ALBERT

Description: Predicting future thaw slump activity requires a sound understanding of the atmospheric drivers and geomorphic controls on mass wasting across a range of time scales. On sub-seasonal time scales, sparse measurements indicate that mass wasting at active slumps is often limited by the energy available for melting ground ice, but other factors such as rainfall or the formation of an insulating veneer may also be relevant. To study the sub-seasonal drivers, we derive topographic changes from single-pass radar interferometric data acquired by the TanDEM-X satellite (12 m resolution). The high vertical precision (around 30 cm), frequent observations (11 days) and large coverage (5000 km2) allow us to track volume losses as drivers such as the available energy change during summer in two study regions. We find that thaw slumps in the Tuktoyaktuk coastlands, Canada, are not energy limited in June, as they undergo limited mass wasting (height loss of around 0 cm/day) despite the ample available energy, indicating the widespread presence of an insulating snow or debris veneer. Later in summer, height losses generally increase (around 3 cm/day), but they do so in distinct ways. For many slumps, mass wasting tracks the available energy, a temporal pattern that is also observed at coastal yedoma cliffs on the Bykovsky Peninsula, Russia. However, the other two common temporal trajectories are asynchronous with the available energy, as they track strong precipitation events or show a sudden speed-up in late August, respectively. The observed temporal patterns are poorly related to slump characteristics like the slump area. The contrasting temporal behaviour of nearby thaw slumps highlights the importance of complex local and temporally varying controls on mass wasting.

Description: A suite of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs – acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal, butanal and butanone) were measured concurrently in the surface water and atmosphere of the South China Sea and Sulu Sea in November 2011. A strong correlation was observed between all OVOC concentrations in the surface seawater along the entire cruise track, except for acetaldehyde, suggesting similar sources and sinks in the surface ocean. Additionally, several phytoplankton groups, such as haptophytes or pelagophytes, were also correlated to all OVOCs indicating that phytoplankton may be an important source for marine OVOCs in the South China and Sulu Seas. Humic and protein like fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) components seemed to be additional precursors for butanone and acetaldehyde. The atmospheric OVOC mixing ratios were relative high compared with literature values, suggesting the coastal region of North Borneo as a local hot spot for atmospheric OVOCs. The flux of atmospheric OVOCs was largely into the ocean for all 5 gases, with a few important exceptions near the coast of Borneo. The calculated amount of OVOCs entrained into the ocean seemed to be an important source of OVOCs to the surface ocean. When the fluxes were out of the ocean, marine OVOCs were found to be enough to control the local measured OVOC distribution in the atmosphere. Based on our model calculations, at least 0.4 ppb of marine derived acetone and butanone can reach the upper troposphere, where they may have an important influence on hydrogen oxide radical formation over the western Pacific Ocean.

Description: The Extrapolar SWIFT model is a fast ozone chemistry scheme for interactive calculation of the extrapolar stratospheric ozone layer in coupled general circulation models (GCMs). In contrast to the widely used prescribed ozone, the SWIFT ozone layer interacts with the model dynamics and can respond to atmospheric variability or climatological trends. The Extrapolar SWIFT model employs a repro-modelling approach, where algebraic functions are used to approximate the numerical output of a full stratospheric chemistry and transport model (ATLAS). The full model solves a coupled chemical differential equations system with 55 initial and boundary conditions (mixing ratio of various chemical species and atmospheric parameters). Hence the rate of change of ozone over 24  h is a function of 55 variables. Using covariances between these variables, we can find linear combinations in order to reduce the parameter space to the following nine basic variables: latitude, pressure altitude, temperature, local ozone column, mixing ratio of ozone and of the ozone depleting families (Cly, Bry, NOy and HOy). We will show that these 9 variables are sufficient to characterize the rate of change of ozone. An automated procedure fits a polynomial function of fourth degree to the rate of change of ozone obtained from several simulations with the ATLAS model. One polynomial function is determined per month which yields the rate of change of ozone over 24 h. A key aspect for the robustness of the Extrapolar SWIFT model is to include a wide range of stratospheric variability in the numerical output of the ATLAS model, also covering atmospheric states that will occur in a future climate (e.g. temperature and meridional circulation changes or reduction of stratospheric chlorine loading). For validation purposes, the Extrapolar SWIFT model has been integrated into the ATLAS model replacing the full stratospheric chemistry scheme. Simulations with SWIFT in ATLAS have proven that the systematic error is small and does not accumulate during the course of a simulation. In the context of a 10 year simulation, the ozone layer, simulated by SWIFT, shows a stable annual cycle, with inter-annual variations comparable to the ATLAS model. The application of Extrapolar SWIFT requires the evaluation of polynomial functions with 30–100 terms. Nowadays, computers can calculate such polynomial functions at thousands of model grid points in seconds. SWIFT provides the desired numerical efficiency and computes the ozone layer 104 times faster than the chemistry scheme in the ATLAS CTM.

Description: Ice retreat in the eastern Eurasian Arctic is a consequence of atmospheric and oceanic processes and regional feedback mechanisms acting on the ice cover, both in winter and summer. A correct representation of these processes in numerical models is important, since it will improve predictions of sea ice anomalies along the Northeast Passage and beyond. In this study, we highlight the importance of winter ice dynamics for local summer sea ice anomalies in thickness, volume and extent. By means of airborne sea ice thickness surveys made over pack ice areas in the south-eastern Laptev Sea, we show that years of offshore-directed sea ice transport have a thinning effect on the late-winter sea ice cover. To confirm the preconditioning effect of enhanced offshore advection in late winter on the summer sea ice cover, we perform a sensitivity study using a numerical model. Results verify that the preconditioning effect plays a bigger role for the regional ice extent. Furthermore, they indicate an increase in volume export from the Laptev Sea as a consequence of enhanced offshore advection, which has far-reaching consequences for the entire Arctic sea ice mass balance. Moreover we show that ice dynamics in winter not only preconditions local summer ice extent, but also accelerate fast-ice decay.

Description: Climate trends in the Antarctic region remain poorly characterized, owing to the brevity and scarcity of direct climate observations and the large magnitude of interannual to decadal-scale climate variability. Here, within the framework of the PAGES Antarctica2k working group, we build an enlarged database of ice core water stable isotope records from Antarctica, consisting of 112 records. We produce both unweighted and weighted isotopic (δ18O) composites and temperature reconstructions since 0 CE, binned at 5- and 10-year resolution, for seven climatically distinct regions covering the Antarctic continent. Following earlier work of the Antarctica2k working group, we also produce composites and reconstructions for the broader regions of East Antarctica, West Antarctica and the whole continent. We use three methods for our temperature reconstructions: (i) a temperature scaling based on the δ18O–temperature relationship output from an ECHAM5-wiso model simulation nudged to ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2013, and adjusted for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet region to borehole temperature data, (ii) a temperature scaling of the isotopic normalized anomalies to the variance of the regional reanalysis temperature and (iii) a composite-plus-scaling approach used in a previous continent-scale reconstruction of Antarctic temperature since 1 CE but applied to the new Antarctic ice core database. Our new reconstructions confirm a significant cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE across all Antarctic regions where records extend back into the 1st millennium, with the exception of the Wilkes Land coast and Weddell Sea coast regions. Within this long-term cooling trend from 0 to 1900 CE, we find that the warmest period occurs between 300 and 1000 CE, and the coldest interval occurs from 1200 to 1900 CE. Since 1900 CE, significant warming trends are identified for the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, the Dronning Maud Land coast and the Antarctic Peninsula regions, and these trends are robust across the distribution of records that contribute to the unweighted isotopic composites and also significant in the weighted temperature reconstructions. Only for the Antarctic Peninsula is this most recent century-scale trend unusual in the context of natural variability over the last 2000 years. However, projected warming of the Antarctic continent during the 21st century may soon see significant and unusual warming develop across other parts of the Antarctic continent. The extended Antarctica2k ice core isotope database developed by this working group opens up many avenues for developing a deeper understanding of the response of Antarctic climate to natural and anthropogenic climate forcings. The first long-term quantification of regional climate in Antarctica presented herein is a basis for data–model comparison and assessments of past, present and future driving factors of Antarctic climate.

Description: Steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) is very popular in many branches of civil engineering. Thanks to its increased ductility, it is able to resist various types of loading. When designing a structure, the mechanical behaviour of SFRC can be described by currently available material models (with equivalent material for example) and therefore no problems arise with numerical simulations. But in many scenarios, e.g. high speed loading, it would be a mistake to use such an equivalent material. Physical modelling of the steel fibres used in concrete is usually problematic, though. It is necessary to consider the fact that mesh-based methods are very unsuitable for high-speed simulations with regard to the issues that occur due to the effect of excessive mesh deformation. So-called meshfree methods are much more suitable for this purpose. The Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method is currently the best choice, thanks to its advantages. However, a numerical defect known as ten...

Description: Nowadays, there are increasing use of very thin, subtle and light structures in the field of building constructions. We can find such a structures as part of roofs or design facades. By using these lamellas like, non-bearing structures as a part of architectural design of buildings, it is necessary to consider wind effects on these structures. Subtle structures of this type are prone to vibration in the transverse direction of the wind flow. The fact that the vibration occurs depends on wind parameters (wind velocity, direction of an air flow) and it also depends on the properties of lamella (shape, length, mass, natural frequency, support type). The principal idea of this article is to show susceptibility of lamellae-like structures to transverse resonant vibration caused by the phenomenon called Von Karman effect. Comparison of susceptibility to transverse resonance vibration was analysed on the different shapes of lamellas loaded by different wind speed. Analysis was based on...

