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  • Aquaculture
  • Chemistry
  • 2020-2022
  • 2015-2019  (148)
  • 1955-1959
  • 2017  (148)
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  • 2020-2022
  • 2015-2019  (148)
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In this study phytoplankton were used as a water quality index in agricultural sewage for feasibility study of aquaculture in Ahwaz and Khorramshahr region. Monthly sampling was done in 6 stations during one year period (2008-2009). 34 phytoplankton genuses were identified. The most frequent classes were Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Dinophyceae. The water flow of drainage channel had inverse relationship with phytoplankton density. Diatoms were present in all stations. Palmer index suggested that station 2,5,6,3,4 had the highest rate of pollution respectively and station 1 was relatively polluted. The stations of 1,2,5,3,6,4 had the highest value of useful phytoplankton index for fish growth.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Bioindicator ; Polution ; Phytoplankton ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.55-64
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  • 2
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Regarding the key role and importance of Daphnia in aquaculture, particularly for survival and adaptation of fishes in larval stages, a comprehensive study on hatching rate of Daphnia ephippial eggs was implemented to obtain an optimum technique. The effects of abiotic factors was investigated on the hatching response of Daphnia pulex diapausing eggs collected from live food ponds in Cultivation and Breeding Centre of Gorgan. After isolation, the eggs were kept in dry and wet conditions at 4°C for 2 months in darkness. Following the preincubation period, the eggs in each group were subdivided into 2 parts and treated with 1% NaOCl and distilled water. The effect of temperature levels (15 C, 20 C, 25 C) and photoperiod levels (12L: 12D, 24L: 0D) were identified on the hatching of eggs in AdaM medium during 15 days. Results indicated that the exposure of wet-kept eggs to 12-hour photoperiod and 25 C without soaking in 1% NaOCl, caused the maximum rate and speed of hatching.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Daphnia pulex ; Physical ; Chemical ; Aquaculture ; Feed ; Live food ; Eggs ; Survival
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.67-76
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  • 3
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The present study investigated changes in growth and amino acid composition Kutum Rutilus frisii kutum during larval development. For this purpose, the periodic sampling from larvae obtained from breeders propagation was carried out at the fish aquaculture center of Shahid Rajaee in Sari. The samples were obtained at 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 50 days after hatching (DAH). The result of larvae growth showed that mean initial and final length of Kutum (1 DAH, 50 DAH) were 8.47±0.02mm and 35.34±0.41mm, respectively. Initial and final weights were 4.02±0.01mg and 483.33±1.11mg, respectively. The composition of total amino acids of Kutum larvae changed significantly during ontogeny. High correlations were found between rotifers and dry food but correlations dry food was higher than that rotifer. No major imbalance was found in essential amino acids profile of the diet of fish larvae. Nevertheless, low correlation of rotifer to dry food in rotifer AA nutritional balances was less than dry food. During this study, methionine, lysine, arginine, threonine and histidine appeared to be limiting amino acids. These fatty acids showed the significant difference between the amino acid profile in larva and the diet.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Rutilus frisii kutum ; Development ; Aquaculture ; Nutrition ; Diet ; Growth ; Amino acid ; Composition ; Larval
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.65-78
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  • 4
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Recirculation water system in shrimp culture with objective of decline waste materials of culture media and decreasing the disease is one of strategy which helping the shrimp production. In this investigation, effects of different densities of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) culture with white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei ) on growth, nutrients conversion rate (nitrogen and phosphor) of shrimp biomass and production economy in recirculation system were studied. Economical efficiency obtained according to final harvested biomass (shrimp and tilapia), the price and other costs for each treatment. Experiments were done in tanks with 6 treatments including: Culture shrimp with exchanged water (T1), culture shrimp with recirculated water system (T2) and integrated culture of shrimp with different densities of tilapia (T3- 0.01, T4- 0.025, T5- 0.05 and T6- 0.075 shrimp- tilapia ratio). The density of shrimp in all treatments was constant about 40/m2 . Shrimps were fed with commercial food pellet for 8 weeks. Tilapia was not fed during 7 weeks of experiment. Growth rate and total production of shrimp in T2 compared to that of T5 and T6 and results showed significant differences. No significant differences were detected with other treatments. Growth rate in T3 significantly increased compared to other treatments. Nitrogen conversion rate of biomass (tilapia and shrimp) in all treatments except T1 statistically demonstrated an increasing rate as the tilapia-shrimp ratio was increased. Phosphor conversion ratio of biomass (tilapia and shrimp) showed an increment in T3, T4, T5 and T6 and was significantly different with T1 and T2. Production economy in T2 followed by T4 was significantly increased compared with other treatments. The lowest economical efficiency obtained in T5 and T6 and the highest found in T2. The results of present study suggest that in integrated culture system (tilapia-shrimp), increasing tilapia densities may have a direct significance effect on phosphor conversion rate improvement and an inverse effect on nitrogen conversion and shrimp growth rates. Regarding to studied parameters, decreasing the tilapia- shrimp ratio (0.01 and 0.025) increased nitrogen conversion rate with no decrease in shrimp growth rate.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Shrimp ; Litopenaeus vannamei ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Nile tilapia ; Conversion rate ; Culture ; Recirculation ; Aquaculture ; Growth ; Economical efficiency
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.47-64
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  • 5
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This study was carried out to identify proper broodstock of Barbus sharpeyi and Barbus grypus using working fecundity indices. For Barbus sharpeyi three female groups were chosen based on previous experiences that included treatment 1: 650±300g, 1±0.5 years, (T.L) 40.68±2.7cm, treatment 2: 1350±350g, 2.5±0.5 years, (T.L) 47.92±4.63cm and treatment 3: 2200±400g, 4±0.4 years, and (T.L) 59.62±3.56cm. The same male broodstock (700±80g) and 2 year old fish were used for all treatments. For Barbus grypus three female groups were chosen using previous experiences that included treatment 1: 2212.5±780g, 2.5±0.5 years, (T.L) 62.68±6.7cm, treatment 2: 4518±780g, 4±1 years (T.L) 79.12±4.36cm and treatment 3: 7712.5±171g, 7.7±1.3 years and (T.L) 92.62±3.13cm. The same male broodstock (1400±100g) and 2 year old fish were used for all treatments. Female broodstock of the two species were injected 3mg/kg of PG hormone two times at an interval of 10 hours and males were injected 2mg/kg. The maximum working fecundity was seen in treatment 2 for Barbus sharpeyi (33000±1450) and Barbus grypus and (13000.37±4651.57). Functional fecundity were calculated for Barbus sharpeyi in all treatments which was significantly different between treatment 2 and other treatments for the two species. After this stage, the working fecundity was decreased in treatments. We conclude that treatment 2 is the best for selection of broodstocks in the two fish species.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Correlation ; Barbus sharpeyi ; Barbus grypus ; Cyprinids ; Length ; Weight ; Age ; Aquaculture ; Fecundity ; Fish
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.11-20
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  • 6
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In this survey the Physical and Chemical factors were studied in mohammadiye channel extending Eslamshahr, Robat karim and Shahriar cities of Tehran Province during the 2011 in agriculture period (May, June, July, August, September, October) Sampling were done from 5 different stations .The measured factors were temperature,DO, Cl,HCO3,COD,BOD,CO2,Mg,… The analysis of Physical and Chemical factors of Mohammadiye channel water showed that except water temperature, all factors in comparison to the standards were at the standard level, So they are suitable for aquaculture. Due to mean of water temperature that is high from middle of Spring to the end of summer , It is suitable for culture of warmwater fishes and because of low water temperature in the station No1 It is recommended for culture of coldwater fishes by using of 50-70gr of young fishes .
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Factor ; Mohammadiye ; Physical ; Chemical ; Determination ; Water ; Aquaculture ; Coldwater ; Fish ; Warmwater ; Water temperature ; Spring ; Summer ; Survey
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.21-34
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  • 7
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Microalgae as a source of valuable compounds such as fatty acids are isolated from the natural environments and their mass production with high nutritional value is one the necessities of many hatcheries. The present study aimed to determine the effects of enriched daphnia with microscopic algae on some growth indices and survival rate of Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae. Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus were purified and cultured. Then, Daphnia longispina was fed microalgae including Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus enriched with Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The microalgae density to enrich daphnia was estimated at 5× 107 cells mL-1. Three treatments with three replicates and a control group were considered in this study. A total of 30 Acipenser persicus larvae were allocated to each sixty liters tank. Experimental fish were fed daphnia enriched with Chlorella vulgaris (treatment 1), daphnia enriched with Scenedesmus dimorphus (treatment 2) and daphnia enriched with Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus dimorphus (at the rates of 50%) (treatment 3). Persian sturgeon larvae in the control group were fed like VNIRO stage from daphnia caught in pond. Larvae were fed 30% of body weight per day for four times. During the experimental period, water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration and pH ranged between 18-24°C, 5.8-7.2 mg l-1 and 5.6-8.2, respectively. The minimum (219 ± 98.4 mg) and maximum (315.16 ± 140.8 mg) mean (±SD) weights were observed in the control group and treatment 3, respectively. The results obtained from the body weight increase (BWI %) revealed that there were significant differences between treatment 3 and other treatments. Highest (4.6±1.13% day-1) and lowest (5.5±1.24% day-1) mean (±SD) specific growth rates (SGR) were recorded in fish fed the control group and treatment 3, respectively. Lowest (68%) and highest (85%) survival rates were recorded in the control group and treatment 3, respectively.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Acipenseridae ; Acipenser persicus ; Persian sturgeon ; Aquaculture ; Nutrition ; Algae ; Growth ; Survival ; Larvae
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.47-54
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  • 8
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Although nanomaterials have broad applications in many fields including aquaculture, their release into the environment has raised some concerns in recent years. This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of enriching Artemia with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) for possible use in aquaculture on the one hand, and, on the other hand, to investigate the transfer of this material through the food chain and its accumulation in the body of zebrafish as an aquatic model. In order to evaluate the absorption and excretion of ZnO-NPs in Artemia, nauplii were exposed to concentrations of 1, 10 and 100 mg/L ZnO-NPs suspension for 24 hours and then placed in the nanoparticles-free water for another 24 hours. The zebrafish were then fed with ZnO-NPs enriched nauplii for 21 days, followed by feeding on nanoparticles-free nauplii for 7 days to determine trophic transfer as well as excretion of nanoparticles from the fish body. The accumulated zinc over the periods of absorption and excretion in nauplii and fish were measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that Artemia nauplii had high potential for accumulation of ZnO-NPs, while accumulated zinc had high potential for transfer to fish. Based on the results, Artemia can be enriched with ZnO-NPs so that the needs of fish to zinc can be met. However, the risk of nanomaterials release into the aquatic ecosystems and their trophic transfer along the food chain should be considered
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Artemia salina ; Danio rerio ; Trophic Transfer ; Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ; Zebrafish ; Accumulation ; Fish ; Fish body ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.21-28
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  • 9
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the possibility of adaptation, growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with 0.3g initial weight and red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) with 0.7g initial weight in underground brackish water. Fry of Nile tilapia and red tilapia imported from Indonesia and after passing larviculture (25g) were examined separately in fiber glass tank by two replicate. Fish were fed at a restricted feeding program according to standard table during the light period. The results showed that some growth factors such as final weight, final length, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and weight gain in Nile tilapia were slightly higher than red tilapia but other factors such as survival and feed conversion rate in red tilapia were slightly higher than Nile tilapia. There were no significantly differences at 99% level among these factors. Length-weight relationship equation was w = 0.012×TL3.189 in Nile tilapia and w = 0.014×TL3.119 in red tilapia (r2 = 0.99), b value were 3.189 and 3.119 respectively in Nile and red tilapia representing isometric growth. According to the reliable growth and high survival rate (98%), it seems that both Nile and red tilapia could be good candidates for rearing in brackish water condition.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Tilapia ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Adaptation ; Growth ; Survival ; Aquaculture ; Feeding
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.23-30
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  • 10
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The aim of this reaserch was to study the effect of astaxanthin pigment on growth performance (weight again, specific growth rate and final body weight), survival and pigment accumulation in postlarvae of white leg shrimp. This study was carried out in spring 2011 at Kolahi Aquatic Development Center. Some 8-day postlarvae with mean (±SD) initial weight 5.3±1.6mg were fed diets with containing various levels (0, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg diet) of astaxanthin pigment for 30 days. Shrimp fed with diet without astaxanthin pigment served as control. Shrimp fed diets containing 50, 100 and 200mg/kg astaxanthin, growth performance and survival was significantly higher than control group. The pigment accumulation rate was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis of pigment accumulation showed that the higher increasing astaxanthin pigment amount in the diets, the higher growth performance and survival rate in postlarvae; as in postlarvae fed with 200mg astaxanthin/kg, final weight (700.6±12.7mg) and survival rate (82±1.5%) was significantly higher than control group (484.2±28.9, 54.7±4.5% final weight and survival rate, respectively). Due to nutritional properties of astaxanthin pigment and the positive effect on growth and survival, the feeding of postlarval white leg shrimp with the diet containing at least 100mg astaxanthin/kg is recommended.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Carotenoid ; Pigment ; Nutrition ; Shrimp ; Litopenaeus vannamei ; White leg shrimp ; Aquaculture ; Growth ; Performance ; Survival
