b〉〈br〉 Ye Tian, Chao Xue, Chun-Ying Liu, Gui-Peng Yang, Pei-Feng Li, Wei-Hua Feng, and Hermann W. Bange〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-446,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be widespread with different functions in marine ecosystem but know little about it. Concentrations of NO were in the range of from below the detection limit to 616 pmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the surface and to 482 pmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the bottom of the Bohai and Yellow Seas. The study region was a source of the atmospheric NO. NO sea-to-air fluxes were much lower than NO photoproduction rates, implying that the NO produced in the mixed layer was rapidly consumed before enter the atmosphere.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
    Electronic ISSN: 1726-4189
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
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    CORDEX-WRF v1.3: Development of a module for theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to support the CORDEX community (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉CORDEX-WRF v1.3: Development of a module for theWeather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to support the CORDEX community〈/b〉〈br〉 Lluís Fita, Jan Polcher, Theodore M. Giannaros, Torge Lorenz, Josipa Milovac, Giannis Sofiadis, Eleni Katragkou, and Sophie Bastin〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-241,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Regional climate experiments coordinated throughout CORDEX aim to study and provide high quality climate data over a given region. This data is used by climate change mitigation and adaptation policies studies and stake holders. CORDEX requires a list of variables, which most of them are not provided by atmospheric models. Aiming to help the community and to maximize use of CORDEX exercises, we create a new module for the WRF model to directly produce them adding 〈q〉generic〈/q〉 and 〈q〉additional〈/q〉 ones.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-9603
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    Retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from POLDER-3 measurements using a neural network ensemble approach (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Retrieval of liquid water cloud properties from POLDER-3 measurements using a neural network ensemble approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Antonio Di Noia, Otto P. Hasekamp, Bastiaan van Diedenhoven, and Zhibo Zhang〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/amt-2018-345,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for AMT〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 〈p〉This paper describes a neural network algorithm for the estimation of liquid water cloud optical properties from the Polarization and Directionality of Earth's Reflectances-3 (POLDER-3) instrument, on board the Polarization & Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Sciences coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL) satellite. The algorithm has been trained on synthetic multi-angle, multi-wavelength measurements of reflectance and polarization, and has been applied to the processing of one year of POLDER-3 data. Comparisons of the retrieved cloud properties with Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products show negative biases around −2 in retrieved cloud optical thicknesses (COTs) and between −1 and −2 μm in retrieved cloud effective radii. Comparisons with existing POLDER-3 datasets suggest that the proposed scheme may have enhanced capabilities for cloud effective radius retrieval at least over land. An additional feature of the presented algorithm is that it provides COT and effective radius retrievals at the native POLDER-3 Level 1B pixel level.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
    Electronic ISSN: 1867-8548
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    Carbon–nitrogen coupling under three schemes of model representation: a traceability analysis (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Carbon–nitrogen coupling under three schemes of model representation: a traceability analysis〈/b〉〈br〉 Zhenggang Du, Ensheng Weng, Lifen Jiang, Yiqi Luo, Jianyang Xia, and Xuhui Zhou〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev., 11, 4399-4416, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-11-4399-2018, 2018〈br〉 In this study, based on a traceability analysis technique, we evaluated alternative representations of C–N interactions and their impacts on the C cycle using the TECO model framework. Our results showed that different representations of C–N coupling processes lead to divergent effects on plant production, C residence time, and thus the ecosystem C storage capacity. Identifying those effects can help us to improve the N limitation assumptions employed in terrestrial ecosystem models.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
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    Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Akio Hansen, Felix Ament, Verena Grützun, and Andrea Lammert〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-259,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Clouds are responsible for large uncertainties in atmospheric models, whereby the evaluation is very challenging due to their complexity. The Cloudnet project uses multi-sensor observations to create a comprehensive Target Classification showing the cloud structure and phase, but there is no comparable model output available. The presented cloud classification algorithm generates a consistent product, which provides a comprehensive view on clouds and is used for further in-depth evaluation.