Description: Stiffness modulus is a fundamental parameter used in the modelling of the viscoelastic behaviour of bituminous mixtures. On the basis of the master curve in the linear viscoelasticity range, the mechanical properties of asphalt concrete at different loading times and temperatures can be predicted. This paper discusses the construction of master curves under rheological mathematical models i.e. the sigmoidal function model (MEPDG), the fractional model, and Bahia and co-workers’ model in comparison to the results from mechanistic rheological models i.e. the generalized Huet-Sayegh model, the generalized Maxwell model and the Burgers model. For the purposes of this analysis, the reference asphalt concrete mix (denoted as AC16W) intended for the binder coarse layer and for traffic category KR3 (5×105

Description: Non-destructive tests (NDT) have been used in the last decades for the assessment of in-situ quality and integrity of concrete elements. An important step in the application of NDT methods concerns to the interpretation and validation of the test results. In general, interpretation of NDT results should involve three distinct phases leading to the development of conclusions: processing of collected data, analysis of within-test variability and quantitative evaluation of property under investigation. The analysis of within-test variability can provide valuable information, since this can be compared with that of within-test variability associated with the NDT method in use, either to provide a measure of the quality control or to detect the presence of abnormal circumstances during the in-situ application. This paper reports the analysis of the experimental results of within-test variability of NDT obtained for normal vibrated concrete and self-compacting concrete. The NDT report...

Description: At present, two important processes, namely CNC machining and rapid prototyping (RP) are being used to create prototypes and functional products. Combining both additive and subtractive processes into a single platform would be advantageous. However, there are two important aspects need to be taken into consideration for this process hybridization. First is the integration of two different control systems for two processes and secondly maximizing workpiece alignment accuracy during the changeover step. Recently we have developed a new hybrid system which incorporates Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) as RP Process and CNC grinding operation as subtractive manufacturing process into a single setup. Several objects were produced with different layer thickness for example 0.1 mm, 0.15 mm and 0.2 mm. It was observed that pure FDM method is unable to attain desired dimensional accuracy and can be improved by a considerable margin about 66% to 80%, if finishing operation by grinding is...

Description: Military systems, outer space exploration and even in medical diagnosis and treatment used magnetic field detection. Low magnetic field detection is particularly important in tracking of magnetic. Traditional magnetometer tends to be bulky that hinders its inclusion into micro-scaled environment. This concern has brought the magnetometer into the trend of device miniaturization. Miniaturized magnetometer is usually fabricated using conventional microfabrication method particularly surface micromachining in which micro structures are built level by level starting from the surface of substrates upwards until completion of final structure. Although the miniaturization of magnetometer has been widely researched and studied, the process however is not. Thus, the process governing the fabrication technique is studied in this paper. Conventional method of fabrication is known as surface micromachining. Besides time consuming, this method requires many consecutive steps in fabricati...

Description: This paper presents the findings of modelling, control and analysis of the spherical rolling robot based on pendulum driven within the simulation environment. The spherical robot is modelled using Lagrange function based on the equation of rolling motion. PD-type Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was designed to control the position of the spherical robot where 25 rules were constructed to control the rolling motion of spherical robot. It was then integrated with the model developed in Simulink-Matlab environment. The output scaling factor (output gain) of the FLC was heuristically tuned to improve the system performance. The simulation results show that the FLC managed to eliminate the overshoot response and demonstrated better performance with 29.67% increasing in settling time to reach 0.01% of steady state error.

Description: Landslide is one of natural hazard that is not unfamiliar disaster in Malaysia. Malaysia has experienced this disaster many times since 1969. This natural hazard has become a major research concern for Malaysian government when many people were injured badly and even had been killed. Many previous research works published in the open literature aimed at designing a system that could detect landslide in early stage before the landslide becomes catastrophic. This paper presents the early works on a major work-in-progress landslide early warning system for Malaysian environment. The aim of this system is to develop the most efficiently reliable cost-effective system in which slight earth movements are monitored continuously. The challenge this work aims at is to work with a low budget system that produces efficient performance. Hence, the material used is off-the-shelf. Early design optimization results of the vibration sensor used is quite promising detecting the slightest faint t...

Description: Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are used in industry to evaluate the properties of a material, component or structure without causing any permanent damage. Among the techniques, pulsed eddy current (PEC) NDT is regarded as a new technique where a broadband pulse excitation is used, as opposed to single frequencies employed in conventional eddy current NDT. In this study, a 2D axisymmetric electromagnetic model of a PEC probe has been developed and it has been used to study the effects of the excitation coil diameter on the performance of PEC probes in sample thickness measurement. A PEC system has also been built to validate the model. Aluminium plates are used as the sample and they can be stacked up to replicate thickness from 1 mm to 10 mm. The results show that there is a very good correlation between the simulation and experimental results, with an average error of less than 10%. The results also suggest that the larger the diameter of the excitation coil, the deep...

Description: The magnetorheological (MR) fluid bypass damper fluid flow through a bypass by utilizing an external channel which allows the controllability of MR fluid in the channel. The Bypass MR damper (BMRD) contains a rectangular bypass flow channel, current controlled movable piston shaft arrangement and MR fluid. The static piston coil case is winding by a coil which is used inside the piston head arrangement. The current controlled coil case provides a magnetic flux through the BMRD cylinder for controllability. The high strength of alloy steel materials are used for making piston shaft which allows magnetic flux propagation throughout the BMRD cylinder. Using the above design materials, a Bypass MR damper is designed and tested. An excitation of current is applied during the experiment which characterizes the BMRD controllability. It is shown that the BMRD with external flow channel allows a high controllable damping force using an excitation current. The experimental result of dampi...

Description: The article presents the general idea of Air-Coupled Impact-Echo (ACIE) method which is one of the non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques used in the construction industry. One of the main advantages of the general Impact Echo (IE) method is that it is sufficient to access from one side to that of the structure which greatly facilitate research in the road facilities or places which are difficult to access and diagnose. The main purpose of the article is to present state-of-the-art related to ACIE method based on the publications available at Thomson Reuters Web of Science Core Collection database (WOS) with the further analysis of the mentioned methods. Deeper analysis was also performed for the newest publications published within last 3 years related to ACIE for investigation on the subject of main focus of the researchers and scientists to try to define possible regions where additional examination and work is necessary. One of the main conclusions that comes from the perf...

Description: In the article given information on the possibility of using amorphous aluminosilicates as a modifying additive in the offered tile cement adhesive. In the article, the data on the preparation of an additive based on amorphous aluminosilicates, on its microstructure and chemical composition. Presented information on the change in the porosity of cement stone when introduced of amorphous aluminosilicates in the his composition. The formulation of a dry building mix on a cement base is proposed with use of an additive based on amorphous aluminosilicates as a modifying additive. Recipe of dry adhesive mixes include Portland cement M400, mineral aggregate in proportion fraction 0.63-0.315:0.315-0.14 respectively 80:20 (%) and filling density of 1538.2 kg/m 3 , a plasticizer Kratasol, redispersible powder Neolith P4400 and amorphous alumnosilicates. The developed formulation can be used as a tile adhesive for finishing walls of buildings and structure with tiles. Presented r...

Description: The paper presents results of the laboratory tests of the impact of creep on the buckling of axially compressed steel members at elevated temperatures. Tests were conducted on samples prepared of normal strength steel (S235JR) and high strength steel (S355J2). Samples were made in the form of a prismatic bar of a rectangular cross section 12 x 30 mm and a length of 500 mm. Support type of the specimens during tests was hinged on both ends. The tests were done at 600, 700 and 800°C. Experiments were carried out at static loads corresponding to values 0,8N cr,T , 0,9N cr,T , 1,0N gr,T , where N cr,T was theoretical value of Euler’s critical load at given temperature. Short-term creep analyses were performed in the universal testing machine Instron/Satec KN 600 equipped with a furnace for high-temperature testing type SF-16 2230, that enables testing at temperatures up to 1200°C. Temperature of the sample placed inside the furnace was verified a...

Description: Formal and legal aspects of buying flats and their reception is very current topic and touches wide group of buyers. Annually in Poland great amount of flats is being sold and put to use. However, the case of housing purchase requires knowledge of both the construction and the legal aspects each buyer has to encounter. The paper faces the subject of formal and legal aspects, and analyses accompanying procedure of purchase and reception of housing in Poland. The article presents principles associated with the acquisition of a dwelling, process of works reception, removal of detected faults, fault-free reception, transfer of ownership, warranties, guarantees and possibilities of their enforcement. Contracting parties of the developer agreement were revealed. In addition, the entities present in the course of works such as general contractor were mentioned, due to the fact of his direct influence on the results of a contract terms between developer and buyer. Logical connection bet...

Description: An analysis of reinforced concrete supporting structures of more than a dozen liquid gas tanks mounted on tower support structures located at different sites on Poland’s territory is presented. Stability testing of the degraded structures was carried out over a period of 30 years and pointed out significant defects that prevented safe operation of the tanks containing hazardous medium. Analysing complex stress states, as well as displacements of shell structure components, the authors developed a concept of strengthening the structures. Initial repair works, which had been carried out without proper supervision, failed to meet the mandatory requirements and were not compatible with the original design solutions. After several years of operation of the reinforced structures, their degradation states were assessed again. The next stage of repair works was carried out under the supervision of the authors together with authorized representatives of the investors.