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.89-100
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  • 11
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and the natural aquatic environment, made Iran’s geo-strategic and socioeconomic situation of the fisheries and aquaculture sector unique. This sector in the three areas of “ecotourism”, “food production” and “social behavior” play a crucial role in achieving Iran's Vision Policy of 1404 goals. However, Iran's valuable position in ornamental fish farming industry has been less attention and several issues challenged its development trend. Markazi is one of the leading provinces in this industry. So the main purposes of research were to identify current situation and providing development strategies. This study was descriptive and data were collected by survey method. The Statistical population was ornamental fish’s Producers and experts in Markazi province which due to limit number, census sampling was applied. The main tool for gathering information was questionnaire which its face validity confirmed through educational specialist and expert’s viewpoint. Also, the reliability of research tool was evaluated by Coronbach Alfa Test. The results showed that "Employment and income" and "Interest in breeding ornamental fish" were two main reasons to attract practitioners to this industry. The respondents considered the current situation ornamental fish industry, undesirable (Score 1.17 out of 5). Factor analysis showed that five factors named; "Corporate management and food resources", "management of extension and informing about authentic breeding principles", "Care Management and Insurance", "imported fish quality management" and "technical and financial support" have explained about 80% of the variance of the current situation and barriers to the development of ornamental fish industry in Markazi Province. The most important strategies to reduce facing problem in mentioned industry were development priority belonged ornamental fish industry trade system and development of specialized human resources training.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Ornamental fish industry ; ِDevelopment ; Ornamental ; Fish ; Industry ; Fisheries ; Aquaculture ; Quality
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.133-148
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  • 12
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: A month after movement of 1800 pieces of L. vannamei (average weight of 16g) from culture ponds in Heleh region to concrete ponds of Bandargah hatchery (Bushehr province) some shrimps showed symptoms such as decrease in growth rate, loss of appetite, dark pigmentation of cuticle and presence of black foci on it, redness of uropods and white, irregular and circular spots on the eye with 2-5mm diameters. For detection of etiological agent samples were taken for PCR, bacteriological and histo-pathological tests. Nested PCR test using IQ2000 kits for detection of major shrimp viral pathogens (IHHNV, WSSV, YHV and TSV) were conducted and all results were negative. In histo-pathological tests, lesions in eyes were liquefactive necrosis of cone cells and cone crystals with infiltration of hemocyte and formation of micro abscess in the diapteric region of eye. In bacteriological tests, a gram negative pleomorphic bacterium of the genus Aeromonas was isolated. However, it seems that this bacterium is the secondary agent and for detection of the primary agent more research is needed.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Shrimp ; Litopenaeus vannamei ; Crustacean ; Eyes ; Syndrome ; Aquaculture ; Diseases
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.159-162
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  • 13
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This study was conducted to determine the effect of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth rate, feed conversion ratio and chemical composition of carcass, fillet and liver in juvenile stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus). As in Treatments one (F), two (S1), three (S2), four (S3) and five (S4) 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 percent of fish meal was replaced with soybean meal, respectively. Five isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets formulated containing 44 percent crude proteins and 4374 Kcal gross energy kg-1 diet. Individual body weights of fish were measured every three week. Fish were sampled randomly from each treatment for whole body, fillet and liver proximate analysis. Based on the results, weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) had significant difference among the treatments (P〈0.05), as S3 and S4 diets had significantly weakest performance than any of other diets (P〈0.05). FCR in fish fed on F and S1 diets were significantly higher than fish fed on other diets, while statistical significant differences were observed between S2 with two other treatments. Significant differences were found in carcass protein, lipid, and moisture content in fish fed on diets with different soybean meal levels (P〈 0.05), but ash content have not significant difference among the diets (P〉0.05). Significant differences were found in fillet lipid content (P〈0.05), but protein, moisture and ash content did not significant difference (P〉0.05). Liver proximate composition of fish did not significant difference (P〉0.05).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Acipenseridae ; Stellate sturgeon ; Nutrition ; Aquaculture ; Fish meal ; Growth ; Feed ; Chemical ; Composition ; Liver ; Fillets ; Juvenile
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.25-34
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  • 14
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Effects of Goldstrip sardine (Sardinella gibossa) and poultry by-product protein hydrolysate on amino acid composition, growth and alevines survival of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were investigated. Two hydrolyzed protein sources were incorporated into six diets for start-feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) alevines, in 3 different replacing levels (10%, 25% and 50%) of fish meal. Goldstrip sardine protein hydrolysate (SPH) and poultry by-product protein hydrolysate (PPH) were used, respectively. To compare the results, we used the same diet without protein hydrolysate. The diet with 25% SPH and 10% PPH offered the best results in terms of growth, survival, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and condition factor. Alevines fed with 25% SPH and 10% PPH showed more balanced amino acid composition in their body. By enhancing the protein hydrolysate in the diet, free amino acid composition in the diet and fish body was enhanced. The protein hydrolysate enhancement showed negative correlation with growth factors. Also, non essential amino acid composition of the body composition showed positive correlation with the lipid/protein percentage of the alevines. We conclude that an optimum level of protein hydrolysate can improve growth and performance of the rainbow trout alevines. However, excess protein hydrolysate can cause imbalanced amino acid composition in fish body and reduces the growth and survival factors. Based on this study, the optimum replacement of fish meal by SPH and PPH in rainbow trout alevines’s diet is 25% and 10%, respectively.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Sardinella gibossa ; sardine ; Alevines ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Ration ; Protein ; Hydrolysate ; Amino acid ; Composition ; Growth ; Survival ; Feeding ; Fish meal ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.81-96
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  • 15
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Aquaculture production in artificial lakes is possible with a proper management of the lake ecosystem. Introduction of fish fingerlings are now a widespread approach in reservoir planning. Dorudzan reservoir is a main source of drinking water for the capital city of Shiraz, which is used for production of several species of cyprinid fishes by the fisheries department. Additionally, few species of native riverine fish are now established in the lake. Every species is supposed to have preferences in selecting different parts of the lake. To investigate possibility of this preference, fishes were sampled twice in winter 2010 and autumn 2011 in three sections of the reservoir, riverine, transitional, and lacustrine. Mesh sizes of 37, 57, and 120 mm were used for sampling. Total number of individuals in each station for all species was counted and their biometry (maximum standard length, fork length, maximum total length, and weight) were measured. Fish populations included Alburnus mossulensis, Capoeta aculeate, Capoeta damascina, Carasobarbus luteus, Carassius gibelio, Cyprinus carpio, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Major parts of the lake showed different compositions of fish assemblages. All 7 species were observed in lacustrine, while 3 species Capoeta aculeate, apoeta damascina, and Cyprinus carpio were present at the transitional section. Riverine section hosted Alburnus mossulensis, Capoeta aculeate and Cyprinus carpio. This habitat preference can help a better utilization of the lake in aquaculture.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Alburnus mossulensis ; Capoeta aculeate ; Capoeta damascina ; Carasobarbus luteus ; Carassius gibelio ; Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ; Distribution ; Fish ; Species ; Composition ; Aquaculture ; Production
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.145-153
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  • 16
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Le sandre est une espèce très intéressante du point de vue de l’aquaculture, de par sa forte croissance, la qualité de sa chair et sa valeur commerciale. Cette espèce a ainsi été introduite dans plusieurs pays en Europe et en Afrique du Nord, notamment en Tunisie dans un but de repeuplement des retenues de barrage et lacs collinaires. Pour assurer une production intensive d’alevins, il est indispensable d’optimiser les aspects alimentaires et nutritionnels, méconnus pour les larves de cette espèce. Notre étude s’est basée sur ces critères et leurs effets sur les possibilités de sevrage des larves de sandre, et l’effet de certains nutriments, tels que les phospholipides, sur leur développement et le métabolisme. Les approches zootechnique, histologique et enzymatique ont révélé que le sevrage des larves de sandre est possible dès que la larve atteint un poids de 3 mg, et même plus tôt si l’aliment est adéquat. Les structures digestives sont fonctionnelles (sauf l’estomac) et les activités enzymatiques (pancréatiques et intestinales) sont présentes avant l’ouverture de la bouche et modulées en fonction de l’aliment. Les capacités digestives ne semblent pas être un facteur limitant pour la digestion d’un aliment artificiel. Les larves ont besoin d’un taux élevé de phospholipides dans l’aliment (au moins 9,5%) pour leur développement (croissance et maturation des entérocytes) Il apparaît qu’elles ont la capacité d’élonguer et désaturer les acides gras en C18 (linoléique et linolénique) et qu’un taux de 1,25% (M.S.) de 20:5n-3+22:6n-3 dans l’aliment est suffisant pour assurer une bonne croissance. L’approche protéomique a permis de mettre en évidence des changements significatifs au niveau du profil d’expression protéique du foie des larves de sandre. La technique du 2DDIGE (Differential Ingel Electrophoresis) a permis de révéler cinquante six protéines dont l’expression est significativement altérée sous l’effet du taux de PL. Parmi elles, 23 protéines ont été extraites du gel, dont 12 ont été identifiées par spectrométrie de masse. Il apparaît que le taux le plus élévé de phospholipides dans l’aliment induit la sousexpression des enzymes de la glycolyse (aldolase B) et la sur-expression de celles de la néoglucogenèse (pyruvate carboxylase et propionyl CoA carboxylase) dans le foie des larves de sandre. Ceci pourrait être expliqué par le fait que les larves à plus forte croissance investissent plus d’énergie dans la synthèse protéique que dans le métabolisme. Le métabolisme de la méthionine (methionine adenosyl transferase et sarcosine dehydrogenase) est également activé dans les larves PL9 du fait d’un anabolisme et catabolisme plus élevé de cet acide aminé. La glutahione S transferase, dont l’expression est significativement sur-exprimée dans les larves PL1, jouerait, dans ce cas, son rôle dans la synthèse des prostaglandines plutôt que son rôle antioxydant. La sur-expression de l’HSP9 (heat shock protein) dans les plus petites larves (PL1) pourrait également être induite par les prostaglandines. Enfin, le plus fort taux de PL induit également la surexpresion de la vinculin, enzyme de structure permettant l’adhésion cellulaire. Cette étude pluridisciplinaire a permis d’aborder l’influence des facteurs alimentaires et nutritionnels à différents niveaux de l’ontogenèse larvaire: de la mise en place des structures et des activités digestives ainsi que sur divers processus cellulaires. Ce travail contribue au développement de l’élevage du sandre et permet d’établir des stratégies alimentaires en se basant sur des critères ontogénétiques et physiologiques.
    Beschreibung: Pikeperch is a valuable species in aquaculture, due to its fast growth, good flesh quality and commercial value. Thus, this species has been introduced in several European countries and in North Africa, notably in Tunisia, for restocking purposes in dam reservoirs and lakes. With the aim of developing intensive production of fingerlings, it is essential to optimize the dietary and nutritional aspects, as yet unknown in pikeperch larvae. Our study was based on these “criteria” and their effects on the weaning capacities in pikeperch larvae, and on the impact of selected nutrients as phospholipids on their development and hepatic metabolism. Zootechnical, histological and enzymatic approaches revealed that weaning in pikeperch larvae, using an adequate diet, was possible when larval weight reached 3 mg, and even less with an adequate diet. The digestive structures were functional (except the stomach) and enzymatic activities (pancreatic and intestinal) are present and modulated with the diet. Enzymatic activities do not seem to be a limiting factor in the digestion of artificial diet. These larvae need a high level of phospholipids in the diet (at least 9.5%) to ensure a good development (growth and enterocytes maturation). It seems that larvae have the capacity to elongate and desaturate the C18 fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic), and that a level of 1.5 % (EPA+DHA) is sufficient to ensure a good growth. The proteomic approach allowed to identify significant changes in protein expression profiles in the liver of pikeperch larvae. Among the fifty six proteins altered under the influence of PL level, twenty three were excised from the gels and twelve were identified by mass spectrometry. It appeared that the highest levels of PL in the diet induced an under expression of glycolysis enzyme (aldolase B) and an over expression of gluconeogenesis enzymes (pyruvate carboxylase and propionyl Coenzyme A carboxylase) in the liver of pikeperch larvae. This may be due to the fact that the larvae with the highest growth (PL9) invest more energy in protein synthesis than in their energy metabolism. Methionine metabolism (methionine adenosyl transferase and sarcosine dehydrogenase) was also activated in PL9 larvae, where both the anabolism and catabolism of methionine are more important. Glutathione S transferase, which was over-expressed in PL1 larvae, may play in this case its role in prostaglandin synthesis more than its antioxidant role. The over-expression of HSP (heat shock protein) in the smallest larvae (PL1) may be induced by the prostaglandins produced in these larvae. The highest level of PL also induced the overexpression of a structural enzyme, vinculin, which plays a role in cellular adhesion. This pluridisciplinary study allowed us to examine the influence of dietary and nutritional factors on larval ontogenesis: the onset of digestive structures and activities, as well as cellular processes. Our study contributes to the development of pikeperch production, and allows to establish feeding strategies based on ontogenetical and physiological criteria.