    Print ISSN: 1991-959X
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    Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Model evaluation by a cloud classification based on multi-sensor observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Akio Hansen, Felix Ament, Verena Grützun, and Andrea Lammert〈br〉 Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-259,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for GMD〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Clouds are responsible for large uncertainties in atmospheric models, whereby the evaluation is very challenging due to their complexity. The Cloudnet project uses multi-sensor observations to create a comprehensive Target Classification showing the cloud structure and phase, but there is no comparable model output available. The presented cloud classification algorithm generates a consistent product, which provides a comprehensive view on clouds and is used for further in-depth evaluation.
    Print ISSN: 1991-9611
    Electronic ISSN: 1991-962X
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    Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments〈/b〉〈br〉 Nizar Abou Zaki, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Pekka M. Rossi, Mohammad J. Tourian, and Bjørn Klove〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-471,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Groundwater is considered a main source of fresh water in semi-arid climatic zones, especially for agricultural usage. This study compares in-situ groundwater volume variation measurements with GRACE derived water mass data. The study concludes the possibility of using GRACE data to monitor groundwater depletion in catchments that lack measured data. GRACE data can here help in drawing general conclusions for integrated water resources management, and sustainable usage of this resources.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Igor V. Polyakov, Robert Rember, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Genrikh V. Alekseev, and Arild Sundfjord〈br〉 Ocean Sci., 14, 1349-1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1349-2018, 2018〈br〉 This study describes along-slope volume, heat, and salt transports derived from observations collected between 2013 and 2015 in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean using a cross-slope array of six moorings. Inferred transport estimates may have wide implications and should be considered when assessing high-latitude ocean dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
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    Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Svein Østerhus, Rebecca Woodgate, Héðinn Valdimarsson, Bill Turrell, Laura de Steur, Detlef Quadfasel, Steffen M. Olsen, Martin Moritz, Craig M. Lee, Karin Margretha H. Larsen, Steingrímur Jónsson, Clare Johnson, Kerstin Jochumsen, Bogi Hansen, Beth Curry, Stuart Cunningham, and Barbara Berx〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-114,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Two decades of observations of the Arctic Mediterranean (AM) exchanges shows that the exchanges have been stable in terms of volume transport during a period when many other components of the global climate system have changed. The total AM-import is found to be 9.1 Sv and has a seasonal variation of amplitude close to 17 Sv and maximum import in October. Roughly one third of the imported water leaves the AM as surface outflow with the remain two thirds leaving.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
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    Stochastic hydrogeology's biggest hurdles analyzed and its big blind spot (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Stochastic hydrogeology's biggest hurdles analyzed and its big blind spot〈/b〉〈br〉 Yoram Rubin, Ching-Fu Chang, Jiancong Chen, Karina Cucchi, Bradley Harken, Falk Heße, and Heather Savoy〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5675-5695, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5675-2018, 2018〈br〉 This paper addresses questions related to the adoption of stochastic methods in hydrogeology, looking at factors such as environmental regulations, financial incentives, higher education, and the collective feedback loop involving these factors. We show that stochastic hydrogeology's blind spot is in focusing on risk while ignoring uncertainty, to the detriment of its potential clients. The imbalance between the treatments of risk and uncertainty is shown to be common to multiple disciplines.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
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    Simulating secondary organic aerosol from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors: comparison to outdoor chamber experiments, effect of oligomerization on SOA formation and reactive uptake of aldehydes (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Simulating secondary organic aerosol from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors: comparison to outdoor chamber experiments, effect of oligomerization on SOA formation and reactive uptake of aldehydes〈/b〉〈br〉 Florian Couvidat, Marta G. Vivanco, and Bertrand Bessagnet〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15743-15766, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15743-2018, 2018〈br〉 Several new parameterizations and mechanisms for SOA formation are developed based on available experimental results. To evaluate the parameterizations, a box model was developed to simulate SOA formation from monoterpenes and aromatics in the environmental chamber EUPHORE. This box model takes oligomerization, nonideality of the aerosol, multiphase partitioning, aging, vapor wall losses and particle-phase diffusion into account. All these phenomena are rarely taken into account together.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