Description: The article presents the characteristics of several steel structures, among others modernized industrial dye house, school sports hall, truck repair workshop, that have been rebuilt after a disaster or a catastrophe. The structures were analyzed in detail, and the evaluation and reconstruction processes were described. The emergencies that occurred during exploitation of the buildings were the result of multiple mistakes: incorrectly defined intervals between inspections, errors during periodic inspections, incorrect repair work recommendations. The concepts of reinforcement work implemented by the authors, enabling the long-term future failure-free operation of the objects, were presented. Recommendations for monitoring of the facilities, applied after reinforcement or reconstruction, have been formulated. The methodology for the implementation of specialized investigations, such as geodetic, optical, geological, chemical strength tests, both destructive and non-destructive, ha...

Description: The issue of adhesion of steel to concrete is one of decisive features characterising reinforced concrete. Adhesion constraints to concrete are simplistically presented with shear stress evenly distributed on the side surface of reinforcement. However, an exact value of this stress depends on many factors and its estimation is very complicated. There is a lot of laboratory methods aimed at testing adhesion of the reinforcement to concrete but they frequently give different results. Sometimes, they are even contrary. In this paper, the state of knowledge on the steel-concrete adhesion, mechanism of its loss, and factors influencing it were reviewed. Own tests were conducted with two methods, pull-out and push-on, aimed at reflecting the operation of reinforced concrete structure and specifying the chemical adhesion, as well as the friction force of the reinforcement to concrete. The impact of the freeze-thaw cycle on this process was also studied. The interfacial transitio...

Description: This study presents the performance of a prototype miniaturised water flow and water level monitoring sensor designed towards supporting flood disaster early warning systems. The design involved selection of sensors, coding to control the system mechanism, and automatic data logging and storage. During the design phase, the apparatus was constructed where all the components were assembled using locally sourced items. Subsequently, under controlled laboratory environment, the system was tested by running water through the inlet during which the flow rate and rising water levels are automatically recorded and stored in a database via Microsoft Excel using Coolterm software. The system is simulated such that the water level readings measured in centimeters is output in meters using a multiplicative of 10. A total number of 80 readings were analyzed to evaluate the performance of the system. The result shows that the system is sensitive to water level rise and yielded accurate measu...

Description: Nowadays, the electric train becomes one of the efficient railway systems that are lighter, cleaner, quieter, cheaper and faster than a conventional train. Overhead line equipment (OHLE), which supplies electric power to the trains, is designed on the principle of overhead wires placed over the railway track. The OHLE is supported by mast structure which located at the lineside along the track. Normally, mast structure is a steel column or truss structure which supports the overhead wire carrying the power. Due to the running train and severe periodic force, such as an earthquake, in surrounding area may cause damage to the OHLE structure especially mast structure which leads to the failure of the electrical system. The mast structure needs to be discussed in order to resist the random forces. Due to the vibration effect, the natural frequencies of the structure are necessary. This is because when the external applied force occurs within a range of frequency of the structure, re...

Description: Spasticity is common symptom presented amongst people with sensorimotor disabilities. Imbalanced signals from the central nervous systems (CNS) which are composed of the brain and spinal cord to the muscles ultimately leading to the injury and death of motor neurons. In clinical practice, the therapist assesses muscle spasticity using a standard assessment tool like Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), Modified Tardiue Scale (MTS) or Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). This is done subjectively based on the experience and perception of the therapist subjected to the patient fatigue level and body posture. However, the inconsistency in the assessment is prevalent and could affect the efficacy of the rehabilitation process. Thus, the aim of this paper is to describe the methodology of data collection and the quantitative model of MAS developed to satisfy its description. Two subjects with MAS of 2 and 3 spasticity levels were involved in the clinical data measurement. Their level of spasticity...

Description: All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Description: Stroke is amongst the leading causes of deprivation of one’s ability in carrying out activities of daily living. It has been reported from literature that, the functional recovery of stroke patients are rather poor, unless frequent rehabilitative therapy is assumed on the affected limb. Recent trends of rehabilitation therapy have also shifted towards allowing more participation of the patient in the therapy session rather than simple passive treatments as it has been demonstrated to be non-trivial in promoting neural plasticity to expedite motor recovery process. Therefore, the employment of rehabilitation robotics is seen as a means of mitigating the limitations of conventional rehabilitation therapy. It enables unique methods for promoting patient engagement by providing patients assistance only as needed basis. This paper attempts on reviewing assist-as-needed control strategy applied on upper-limb robotic rehabilitation devices.

Description: The article is devoted to the questions of usage of crushed concrete fines from concrete scrap for the production of high-quality decorative composite materials based on mixed binder. The main problem in the application of crushed concrete in the manufacture of decorative concrete products is extremely low decorative properties of crushed concrete fines itself, as well as concrete products based on them. However, crushed concrete fines could have a positive impact on the structure of the concrete matrix and could improve the environmental and economic characteristics of the concrete products. Dust fraction of crushed concrete fines contains non-hydrated cement grains, which can be opened in screening process due to the low strength of the contact zone between the hydrated and non-hydrated cement. In addition, the screening process could increase activity of the crushed concrete fines, so it can be used as a fine aggregate and filler for concrete mixes. Previous studies have show...

Description: The protection of the environment, including waste management, is one of the pillars of the policy of the Europe. The application which is presented in that paper tries to show a trans-disciplinary way to design geotechnical constructions – slope stability analysis. The generally accepted principles that the author presents are numerous modelling patterns of earth retaining walls as slope stabilization system. The paper constitutes an attempt to summarise and generalise earlier researches which involved FEM numeric procedures and the Z_Soil package. The design of anthropogenic soil used as a material for reinforced earth retaining walls, are not only of commercial but of environmental importance as well and consistent with the concept of sustainable development and the need to redevelop brownfield. This paper tries to show conceptual and empirical modelling approaches to slope stability system used in anthropogenic soil formation such as heaps, resulting from mining, with a spec...

Description: Lift, the force component that is perpendicular to the line of flight, is generated when a small aircraft moves through the air. With the help of the sets of flaps and slats on its wing, the pilot controls his aircraft manoeuvring in the air. In this study, we preferred to cut the drawbacks of the flaps system by introducing the electrohydrodynamic actuator. Widely known as plasma actuator, it is able to improve the induced lift force as well as the efficiency of a small aircraft system. A dielectric-barrier-discharge actuator using a 6 kV AC power supply was developed and tested on a NACA 0015 airfoil using copper as the electrodes and kapton as its dielectric component. The experimental results showed that it was successful in presenting a positive effect of the plasma actuator on the lift coefficient of the airfoil at smaller angle of attack, where enhancements ranged between 0.7% and 1.8%. However, at a higher angle, the results were not as swayed as it was desired since the...

Description: The traditional Closed-circuit Television (CCTV) system requires human to monitor the CCTV for 24/7 which is inefficient and costly. Therefore, there’s a need for a system which can recognize human activity effectively in real-time. This paper concentrates on recognizing simple activity such as walking, running, sitting, standing and landing by using image processing techniques. Firstly, object detection is done by using background subtraction to detect moving object. Then, object tracking and object classification are constructed so that different person can be differentiated by using feature detection. Geometrical attributes of tracked object, which are centroid and aspect ratio of identified tracked are manipulated so that simple activity can be detected.

Description: Human sensory systems are limited in many different regards, yet they are great sources of inspiration for development of technologies that help humans to overcome their restraints. This paper signifies the capability of our developed electronic nose in rapid lard identification. The developed device, known as E-Nose, mimics human’s olfactory system’s technique to identify a particular substance. Lard is a common pig derivative which is often used as a food additive, emulsion or shortening. It’s also commonly used as an adulterant or as an alternative for cooking oils, margarine and butter. This substance is prohibited to be consumed by Muslims and Orthodox Jews for religious reasons. A portable reliable device with an ability to identify lard rapidly can be convenient to users concerned about lard adulteration. The prototype was examined using K-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Bagged Trees and Simple Tree, and can identify lard with the highest ...

Description: In microwave frequency, a spiral resonator can act as either frequency reject or acceptor circuits. A planar logarithmic spiral resonator bandstop filter has been developed based on this property. This project focuses on the rejection property of the spiral resonator. The performance analysis of the exhibited filter circuit has been performed by using scattering parameters (S-parameters) technique in the ultra-wideband microwave frequency. The proposed filter is built, simulated and S-parameters analysis have been accomplished by using electromagnetic simulation software CST microwave studio. The commercial microwave substrate Taconic TLX-8 has been used to build this filter. Experimental results showed that the -10 dB rejection bandwidth of the filter is 2.32 GHz and central frequency is 5.72 GHz which is suitable for ultra-wideband applications. The proposed design has been full of good compliance with the simulated and experimental results here.