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Sandre ; Sander lucioperca ; Ontogenèse ; Larve ; Alimentation ; Aquaculture ; Phospholipides
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 161 pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 17
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    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In many Brazilian Rivers it has been observed a decrease and even a disappearance of many fish species caused by factors as pollution, building dams and over fishing. Among these species, the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) nowadays is barely found in some rivers, for example, in the Paranapanema River. As a fonn to outline the impacts on fish's populations, the restocking technique has been very used in Brazil. However, this practice has been realized, in general, without any scientific support. Facing this scenery, any action that seeks the environment recovery should look for the monitoring by scientific ways not basing in suppositions. Among methodologies for this aim, the molecular markers are tools that can be used to recognition and genetic characterization of stocks (native and broodstocks) and fish that will be get free in the environment. So, the works presented here evaluated the genetic diversity of Piaractus mesopotamicus collected in the middle of Paranapanema River, of fish farming broodstocks with restocking purpose, and also offspring's obtained by extrusion and semi-natural reproductive systems. For these evaluations the molecular markers RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) and microsatellite were using, both based on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The results showed a lower genetic variability of stock in relation to population, promoted by founder effect of this stock and/or due to different origin of fish that formed the stock. However, the moderate genetic differentiation and high Nm obtained indicate that populations and stock presented a similar genetic pool. As for the reproductive systems, a great genetic variability reduction was observed in the offspring from extrusion reproduction system in relation to the semi-natural system. Although this last system has presented dominance of some reproducers, due multiple patemities existence, there was a genetic Variability maintenance of offspring in relation to reproducers.
    Beschreibung: Em muitos rios brasileiros têm-se constado diminuição e até mesmo o desaparecimento de muitas espécies de peixes por fatores como poluição, construção de barragem e sobrepesca. Entre estas espécies, o pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) atualmente é raramente encontrado em alguns rios, por exemplo, no rio Paranapanema. Como forma de contornar os impactos sobre as populações, o repovoamento tem sido muito empregado no Brasil. Contudo, esta prática tem sido realizada, em geral, sem nenhum respaldo científico. Frente a este cenário, qualquer ação que vise à recuperação do ambiente deve buscar o monitoramento por meios científicos e não à base de suposições. Entre as metodologias para este objetivo, os marcadores moleculares são ferramentas que podem ser utilizados para o reconhecimento e caracterização genética de estoques (nativo e de reprodutores) e dos peixes que serão soltos no ambiente. Desta forma, os trabalhos aqui apresentados avaliaram a diversidade genética de uma população de Piaractus mesopotamicus coletada do médio rio Paranapanema, de um estoque de reprodutores de uma piscicultura com propósito de repovoamento, e também as progênies obtidas pelos sistemas reprodutivos por extrusão e seminatural. Para estas avaliações foram utilizados os marcadores moleculares RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) e microssatélite, ambos baseados na PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Os resultados mostraram uma menor variabilidade genética do estoque em relação à população, promovido pelo efeito fundador deste estoque e/ou devido a diferente origem dos peixes que formaram o estoque. Contudo, a moderada diferenciação genética e o alto Nm obtidos, indicam que as populações e o estoque apresentaram um pool genético semelhante. Quanto aos sistemas reprodutivos, observou-se uma grande redução da variabilidade genética na progênie do sistema de reprodução por extrusão em relação ao sistema seminatural. Embora este último sistema tenha apresentado dominância de alguns reprodutores, devendo-se a existência de paternidade múltipla, houve a manutenção da variabilidade genética da progênie em relação aos reprodutores.
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Piaractus mesopotamicus ; Aquaculture ; Genetic conservation ; Genetic variability ; Restocking of fish ; Reproductive management ; RAPD marker ; Brazil ; Microsatellite marker ; Repovoamento de peixes ; Impacto genético ; Manejo reprodutivo ; Marcador RAPD ; Aquicultura ; Conservação genética ; Variabilidade genética ; Brasil ; Marcador microssatélite ; Genetic impact
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 94pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 18
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The aim of this study was to estimate the (co) variance and genetic parameters for performance traits (weight and average daily weight gain) for two generations of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), GIFT strain belonging to Breeding Program State University of Maringá. We used 3,918 animals, the univariate and bivariate were taken from the animal model using Bayesian inference by the application program MTGSAM (Multiple Trait Gibbs Sampler using in Animal Model). The proposed model includes the effects cages, generation and gender, common hatchery environments (random) and nursery environment (nalev) in addition to additive genetic effects. For analysis, we used the scheme of the long chain of 500,000 cycles, discard sample of 50,000 cycles and sampling intervals of ten cycles. For the purposes of cages, year of birth and sex, it was considered as having flat distribution for the additive genetic and common environment hatchery and nursery, we have assumed the distribution of inverted chi-square for univariate and range reversed to the bivariate analysis. Estimates of heritability coefficient in univariate for weight, weight gain, total length, standard length, height, width and head were 0.15, 0.19, 0.23, 0.19, 0.17, 0 , 15, and 0.17, respectively. The genetic and phenotypic correlations were found in medium to high magnitude ranging from 0.68 to 0.95. The values of Spearman and Pearson correlations for the ratings of the breeding value of morphometric features in the speed of weight gain ranged from 0.58 to 0.98 to 0.63 to 0.99, respectively. The values of genetic gain, the effective population size and inbreeding coefficient for the second generation (G2) were 2.6%, 94 and 0.005, repectively, and the third generation (G3) were 8.1%, 124 and 0.004, repectively.
    Beschreibung: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os componentes de (co)variância e parâmetros genéticos para características de desempenho (peso e ganho em peso médio diário), para duas gerações de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), linhagem GIFT pertencentes ao Programa de Melhoramento Genético da Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Foram utilizados 3.918 animais, as análises unicarácter e bicarácter foram realizadas a partir do Modelo Animal utilizando Inferência Bayesiana por meio da aplicação do programa MTGSAM (Multiple Trait using Gibbs Sampler in Animal Model). O modelo proposto inclui os efeitos tanque-rede, geração e sexo, ambientes comum de larvicultura (random) e ambiente de alevinagem (nalev), além dos efeitos genéticos aditivos. Para as análises, utilizou-se o esquema de cadeia longa com 500.000 ciclos, descarte amostral de 50.000 ciclos e intervalos amostrais de dez ciclos. Para os efeitos de tanque-rede, ano de nascimento e sexo, considerou-se como tendo distribuição plana, para os efeitos genéticos aditivos e comuns de ambiente de larvicultura e alevinagem, assumiu-se as distribuições de qui-quadrado invertida para as análises unicarácter e gama invertida para as análises bicarácter. As estimativas de coeficiente de herdabilidade em análise unicarácter para peso, ganho em peso, comprimento total, comprimento-padrão, altura, largura e cabeça foram 0,15, 0,19, 0,23, 0,19, 0,17, 0,15 e 0,17, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas e fenotípicas encontradas foram de média a alta magnitude variando de 0,68 a 0,95. Os valores das correlações de Spearman e Pearson para as classificações dos valores genéticos das características morfométricas em relação à velocidade de ganho em peso oscilaram entre 0,58-0,98 a 0,63-0,99, respectivamente. Os valores de ganho genético, tamanho efetivo da população e coeficiente de endogamia para segunda geração (G2) foram de 2,6%, 94 e 0,005, respectivamente, e para a terceira geração (G3) foram de 8,1%, 124 e 0,004, respectivamente.
    Beschreibung: Masters
    Schlagwort(e): Brazil ; Nile tilapia ; Brasil ; Genetic improvement ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Tilápia do Nilo ; Aquacultura ; Melhoramento genético ; Aquaculture ; GIFT
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 45pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 19
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá . Centro de Ciências Agrárias . Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This work was performed at the Crow River, a tributary of Rosana reservoir (RP/SP) located in the area between the towns of North Diamond (PR) and Terra Rica. 18,000 juveniles post-reversed for male of Nile tilapia (O. niloticus), from the variety GIFT were used. From these animals the biomass data at intervals of approximately thirty days were collected in the summer period, to determine the feeding management. The evaluation of limnology, temperature, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, electric conductivity and transparency were determined in situ. For these were used a sampling interval of about fifteen days and were evaluated at three levels of the water column; while the evaluation of the levels of total nitrogen, orthophosphate and nitrate occurred at intervals of thirty days and in two levels of the water column. Limnological data were collected at an interval of four hours between each repetition in the day. The collection of aquatic macroinvertebrates occurred through a method of natural colonization, called bio collector, made from a plastic net with a capacity of five kilos and using as substrate 15g of Cattail (Typha sp.), 10 cm of plant bush and about 450g of crushed stone and gravel, with six replicates for each point. One triplicate of bio collectorswas exposed for about 15 days and the other three for about 30 days from the date of its implementation. The data of the limnological variables were subjected to descriptive analysis and variance (Anova) and means were compared by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. A statistical analysis using the Poisson distribution with log link function to the data obtained by counting identifiedaquatic macroinvertebrates was applied. The number of individuals and the richness were used to evaluate: collection points established; transects formed with the deployment of cages; the effect of stocking densities of fish in cages and the exposure time of bio collectors. The system of cultivation in cages caused a significant variation (P〈0.05) in oxygen content and pH. On average in the transect without cages the saturation by oxygen, and the oxygen dissolved in water is 2.9% and 0.24 mg/L to higher than the available transects in cages, with significant difference (P 〈0.05) between these transects. But even with the effect of fish farming indexes of water quality evaluated have not breached the levels imposed by Resolution No. 357/2005 of Conama, indicating that the environment has the capacity to assimilate mitigating the impact of fish farming organic load imposed by the activity in function of waste from feed and fish excreta. The sampling method of benthic macroinvertebrate communities was more efficient in the environmental monitoring than thelimnological variables, confirming that the increase of organic matter increases the density of these organisms, especially the group of Oligochaeta, Hirudinea and Gastropoda. These results demonstrate the importance of studies in this area to define more precisely the methodological procedure and studies aboutthe responses of groups of benthic macroinvertebratesin function of aquaculture production activities.
    Beschreibung: O presente trabalho foi realizado no rio do Corvo, um dos tributários do reservatório de Rosana (PR/SP), localizado na área entre os municípios de Diamante do Norte (PR) e Terra Rica. Foram utilizados 18.000 juvenis pós-revertidos para machos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), da variedade GIFT. Destes animais foram coletados os dados de biomassa em intervalos de aproximadamente 30 dias, no período de verão, para determinar o manejo alimentar. A avaliação dos parâmetros limnológicos: temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, saturação por oxigênio, condutividade elétrica e transparência, foram determinadas "in situ". Para estes, utilizou-se um intervalo de amostragem de aproximadamente 15 diaspara a amostragem e a avaliação ocorreu em três níveisde profundidade da coluna d'água; enquanto que a avaliação dos níveis de nitrogênio total, ortofosfato e nitratoocorreu em intervalos de 30 dias e em dois níveis de profundidade da coluna d'água. Os dados limnológicos foram coletadosem intervalo de 4 h entre cada repetição no dia. A coleta dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos ocorreu com um método de colonização natural, denominado de biocoletor, confeccionado a partir de uma rede plástica com capacidade para 5 kg e utilizando como substrato 15 g de taboa (Typha sp.), 10 cm de bucha vegetal e cerca de 450 g de brita e cascalho, com seis repetições para cada ponto. Uma triplicata dos biocoletores ficou exposta por aproximadamente 15 dias e a outra por aproximadamente 30 dias a partir da sua data de implantação. Os dados das variáveis limnológicas foram submetidos à análise descritiva e de variância (Anova) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Foi aplicada uma análise estatística utilizando a distribuição de Poisson com função de ligação log para os dados obtidos pela contagem dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos identificados, sendo número de indivíduos e a riqueza utilizados para avaliar: os pontos de coleta estabelecidos; os transectos formados com a implantação dos tanques-rede; o efeito das densidades de estocagem dos peixes nos tanques-rede e o tempo de exposição dos biocoletores. O sistema de cultivo em tanques-rede provocou uma variação significativa (P〈0,05) no teor de oxigênio e pH. Em média, no transecto sem tanques-rede a saturação por oxigênio e o teor de oxigênio dissolvido na água é de 2,9% e 0,24 mg/L a mais do que o disponível nos transectos com tanques-rede, havendo diferença significativa (P〈0,05) entre estes transecos.Porém, mesmo com o efeito da piscicultura, os índices de qualidade da águaavaliados não infringiram os níveis impostos pela Resolução n° 357/2005 do Conama, indicando que o ambiente possui capacidade de assimilação mitigando o impacto da carga orgânica imposta pela piscicultura em função dos resíduos de ração e das excretas dos peixes. O método de amostragem dos macroinvertebrados aquáticos bentônicos se mostrou mais eficiente no monitoramento ambiental do que as variáveis limnológicas, confirmando que o incremento de matéria orgânica aumenta a densidade destes organismos, principalmente do grupo dos Oligoquetos, Hirudinea e Gastropoda. Estes resultados demonstram a importância dos estudos nesta área para definir com mais exatidão o procedimento metodológico e os estudos acerca das respostas dos grupos de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em funçãodas atividades de produção aquícola.