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    Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations (2018)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Heat, salt, and volume transports in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean from 2 years of mooring observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Igor V. Polyakov, Robert Rember, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Genrikh V. Alekseev, and Arild Sundfjord〈br〉 Ocean Sci., 14, 1349-1371, https://doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1349-2018, 2018〈br〉 This study describes along-slope volume, heat, and salt transports derived from observations collected between 2013 and 2015 in the eastern Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean using a cross-slope array of six moorings. Inferred transport estimates may have wide implications and should be considered when assessing high-latitude ocean dynamics.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
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    Ideas and perspectives: Tree–atmosphere interaction responds to water-related stem variations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Ideas and perspectives: Tree–atmosphere interaction responds to water-related stem variations〈/b〉〈br〉 Tim van Emmerik, Susan Steele-Dunne, Pierre Gentine, Rafael S. Oliveira, Paulo Bittencourt, Fernanda Barros, and Nick van de Giesen〈br〉 Biogeosciences, 15, 6439-6449, https://doi.org10.5194/bg-15-6439-2018, 2018〈br〉 Trees are very important for the water and carbon cycles. Climate and weather models often assume constant vegetation parameters because good measurements are missing. We used affordable accelerometers to measure tree sway of 19 trees in the Amazon rainforest. We show that trees respond very differently to the same weather conditions, which means that vegetation parameters are dynamic. With our measurements trees can be accounted for more realistically, improving climate and weather models.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
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    Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean? (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean?〈/b〉〈br〉 Franklin Isaac Ormaza-González and María Esther Espinoza-Celi〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-125,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Sea surface temperature is affected by sun energy which in turn varies in time due to astronomical factors and sun activity. The activity can be estimated by sun spots (SS). Some oceanographic events like inter-annual El/La Niño/Niña as well as decadal processes should be affected by SS. It was found correlation between SS and various oceanographic indexes in time series from 1954 to 2017. This fact should be considered when dealing and modelling forecasts of such indexes.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0784
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0792
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  • 74
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    Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Monitoring Groundwater Storage Depletion Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Data in the Semi-Arid Catchments〈/b〉〈br〉 Nizar Abou Zaki, Ali Torabi Haghighi, Pekka M. Rossi, Mohammad J. Tourian, and Bjørn Klove〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-471,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Groundwater is considered a main source of fresh water in semi-arid climatic zones, especially for agricultural usage. This study compares in-situ groundwater volume variation measurements with GRACE derived water mass data. The study concludes the possibility of using GRACE data to monitor groundwater depletion in catchments that lack measured data. GRACE data can here help in drawing general conclusions for integrated water resources management, and sustainable usage of this resources.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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  • 75
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    Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean? (2018)
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    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Do sun spots influence the onset of ENSO and PDO events in the Pacific Ocean?〈/b〉〈br〉 Franklin Isaac Ormaza-González and María Esther Espinoza-Celi〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-125,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Sea surface temperature is affected by sun energy which in turn varies in time due to astronomical factors and sun activity. The activity can be estimated by sun spots (SS). Some oceanographic events like inter-annual El/La Niño/Niña as well as decadal processes should be affected by SS. It was found correlation between SS and various oceanographic indexes in time series from 1954 to 2017. This fact should be considered when dealing and modelling forecasts of such indexes.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
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    Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Arctic Mediterranean Exchanges: A consistent volume budget and trends in transports from two decades of observations〈/b〉〈br〉 Svein Østerhus, Rebecca Woodgate, Héðinn Valdimarsson, Bill Turrell, Laura de Steur, Detlef Quadfasel, Steffen M. Olsen, Martin Moritz, Craig M. Lee, Karin Margretha H. Larsen, Steingrímur Jónsson, Clare Johnson, Kerstin Jochumsen, Bogi Hansen, Beth Curry, Stuart Cunningham, and Barbara Berx〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-114,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Two decades of observations of the Arctic Mediterranean (AM) exchanges shows that the exchanges have been stable in terms of volume transport during a period when many other components of the global climate system have changed. The total AM-import is found to be 9.1 Sv and has a seasonal variation of amplitude close to 17 Sv and maximum import in October. Roughly one third of the imported water leaves the AM as surface outflow with the remain two thirds leaving.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