Description: Edible oil is most often plant-based oils that have been extracted from various seeds. There are cases where the fully virgin edible oil was found to be a fraud. The adulterated edible oil indicates the intentional, fraudulent addition of extraneous, improper or cheaper ingredients puts into the oil or the dilution or removal of some valuable ingredient of the oil in order to increase profits. Hence, decrease the reliability of the Malaysian food product quality. This research was done by using the method of time of flight obtained using the Texas Instrument board, TDC1000-TDC7200 EVM connected to an ultrasonic transducer with 1 MHz frequency. The authors measured the time of flight and temperatures controlled from 20°C to 40°C of five vegetable oils (olive oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, coconut oil, and mustard oil). The value is observed and compared with other research from the literature review. From the study, time of flight values decreases exponentially while speed of soun...

Description: This paper presents the implementation of a control system to control cooperative manipulators to hold deformable objects. The aim is to hold the deformable object without having information on the shape and stiffness of the deformable object beforehand. The prototype of a pair of manipulators has been designed and built to test the controller. A force sensor and a rotary encoder are used to give feedback to the controller, which controls the DC motor actuators accordingly. A position proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller technique has been applied for one of the manipulators and a PID force control technique is applied to the other. Simulations and experimental tests have been conducted on models and the controller has been implemented on the real plant. Both simulation and test results prove that the implemented control technique has successfully provided the desired position and force to hold the deformable object with maximum experimental errors of 0.34mm and 50m...

Description: Object detection and tracking is a field of research that has many applications in the current generation with increasing number of cameras on the streets and lower cost for Internet of Things(IoT). In this paper, a traffic intensity monitoring system is implemented based on the Macroscopic Urban Traffic model is proposed using computer vision as its source. The input of this program is extracted from a traffic surveillance camera which has another program running a neural network classification which can identify and differentiate the vehicle type is implanted. The neural network toolbox is trained with positive and negative input to increase accuracy. The accuracy of the program is compared to other related works done and the trends of the traffic intensity from a road is also calculated. relevant articles in literature searches, great care should be taken in constructing both. Lastly the limitation and the future work is concluded.

Description: The speech recognition system is a front end and a back-end process that receives an audio signal uttered by a speaker and converts it into a text transcription. The speech system can be used in several fields including: therapeutic technology, education, social robotics and computer entertainments. In most cases in control tasks, which is the purpose of proposing our system, wherein the speed of performance and response concern as the system should integrate with other controlling platforms such as in voiced controlled robots. Therefore, the need for flexible platforms, that can be easily edited to jibe with functionality of the surroundings, came to the scene; unlike other software programs that require recording audios and multiple training for every entry such as MATLAB and Phoenix. In this paper, a speech recognition system for Malay language is implemented using Microsoft Visual Studio C#. 90 (ninety) Malay phrases were tested by 10 (ten) speakers from both genders in diff...

Description: Electrical stimulation (ES) and also known as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) involves the use of electrical current to stimulate the nerves or nerve endings that innervate muscle beneath the skin. Electrical stimulation may be applied superficially on the skin (transcutaneously) or directly into a muscle or muscles (intramuscularly) for the primary purpose of enhancing muscle function. The basic theoretical premise is that if the peripheral nerve can be stimulated, the resulting excitation impulse will be transmitted along the nerve to the motor endplates in the muscle, producing a muscle contraction. In this work, the effect of mere electrical stimulation to the muscle bulk and strength are tested. This paper explains how electrical stimulation can affect the muscle bulk, muscle size, muscle tone, muscle atrophy and muscle strength. The experiment and data collection are performed on 5 subjects and the results obtaine...

Description: Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) is a material that is attracting attention in the construction industry due to the high mechanical strength and durability, leading to structures having low maintenance requirements. The production of UHPC, however, has generally higher environmental impact than normal strength concrete due to the increased demand of cement required in the concrete mix. What is still not sufficiently investigated, is if the longer lifetime, slimmer construction and lower maintenance requirements lead to a net environmental benefit compared to standard concrete bridge design. This study utilizes life cycle assessment (LCA) to determine the lifetime impacts of two comparable highway crossing footbridges spanning 40 meters, designed respectively with UHPC and normal strength concrete. The results of the study show that UHPC is an effective material for reducing lifetime emissions from construction and maintenance of long lasting infrastructure, as the UHPC des...

Description: The construction of the public space has become in the last decades something so important and fundamental in the architecture of the cities, that requires a specific discipline and a concrete study that evaluates the characteristics and actions on it. Not already from an urbanistic perspective but from its own design and constructive perspective, with its character as a place for everyone and for everything, must gather a series of elements that are unique to this space. Barcelona is one of the densest cities in the world that, since the end of the s. XX until our days, tries to solve the public space with a design of quality and optimum. The shortage of public space, which also hosts more than eight million tourists each year, makes it necessary to propose a type of meticulous intervention in order to accommodate all types of users and activities. From the first Universal Exhibition of 1888 through 1929 to the 1992 Olympics as the most important stimulus for this renewal of ur...

Description: 〈b〉Friedrich Robert Helmert, founder of modern geodesy, on the occasion of the centenary of his death〈/b〉〈br〉 Johannes Ihde and Andreas Reinhold〈br〉 Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 79-95, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-79-2017, 2017〈br〉 Friedrich Robert Helmert died in Potsdam in 1917. He was, for over 30 years, director of the Royal Prussian Geodetic Institute and of the Central Bureau of the Internationale Erdmessung, today's IAG. He dedicated his life and his scientific career to the field of geodesy. His teachings on theoretical and physical geodesy were incorporated into university curricula around the world and hence into international endeavours to measure planet Earth.

Description: 〈b〉Scientific Drilling at Lake Tanganyika, Africa: A Transformative Record for Understanding Evolution in Isolation and the Biological History of the African Continent, University of Basel, 6–8 June 2016〈/b〉〈br〉 Andrew S. Cohen and Walter Salzburger〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 22, 43-48, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-43-2017, 2017〈br〉 A workshop was held in Basel, Switzerland, to discuss the scientific opportunities for evolutionary biology, paleobiology and paleoecology of a drilling project at Lake Tanganyika, one of the oldest and most biodiverse lakes on Earth. A record of the numerous endemic organisms collected from the lake coupling body fossils, environmental history and potentially aDNA or ancient protein records would be transformative for understanding evolution in isolation and the biogeographic history of Africa.

Description: 〈b〉Flow intake control using dry-weather forecast〈/b〉〈br〉 Otto Icke, Kim van Schagen, Christian Huising, Jasper Wuister, Edward van Dijk, and Arjan Budding〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 69-74, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-69-2017, 2017〈br〉 Flow intake based on predictive control using dry-weather flow and rainfall predictions offers reduced peak discharges on the waste water treatment plants. This results in a better performance of the waste water treatment plant and particularly the utilisation of the post-treatment phase. Results at waste water treatment plant Bennekom show that about 50 % of bypass volume of the post-treatment phase can be prevented with operational predictive control. This improves the surface water quality.

Description: 〈b〉Online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring for water and wastewater treatment plants processes and operations optimization〈/b〉〈br〉 Céline Assmann, Amanda Scott, and Dondra Biller〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 61-68, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-61-2017, 2017〈br〉 TOC (total organics carbon) analysis, as a laboratory and online technology, offers new perspectives to organic measurements in waters and waste water, supplementing regulatory oxygen demand tests. TOC monitoring, implemented as a tool to make informative and rapid treatment decisions, becomes a useful process control parameter. This paper discusses the various technologies available and details how three municipal plants gained insights into their processes and saved on their spending with TOC.

Description: 〈b〉Fifteen years of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Program〈/b〉〈br〉 Zhiqin Xu, Jingsui Yang, Chengshan Wang, Zhisheng An, Haibing Li, Qin Wang, and Dechen Su〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 22, 1-18, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-1-2017, 2017〈br〉 The 5158 m deep borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling (CCSD) Project in the Sulu ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic terrain marked the starting point of the CCSD Program. Since then, several continental scientific drilling projects were conducted with funding of the Chinese government and partially with support of ICDP, resulting in a total drilling depth of more than 35 000 m. This paper reviews the history and major progress of the CCSD Program in the past 15 years.

Description: 〈b〉GONAF – the borehole Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault in the eastern Sea of Marmara〈/b〉〈br〉 Marco Bohnhoff, Georg Dresen, Ulubey Ceken, Filiz Tuba Kadirioglu, Recai Feyiz Kartal, Tugbay Kilic, Murat Nurlu, Kenan Yanik, Digdem Acarel, Fatih Bulut, Hisao Ito, Wade Johnson, Peter Eric Malin, and Dave Mencin〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 22, 19-28, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-19-2017, 2017〈br〉 GONAF (Geophysical Observatory at the North Anatolian Fault) has been installed around the eastern Sea of Marmara section where a 〈i〉M〈/i〉〈i〉〉〈/i〉7 earthquake is pending to capture the seismic and strain activity preceding, during, and after such an anticipated event. GONAF is currently comprised of seven 300 m deep vertical seismic profiling stations and four collocated 100 m deep borehole strain meters. GONAF is the first ICDP-driven project with a primary focus on long-term fault-zone monitoring.