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Aquaculture ; Brasil ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Bio indicators ; Reservoir ; Brazil ; Cages ; Oxigenio ; Produção ; Bioindicadores ; Aquicultura ; Tilápia do Nilo ; Reservatório ; Cultivo ; Tanque-rede ; Oligochaeta ; Oxygen
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 84pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 20
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Aquaculture ; Crustacea ; Digestive biochemistry ; Digestive physiology ; Formulated diets ; Spiny lobsters ; Acuicultura ; Crustáceos ; Bioquímica disgestiva ; Fisiología digestiva ; Dietas formuladas ; Langosta espinosa
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 189pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 21
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: Se analizaron dos variantes en la producción de ostión de mangle Crassostrea rhizophorae en Cuba: 1) extracción pesquera tradicional (EP) en bancos naturales, apoyada en menor grado con acuicultura artesanal por agregación de colectores de mangle suspendidos en el manglar, y 2) cultivo artesanal (CA), obteniendo semillas del medio natural en colectores de “concha madre”, con engorde y cosecha en el mismo colector y en canastas o cajas ostrícolas. Se determinó la factibilidad económico-ambiental de ambas variantes proyectadas a cinco años, a partir del análisis de costo-beneficio económico basado en datos de operación pesquera y se incluyeron costos estimados por daño ambiental. La variante extractiva (EP) mostró una rentabilidad negativa durante el periodo proyectado (US$-1.388,39 en el quinto año), con impacto negativo sobre el ecosistema de manglar. La variante productiva (CA) mostró ganancias a partir del tercer año y una rentabilidad positiva durante el periodo proyectado (US$731,78 al quinto año), con reducción de daños al ecosistema de manglar. De acuerdo a estos resultados, se recomienda desarrollar el cultivo y manejo sustentable de la ostra nativa C. rhizophorae en Cuba.
    Beschreibung: We analyzed two variants in producing mangrove oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae in Cuba: 1) traditional fishery (EP) at natural beds partially supported by aggregating suspended collectors in the mangrove, and 2) artisanal farming (CA) totally supported by spat from the wild, settled in artificial collectors and "mother shell" strings, farming and harvesting on the same artifact and oyster boxes. We determined the economic and environmental feasibility of both variants projected to a five year period from cost-benefit analysis based on production data. Tax on total income established in Cuba was included, as well as estimated costs for environmental damage. Traditional fishery (EP) presents negative net profit in a five years period (with return value US$-1388.39 at fifth year), as well as being environmentally costly by the negative impact on the mangrove ecosystem. Artisanal farming (CA) provides positive return from the third year and positive net profit (US$731.78 at fifth year), reducing environmental damage to mangrove ecosystem and allowing a substantial increase in oyster production. We recommend actions to achieve aquaculture and sustainable management of the native oyster C. rhizophorae in Cuba.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Crassostrea rhizophorae ; Ostión de mangle ; Cultivo ; Rentabilidad ; Acuicultura ; Mangrove oyster ; Profitability ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1148-1158
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 22
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: La production aquacole de la daurade (Sparus aurata) ne cesse de croître en Tunisie (10.216 tonnes en 2015) et ce, pour satisfaire la demande croissante pour la consommation nationale. L’évaluation de la qualité des produits aquacoles est par conséquent cruciale pour garantir la durabilité et le développement du secteur. Ce travail vise à caractériser la qualité nutritionnelle et sensorielle de la daurade d’élevage en cage dans la région du Nord de la Tunisie. Pour ce travail, des échantillons in situ ont été effectués durant les saisons estivales et hivernales auprès de deux fermes aquacoles (Site A et Site B). La composition biochimique des différents échantillons a permis de montrer que les teneurs en protéines (19,52 à 21,11 g/100g) et en lipides (8,45 à 11,52 g/100g) sont comparables aux teneurs rapportées dans la littérature scientifique pour cette espèce produite en élevage intensif. Les teneurs en lipides font néanmoins partie des valeurs les plus élevées enregistrées pour cette espèce aquacole. L’évaluation sensorielle par un panel hédonique montre que la qualité hivernale est mieux estimée que la qualité estivale. Les différences sembleraient notamment être liées aux différences des teneurs en lipides. Sachant que la qualité de la daurade (Sparus aurata) d’élevage, peut être influencée par la composition de l’aliment ingéré et les pratiques zootechniques, les producteurs peuvent modifier la qualité de leur produit pour mieux s’adapter aux préférences des consommateurs locaux. Il leur serait même recommandé d’envisager la mise en place d’une certification voire d’un label de leur produit pour mieux le valoriser
    Beschreibung: During the last decade, the farmed production of sea bream (Sparus aurata) has grown in Tunisia (10.216 tonnes in 2015) to meet the growing demand for national consumption. The evaluation of fish quality is therefore important in view to guarantee the durability and development of the sector. This work aims to characterize the nutritional and sensory qualities of sea bream farmed in the North of Tunisia. To achieve this work, several samples were carried out in situ within two rearing farms (Site A and Site B) during the summer and the winter seasons. The proximal compositions of the different samples showed that the levels of proteins (19,52 to 21,11 g/100g) and lipids (8,45 à 11,52 g/100g) were similar to values reported in the literature for this species produced in intensive rearing. The levels of lipids are nevertheless among the highest reported values. Hedonic evaluation revealed that fish sensorial quality was more appreciated in the winter than in the summer. These differences seem to be related to muscle lipids levels as higher contents were reported in fish sampled in summer. Such pattern may be modified by feed composition and zoo-technical practices; that producers might apply to have the quality required by local consumers’ preferences. The implement of product’s certification or even labelling is recommended for a better fish valorisation.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Sparus aurata ; Composition Proximale ; Analyse Sensorielle ; Qualité Nutritionnelle ; Proximate Composition ; Sensory Analysis ; Nutritional Quality ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp. 31-36
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  • 23
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This project was carried out in the year 2003 in Khuzestan province waters to determine the best artificial propagation techniques for mass production of Barbus xanthopterus. The fish is one of the most valuable and economic species in the area. The propagation was started in late March and continued till late April while suitable temperature was 21-24.5 C. A number of 23 female broodstock with mean weight and length 3.85±0.45kg and 64.95±21cm respectively with a sex ratio of 2:1 male to female were used in the process. The amount of hypophysis injection was 4mg/kg weight of fish and two injections with 10-12 h interval to 10:90 were undertaken. Spawning success was 87% in broodstock. Latency period was 15- 17h and the incubation duration was 59-60h in 23-25 C.The fish eggs has a low stickiness and the count of dry and water-absorbed eggs were 480±32 and 287±25g, respectively. In the twice-injected broodstock, the fertilization rate was 77.22±3.1%, the hatching rate was 81.2 ±1.89% and the survival rate was 83.4±2%. Size of the dry and water-absorbed eggs was 1248±45 and 2110±125, respectively. Washing time with fertilization liquid was 10 min for removing stickiness. In the end, 660 thousand larvae were produced and released to earthen ponds for culture.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Barbus xanthopterus ; Broodstock ; Determination ; Artificial ; Propagation ; Biotechnic ; Aquaculture ; Spawning
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.137-142
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  • 24
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrate levels on growth performance and body composition of juveniles Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). Fish with initial average weight of 0.8±0.2g (±SD) were fed five isoproteic and isenergic formulated diets with different carbohydrate levels including 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35% in triplicate groups, 4 times daily according to their satiation for 10 weeks. Results showed that increasing the level of carbohydrate to 35% significantly increase some growth indices such as final weight (Wf), weight gain (WG), body weight increase (BWI), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). In addition, result of body composition analysis showed that the increase in carbohydrate level lead to increase of protein level. So, the highest amount of protein was observed in fingerlings fed with diet containing 35% carbohydrate. In conclusion, the results indicate that increase in carbohydrate levels from 15 to 35% have not any negative effect on growth parameters and therefore, the level of 35% carbohydrate in the diet of 1-2g Caspian Kutum fingerlings can lead to better efficient in protein and desirable growth.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Handmade food ; Caspian kutum ; Rutilus frisii kutum ; Feeding ; Aquaculture ; Dietary ; Carbohydrate ; Levels ; Growth ; Survival ; Body composition
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.85-94
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  • 25
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: During the growth of population in the world, Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are developing due to more production and less water consumption and many scientists have studied on water quality and solid removal at these systems. In this paper to study on settling pattern of solid particles on a bed of aquaculture cylindrical tanks, a tank in diameter of 2.14 m and height of 0.59 m and inlet flow using three nozzles in 8 mm diameter has implemented. Quality and quantity studies of settling patterns of solid particles in six injection location (by changing the injection location of radial alignment for three options and on the pyramid of tank for others) show that injection location by the middle location of radial length and of third station (there are 6 stations on the pyramid of the tank and each station has located at 60 degrees from the last station) created more uniform sedimentation on the bed. Also, laboratory observations show that the low density materials such as fish feed, which has a high rate of immersion are more disposed to exit due to spiral flow of cylindrical tanks.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Particles ; Recirculating ; Settling pattern ; Cylindrical tanks ; Recirculating aquaculture systems ; Laboratory ; Model ; Experimental ; Investigation ; Solid ; Aquaculture ; Fish ; Feed ; Water quality
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.17-26
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  • 26
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The effect of garlic extract on growth and survival rates of one day larvae of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp was tested for 12 days .Six nutritional treatments each with three replicates were fed to shrimp larvae (average weight 0.0013g) including control treatment (unriched Artemia nauplii) and second to sixth Artemia nauplii enriched with 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000mg garlic extract per kg, respectively. The one way ANOVA results showed that all treatments were different in terms of average weight and total length of larvae compared to control group. Shrimps being fed by Artesia enriched with 200mg garlic extract per kg food have the best growth, survival rates and length (0.0062mg, 81.6% and 10.6mm). Group 3 with concentration of 400mg garlic extract per kg of feed followed by control group showed better growth and survival rates in shrimp larvae than other treatments but the lowest survival rate evaluated in shrimps fed by Artemia nauplii enriched with 600, 800 and 1000mg garlic extract per kg feed, orderly. Specific growth rates (SGR) for treatment groups 2 and 3 were higher compared to other groups.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Litopenaeus vannami ; Medicinal plants ; Shrimp ; Nutrition ; Growth ; Survival ; Larval ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.39-46
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  • 27
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The main purpose of this study was to investigate effective factors on adopting technologies among trout fish farmers in Guilan province by Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). Statistical population of this research contained of all managers of trout fish farms of Guilan province (N=170) that base on limitation of structural equation modeling in determining sample size, 97 of them were chosen as a sample. Study tool was contained Vankatesh and et al. information technology questionnaire in six items. To obtain validity of questionnaire; content, face, convergent and discriminant validity were used. As well, to obtain reliability of questionnaire; principal component analysis, Cronbachs alpha, Dillon-Goldstein’s ʃ and reagent stability were used. To accomplish analysis of data, SPSSV19 and SmartPLSV2 software were used in descriptive and inferential statistics. For testing hypothesis, structural equation model (SEM) and partial least squares (PLS) that focus on reagent variance were used. The results showed that there was significant relationship between performance expectancy and behavioral intention. Also there was significant relationship between intention to use and use behavior of aquaculture technologies. Model explains 28.8 percent of behavioral intention variance and 7.9 percent of use behavior of aquaculture technologies variance among trout fish farmers. To increase willingness to accept the technology among trout fish farms in Guilan province, it is suggested that extension-education courses for raising knowledge and awareness of aquaculture technology to be held by organizations. Providing financial resources and adequate knowledge will enable trout fish farms to equip with the aquaculture technologies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Acceptance ; UTAUT Model ; Fish Farms ; Technology ; Aquaculture ; Factors
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.107-123
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  • 28
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Aquaculture Environment Interactions 9 (2017): 331-346, doi:10.3354/aei00238.