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    Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Forcing mechanisms of the terdiurnal tide〈/b〉〈br〉 Friederike Lilienthal, Christoph Jacobi, and Christoph Geißler〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15725-15742, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15725-2018, 2018〈br〉 The terdiurnal solar tide is an atmospheric wave, owing to the daily variation of solar heating with a period of 8 h. Here, we present model simulations of this tide and investigate the relative importance of possible forcing mechanisms because they are still under debate. These are, besides direct solar heating, nonlinear interactions between other tides and gravity wave–tide interactions. As a result, solar heating is most important and nonlinear effects partly counteract this forcing.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
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    Statistics on clouds and their relation to thermodynamic conditions at Ny-Ålesund using ground-based sensor synergy (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Statistics on clouds and their relation to thermodynamic conditions at Ny-Ålesund using ground-based sensor synergy〈/b〉〈br〉 Tatiana Nomokonova, Kerstin Ebell, Ulrich Löhnert, Marion Maturilli, Christoph Ritter, and Ewan O'Connor〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1144,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 In this study, properties of clouds at the French–German Arctic Research station in Ny-Ålesund are related to in-cloud thermodynamic conditions. The used dataset was collected within the Arctic Amplification project with a set of active and passive remote instruments. The results are compared with a model output. A significant divergence in observations and modelling of single layer ice and mixed-phase clouds was found.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
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    Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone〈/b〉〈br〉 Germar Bernhard and Boyan Petkov〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1048,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Solar radiation at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths was measured during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017. Data were used to study the wavelength-dependent changes of solar radiation at Earth's surface and to validate parameterizations of solar limb darkening (LD), which describes the change of the Sun's brightness between its center and its edge. The study highlights the importance of the LD effect when calculating total ozone and aerosol optical depth during an eclipse.
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    Constraints on Enhanced Weathering and related carbon sequestration – a cropland mesocosm approach (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Constraints on Enhanced Weathering and related carbon sequestration – a cropland mesocosm approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Thorben Amann, Jens Hartmann, Eric Struyf, Wagner de Oliveira Garcia, Elke K. Fischer, Ivan Janssens, Patrick Meire, and Jonas Schoelynck〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., doi:10.5194/bg-2018-398,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Weathering is a major control on atmospheric CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 at geologic time scales. Enhancement of this process can be used to actively remove CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 from the atmosphere. Field results are still scarce and with this experiment we try to add some near natural insights into dissolution processes. Results show CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 sequestration potentials but also highlight the strong variability of outcomes that can be expected in natural environments. Such experiments are of utmost importance to identify key processes.
    Print ISSN: 1726-4170
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    Evaluation of atmospheric nitrogen inputs into marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Baltic Sea – part B: contribution by shipping and agricultural emissions (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Evaluation of atmospheric nitrogen inputs into marine ecosystems of the North Sea and Baltic Sea – part B: contribution by shipping and agricultural emissions〈/b〉〈br〉 Daniel Neumann, Hagen Radtke, Matthias Karl, and Thomas Neumann〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-365,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The contribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the marine dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) pool of the North and Baltic Sea was assessed for the year 2012. Atmospheric deposition accounted for approximately 10 % to 15 % of the DIN but its residence time differed between both water bodies. The nitrogen contributions of atmospheric shipping and agricultural imissions also were assessed. Particularly the latter source had a large impact in coastal regions.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
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    Trends in air pollutants and health impacts in three Swedish cities over the past three decades (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Trends in air pollutants and health impacts in three Swedish cities over the past three decades〈/b〉〈br〉 Henrik Olstrup, Bertil Forsberg, Hans Orru, Mårten Spanne, Hung Nguyen, Peter Molnár, and Christer Johansson〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15705-15723, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15705-2018, 2018〈br〉 This article analyzes the health effects caused by changes in air pollution concentrations during the period of 1990–2015 in Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö: the three largest cities in Sweden. The air pollutants that have been measured and analyzed are NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉, NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, and PM〈sub〉10〈/sub〉. NO〈sub〉〈i〉x〈/i〉〈/sub〉 and NO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 exhibit decreasing trends during this period, with beneficial effects on public health. An overall conclusion is that public health can largely benefit from reduced air pollution levels.