Description: 〈b〉Regional estimation of Curie-point depths and succeeding geothermal parameters from recently acquired high-resolution aeromagnetic data of the entire Bida Basin, north-central Nigeria〈/b〉〈br〉 Levi I. Nwankwo and Abayomi J. Sunday〈br〉 Geoth. Energ. Sci., 5, 1-9, https://doi.org/10.5194/gtes-5-1-2017, 2017〈br〉 The recent aeromagnetic data over the Bida Basin, Nigeria, have been used to estimate the Curie-point depths (CPDs), geothermal gradients (GGs), and near-surface crustal heat flow (HF) of the basin. The result shows that the CPD varies between 15.57 and 29.62 km, GG varies between 19.58 and 37.25 °C km〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉, and HF varies between 48.41 and 93.12 mW m〈sup〉−2〈/sup〉. Regions are observed in the basin with shallow CPDs and corresponding high HFs, thus suggesting anomalous geothermal conditions.

Description: 〈b〉Ecology Day〈/b〉〈br〉 Maria Amélia Martins Loução〈br〉 Web Ecol., 17, 65-67, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-17-65-2017, 2017〈br〉 Following the 150th anniversary of the science of ecology, the Portuguese Ecological Society (SPECO) proposes 14 September as Ecology Day. This day should be promoted by ecological societies to host different kinds of public and media events closely related to ecology, in a broad sense. The date, 14 September, was chosen because it was on that day Haeckel had published his 〈q〉Ökologie und Chorologie〈/q〉.

Description: 〈b〉The ecology of subindividual variability in plants: patterns, processes, and prospects〈/b〉〈br〉 Carlos M. Herrera〈br〉 Web Ecol., 17, 51-64, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-17-51-2017, 2017〈br〉 Plants produce a considerable number of structures of one kind, like leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds, which are not identical. This paper provides an overview of current knowledge on traits that vary subindividually, the magnitude of subindividual variation, and its spatial patterning. Examples are presented on the consequences of subindividual variation for plants and consumers. Emerging links between genetics, epigenetics, subindividual variation, and population ecology are also considered.

Description: 〈b〉A statistical approach to latitude measurements: Ptolemy's and Riccioli's geographical works as case studies〈/b〉〈br〉 Luca Santoro〈br〉 Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 69-77, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-69-2017, 2017〈br〉 Historical geographical works typically contain many latitude measurements of locations: all show measurement errors and some of these refer to lost cities. How can we estimate errors? How can we know the right position of lost cities? This work shows a general approach to give a scientific answer to these questions in two particular case studies: Ptolemy's Geography and Riccioli's work on geography.

Description: 〈b〉Steponas Kolupaila's contribution to hydrological science development〈/b〉〈br〉 Gintaras Valiuškevičius〈br〉 Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 57-67, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-57-2017, 2017〈br〉 This article presents the most important facts on the life and scientific achievements of Steponas Kolupaila (1892–1964) – one of the most famous hydrologists of the 20th century. This Lithuanian scientist is especially well known for his book 〈i〉Bibliography of Hydrometry〈/i〉.

Description: 〈b〉Ball lightning: a Renaissance account from Zafra (Spain)〈/b〉〈br〉 José M. Vaquero〈br〉 Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 53-56, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-53-2017, 2017〈br〉 An analysis is given of the account of a 〈q〉globe of fire〈/q〉 observed in Zafra (Spain) in the middle of the 16th century. During a strong storm, Conde Don Pedro observed what he described as a 〈q〉globe of fire〈/q〉 that was directed against the city and abruptly changed course. He attributed the change in course to a miracle. He described neither any damage nor sound.

Description: 〈b〉Franz Kossmat – 〈i〉Subdivision of the Variscan Mountains〈/i〉 – a translation of the German text with supplementary notes〈/b〉〈br〉 Guido Meinhold〈br〉 Hist. Geo Space. Sci., 8, 29-51, https://doi.org/10.5194/hgss-8-29-2017, 2017〈br〉 This work is in honour of Franz Kossmat (1871–1938) and his esteemed paper the 〈i〉Gliederung des varistischen Gebirgsbaues〈/i〉 published 1927 in 〈i〉Abhandlungen des Sächsischen Geologischen Landesamts〈/i〉, Volume 1, pages 1 to 39. It constitutes the foundation of the general subdivision of the Central European Variscides into several geotectonic zones and the idea of large-scale nappe transport of individual units. In the English translation presented here an attempt is made to provide a readable text, which should still reflect Kossmat's style but would also be readable for a non-German speaking community either working in the Variscan Mountains or having specific interests in historical aspects of geosciences. Supplementary notes provide information about Kossmat's life and the content of the text. Kossmat's work is a superb example of how important geological fieldwork and mapping are for progress in geoscientific research.

Description: 〈b〉Report on the ICDP workshop DIVE (Drilling the Ivrea–Verbano zonE)〈/b〉〈br〉 Mattia Pistone, Othmar Müntener, Luca Ziberna, György Hetényi, and Alberto Zanetti〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 23, 47-56, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-23-47-2017, 2017〈br〉 The Ivrea–Verbano Zone is the most complete, time-integrated crust–upper mantle archive in the world. It is a unique target for assembling data on the deep crust and Moho transition zone to unravel the formation, evolution, and modification of the continental crust through space and time across the Earth. Four drilling operations in the Ivrea-Verbano Zone crustal section represent the scientifically most promising solution to achieve the major goals of DIVE Project.

Description: 〈b〉Photocatalytic degradation of dyes in water by analytical reagent grades ZnO, TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉: a comparative study〈/b〉〈br〉 Dnyaneshwar R. Shinde, Popat S. Tambade, Manohar G. Chaskar, and Kisan M. Gadave〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 109-117, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-109-2017, 2017〈br〉 With photocatalytic activity of commercially available photocatalysts, viz. ZnO, TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, a set of photocatalytic experiments was performed under similar conditions using crystal violet, basic blue and methyl red dyes in water. The comparison of photocatalytic activity of ZnO with the benchmark Degussa P-25 (TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) catalyst as well as with AR grade TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 and SnO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 showed that despite low specific surface areas and larger grain sizes, ZnO displayed higher activity in the degradation of dyes.

Description: 〈b〉Modeling particle transport and discoloration risk in drinking water distribution networks〈/b〉〈br〉 Joost van Summeren and Mirjam Blokker〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 99-107, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-99-2017, 2017〈br〉 The build-up and subsequent remobilization of microscopic particles can cause discoloration of drinking water during distribution. We theoretically investigated the relevant transport processes and dependencies on flow conditions and particle properties. The presented theoretical framework is intended as a starting point for a numerical tool to help water utilities determine regions of high discoloration risk and reduce these risks, e.g., by designing more efficient pipe cleaning programs.

Description: 〈b〉Scientific Exploration of Induced SeisMicity and Stress (SEISMS)〈/b〉〈br〉 Heather M. Savage, James D. Kirkpatrick, James J. Mori, Emily E. Brodsky, William L. Ellsworth, Brett M. Carpenter, Xiaowei Chen, Frédéric Cappa, and Yasuyuki Kano〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 23, 57-63, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-23-57-2017, 2017〈br〉 The Scientific Exploration of Induced SeisMicity and Stress (SEISMS) meeting brought together earthquake scientists from around the world. Discussion focused on field-scale experiments for understanding earthquake nucleation, propagation, and arrest.

Description: 〈b〉Limitations of demand- and pressure-driven modeling for large deficient networks〈/b〉〈br〉 Mathias Braun, Olivier Piller, Jochen Deuerlein, and Iraj Mortazavi〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 93-98, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-93-2017, 2017〈br〉 The article introduces a stable formulation of the model for water distribution systems that guarantees the existence of a unique solution. This is done regarding two modeling paradigms. First for models with customer demand as a fixed boundary condition and second for models that add a boundary condition on the minimum network pressure. The following discussion concludes that pressure-driven models are superior in modeling deficient networks, but still have to be improved.

Description: 〈b〉Limitations of demand- and pressure-driven modeling for large deficient networks〈/b〉〈br〉 Mathias Braun, Olivier Piller, Jochen Deuerlein, and Iraj Mortazavi〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 93-98, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-93-2017, 2017〈br〉 The article introduces a stable formulation of the model for water distribution systems that guarantees the existence of a unique solution. This is done regarding two modeling paradigms. First for models with customer demand as a fixed boundary condition and second for models that add a boundary condition on the minimum network pressure. The following discussion concludes that pressure-driven models are superior in modeling deficient networks, but still have to be improved.

Description: 〈b〉Identifying (subsurface) anthropogenic heat sources that influence temperature in the drinking water distribution system〈/b〉〈br〉 Claudia M. Agudelo-Vera, Mirjam Blokker, Henk de Kater, and Rob Lafort〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 83-91, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-83-2017, 2017〈br〉 Water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) and at the customers' taps approaches the surrounding soil temperature at 1 m in depth. In the Netherlands drinking water is distributed without additional residual disinfectant and drinking water temperature at the customers' tap should not exceed 25 ºC. Some urban infrastructures are heat sources and generate hot-spots. This article describes a method to find anthropogenic heat sources that influence temperature in the DWDS.

Description: 〈b〉Modeling and clustering water demand patterns from real-world smart meter data〈/b〉〈br〉 Nicolas Cheifetz, Zineb Noumir, Allou Samé, Anne-Claire Sandraz, Cédric Féliers, and Véronique Heim〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 75-82, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-75-2017, 2017〈br〉 This paper aims at a better understanding of water consumption usage.