    Beschreibung: Tropical coral reefs are characterized by low-nutrient waters that support oligotrophic picoplankton over a productive benthic ecosystem. Nutrient-rich effluent released from aquaculture facilities into coral reef environments may potentially upset the balance of these ecosystems by altering picoplankton dynamics. In this study, we examined how effluent from a prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei) farming facility in Al Lith, Saudi Arabia, impacted the inorganic nutrients and prokaryotic picoplankton community in the waters overlying coral reefs in the Red Sea. Across 24 sites, ranging 0-21 km from the effluent point source, we measured nutrient concentrations, quantified microbial cell abundances, and sequenced bacterial and archaeal small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes to examine picoplankton phylogenetic diversity and community composition. Our results demonstrated that sites nearest to the outfall had increased concentrations of phosphate and ammonium and elevated abundances of non-pigmented picoplankton (generally heterotrophic bacteria). Shifts in the composition of the picoplankton community were observed with increasing distance from the effluent canal outfall. Waters within 500 m of the outfall harbored the most distinct picoplanktonic community and contained putative pathogens within the genus Francisella and order Rickettsiales. While our study suggests that at the time of sampling, the Al Lith aquaculture facility exhibited relatively minor influences on inorganic nutrients and microbial communities, studying the longer-term impacts of the aquaculture effluent on the organisms within the reef will be necessary in order to understand the full extent of the facility’s impact on the reef ecosystem.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Ocean Life Institute postdoctoral scholar fellowship to A.A., the Semester at WHOI Program supporting C.B., and Award No. USA 00002 to K.H. made by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
    Schlagwort(e): Aquaculture ; Litopenaeus vannamei ; Oligotrophic ; Microbial community ; Coral reef ; SSU rRNA gene ; Francisella spp.
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Article
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 29
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25
    Beschreibung: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution June 2017
    Beschreibung: This thesis documents the origin, distribution, and fate of methane and several of its isotopic forms on Earth. Using observational, experimental, and theoretical approaches, I illustrate how the relative abundances of 12CH4, 13CH4, 12CH3D, and 13CH3D record the formation, transport, and breakdown of methane in selected settings. Chapter 2 reports precise determinations of 13CH3D, a “clumped” isotopologue of methane, in samples collected from various settings representing many of the major sources and reservoirs of methane on Earth. The results show that the information encoded by the abundance of 13CH3D enables differentiation of methane generated by microbial, thermogenic, and abiogenic processes. A strong correlation between clumped- and hydrogen-isotope signatures in microbial methane is identified and quantitatively linked to the availability of H2 and the reversibility of microbially-mediated methanogenesis in the environment. Determination of 13CH3D in combination with hydrogen-isotope ratios of methane and water provides a sensitive indicator of the extent of C–H bond equilibration, enables fingerprinting of methane-generating mechanisms, and in some cases, supplies direct constraints for locating the waters from which migrated gases were sourced. Chapter 3 applies this concept to constrain the origin of methane in hydrothermal fluids from sediment-poor vent fields hosted in mafic and ultramafic rocks on slow- and ultraslow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. The data support a hypogene model whereby methane forms abiotically within plutonic rocks of the oceanic crust at temperatures above ca. 300 C during respeciation of magmatic volatiles, and is subsequently extracted during active, convective hydrothermal circulation. Chapter 4 presents the results of culture experiments in which methane is oxidized in the presence of O2 by the bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath. The results show that the clumped isotopologue abundances of partially-oxidized methane can be predicted from knowledge of 13C/12C and D/H isotope fractionation factors alone.
    Beschreibung: The research activities documented in this thesis were made possible by grants to my advisor from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF award EAR-1250394), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Astrobiology Institute (NAI, University of Colorado, Boulder, CAN 7 under Cooperative Agreement NNA15BB02A), the Department of Energy (DOE, Small Business Innovation Research program, contract DE-SC0004575), the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation via the Deep Carbon Observatory, and a Shell Graduate Fellowship through the MIT Energy Initiative. I completed the bulk of the work in this thesis while being supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate (NDSEG) Fellowship awarded through the Office of Naval Research of the U.S. Department of Defense. The StanleyW.Watson Fellowship Fund provided support during my first summer term at WHOI.The Charles M. Vest Presidential Fellowship at MIT supported me in the first year of my Ph.D. studies. I received additional support that year through NSF award EAR-1159318 (to S. Ono and T. Bosak) and theWalter & Adel Hohenstein Graduate Fellowship of Phi Kappa Phi. The MIT Earth Resources Laboratory and PAOC Houghton Fund funded my attendance at several conferences.
    Schlagwort(e): Methane ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Oxidation
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Thesis
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 30
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In this study Astacus leptodactylus were tested for 8 week with three practical diets containing three crude protein (30, 35 and 40%) and isoenergetic level (370kcal/100 g) in fresh water and brackish water of Caspian Sea. In this test, 6 treatments were used with three replicates in 18 fiberglass tank (110 liter). Each tank had 5 narrow clawed Cray fish (mean (±SD) individual weight=17±2.3g) and totally 90 clawed Cray fish were stocking. Result indicates mean weight of Cray fish in fresh water and brackish water were 14.82 and 12.73, respectively, that were significantly different. The highest survival occurred in interaction between protein (30%) and salinity (0) (95.55%) and lowest survival occurred in protein 40 – salinity (12) that were significantly different. The highest specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG), Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Net Protein Utilization (NPU) and lowest Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), demonstrated that dietary (protein 30% and fresh water) which had no significantly differences. Result of this study showed that the highest protein of body composition were in practical diet containing 30% protein and 0 salinity (freshwater) that were significantly different with other treatment.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Narrow clawed crayfis ; Astacus leptodactylus ; Diet ; Feeding ; Aquaculture ; Protein ; Levels ; Composition ; Survival
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.41-52
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 31
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The present study was carried out to find the probable effects of marine fish cage culture on benthic communities as pollutant and stress indicators. Also, the biotic health condition was assessed using ABC index, in Ghazale creek, Khore-Mussa area in northwest of the Persian Gulf. Monthly sampling from four stations was conducted from June 2007 to March 2008. Stations were selected according to distance from cages in Ghazale creek. The distances were immediately under the cages, 50, 150 and 400m from the cages. At each station, three samples for macrobenthos and one sample for sediment grain size analysis and total organic matter (TOM) were collected by Van Veen grab with 0.0225m 2 area. The range of total organic matter percentage in sediments was (6.17-23.26) and the range of silt-clay percentage was (4.76-97.47). We found 12 macrobenthic orders and Polychaets (60.62%), Mullusca (19.67%), Crustacea (16.49%) were the dominant groups. Macrobenthic abundance, biomass and diversity index value under cage station were less than those 400m away from the cages. Capitella sp. as opportunist species was dominant under cage station. This genus is introduced as the pollution indicator in the area. The result of ABC index show that under the cages and distances 50 and 150m away from the cages have average pollution, while the 400m distance from the cage (control site) is unpolluted.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Qualitative ; Assessment ; Organic ; Organisms ; Cage culture ; Pollutant ; Capitell sp. ; Pollution ; Aquaculture ; Benthic ; Abundance ; Biomass ; Curves ; Macrobenthos
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.43-54
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  • 32
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: In this study effect of different levels of Ascorbic acid (AA) on growth, survival attributes in fingerling common carp were studied and optimum range of the vitamin was calculated in cultural condition. Thus, fingerling carps in 6.85±0.16g weighted were feed by SFC feed with 4 levels of AA (0, 100, 300 and 500 mg/Kg) during 8 weeks. The results showed that there were different between treatments in aspects of fish length and weight (P〈0.05), but there wasn't in survival (p〉0.05). The fish were fed with 300 mg/Kg AA showed maximum weight and length gain and the minimum weight and length gain were showed in control and treatment of 500 mg/Kg AA (p〈0.05). The results also showed that SGR, WG, DGR and BWi% were highest in treatment of 300 mg/Kg AA and also lowest FCR has obtained in same treatment. There were no different in condition factor (CF) between treatment (p〉0.05). According to results optimal level of AA to improve of growth performance for fingerling carp feed is 300 mg/Kg.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Cyprinus carpio ; Fish ; Fresh water ; Aquaculture ; Growth ; Nutrition ; Survival
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.1-14
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  • 33
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The effects of frozen Mysid, Acetes and a combination of these foods on growth and survival rate of cultured seahorse Hippocampus kelloggi were studied. The results show that the seahorse fed on Acetes or Acetes and Mysid combination grew fastest and there was no significant difference (P〉0.05) in height between these two treatments, but the height of the seahorse fed on Mysid was the lowest (P 〈0.05). Similarly to the height, the weight of the seahorse fed on Acetes increased fastest and the lowest was at the second treatment and there was significant difference in weight among the treatments (P〈0.05). Specific growth rates (SGR) on height and weight (%/day) of Hippocampus kelloggi fed on Acetes or both of these foods were significantly higher than that of the seahorse fed on Mysid. Survival rate of the seahorse of all the treatments was 100%. In conclusion, this study shows that frozen Acetes or Acetes and Mysid combination can be used for the seahorse commercial aquaculture. Mysid and Acetes are available in Vietnamese sea and their price is lower than that of live food. So these foods can be used as an alternative to live enriched Artemia that fed the seahorse in the past.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Seahorse ; Hippocampus kellogii ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Not Known
    Format: pp. 118-123
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  • 34
    Publikationsdatum: 2021-05-19
    Beschreibung: The project of fishery regional development studies in north alborz was conducted to establish regional development program in North Alborz Area (Provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran & Golestan). The research had several phases and was done on a survey and library-based study. Using SWOT analysis method to analyze current situation of sturgeon fisheries and aquaculture is investigated and internal and external environmental factors of shilat activities are considered. We used Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) for priority setting of strategies. In current paper as a part of project’s outcomes, all activities of fisheries and aquaculture environment were cosidered, then, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and treats of internal and external environment are analyzed. At the end, a considerable number of tables and matrixes were prepared and four types of strategies including 20 strategies for sturgeon aquaculture and 17 strategies for sturgeon fisheries were carried out.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Development planning ; Strategies sturgeon ; SWOT ; Sturgeon ; Fish ; Survival ; Methodology ; Aquaculture
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Journal Contribution , Refereed
    Format: pp.45-54
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  • 35
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-17
    Beschreibung: This study evaluated the zooplankton structure near to net cages culture in Rosana Reservoir (Paranapanema River, PR/SP). The hypothesis was that the zooplankton abundance is greater near the net cages, due to the changes on physical and chemical conditions variables and to the increase of food resource availability, especially over time. In general, the alteration of rotifer, cladoceran and copepods species composition was high near to the net cages and downstream, and the highest zooplankton abundance were verified upstream of them. The zooplankton abundance varied according to pH, turbidity and water temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, beyond the food availability (heterotrophic flagellates) and this influence was registered, especially, along time. The predicted hypothesis was refuted, since the spatial variation of zooplankton abundance was different from expected, although the factors that influenced this variation during the experiment have been regarded as important for the community structure (physical and chemical variables and food resource availability). Only spatial and temporal variation of rotifer abundance corroborated the predicted hypothesis.
    Beschreibung: Esse estudo avaliou a estruturação da comunidade zooplanctônica em uma área de instalação de tanques-rede no reservatório de Rosana, rio Paranapanema (PR/SP). A hipótese testada foi que a abundância do zooplâncton é maior no local onde foram instalados os tanques-rede, visto que essa atividade contribui para a alteração das condições físicas e químicas da água e o incremento da disponibilidade de alimento, principalmente ao longo do tempo. A composição de espécies de rotíferos, cladóceros e copépodes apresentaram, em geral, maior alteração próxima aos tanques-rede e a jusante dos mesmos e, maior abundância da comunidade, a montante dos tanques. O número de organismos variou em função do pH, turbidez e temperatura da água, oxigênio, nitrogênio e fósforo dissolvidos, além da disponibilidade de alimento (flagelados heterotróficos), sendo essa influência verificada, principalmente, ao longo do tempo. A hipótese predita foi refutada, visto que a variação espacial do zooplâncton foi diferente da prevista, embora os fatores intervenientes previstos para essa variação tenham sido considerados como importantes para estruturação da comunidade (variáveis físicas e químicas da água e disponibilidade de alimento), ao longo do tempo. Apenas a variação espacial e temporal da abundância dos rotíferos corroborou a hipótese predita.
    Beschreibung: Masters
    Schlagwort(e): Aquaculture ; Ciências Ambientais ; Net cage ; Fishery product ; Abundance ; Brazil ; Rosana Reservoir ; Abundância ; Zooplâncton ; Piscicultura em tanques-rede ; Zooplâncton de água doce ; Aqüicultura ; Tanques-rede ; Produção pesqueira ; Brasil ; Reservatório de Rosana ; Zooplankton
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 40pp.