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    Recovery of the three-dimensional wind and sonic temperature data from a physically deformed sonic anemometer (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Recovery of the three-dimensional wind and sonic temperature data from a physically deformed sonic anemometer〈/b〉〈br〉 Xinhua Zhou, Qinghua Yang, Xiaojie Zhen, Yubin Li, Guanghua Hao, Hui Shen, Tian Gao, Yirong Sun, and Ning Zheng〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5981-6002, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5981-2018, 2018〈br〉 The three-dimensional wind and sonic temperature data from a physically deformed sonic anemometer was successfully recovered by developing equations, algorithms, and related software. Using two sets of geometry data from production calibration and return re-calibration, this algorithm can recover wind with/without transducer shadow correction and sonic temperature with crosswind correction, and then obtain fluxes at quality as expected. This study is applicable as a reference for related topics.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
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    Doppler W-band polarization diversity space-borne radar simulator for wind studies (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Doppler W-band polarization diversity space-borne radar simulator for wind studies〈/b〉〈br〉 Alessandro Battaglia, Ranvir Dhillon, and Anthony Illingworth〈br〉 Atmos. Meas. Tech., 11, 5965-5979, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-5965-2018, 2018〈br〉 A new technique is proposed to simulated winds in clouds as they could be observed by a space-borne Doppler 3 mm wavelength radar. Results show that, in the presence of cloud inhomogeneity and of vertical wind shear, measured winds can be corrected and produce unbiased estimates of line-of-sight winds that can then be assimilated in numerical models to improve weather forecasts.
    Print ISSN: 1867-1381
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    Wave run-up prediction and observation in a micro-tidal beach (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Wave run-up prediction and observation in a micro-tidal beach〈/b〉〈br〉 Diana Di Luccio, Guido Benassai, Giorgio Budillon, Luigi Mucerino, Raffaele Montella, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2841-2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2841-2018, 2018〈br〉 Forecasting and hindcasting the action of sea storms on piers, coastal structures and beaches is important to mitigate their effects. To this end, with particular regard to low coasts and beaches, we have configured a computational model chain based partly on open-access models and partly on an ad-hoc-developed numerical calculator to evaluate beach wave run-up levels. The results were validated by a set of specially conceived video-camera-based experiments on a micro-tidal beach.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Evaluation of the seasonal formation of subsurface negative preformed nitrate anomalies in the subtropical North Pacific and North Atlantic (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Evaluation of the seasonal formation of subsurface negative preformed nitrate anomalies in the subtropical North Pacific and North Atlantic〈/b〉〈br〉 Robert T. Letscher and Tracy A. Villareal〈br〉 Biogeosciences, 15, 6461-6480, https://doi.org10.5194/bg-15-6461-2018, 2018〈br〉 The formation rates of oxygen to nitrogen anomalies in the subtropical North Pacific and North Atlantic were estimated from time series data. We find that vertically migrating phytoplankton, which traverse ~ 100–150 m in the upper ocean over days to acquire nutrients from waters at depth and return to the surface for photosynthesis, likely explain the observed anomalies and help sustain surface ocean productivity and the biological pump throughout the annual cycle in the subtropical ocean.