Description: 〈b〉Flow intake control using dry-weather forecast〈/b〉〈br〉 Otto Icke, Kim van Schagen, Christian Huising, Jasper Wuister, Edward van Dijk, and Arjan Budding〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 69-74, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-69-2017, 2017〈br〉 Flow intake based on predictive control using dry-weather flow and rainfall predictions offers reduced peak discharges on the waste water treatment plants. This results in a better performance of the waste water treatment plant and particularly the utilisation of the post-treatment phase. Results at waste water treatment plant Bennekom show that about 50 % of bypass volume of the post-treatment phase can be prevented with operational predictive control. This improves the surface water quality.

Description: 〈b〉Modeling particle transport and discoloration risk in drinking water distribution networks〈/b〉〈br〉 Joost van Summeren and Mirjam Blokker〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 99-107, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-99-2017, 2017〈br〉 The build-up and subsequent remobilization of microscopic particles can cause discoloration of drinking water during distribution. We theoretically investigated the relevant transport processes and dependencies on flow conditions and particle properties. The presented theoretical framework is intended as a starting point for a numerical tool to help water utilities determine regions of high discoloration risk and reduce these risks, e.g., by designing more efficient pipe cleaning programs.

Description: 〈b〉Online total organic carbon (TOC) monitoring for water and wastewater treatment plants processes and operations optimization〈/b〉〈br〉 Céline Assmann, Amanda Scott, and Dondra Biller〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 61-68, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-61-2017, 2017〈br〉 TOC (total organics carbon) analysis, as a laboratory and online technology, offers new perspectives to organic measurements in waters and waste water, supplementing regulatory oxygen demand tests. TOC monitoring, implemented as a tool to make informative and rapid treatment decisions, becomes a useful process control parameter. This paper discusses the various technologies available and details how three municipal plants gained insights into their processes and saved on their spending with TOC.

Description: 〈b〉Facility for testing ice drills〈/b〉〈br〉 Dennis L. Nielson, Chris Delahunty, John W. Goodge, and Jeffery P. Severinghaus〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 22, 29-33, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-29-2017, 2017〈br〉 The North American Testing (NAT) was designed to test critical functions of a Rapid Access Ice Drill (RAID) at a site in northern Utah. The RAID was designed to rapidly drill in Antarctica through over 2500 m of ice and then take a core sample of the bedrock. The system has many innovative features that required field testing before the system was shipped to Antarcitca. The NAT facility consisted of a borehole where we froze a column of ice to test drilling and fluid circulation functions.

Description: 〈b〉Modeling and clustering water demand patterns from real-world smart meter data〈/b〉〈br〉 Nicolas Cheifetz, Zineb Noumir, Allou Samé, Anne-Claire Sandraz, Cédric Féliers, and Véronique Heim〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 75-82, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-75-2017, 2017〈br〉 This paper aims at a better understanding of water consumption usage.

Description: 〈b〉IODP workshop: developing scientific drilling proposals for the Argentina Passive Volcanic Continental Margin (APVCM) – basin evolution, deep biosphere, hydrates, sediment dynamics and ocean evolution〈/b〉〈br〉 Roger D. Flood, Roberto A. Violante, Thomas Gorgas, Ernesto Schwarz, Jens Grützner, Gabriele Uenzelmann-Neben, F. Javier Hernández-Molina, Jennifer Biddle, Guillaume St-Onge, and APVCM workshop participants〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 22, 49-61, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-49-2017, 2017〈br〉 The Argentine margin contains important sedimentological, paleontological and chemical records of regional and local tectonic evolution, sea level, climate evolution and ocean circulation since the opening of the South Atlantic in the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous as well as the present-day results of post-depositional chemical and biological alteration. Despite its important location, which underlies the exchange of southern- and northern-sourced water masses, the Argentine margin has not been investigated in detail using scientific drilling techniques, perhaps because the margin has the reputation of being erosional. However, a number of papers published since 2009 have reported new high-resolution and/or multichannel seismic surveys, often combined with multi-beam bathymetric data, which show the common occurrence of layered sediments and prominent sediment drifts on the Argentine and adjacent Uruguayan margins. There has also been significant progress in studying the climatic records in surficial and near-surface sediments recovered in sediment cores from the Argentine margin. Encouraged by these recent results, our 3.5-day IODP (International Ocean Discovery Program) workshop in Buenos Aires (8–11 September 2015) focused on opportunities for scientific drilling on the Atlantic margin of Argentina, which lies beneath a key portion of the global ocean conveyor belt of thermohaline circulation. Significant opportunities exist to study the tectonic evolution, paleoceanography and stratigraphy, sedimentology, and biosphere and geochemistry of this margin.

Description: 〈b〉A comparison of the use of X-ray and neutron tomographic core scanning techniques for drilling projects: insights from scanning core recovered during the Alpine Fault Deep Fault Drilling Project〈/b〉〈br〉 Jack N. Williams, Joseph J. Bevitt, and Virginia G. Toy〈br〉 Sci. Dril., 22, 35-42, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-22-35-2017, 2017〈br〉 We compare images of drillcore from the Alpine Fault in New Zealand that were collected using X-ray computed tomography (CT) and neutron tomography (NT). Both techniques provide 3-D images of the core's internal structure, which would not be possible through visual analysis alone. We find that CT scans are more beneficial, as they can image a wider range of rock types, and this scanning technique is more practical. Nevertheless, NT provides complementary scans over limited intervals of core.

Description: 〈b〉Identifying (subsurface) anthropogenic heat sources that influence temperature in the drinking water distribution system〈/b〉〈br〉 Claudia M. Agudelo-Vera, Mirjam Blokker, Henk de Kater, and Rob Lafort〈br〉 Drink. Water Eng. Sci., 10, 83-91, https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-10-83-2017, 2017〈br〉 Water temperature in the drinking water distribution system (DWDS) and at the customers' taps approaches the surrounding soil temperature at 1 m in depth. In the Netherlands drinking water is distributed without additional residual disinfectant and drinking water temperature at the customers' tap should not exceed 25 ºC. Some urban infrastructures are heat sources and generate hot-spots. This article describes a method to find anthropogenic heat sources that influence temperature in the DWDS.

Description: 〈b〉Foramina in plesiosaur cervical centra indicate a specialized vascular system〈/b〉〈br〉 Tanja Wintrich, Martin Scaal, and P. Martin Sander〈br〉 Foss. Rec., 20, 279-290, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-279-2017, 2017〈br〉 Plesiosaurians retain a very long neck but greatly reduce neck flexibility, and the cervicals have large, paired, and highly symmetrical foramina on the ventral side of the centrum, traditionally termed 〈q〉subcentral foramina〈/q〉, and on the floor of the neural canal. We found that these dorsal and the ventral foramina are connected by a canal. The foramen are not for nutrient transfer; they are the osteological correlates of a highly paedomorphic vascular system in the neck of plesiosaurs.

Description: 〈b〉Could disruptive technologies also reform academia?〈/b〉〈br〉 Casparus J. Crous〈br〉 Web Ecol., 17, 47-50, https://doi.org/10.5194/we-17-47-2017, 2017〈br〉 A thriving future science community could depend on disruptive technologies to shake up outmoded academic practices.

Description: Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond Claire M. Wood, Simon M. Smart, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, David C. Howard, W. Andrew Scott, and Peter A. Henrys Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., doi:10.5194/essd-2017-17,2017 Manuscript under review for ESSD (discussion: open, 0 comments) The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The vegetation component has subsequently been repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007, and changes may be related to a range of drivers.

Description: Long-term vegetation monitoring in Great Britain – the Countryside Survey 1978–2007 and beyond Claire M. Wood, Simon M. Smart, Robert G. H. Bunce, Lisa R. Norton, Lindsay C. Maskell, David C. Howard, W. Andrew Scott, and Peter A. Henrys Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., doi:10.5194/essd-2017-17,2017 Manuscript under review for ESSD (discussion: open, 0 comments) The Countryside Survey (CS) of Great Britain consists of an extensive set of repeated ecological measurements at a national scale, covering a time span of 29 years. CS was first undertaken in 1978 to monitor ecological and land use change in Britain using standardised procedures for recording ecological data from representative 1 km squares throughout the country. The vegetation component has subsequently been repeated in 1990, 1998 and 2007, and changes may be related to a range of drivers.

Description: Measurement experiences with FluxSet digital D/I station László Hegymegi, János Szöllősy, Csaba Hegymegi, and Ádám Domján Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., doi:10.5194/gi-2017-14,2017 Manuscript under review for GI (discussion: open, 0 comments) The authors developed and built a digital non-magnetic declination inclination magnetometer which gives all measurement data in digital form. Use of this instrument significantly decreases possibility of observation errors and minimizes handwork. We showed that this device is suitable for absolute magnetic control measurements, and its more convenient, user friendly and effective than the traditional ones.

Description: Possibilities of further improvement of 1-second fluxgate variometers Andriy Marusenkov Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., doi:10.5194/gi-2017-12,2017 Manuscript under review for GI (discussion: open, 0 comments) The paper discusses the possibility to improve quality of geomagnetic variations monitoring at the ground observatories. The new fluxgate sensor as well as electronics with upgraded temperature and noise characteristics are described. It is supposed that the application of the discussed in the paper results and recommendations will allow creating an fluxgate magnetometer with outstanding level of parameters.