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  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-16
    Beschreibung: The present study evaluated the influence of experimental cultivation of tilapia in net cages placed in two lateral arms from Rosana Reservoir (Corvo and Guiaracá streams) on the water quality, especially to attributes of phytoplankton community (species composition, richness, evenness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, beta diversity, density and biomass). During the study, Nile tilapia (O. niloticus) were cultivated at 15 net cages in each stream, transversally placed in three sets of five net cages, with different densities of fishes. Samplings were accomplished between April and August, 2006, before and after the beginning of cultivation; the sampling stations were located next to each set of net cages and at 100 and 400 m upstream and downstream from them, in each lateral arm. The concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were, in general higher after the beginning of fish farming in both streams and soluble reative phosphorus were lower. Nitrate increae in Corvo Stream and decrease in Guairaca Stream. One hundred and fiftynine taxa were identified, and the main groups were Chlorophyceae and Cyanobacteria. The values of species richness, evenness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were, in general, low for both streams, especially the Corvo Stream. An increase in the density and biomass of phytoplankton were also verified over time, which can be ascribed, possibly, to the absorption of nutrients arisen from tilapia cultivation. The results evidenced changes occurring over the experiment for abiotic variables, attributes from phytoplankton community and zooplankton abundance, however, these variations presented small magnitude, probably due to the small number of net cages and fishes utilized, the year seasons monitored (Autumn / Winter) and to streams hydrodynamics. Regarding the spatial scale, the observed similarity may be influenced by biotope hydrodynamic which presented extended mixture zone, strong action of winds, lotic influence from streams to the lateral arms, besides the higher influence of water from Rosana Reservoir, in case of Guairacá Stream. In relation to phytoplankton biovolume, the trophic state varied from oligotrophy to hypereutrophy states throughout the experiment. The high values of density and biovolume of Cyanobacteria, recorded after the net cages installation, exceeded the maximum value for these biological parameters set by CONAMA Resolution nº 357/2005 for Class 2 water that is used, among other purposes, for aquaculture and fisheries. We also detected microcystin in the water column. The phytoplankton functional groups were important tools for the environmental characterization. A decrease in the zooplankton abundance was observed after the increase of Cyanobacteria density, probably due to the We suggest that other experimental studies need to be performed with a umber of net cages higher than the adopted in this study, since the great and constant accumulation of waste, resulting from the large number of fishes used in commercial cultivations, may accelerate the eutrophication process. We also emphasize that the aquaculture should be developed in a sustainable way, respecting the support capacity of ecosystems.
    Beschreibung: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência do cultivo experimental de tilápia em tanques-rede instalados em dois braços do reservatório da UHE Rosana (ribeirões do Corvo e Guairacá) para a qualidade da água, especialmente quanto aos atributos da comunidade fitoplanctônica (composição, riqueza de espécies, equitabilidade, diversidade de Shannon-Wiener, diversidade beta, densidade e biomassa). Durante o experimento foram cultivadas tilápias do Nilo (O. niloticus) em 15 tanques-rede para cada ribeirão, dispostos transversalmente em três baterias de cinco, com diferentes densidades de estocagens de peixes. As amostragens foram realizadas entre os meses de abril e agosto de 2006, antes e após o início do cultivo, e foram estabelecidos pontos de coleta próximos a cada bateria de tanques-rede e a 100 e 400 metros à montante e à jusante do local de instalação dos mesmos, para cada braço. As concentrações de fósforo e nitrogênio total foram, em geral, maiores nas amostragens realizadas após o início da criação dos peixes para ambos os ribeirões e as de fósforo solúvel reativo foram menores. O nitrato aumentou do ribeirão do corvo e diminuiu no Guairacá. Foram inventariados 159 táxons de algas fitoplanctônicas, e os principais grupos foram Chlorophyceae e Cyanobacteria. Os valores de riqueza de espécies, equitabilidade e diversidade de Shannon-Wiener foram, em geral, baixos para os dois ribeirões, especialmente para o ribeirão do Corvo. Constatou-se aumento da densidade e biomassa fitoplanctônica ao longo do tempo, o que pode ser atribuído, possivelmente, à incorporação de nutrientes advindos do cultivo das tilápias. Os resultados evidenciaram as alterações ocorridas ao longo do experimento tanto para as variáveis abióticas, quanto para os atributos da comunidade fitoplanctônica e abundância do zooplâncton, entretanto, estas variações apresentaram pouca magnitude, provavelmente devido ao pequeno número de tanques e peixes utilizados, estações do ano monitoradas (outono/inverno) e hidrodinâmica dos biótopos. Quanto à escala espacial, a similaridade observada pode ter sido influenciada pela hidrodinâmica dos biótopos, que apresentaram extensa zona de mistura, forte ação dos ventos, influência lótica dos ribeirões nos braços, além da maior influência das águas do reservatório de Rosana no caso do ribeirão Guairacá. Considerando o biovolume fitoplanctônico, o estado trófico variou de oligotrofia até estados hipereutróficos no decorrer do experimento. Os altos valores de densidade e biovolume de cianobactérias, registrados após a instalação dos tanques-rede, ultrapassaram o valor máximo fixado para estes parâmetros biológicos pela Resolução CONAMA nº 357/2005 para águas de Classe 2, destinadas, entre outros fins, à aquicultura e à atividade de pesca. Como agravante, foram detectadas microcistinas na coluna de água. Os grupos funcionais fitoplanctônicos foram ferramentas importantes para a caracterização dos ambientes. Foi registrada diminuição dos valores de abundância da comunidade zooplanctônica após o aumento da densidade de cianobactérias, provavelmente devido à ocorrência de espécies coloniais de elevado tamanho e com ampla mucilagem, além de terem sido registradas cepas tóxicas. Sugere-se que outros estudos experimentais sejam realizados com um número de tanques-rede maior do que o adotado neste experimento, tendo em vista que o acúmulo maior e constante de resíduos, resultante do grande número de peixes dos cultivos comerciais pode acelerar o processo de eutrofização. Ressalta-se que a aquicultura deve ser desenvolvida de maneira sustentável, respeitando-se a capacidade de suporte dos ecossistemas.
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Paranapanema River ; Brazil ; Paranapanema, Rio, Bacia ; Zooplâncton ; Ciências Ambientais ; Brasil ; Aquaculture ; Functional groups ; Eutrofication ; Zooplankton ; Carrying capacity ; Tilápia do nilo ; Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces, Cichlidae) ; Eutrofização ; Aqüicultura ; Fitoplâncton ; Tanques-rede ; Comunidades, Dinâmica de ; Capacidade de suporte ; Grupos funcionais ; Phytoplankton
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 107pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 37
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    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Reservoirs are artificial ecosystems, built in the last few decades to serve various purposes, including aquaculture in net-cages. In reservoirs some studies are conducing with focus in colonization and succession of periphytic community, a complex community either firmly or lose attached in submersed substrata. In net-cages, there isn't any study to comprehend the structure and dynamic of periphytic community. The aim of this study was (a) to characterize the community of periphytic algae in net-cages for the cultivation of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using three attributes of the community: richness, species composition and abundance; (b) to outline a sucessional model for this ecosystem and (c) provide a basis for further research. For this, slides of PET plastic were fixed in net-cages installed and utilized like artificial substratum. Qualitative analysis of the periphytic community revealed 168 taxa, distributed over 8 taxonomic classes. The class with the greatest number of species concentrated in the Zygnemaphyceae, with 35%, followed by Cyanophyceae (24%), Bacillariophyceae (21%) and Chlorophyceae (15%). Quantitative analysis of the periphytic algae community revealed six taxonomic classes, with a concentration of Bacillariophyceae. followed by Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae. In the initial phase of the sucessional process, unicellular algae predominated - principally diatoms - followed by filamentary forms. As complexity of the periphytic matrix increased, the filamentary algae fostered the development of unicellular epiphytes and weakly attached forms. This sucessional sequence was consistent with studies conducted in temperate zones. This study show that succession in periphytic algae communities was influenced by autogenic factors, as the variation observed in abiotic and climatological factors was very small. And is an important step for the valuation of communities in net-cages. This community can be considered a food source for stock fish, lowering feed costs, with benefits for both the producer and the environment. For this, however, further studies are necessary to test substrata and species adapted to using the periphytic community as a food resource.
    Beschreibung: Reservatórios são ecossistemas artificiais, construídos nas últimas décadas para diversas finalidades, incluindo o a aqüicultura em tanques-rede. Em reservatórios tem-se conhecimento de alguns estudos acerca da colonização e sucessão da comunidade perifítica, uma complexa comunidade encontrada firmemente ou frouxamente aderida em substratos submersos. Em tanques-rede, no entanto, até o presente momento, nenhum estudo foi feito para compreender a estrutura e a dinâmica desta comunidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi (a) caracterizar a comunidade de algas perifíticas em tanques-rede de cultivo de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) usando três atributos de comunidade: composição, riqueza e densidade; (b) determinar um modelo sucessional neste ecossistema e (c) estimular futuras pesquisas. Para isto, lâminas de garrafa PET foram fixadas e utilizadas como substrato artificial. A análise qualitativa da comunidade perifítica permitiu a identificação de 168 táxons distribuídos em oito classes taxonômicas. A classe com maior percentual de contribuição para a riqueza total de algas perifíticas foi Zygnemaphyceae, com 35% dos táxons registrados, seguida por Cyanophyceae (24%), Bacillariophyceae (21%) e Chlorophyceae (15%). A análise quantitativa revelou seis classes taxonômicas, com maior contribuição de Bacillariophyceae, seguida por Cyanophyceae e Chlorophyceae. Na fase inicial do processo sucessional, predominaram as algas unicelulares, principalmente diatomáceas, seguida pelas formas filamentosas. Com aumento da complexidade da matriz perifítica, as algas filamentosas permitiram o desenvolvimento de algas epífitas unicelulares e formas frouxamente aderidas. Esta seqüência sucessional foi consistente com estudos conduzidos em zonas temperadas. Este estudo mostrou que a sucessão da comunidade de algas perifíticas foi influenciada por fatores autogênicos, devido a pequena variação dos fatores abióticos e climatológicos avaliados. E é um importante passo para a valorização desta comunidade em tanques-rede, que pode ser considerada como uma fonte alternativa de alimento para os peixes estocados, reduzindo custos com alimentação comercial. Para isto, são necessários novos estudos com enfoque na aqüicultura brasileira, com testes de substratos e de espécies de peixes adaptadas para utilizar a comunidade de algas perifíticas.
    Beschreibung: Masters
    Schlagwort(e): Ecology ; Brazil ; Ciências Ambientais ; Brasil ; Aquaculture ; Periphytic algae ; Management ; Species richness ; Reservoir ; Net-cages ; Artificial substratum ; Reservatório ; Tanques-rede ; Composição específica ; Aqüicultura ; Algas perifíticas ; Substrato artificial ; Ecologia ; Riqueza de espécies ; Manejo ; Specific composition
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 57pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
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    Unbekannt
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26
    Beschreibung: Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution February 2017
    Beschreibung: Salt marshes are physically, chemically, and biologically dynamic environments found globally at temperate latitudes. Tidal creeks and marshtop ponds may expand at the expense of productive grass-covered marsh platform. It is therefore important to understand the present magnitude and drivers of production and respiration in these submerged environments in order to evaluate the future role of salt marshes as a carbon sink. This thesis describes new methods to apply the triple oxygen isotope tracer of photosynthetic production in a salt marsh. Additionally, noble gases are applied to constrain air-water exchange processes which affect metabolism tracers. These stable, natural abundance tracers complement traditional techniques for measuring metabolism. In particular, they highlight the potential importance of daytime oxygen sinks besides aerobic respiration, such as rising bubbles. In tidal creeks, increasing nutrients may increase both production and respiration, without any apparent change in the net metabolism. In ponds, daytime production and respiration are also tightly coupled, but there is high background respiration regardless of changes in daytime production. Both tidal creeks and ponds have higher respiration rates and lower production rates than the marsh platform, suggesting that expansion of these submerged environments could limit the ability of salt marshes to sequester carbon.
    Beschreibung: Financial support for my doctoral research was provided by the United States Department of Defense through the National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship Program, the National Science Foundation under grant OCE-1233678, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) under grants from the WHOI Coastal Ocean Institute, Ocean and Climate Change Institute, and Ocean Life Institute. WHOI Academic Programs Office also provided funding support for research, through the Ocean Ventures Fund, and for my stipend, as graduate research assistantships including an assistantship from the United States Geological Survey administered by WHOI.
    Schlagwort(e): Marshes ; Chemistry ; Metabolism ; Knorr (Ship : 1970-) Cruise KN210-04
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Materialart: Thesis
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
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    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-20
    Beschreibung: The non-native species establishment in new habitats is a reconized and harmful process for biodiversity conservation. Despite its negative impacts, this process tends to continue due to the increase in international trading among countries and continents. Thus, it is important to analyze the factors related to the establishment success of these species in new habitats, mainly for fish that are introduced due to use in aquiculture and sporting fisheries. Thus, we may allow us to control and eradicate them more effectively as well as to reduce or avoid new species introductions paying attention to political decisions. Firstly, we tested the hypothesis that that non-native species have larger body sizes in their invaded areas than in their natural ones. We showed that this hypothesis in incomplete, since it disconsiders the effects of the environmental conditions on non-native species' body sizes. We also studied the influence of biological and environmental factors on the infection patterns of parasites. Only host abundances explained the infection pattern cause by those parasites. To conclude, we analysed the Proposed Act of Law 5989/09, which allows and encourages the non-native fish species in Brazilian reservoirs and showing the potential negative impacts once this Act is passed in the Brazilian Congress.