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    Evaluation of soil moisture from CCAM-CABLE simulation, satellite based models estimates and satellite observations: Skukuza and Malopeni flux towers regional case study (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Evaluation of soil moisture from CCAM-CABLE simulation, satellite based models estimates and satellite observations: Skukuza and Malopeni flux towers regional case study〈/b〉〈br〉 Floyd Vukosi Khosa, Mohau Jacob Mateyisi, Martina Reynita van Der Merwe, Gregor Timothy Feig, Francois Alwyn Engelbrecht, and Michael John Savage〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-546,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The paper evaluates soil moisture outputs from three structurally distinct models against in situ data. Our goal is to find how site and region representative the model outputs are. This is a question of interest as some of the models have a specific regional focus on their inceptions. Much focus is placed on how the models capture the soil moisture signal. We find that there is agreement on seasonal patterns between the models and observations with a tolerable level of model uncertainty.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Wave run-up prediction and observation in a micro-tidal beach (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Wave run-up prediction and observation in a micro-tidal beach〈/b〉〈br〉 Diana Di Luccio, Guido Benassai, Giorgio Budillon, Luigi Mucerino, Raffaele Montella, and Eugenio Pugliese Carratelli〈br〉 Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 2841-2857, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-18-2841-2018, 2018〈br〉 Forecasting and hindcasting the action of sea storms on piers, coastal structures and beaches is important to mitigate their effects. To this end, with particular regard to low coasts and beaches, we have configured a computational model chain based partly on open-access models and partly on an ad-hoc-developed numerical calculator to evaluate beach wave run-up levels. The results were validated by a set of specially conceived video-camera-based experiments on a micro-tidal beach.
    Electronic ISSN: 2195-9269
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Measurements of spectral irradiance during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017: reassessment of the effect of solar limb darkening and of changes in total ozone〈/b〉〈br〉 Germar Bernhard and Boyan Petkov〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/acp-2018-1048,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ACP〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 Solar radiation at ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths was measured during the total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017. Data were used to study the wavelength-dependent changes of solar radiation at Earth's surface and to validate parameterizations of solar limb darkening (LD), which describes the change of the Sun's brightness between its center and its edge. The study highlights the importance of the LD effect when calculating total ozone and aerosol optical depth during an eclipse.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Global sounding of F region irregularities by COSMIC during a geomagnetic storm (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Global sounding of 〈i〉F〈/i〉 region irregularities by COSMIC during a geomagnetic storm〈/b〉〈br〉 Klemens Hocke, Huixin Liu, Nicholas Pedatella, and Guanyi Ma〈br〉 Ann. Geophys. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/angeo-2018-117,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for ANGEO〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The GPS radio occultation data of the COSMIC-FORMOSAT-3 mission are used to visualize the global distribution of ionospheric irregularities in the F2 region during a geomagnetic storm, at solar minimum, and at solar maximum.
    Print ISSN: 0992-7689
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0576
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Ice cliff contribution to the tongue-wide ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, Nepal, central Himalaya〈/b〉〈br〉 Fanny Brun, Patrick Wagnon, Etienne Berthier, Joseph M. Shea, Walter W. Immerzeel, Philip D. A. Kraaijenbrink, Christian Vincent, Camille Reverchon, Dibas Shrestha, and Yves Arnaud〈br〉 The Cryosphere, 12, 3439-3457, https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018, 2018〈br〉 On debris-covered glaciers, steep ice cliffs experience dramatically enhanced melt compared with the surrounding debris-covered ice. Using field measurements, UAV data and submetre satellite imagery, we estimate the cliff contribution to 2 years of ablation on a debris-covered tongue in Nepal, carefully taking into account ice dynamics. While they occupy only 7 to 8 % of the tongue surface, ice cliffs contributed to 23 to 24 % of the total tongue ablation.