Description: Measurement experiences with FluxSet digital D/I station László Hegymegi, János Szöllősy, Csaba Hegymegi, and Ádám Domján Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst. Discuss., doi:10.5194/gi-2017-14,2017 Manuscript under review for GI (discussion: open, 0 comments) The authors developed and built a digital non-magnetic declination inclination magnetometer which gives all measurement data in digital form. Use of this instrument significantly decreases possibility of observation errors and minimizes handwork. We showed that this device is suitable for absolute magnetic control measurements, and its more convenient, user friendly and effective than the traditional ones.

Description: Explicit and parametrised representation of under ice shelf seas in a z * coordinate ocean model Pierre Mathiot, Adrian Jenkins, Christopher Harris, and Gurvan Madec Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss., doi:10.5194/gmd-2017-37,2017 Manuscript under review for GMD (discussion: open, 0 comments) Ice shelf/ocean interactions are a major source of fresh water on the Antarctic continental shelf and have a strong impact on ocean properties, ocean circulation and sea ice. However, climate models based on the ocean/sea ice model NEMO currently do not include these interactions in any detail. The capability of explicitly simulating the circulation beneath ice shelves is introduced in the non-linear free surface model NEMO. Its implementation into the NEMO framework and its assessment in an idealised and realistic circum-Antarctic configuration is described in this study. Compared with the current prescription of ice shelf melting (i.e. at the surface) inclusion of open sub-ice-shelf leads to a decrease sea ice thickness along the coast, a weakening of the ocean stratification on the shelf, a decrease in salinity of HSSW on the Ross and Weddell Sea shelves and an increase in the strength of the gyres that circulate within the over-deepened basins on the West Antarctic continental shelf. Mimicking the under ice shelf seas overturning circulation by introducing the meltwater over the depth range of the ice shelf base, rather than at the surface is also tested. It yields similar improvements in the simulated ocean properties and circulation over the Antarctic continental shelf than the explicit ice shelf cavity representation. With the ice shelf cavities opened, the widely-used “3 equations” ice shelf melting formulation enables an interactive computation of melting that has been assessed. Comparison with observational estimates of ice shelf melting indicates realistic results for most ice shelves. However, melting rates for Amery, Getz and George VI ice shelves are considerably overestimated.

Description: Multiple domain evaluation of watershed hydrology models Karthik Kumarasamy and Patrick Belmont Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/hess-2017-121,2017 Manuscript under review for HESS (discussion: open, 0 comments) Watershed scale models simulating hydrology and water quality have advanced rapidly in sophistication. Given the importance of these models to support decision-making for a wide range of environmental issues, the hydrology community is compelled to improve the metrics used to evaluate model performance. We introduce a suite of new tools and metrics for model evaluation. We propose general guidelines for selecting parameters that should be included for matching predicted flow with measured flow.

Description: Moment-based Metrics for Global Sensitivity Analysis of Hydrological Systems Aronne Dell'Oca, Monica Riva, and Alberto Guadagnini Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/hess-2017-90,2017 Manuscript under review for HESS (discussion: open, 0 comments) We propose new metrics to assist global sensitivity analysis of Earth systems. Our approach allows assessing the impact of model parameters on the first four statistical moments of a target model output, allowing to ascertain which parameters can affect some moments of the model output pdf while being uninfluential to others. Our approach is fully compatible with analysis in the context of model complexity reduction, design of experiment, uncertainty quantification and risk assessment.

Description: Activities correspondence is often used by agencies or companies, so that institutions or companies set up a special division to handle issues related to the letter management. Most of the distribution of letters using electronic media, then the letter should be kept confidential in order to avoid things that are not desirable. Techniques that can be done to meet the security aspect is by using cryptography or by giving a digital signature. The addition of asymmetric and symmetric algorithms, i.e. RSA and AES algorithms, on the digital signature had been done in this study to maintain data security. The RSA algorithm was used during the process of giving digital signature, while the AES algorithm was used during the process of encoding a message that will be sent to the receiver. Based on the research can be concluded that the additions of AES and RSA algorithms on the digital signature meet four objectives of cryptography: Secrecy, Data Integrity, Authentication and Non-repudia...

Description: The formations type of solar radio bursts can be known base on the frequency range that is detected. The CALLISTO system works with a wide band of the frequency making it possible to detect several types of solar burst. Indonesia exactly at Sumedang, CALLISTO system detected the formation of solar radio bursts forms of type II for the first time on 5 November 2014. On the other side, CALLISTO spectrometer detects and traces the phenomenon of CME (Coronal Mass Ejections) which causes the solar radio burst type II occurrence. In this paper will be calculated frequency drift rate during the occurrence of solar radio bursts of type II phenomenon on 4th November 2015 at 03:30 UT. The results of these calculations will be discussed as a related study of drift rate during the phenomenon of burst type II radio bursts associated with CME. The obtained drift rate during the solar radio bursts events above 2.8 MHz / s with low drift rate so that the speed of the CME that occurred only abou...

Description: Space Science Center of Indonesian Institute of Aeronautics and Space called LAPAN has installed several solar radio receivers named CALLISTO in various parts of Indonesia. The equipment has made some solar radio observational data which is indicate solar radio burst since its operation. All of the observational data stored in the file format of Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) which is the raw data. Therefore, it is required a such kind of related data processing to produce a data that can be used for further research. In this paper will discuss how the observational data of CALLISTO could be generated included the information of data format, CALLISTO data processing techniques used in these activities as well as some of the data processing based on data indicating solar radio bursts. As the results, a map of solar radio spectrum as spectrograph profiles and some determinations of frequency drift base on the data will also be discussed in this paper.

Description: The joining of dissimilar metals is an important issue in modern lightweight design. Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is suitable for this task since the solidus temperature is usually not exceeded during the process. As a consequence, dissimilar joints can be produced with a minimum of deteriorating intermetallic phases. The latest studies showed the formation of intermetallic layers at the bonding interface with no significant negative influence on the seam quality. In this study, those intermetallic nanolayers at the interface of aluminium / copper lap joints were analysed. For the experiments, the commercially pure alloys EN AW-1050 and CW008A were chosen. The process temperature changed with respect to the parameter setup and was measured at different locations of the seam. The intermetallic layers at the interface were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The experiments show that the thickness of the interlayer cl...

Description: The lap shear test is a common method for determining the interlaminar shear strength of material compounds due to its simplicity with regard to specimen production and experimental realization. However, the obtained results strongly depend on the material pairing and the specimen geometry, which have a significant influence to the stress state within the interface during the experiment. A torsion test method using butt-bonded hollow cylinders seems more appropriate due to the expected more homogeneous shear stress distribution. The aim of this work is to compare both testing methods by experimental and numerical investigations. A comparative study with thermally joined aluminum-polyamide hybrid compounds was performed. The corresponding simulations were carried out with the commercial FE-software Abaqus™, using a user defined material model for the thermoplastic joining partner and the built-in cohesive behavior contact property for modelling interfacial damage.

Description: Due to increasing oil and gas demand with the depletion of fossil resources in the current situation make efficient energy systems and alternative energy conversion processes are urgently needed. With the great potential of resources in Indonesia, make biomass has been considered as one of major potential fuel and renewable resource for the near future. In this paper, the potential of palm oil mill waste as a bioenergy source has been investigated. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) small scale power plant has been preliminary designed to generate electricity. The working fluid candidates for the ORC plant based on the heat source temperature domains have been investigated. The ORC system with a regenerator has higher thermal efficiency than the basic ORC system. The study demonstrates the technical feasibility of ORC solutions in terms of resources optimizations and reducing of greenhouse gas emissions.

Description: Irrigation has been a central feature of agriculture for over 5,000 years and is the method in which water is supplied to plants at regular intervals for agriculture. Channel irrigation allows irrigation over large areas, with large volumes of water. The content of the water in channel from the river generally contain a lot of material that can precipitate during the water flood the area of agriculture. This paper is to derive a mathematical model of sedimentation processes in the irrigation channel. The model is analysed using Finite Element Method with respect to the geometry of the channel in the district Galang, Sumatera Utara Province. From a computational point of view, results have shown the importance streamlines of the mixture velocity and the dispersed phase volume fraction.

Description: The process of friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative joining technique, which proved its potential in joining dissimilar metals that are poorly fusion weldable. This ability opens a wide range for applications in industrial fields, where weight reduction by partial substitution of conventional materials through lightweight materials is a current central aim. As a consequence of this, the realization of aluminum / steel-joints is of great interest. For this material compound, several friction stir welds were carried out by different researchers for varying Al/steel-joints, whereas the definition of optimal process parameters as well as the increase of mechanical properties was in the focus of the studies. To achieve further improved properties for this dissimilar joint a newly developed hybrid process named “ultrasound enhanced friction stir welding (USE-FSW)” was applied. In this paper the resulting properties of Al/steel-joints using FSW and USE-FSW will be presented and...

Description: In the Collaborative Research Center 692, subproject B3 Al/Mg compounds are investigated. The hydrostatic co-extruded compounds presented in this paper were further manufactured by the forging process Rising. To continue the first investigations of Rising specimens regarding interface strength, a bending test developed in a previous project period was used. The specific load case and the bending specimen geometry considers the requirements concerning the special geometry of the Rising specimen. Based on experimentally determined failure forces (maximum forces), the stress state for the investigation of the interface strength was calculated by means of the elementary bending theory extended with a numerical determined correction factor. The numerical analyses were based on a parametric FE model of the load case. Crack initiation was caused by the maximum interlaminar interfacial tension stress. In the demonstrated investigations co-extruded compounds with different ratio of core ...