    Beschreibung: O processo de estabelecimento de espécies não nativas é reconhecidamente prejudicial para a conservação da diversidade biológica. Apesar dos efeitos negativos, o estabelecimento de espécies não nativas tende a continuar, principalmente devido ao incremento do comércio e fluxo de pessoas entre países ou continentes. Dado esse cenário, é importante analisar quais fatores estão relacionados com o sucesso de estabelecimento, bem como estar atento ao processo de decisões políticas que tendem a promover novas invasões, principalmente de peixes que tem a sua introdução incentivada por diversos fatores tais como produção para fins aquicultura, aquarofilia e pesca esportiva. Observando essas duas demandas, é importante na geração de conhecimento ecológico que permita, além da prevenção, maior eficiência nas medidas de controle e erradição. Primeiramente avaliamos a hipótese de que a espécies não nativas possuem os maiores tamanhos corporais nas regiões invadidas do que nas nativas. Mostramos que essa hipótese é incompleta, pois desconsidera a influência dos fatores ambientais sobre o tamanho corporal. Estudamos ainda os fatores biológicos e ambientais que influenciam o padrão de infecção de um parasita, e encontramos que abundância do hospedeiro foi à única caracteristica que influenciou nos padrões de infecção. Finalmente, analisamos o Projeto de Lei 5989/09 que libera e incentiva a produção de espécies de peixes não nativos nos reservatórios brasileiros e apontando os potenciais impactos negativos caso esse Projeto de Lei seja aprovado.
    Beschreibung: PhD
    Schlagwort(e): Nonnative species ; Ciências Ambientais ; Body size ; Biological invasion ; Environmental politics ; Paraná River floodplain ; Aquaculture ; Brazil ; Política ambiental ; Relação parasito-hospedeiro ; Planície de inundação ; Aquicultura ; Espécies não nativas ; Tamanho corporal ; Invasões biológicas ; Brasil ; Alto rio Paraná ; Host-parasite relation
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 73pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
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    Unbekannt
    Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Departamento de Biologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais.
    Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-23
    Beschreibung: World production of aquaculture (marine, estuarine and continental) grew 81.07% in the last 10 years, and although it is an old practice, studies evaluating the impact this activity on the aquatic communities are still few. In two rivers: Corvo and Guairacá, both Rosana reservoir tributary, where net cages were installed for cultivation of Oreochromis niloticus to evaluate the effects of aquaculture on the composition, distribution, similarity and the dominance of Chironomidae larvae. The samples were collected down with net cages, and 100 and 400 meters upstream and downstream of the net cages, using a modified handle type Petersen. The River Guairacá and the River Corvo, before the installation of the experiment, proved to be different abiotic environments, but during the experiment both rivers were exposed to a high load of ration and fish excreta, which caused the increase in concentrations of matter organic, and the sediment of rivers become more similar, contributing to the increase in the similarity of the community of both rivers. Other indication of changes in the structure of the community has been changes in the distribution of functional groups, with the increasing number of filtering-collectors and gathering-collectors. Probably, the food availability was responsible for the increase in the density of collectors. The community of Corvo River ocorred the biggest changes, as evidenced by the index of dominance. Clinotanypus sp. 1, which was dominant in the Corvo River disappeared after the installation of net cages, this may be an indication of a genus more sensitive to disturbances, while Coelotanypus for being tolerant to organic enrichment, managed to dominate in both environments. In Corvo river and the Guairacá River were not significant hanges in the variables limnological after the installation of tanks, networks, as was expected, however, the community has undergone biological changes in its structure and distribution in both rivers at all points of collection.
    Beschreibung: A produção mundial da aquicultura (marinha, estuarina e continental) cresceu 81,07% nos últimos 10 anos, e embora seja uma prática antiga, estudos avaliando o impacto dessa atividade sobre as comunidades aquáticas ainda são escassos. Em dois tributários do reservatório de Rosana (PR/SP), foram instalados tanques redes para cultivo de Oreochromis niloticus com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da aquicultura sobre a composição, distribuição, similaridade e dominância das larvas de Chironomidae. As amostras foram coletas embaixo dos tanques, e a 100 e 400 metros a montante e a jusante dos tanques, utilizando-se um pegador tipo Petersen modificado. O rio do Corvo e o rio Guairacá, antes da instalação do experimento, revelaram-se ambientes abioticamente diferentes, porém durante o experimento ambos os rios foram expostos a uma elevada carga de ração e dejetos dos peixes, o que provocou o aumento nas concentrações de matéria orgânica, e tornou o sedimento dos rios mais semelhantes, contribuindo para o aumento na similaridade da comunidade de ambos os rios. Outro indicativo de mudanças na estrutura da comunidade foi as alterações na distribuição dos grupos funcionais, com o aumento do número de coletores-catadores e coletores-filtradores, provavelmente relacionada a disponibilidade alimentar de matéria orgânica particulada fina. A comunidade do rio do Corvo sofreu as maiores alterações, como foi evidenciado pelo índice de dominância. Clinotanypus sp. 1 que era dominante no rio do Corvo desapareceu após a instalação dos tanques, isto pode ser um indicativo de um gênero mais sensível aos distúrbios, enquanto Coelotanypus por ser tolerante ao enriquecimento orgânico, conseguiu dominar nos dois ambientes. No rio do Corvo e Guairacá não ocorreram grandes alterações nas variáveis limnológicas após a instalação dos tanques redes, como era previsto, porém, a comunidade biológica sofreu modificações em sua estrutura e distribuição em ambos os rios em todos os pontos de coleta.
    Beschreibung: Masters
    Schlagwort(e): Ciências Ambientais ; Brasil ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Aquaculture ; Matter organic ; Brazil ; Tilápia ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Aquicultura ; Paranapanema, Rio, Bacia ; Chironomidae de água doce ; Matéria orgânica ; Poluição ; Matéria orgânica ; Chironomidae ; Chironomidae
    Repository-Name: AquaDocs
    Materialart: Thesis/Dissertation
    Format: 36pp.
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-11
    Beschreibung: Vicinal diamines are a common structural motif in bioactive natural products, therapeutic agents, and molecular catalysts, motivating the continuing development of efficient, selective, and sustainable technologies for their preparation. We report an operationally simple and environmentally friendly protocol that converts alkenes and sodium azide—both readily available feedstocks—to 1,2-diazides. Powered by electricity and catalyzed by Earth-abundant manganese, this transformation proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits exceptional substrate generality and functional group compatibility. Using standard protocols, the resultant 1,2-diazides can be smoothly reduced to vicinal diamines in a single step, with high chemoselectivity. Mechanistic studies are consistent with metal-mediated azidyl radical transfer as the predominant pathway, enabling dual carbon-nitrogen bond formation.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
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    Unbekannt
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
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    Unbekannt
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-18
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
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    Unbekannt
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-18
    Beschreibung: In methanogenic archaea, the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fixation and methane-forming steps are linked through the heterodisulfide reductase (HdrABC)–[NiFe]-hydrogenase (MvhAGD) complex that uses flavin-based electron bifurcation to reduce ferredoxin and the heterodisulfide of coenzymes M and B. Here, we present the structure of the native heterododecameric HdrABC-MvhAGD complex at 2.15-angstrom resolution. HdrB contains two noncubane [4Fe-4S] clusters composed of fused [3Fe-4S]-[2Fe-2S] units sharing 1 iron (Fe) and 1 sulfur (S), which were coordinated at the CCG motifs. Soaking experiments showed that the heterodisulfide is clamped between the two noncubane [4Fe-4S] clusters and homolytically cleaved, forming coenzyme M and B bound to each iron. Coenzymes are consecutively released upon one-by-one electron transfer. The HdrABC-MvhAGD atomic model serves as a structural template for numerous HdrABC homologs involved in diverse microbial metabolic pathways.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 45
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    Unbekannt
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-25
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 46
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 47
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-25
    Beschreibung: Current catalytic processes involving carbon-carbon bond activation rely on -unsaturated coupling partners. Exploiting the concept of transfer hydrogenative coupling, we report a ruthenium(0)-catalyzed cycloaddition of benzocyclobutenones that functionalizes two adjacent saturated diol carbon-hydrogen bonds. These regio- and diastereoselective processes enable convergent construction of type II polyketide substructures.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 48
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-25
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 49
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    Unbekannt
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-25
    Beschreibung: We imaged the interfacial structure and dynamics of water in a microscopically confined geometry, in three dimensions and on millisecond time scales, with a structurally illuminated wide-field second harmonic microscope. The second harmonic images reported on the orientational order of interfacial water, induced by charge-dipole interactions between water molecules and surface charges. The images were converted into surface potential maps. Spatially resolved surface acid dissociation constant (p K a,s ) values were determined for the silica deprotonation reaction by following pH-induced chemical changes on the curved and confined surfaces of a glass microcapillary immersed in aqueous solutions. These values ranged from 2.3 to 10.7 along the wall of a single capillary because of surface heterogeneities. Water molecules that rotate along an oscillating external electric field were also imaged.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 50
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-25
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 51
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 52
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: Copper ions exchanged into zeolites are active for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) with ammonia (NH 3 ), but the low-temperature rate dependence on copper (Cu) volumetric density is inconsistent with reaction at single sites. We combine steady-state and transient kinetic measurements, x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to demonstrate that under reaction conditions, mobilized Cu ions can travel through zeolite windows and form transient ion pairs that participate in an oxygen (O 2 )–mediated Cu I -〉Cu II redox step integral to SCR. Electrostatic tethering to framework aluminum centers limits the volume that each ion can explore and thus its capacity to form an ion pair. The dynamic, reversible formation of multinuclear sites from mobilized single atoms represents a distinct phenomenon that falls outside the conventional boundaries of a heterogeneous or homogeneous catalyst.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Beschreibung: All-c is -multifluorinated cycloalkanes exhibit intriguing electronic properties. In particular, they display extremely high dipole moments perpendicular to the aliphatic ring, making them highly desired motifs in material science. Very few such motifs have been prepared, as their syntheses require multistep sequences from diastereoselectively prefunctionalized precursors. Herein we report a synthetic strategy to access these valuable materials via the rhodium–cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene (CAAC)–catalyzed hydrogenation of readily available fluorinated arenes in hexane. This route enables the scalable single-step preparation of an abundance of multisubstituted and multifluorinated cycloalkanes, including all- cis -1,2,3,4,5,6-hexafluorocyclohexane as well as cis-configured fluorinated aliphatic heterocycles.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 54
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-11
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 55
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 56
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-02
    Beschreibung: Biological molecular motors translate their local directional motion into ordered movement of other parts of the system to empower controlled mechanical functions. The design of analogous geared systems that couple motion in a directional manner, which is pivotal for molecular machinery operating at the nanoscale, remains highly challenging. Here, we report a molecular rotary motor that translates light-driven unidirectional rotary motion to controlled movement of a connected biaryl rotor. Achieving coupled motion of the distinct parts of this multicomponent mechanical system required precise control of multiple kinetic barriers for isomerization and synchronous motion, resulting in sliding and rotation during a full rotary cycle, with the motor always facing the same face of the rotor.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 57
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-02
    Beschreibung: The tricyclic diterpene fungal metabolite (+)-pleuromutilin has served as a starting point for antibiotic development. Semisynthetic modification of its glycolic acid subunit at C14 provided the first analogs fit for human use, and derivatization at C12 led to 12- epi -pleuromutilins with extended-spectrum antibacterial activity, including activity against Gram-negative pathogens. Given the inherent limitations of semisynthesis, however, accessing derivatives of (+)-pleuromutilin with full control over their structure presents an opportunity to develop derivatives with improved antibacterial activities. Here we disclose a modular synthesis of pleuromutilins by the convergent union of an enimide with a bifunctional iodoether. We illustrate our approach through synthesis of (+)-12- epi -mutilin, (+)-11,12-di- epi -mutilin, (+)-12- epi -pleuromutilin, (+)-11,12-di- epi -pleuromutilin, and (+)-pleuromutilin itself in 17 to 20 steps.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 58
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-02
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 59
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-02
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 60
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-16
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 61
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-16
    Beschreibung: Dual-comb spectroscopy offers the potential for high accuracy combined with fast data acquisition. Applications are often limited, however, by the complexity of optical comb systems. Here we present dual-comb spectroscopy of water vapor using a substantially simplified single-laser system. Very good spectroscopy measurements with fast sampling rates are achieved with a free-running dual-comb mode-locked semiconductor disk laser. The absolute stability of the optical comb modes is characterized both for free-running operation and with simple microwave stabilization. This approach drastically reduces the complexity for dual-comb spectroscopy. Band-gap engineering to tune the center wavelength from the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared could optimize frequency combs for specific gas targets, further enabling dual-comb spectroscopy for a wider range of industrial applications.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 62
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-23
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 63
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-23
    Beschreibung: The biological properties of trifluoromethyl compounds have led to their ubiquity in pharmaceuticals, yet their chemical properties have made their preparation a substantial challenge, necessitating innovative chemical solutions. We report the serendipitous discovery of a borane-catalyzed formal C(sp 3 )-CF 3 reductive elimination from Au(III) that accesses these compounds by a distinct mechanism proceeding via fluoride abstraction, migratory insertion, and C-F reductive elimination to achieve a net C-C bond construction. The parent bis(trifluoromethyl)Au(III) complexes tolerate a surprising breadth of synthetic protocols, enabling the synthesis of complex organic derivatives without cleavage of the Au-C bond. This feature, combined with the "fluoride-rebound" mechanism, was translated into a protocol for the synthesis of 18 F-radiolabeled aliphatic CF 3 -containing compounds, enabling the preparation of potential tracers for use in positron emission tomography.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 64
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-06-30