    Print ISSN: 1994-0432
    Electronic ISSN: 1994-0440
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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  • 92
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    Particle number size distribution and new particle formation under the influence of biomass burning at a high altitude background site at Mt. Yulong (3410 m), China (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Particle number size distribution and new particle formation under the influence of biomass burning at a high altitude background site at Mt. Yulong (3410 m), China〈/b〉〈br〉 Dongjie Shang, Min Hu, Jing Zheng, Yanhong Qin, Zhuofei Du, Mengren Li, Jingyao Fang, Jianfei Peng, Yusheng Wu, Sihua Lu, and Song Guo〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15687-15703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15687-2018, 2018〈br〉 Biomass burning (BB) activities have a great impact on the particle number size distribution in the upper troposphere of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which could affect regional and global climate. We found that the cloud condensation nuclei concentration was 2–8 times higher during BB influenced periods than during clean periods on the TP. An unexpectedly low new particle formation frequency was found in clean atmosphere on the TP, due to low concentrations of anthropogenic precursors, i.e., SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles and possible sources at three coastal marine sites (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles and possible sources at three coastal marine sites〈/b〉〈br〉 Meng Si, Victoria E. Irish, Ryan H. Mason, Jesús Vergara-Temprado, Sarah J. Hanna, Luis A. Ladino, Jacqueline D. Yakobi-Hancock, Corinne L. Schiller, Jeremy J. B. Wentzell, Jonathan P. D. Abbatt, Ken S. Carslaw, Benjamin J. Murray, and Allan K. Bertram〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15669-15685, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15669-2018, 2018〈br〉 Using the concentrations of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) and total aerosol particles measured at three coastal marine sites, the ice-nucleating ability of aerosol particles on a per number basis and a per surface-area basis were determined as a function of size. The ice-nucleating ability was strongly dependent on size, with larger particles being more efficient. This type of information can help determine the sources of INPs and constrain the future modelling of INPs and mixed-phase clouds.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7316
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7324
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 94
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    Particle number size distribution and new particle formation under the influence of biomass burning at a high altitude background site at Mt. Yulong (3410 m), China (2018)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Particle number size distribution and new particle formation under the influence of biomass burning at a high altitude background site at Mt. Yulong (3410 m), China〈/b〉〈br〉 Dongjie Shang, Min Hu, Jing Zheng, Yanhong Qin, Zhuofei Du, Mengren Li, Jingyao Fang, Jianfei Peng, Yusheng Wu, Sihua Lu, and Song Guo〈br〉 Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 15687-15703, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-15687-2018, 2018〈br〉 Biomass burning (BB) activities have a great impact on the particle number size distribution in the upper troposphere of the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which could affect regional and global climate. We found that the cloud condensation nuclei concentration was 2–8 times higher during BB influenced periods than during clean periods on the TP. An unexpectedly low new particle formation frequency was found in clean atmosphere on the TP, due to low concentrations of anthropogenic precursors, i.e., SO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉.
    Print ISSN: 1680-7367
    Electronic ISSN: 1680-7375
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    HESS Opinions: Incubating deep-learning-powered hydrologic science advances as a community (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉HESS Opinions: Incubating deep-learning-powered hydrologic science advances as a community〈/b〉〈br〉 Chaopeng Shen, Eric Laloy, Amin Elshorbagy, Adrian Albert, Jerad Bales, Fi-John Chang, Sangram Ganguly, Kuo-Lin Hsu, Daniel Kifer, Zheng Fang, Kuai Fang, Dongfeng Li, Xiaodong Li, and Wen-Ping Tsai〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5639-5656, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5639-2018, 2018〈br〉 Recently, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a revolutionary tool for transforming industries and scientific disciplines. We argue that DL can offer a complementary avenue toward advancing hydrology. New methods are being developed to interpret the knowledge learned by deep networks. We argue that open competitions, integrating DL and process-based models, more data sharing, data collection from citizen scientists, and improved education will be needed to incubate advances in hydrology.