Description: To develop durable and reliable electronic contacts, precious metals are still very important for finish plating of contact surfaces. The lesser-known iridium might be an interesting alternative to substitute gold alloys, platinum or rhodium for applications with highest demands to wear and corrosion resistance such as sliding and plug contacts. As matters stand there is no commercial electrolyte for iridium plating. Initial investigation screened the parameter range for different iridium compounds when an iridium layer occurred on the substrates. This approach showed that the oxidation state of iridium is crucial to reach contenting deposits. Best results came from Ir(IV) electrolyte with high bromine concentration coming from the starting compound, while electrolytes made from Ir(III) compounds gave very poor deposits. In subsequent experiments different organic compounds were added to the electrolytes to improve plating efficiency and stability of the solutions. So found elec...

Description: Interannual variation, decadal trend, and future change in ozone outflow from East Asia Jia Zhu, Hong Liao, Yuhao Mao, Yang Yang, and Hui Jiang Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3729-3747, doi:10.5194/acp-17-3729-2017, 2017 Asian O 3 outflow exhibited a small and statistically insignificant decadal trend with large interannual variations from 1986–2006. The latter were mainly caused by variations in the meteorological conditions. Future climate change will aggravate the effects of the increases in anthropogenic emissions on future changes in the Asian O 3 outflow. These findings help us to understand the variations in tropospheric O 3 in the regions downwind of East Asia on different timescales.

Description: Tracing changes in atmospheric moisture supply to the drying Southwest China Chi Zhang, Qiuhong Tang, Deliang Chen, Laifang Li, Xingcai Liu, and Huijuan Cui Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2017-147,2017 Manuscript under review for ACP (discussion: open, 0 comments) Precipitation over Southwest China (SWC) decreased significantly in recent years. By attributing precipitation to its sources, we found that the reduced precipitation is resulted from the reduced moisture supply from regions influenced by the South Asian Summer Monsoon and the westerlies. Further study revealed the dynamic variations in circulation dominate the interannual variations in precipitation over SWC. Changes in circulation systems may be related to the recent changes in SSTs.

Description: Potential impact of carbonaceous aerosols on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) during Asian summer monsoon in a global model simulation Suvarna Fadnavis, Gayatry Kalita, K. Ravi Kumar, Blaz Gasparini, and Jui-Lin Frank Li Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2017-197,2017 Manuscript under review for ACP (discussion: open, 0 comments) In this study, the model simulations show that monsoon convection over the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and Southern flanks of the Himalayas transport Asian carbonaceous aerosol into the UTLS. Carbonaceous aerosol induces enhancement in heating rate, vertical velocity and water vapor transport in the UTLS.Doubling of BC + OC aerosols creates an anomalous warming over the TP. It elicits monsoon Hadley circulation and thus increases precipitation over India and northeast China.

Description: An improved parameterisation of ozone dry deposition to the ocean and its impact in a global climate–chemistry model Ashok K. Luhar, Ian E. Galbally, Matthew T. Woodhouse, and Marcus Thatcher Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 3749-3767, doi:10.5194/acp-17-3749-2017, 2017 Dry deposition of tropospheric ozone relates to its destruction at the Earth’s surface. An improved model scheme for such deposition to the ocean is formulated backed up by field data. It results in the oceanic dry deposition of ozone to be 12 % of the global total, which is much lower than the current model estimate of about 30 %. This result has implications for modelling global tropospheric ozone budget and its radiative forcing, and ozone mixing ratios, especially in the Southern Hemisphere.

Description: Potential impact of carbonaceous aerosols on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) during Asian summer monsoon in a global model simulation Suvarna Fadnavis, Gayatry Kalita, K. Ravi Kumar, Blaz Gasparini, and Jui-Lin Frank Li Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., doi:10.5194/acp-2017-197,2017 Manuscript under review for ACP (discussion: open, 0 comments) In this study, the model simulations show that monsoon convection over the Bay of Bengal, the South China Sea and Southern flanks of the Himalayas transport Asian carbonaceous aerosol into the UTLS. Carbonaceous aerosol induces enhancement in heating rate, vertical velocity and water vapor transport in the UTLS.Doubling of BC + OC aerosols creates an anomalous warming over the TP. It elicits monsoon Hadley circulation and thus increases precipitation over India and northeast China.

Description: Ice Crystal Characterization in Cirrus Clouds: A Sun-tracking Camera System and Automated Detection Algorithm for Halo Displays Linda Forster, Meinhard Seefeldner, Matthias Wiegner, and Bernhard Mayer Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., doi:10.5194/amt-2017-17,2017 Manuscript under review for AMT (discussion: open, 0 comments) Halo displays are produced by scattering of sunlight by smooth, hexagonal ice crystals. Consequently, the presence of a halo should contain information on particle shape. This study presents HaloCam, a novel sun-tracking camera system, and an automated detection algorithm to collect and evaluate long-term halo observations. Two-year HaloCam observations revealed that about 25 % of the detected cirrus clouds occurred together with a 22° halo indicating the presence of smooth, hexagonal crystals.

Description: Risk assessment of liquefaction-induced hazards using Bayesian network based on standard penetration test data Xiao-Wei Tang, Jiang-Nan Qiu, and Ji-Lei Hu Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/nhess-2017-80,2017 Manuscript under review for NHESS (discussion: open, 0 comments) Liquefaction-induced hazards are responsible for considerable damages to engineering structures during major earthquakes. Presently, there is not any effective empirical approach that can assess different liquefaction-induced hazards in one model, such as sand boils, ground cracks, settlement, and lateral spreading, due to the uncertainties and complexity of multiple related factors of seismic liquefaction and liquefaction-induced hazards. This study used Bayesian network method to integrate multiple important factors of seismic liquefaction, sand boils, ground cracks, settlement and lateral spreading into a model based on standard penetration test historical data, so that the constructed Bayesian network model can assess the four different liquefaction-induced hazards together for free fields. In the study case, compared with the artificial neural network technology and the Ishihara and Yoshimine simplified method, the Bayesian network method performed a better classification ability, because its prediction probabilities of Accuracy , Brier score , Recall , Precision , and area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic ( AUC of ROC ) are better, which illustrated that the Bayesian network method is a good alternative tool for risk assessment of liquefaction-induced hazards. Furthermore, the performances of the application of the BN model in estimating liquefaction-induced hazards in the Japan's Northeast Pacific Offshore Earthquake also prove the correctness and reliability of it compared with the liquefaction potential index approach. Except for assessing the severity of hazards induced by soil liquefaction, the proposed Bayesian network model can also predict whether the soil is liquefied or not after an earthquake, and it can deduce the process of a chain reaction of the liquefaction-induced hazards and do backward reasoning, the assessment results from the proposed model could provide informative guidelines for decision-makers to detect damage state of a field induced by liquefaction.

Description: On the deep convection events and Antarctic Bottom Water formation in ocean reanalysis products Wilton Aguiar, Mauricio M. Mata, and Rodrigo Kerr Ocean Sci. Discuss., doi:10.5194/os-2017-9,2017 Manuscript under review for OS (discussion: open, 0 comments) In ocean models, Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formation is frequently misrepresented. Hence, assessing the causes of spurious formation is important to assure accurate future simulations. Only one of the state-of-art reanalysis investigated showed AABW formation accurately. Spurious formation in the other two products resulted from opening of large ice-free areas. The relatively accurate AABW formation in one of the products is an important advance on the simulation of deep ocean circulation.

Description: Strain heterogeneities at the ductile to brittle transition; a case study on ice Thomas Chauve, Maurine Montagnat, Cédric Lachaud, David Georges, and Pierre Vacher Solid Earth Discuss., doi:10.5194/se-2017-24,2017 Manuscript under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments) For the first time, Digital Image Correlation was used to follow strain field development during micro cracking, at the ductile to brittle transition in polycrystalline ice. Owing to the high temperature conditions of the tests, dynamic recrystallization mechanisms (nucleation and sub-grain rotation) efficiently participate to the stress redistribution during and after crack opening, and even lead to local crack closure.

Description: Strain heterogeneities at the ductile to brittle transition; a case study on ice Thomas Chauve, Maurine Montagnat, Cédric Lachaud, David Georges, and Pierre Vacher Solid Earth Discuss., doi:10.5194/se-2017-24,2017 Manuscript under review for SE (discussion: open, 0 comments) For the first time, Digital Image Correlation was used to follow strain field development during micro cracking, at the ductile to brittle transition in polycrystalline ice. Owing to the high temperature conditions of the tests, dynamic recrystallization mechanisms (nucleation and sub-grain rotation) efficiently participate to the stress redistribution during and after crack opening, and even lead to local crack closure.

Description: Impact of icebergs on net primary productivity in the Southern Ocean Shuang-Ye Wu and Shugui Hou The Cryosphere, 11, 707-722, doi:10.5194/tc-11-707-2017, 2017 The primary productivity in the Southern Ocean (SO) is limited by the amount of iron available for biological activities. Recent studies show that icebergs could be a main source of iron to the SO. Based on remote sensing data, our study shows that iceberg presence is associated with elevated levels of ocean productivity, particularly in iron-deficient regions. This impact could serve as a negative feedback to the climate system.