    Beschreibung: The formation of a dense and uniform thin layer on the substrates is crucial for the fabrication of high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) containing formamidinium with multiple cations and mixed halide anions. The concentration of defect states, which reduce a cell’s performance by decreasing the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density, needs to be as low as possible. We show that the introduction of additional iodide ions into the organic cation solution, which are used to form the perovskite layers through an intramolecular exchanging process, decreases the concentration of deep-level defects. The defect-engineered thin perovskite layers enable the fabrication of PSCs with a certified power conversion efficiency of 22.1% in small cells and 19.7% in 1-square-centimeter cells.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 65
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-21
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 66
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-21
    Beschreibung: The conversion of widely available carboxylic acids into versatile boronic esters would be highly enabling for synthesis. We found that this transformation can be effected by illuminating the N -hydroxyphthalimide ester derivative of the carboxylic acid under visible light at room temperature in the presence of the diboron reagent bis(catecholato)diboron. A simple workup allows isolation of the pinacol boronic ester. Experimental evidence suggests that boryl radical intermediates are involved in the process. The methodology is illustrated by the transformation of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl carboxylic acids as well as a diverse range of natural-product carboxylic acids, thereby demonstrating its broad utility and functional group tolerance.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 67
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-21
    Beschreibung: Lithium-ion batteries with ever-increasing energy densities are needed for batteries for advanced devices and all-electric vehicles. Silicon has been highlighted as a promising anode material because of its superior specific capacity. During repeated charge-discharge cycles, silicon undergoes huge volume changes. This limits cycle life via particle pulverization and an unstable electrode-electrolyte interface, especially when the particle sizes are in the micrometer range. We show that the incorporation of 5 weight % polyrotaxane to conventional polyacrylic acid binder imparts extraordinary elasticity to the polymer network originating from the ring sliding motion of polyrotaxane. This binder combination keeps even pulverized silicon particles coalesced without disintegration, enabling stable cycle life for silicon microparticle anodes at commercial-level areal capacities.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 68
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-21
    Beschreibung: Stretching polymer chains accelerates dissociation of a variety of internal covalent bonds, to an extent that correlates well with the force experienced by the scissile bond. Recent theory has also predicted scenarios in which applied force accelerates dissociation of unloaded bonds and kinetically strengthens strained bonds. We report here unambiguous experimental validation of this hypothesis: Detailed kinetic measurements demonstrate that stretching phosphotriesters accelerates dissociation of the unloaded phosphorus-oxygen bond orthogonal to the pulling axis, whereas stretching organosiloxanes inhibits dissociation of the aligned loaded silicon-oxygen bonds. Qualitatively, the outcome is determined by phosphoester elongation and siloxane contraction along the pulling axis in the respective rate-determining transition states. Quantitatively, the results agree with a simple mechanochemical kinetics model.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 69
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-28
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 70
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-07-28
    Beschreibung: The water-gas shift (WGS) reaction (where carbon monoxide plus water yields dihydrogen and carbon dioxide) is an essential process for hydrogen generation and carbon monoxide removal in various energy-related chemical operations. This equilibrium-limited reaction is favored at a low working temperature. Potential application in fuel cells also requires a WGS catalyst to be highly active, stable, and energy-efficient and to match the working temperature of on-site hydrogen generation and consumption units. We synthesized layered gold (Au) clusters on a molybdenum carbide (α-MoC) substrate to create an interfacial catalyst system for the ultralow-temperature WGS reaction. Water was activated over α-MoC at 303 kelvin, whereas carbon monoxide adsorbed on adjacent Au sites was apt to react with surface hydroxyl groups formed from water splitting, leading to a high WGS activity at low temperatures.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-04
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-04
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 73
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-04
    Beschreibung: Biological systems sense and respond to mechanical stimuli in a complex manner. In an effort to develop synthetic materials that transduce mechanical force into multifold changes in their intrinsic properties, we report on a mechanochemically responsive nonconjugated polymer that converts to a conjugated polymer via an extensive rearrangement of the macromolecular structure in response to force. Our design is based on the facile mechanochemical unzipping of polyladderene, a polymer inspired by a lipid natural product structure and prepared via direct metathesis polymerization. The resultant polyacetylene block copolymers exhibit long conjugation length and uniform trans-configuration and self-assemble into semiconducting nanowires. Calculations support a tandem unzipping mechanism of the ladderene units.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 74
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-08-04
    Beschreibung: Solvation and transport of excess protons in aqueous systems play a fundamental role in acid-base chemistry and biochemical processes. We mapped ultrafast proton excursions along the proton transfer coordinate by means of two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy, both in bulk water and in a Zundel cation (H 5 O 2 ) + motif selectively prepared in acetonitrile. Electric fields from the environment and stochastic hydrogen bond motions induce fluctuations of the proton double-minimum potential. Within the lifetime of a particular hydration geometry, the proton explores a multitude of positions on a sub-100-femtosecond time scale. The proton transfer vibration is strongly damped by its 20- to 40-femtosecond population decay. Our results suggest a central role of Zundel-like geometries in aqueous proton solvation and transport.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 75
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-30
    Beschreibung: Hypermetallic alkaline earth (M) oxides of formula MOM have been studied under plasma conditions that preclude insight into their formation mechanism. We present here the application of emerging techniques in ultracold physics to the synthesis of a mixed hypermetallic oxide, BaOCa + . These methods, augmented by high-level electronic structure calculations, permit detailed investigation of the bonding and structure as well as the mechanism of its formation via the barrierless reaction of Ca ( 3 P J ) with BaOCH 3 + . Further investigations of the reaction kinetics as a function of collision energy over the range 0.005 kelvin (K) to 30 K and of individual Ca fine-structure levels compare favorably with calculations based on long-range capture theory.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 76
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-09-30
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 77
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-13
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 78
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-13
    Beschreibung: The selective oxidation of methane, the primary component of natural gas, remains an important challenge in catalysis. We used colloidal gold-palladium nanoparticles, rather than the same nanoparticles supported on titanium oxide, to oxidize methane to methanol with high selectivity (92%) in aqueous solution at mild temperatures. Then, using isotopically labeled oxygen (O 2 ) as an oxidant in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) , we demonstrated that the resulting methanol incorporated a substantial fraction (70%) of gas-phase O 2 . More oxygenated products were formed than the amount of H 2 O 2 consumed, suggesting that the controlled breakdown of H 2 O 2 activates methane, which subsequently incorporates molecular oxygen through a radical process. If a source of methyl radicals can be established, then the selective oxidation of methane to methanol using molecular oxygen is possible.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 79
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-13
    Beschreibung: Halogens are among the most electronegative elements, and the variations in size and polarizability of halogens require different descriptions of the intermolecular bonds they form. Here we use the inelastic tunneling probe (itProbe) to acquire real-space imaging of intermolecular-bonding structures in the two-dimensional self-assembly of halogenbenzene molecules on a metal surface. Direct visualization is obtained for the intermolecular attraction and the "windmill" pattern of bonding among the fully halogenated molecules. Our results provide a hitherto missing understanding of the nature of the halogen bond.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 80
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-13
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 81
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-13
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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  • 82
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-13
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-17
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-24
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 85
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-24
    Beschreibung: The discovery of new materials for separating ethylene from ethane by adsorption, instead of using cryogenic distillation, is a key milestone for molecular separations because of the multiple and widely extended uses of these molecules in industry. This technique has the potential to provide tremendous energy savings when compared with the currently used cryogenic distillation process for ethylene produced through steam cracking. Here we describe the synthesis and structural determination of a flexible pure silica zeolite (ITQ-55). This material can kinetically separate ethylene from ethane with an unprecedented selectivity of ~100, owing to its distinctive pore topology with large heart-shaped cages and framework flexibility. Control of such properties extends the boundaries for applicability of zeolites to challenging separations.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 86
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 88
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 90
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Beschreibung: The electrophilic aromatic substitution of a C–H bond of benzene is one of the archetypal transformations of organic chemistry. In contrast, the electron-rich -system of benzene is highly resistant to reactions with electron-rich and negatively charged organic nucleophiles. Here, we report that this previously insurmountable electronic repulsion may be overcome through the use of sufficiently potent organocalcium nucleophiles. Calcium n -alkyl derivatives—synthesized by reaction of ethene, but-1-ene, and hex-1-ene with a dimeric calcium hydride—react with protio and deutero benzene at 60°C through nucleophilic substitution of an aromatic C–D/H bond. These reactions produce the n- alkyl benzenes with regeneration of the calcium hydride. Density functional theory calculations implicate an unstabilized Meisenheimer complex in the C–H activation transition state.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 91
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Beschreibung: Altering a material’s catalytic properties requires identifying structural features that give rise to active surfaces. Grain boundaries create strained regions in polycrystalline materials by stabilizing dislocations and may provide a way to create high-energy surfaces for catalysis that are kinetically trapped. Although grain-boundary density has previously been correlated with catalytic activity for some reactions, direct evidence that grain boundaries create surfaces with enhanced activity is lacking. We used a combination of bulk electrochemical measurements and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy with submicrometer resolution to show that grain-boundary surface terminations in gold electrodes are more active than grain surfaces for electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) reduction to carbon monoxide (CO) but not for the competing hydrogen (H 2 ) evolution reaction. The catalytic footprint of the grain boundary is commensurate with its dislocation-induced strain field, providing a strategy for broader exploitation of grain-boundary effects in heterogeneous catalysis.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 92
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-17
    Beschreibung: Metals that are active catalysts for methane (Ni, Pt, Pd), when dissolved in inactive low–melting temperature metals (In, Ga, Sn, Pb), produce stable molten metal alloy catalysts for pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen and carbon. All solid catalysts previously used for this reaction have been deactivated by carbon deposition. In the molten alloy system, the insoluble carbon floats to the surface where it can be skimmed off. A 27% Ni–73% Bi alloy achieved 95% methane conversion at 1065°C in a 1.1-meter bubble column and produced pure hydrogen without CO 2 or other by-products. Calculations show that the active metals in the molten alloys are atomically dispersed and negatively charged. There is a correlation between the amount of charge on the atoms and their catalytic activity.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 93
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-17
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 94
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-17
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-17
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 96
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-12-01
    Beschreibung: Deuterium- and tritium-labeled pharmaceutical compounds are pivotal diagnostic tools in drug discovery research, providing vital information about the biological fate of drugs and drug metabolites. Herein we demonstrate that a photoredox-mediated hydrogen atom transfer protocol can efficiently and selectively install deuterium (D) and tritium (T) at α-amino sp 3 carbon-hydrogen bonds in a single step, using isotopically labeled water (D 2 O or T 2 O) as the source of hydrogen isotope. In this context, we also report a convenient synthesis of T 2 O from T 2 , providing access to high-specific-activity T 2 O. This protocol has been successfully applied to the high incorporation of deuterium and tritium in 18 drug molecules, which meet the requirements for use in ligand-binding assays and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-27
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 98
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-03
    Beschreibung: The irradiation of gold nanorod colloids with a femtosecond laser can be tuned to induce controlled nanorod reshaping, yielding colloids with exceptionally narrow localized surface plasmon resonance bands. The process relies on a regime characterized by a gentle multishot reduction of the aspect ratio, whereas the rod shape and volume are barely affected. Successful reshaping can only occur within a narrow window of the heat dissipation rate: Low cooling rates lead to drastic morphological changes, and fast cooling has nearly no effect. Hence, a delicate balance must be achieved between irradiation fluence and surface density of the surfactant on the nanorods. This perfection process is appealing because it provides a simple, fast, reproducible, and scalable route toward gold nanorods with an optical response of exceptional quality, near the theoretical limit.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 99
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    In: Science
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-11-03
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Digitale ISSN: 1095-9203
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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  • 100
    Publikationsdatum: 2017-10-27
    Beschreibung: Whereas standard transmission electron microscopy studies are unable to preserve the native state of chemically reactive and beam-sensitive battery materials after operation, such materials remain pristine at cryogenic conditions. It is then possible to atomically resolve individual lithium metal atoms and their interface with the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). We observe that dendrites in carbonate-based electrolytes grow along the 〈111〉 (preferred), 〈110〉, or 〈211〉 directions as faceted, single-crystalline nanowires. These growth directions can change at kinks with no observable crystallographic defect. Furthermore, we reveal distinct SEI nanostructures formed in different electrolytes.
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry
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    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Informatik , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft , Physik
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