    Print ISSN: 1027-5606
    Electronic ISSN: 1607-7938
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    HESS Opinions: Incubating deep-learning-powered hydrologic science advances as a community (2018)
    Copernicus
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉HESS Opinions: Incubating deep-learning-powered hydrologic science advances as a community〈/b〉〈br〉 Chaopeng Shen, Eric Laloy, Amin Elshorbagy, Adrian Albert, Jerad Bales, Fi-John Chang, Sangram Ganguly, Kuo-Lin Hsu, Daniel Kifer, Zheng Fang, Kuai Fang, Dongfeng Li, Xiaodong Li, and Wen-Ping Tsai〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5639-5656, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5639-2018, 2018〈br〉 Recently, deep learning (DL) has emerged as a revolutionary tool for transforming industries and scientific disciplines. We argue that DL can offer a complementary avenue toward advancing hydrology. New methods are being developed to interpret the knowledge learned by deep networks. We argue that open competitions, integrating DL and process-based models, more data sharing, data collection from citizen scientists, and improved education will be needed to incubate advances in hydrology.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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    A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉A simple predictive model for the eddy propagation trajectory in the South China Sea〈/b〉〈br〉 Jiaxun Li, Guihua Wang, Huijie Xue, and Huizan Wang〈br〉 Ocean Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/os-2018-116,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for OS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 A novel predictive model is built for eddy propagation trajectory using the multiple linear regression method. This simple model has related various oceanic parameters to eddy propagation position changes in the South China Sea (SCS). The performance of the proposed model is examined in the SCS based on twenty years of satellite altimeter data, and demonstrates its significant forecast skills over a 4-week forecast window comparing to the traditional persistence method.
    Print ISSN: 1812-0806
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-0822
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals? (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Challenges to implementing bottom-up flood risk decision analysis frameworks: how strong are social networks of flooding professionals?〈/b〉〈br〉 James O. Knighton, Osamu Tsuda, Rebecca Elliott, and M. Todd Walter〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 5657-5673, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-5657-2018, 2018〈br〉 Decision-making for flood risk management is often the collective effort of professionals within government, NGOs, private practice, and advocacy groups. Our research investigates differences among flood experts within Tompkins County, New York (USA). We explore how they differ in their perceptions of flooding risk, desired project outcomes, and knowledge. We observe substantial differences among experts, and recommend formally acknowledging these perceptions when engaging in flood management.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai and Yellow Seas〈/b〉〈br〉 Ye Tian, Chao Xue, Chun-Ying Liu, Gui-Peng Yang, Pei-Feng Li, Wei-Hua Feng, and Hermann W. Bange〈br〉 Biogeosciences Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/bg-2018-446,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for BG〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 1 comment)〈br〉 Nitric oxide (NO) seems to be widespread with different functions in marine ecosystem but know little about it. Concentrations of NO were in the range of from below the detection limit to 616 pmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the surface and to 482 pmol L〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the bottom of the Bohai and Yellow Seas. The study region was a source of the atmospheric NO. NO sea-to-air fluxes were much lower than NO photoproduction rates, implying that the NO produced in the mixed layer was rapidly consumed before enter the atmosphere.
    Print ISSN: 1810-6277
    Electronic ISSN: 1810-6285
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of The European Geosciences Union (EGU).
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    Hess Opinions: Socio-economic and ecological trade-offs of flood management – benefits of a transdisciplinary approach (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2018
    Description: 〈b〉Hess Opinions: Socio-economic and ecological trade-offs of flood management – benefits of a transdisciplinary approach〈/b〉〈br〉 Karl Auerswald, Peter Moyle, Simon Paul Seibert, and Juergen Geist〈br〉 Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https//doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-544,2018〈br〉 〈b〉Manuscript under review for HESS〈/b〉 (discussion: open, 0 comments)〈br〉 The demand for flood protection often results in the construction of more and bigger levees along rivers. We highlight that such technical solutions often result in undesired socioeconomic and ecological consequences such as increased downstream flooding risk, changes of groundwater levels and a loss of aquatic and terrestrial biodiversity. We propose a transdisciplinary approach of integrated flood management and green infrastructure instead of reliance on technical protection measures.
    Print ISSN: 1812-2108
    Electronic ISSN: 1812-2116
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
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