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  • BioMed Central  (15,568)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • 2015-2019  (16,933)
  • 2010-2014  (11,146)
  • 2015  (16,933)
  • 2011  (11,146)
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  • 2015-2019  (16,933)
  • 2010-2014  (11,146)
Year
  • 1
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    Active alkaline traps to determine acidic-gas ratios in volcanic plumes: Sampling techniques and analytical methods (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: In situ measurements have been the basis for monitoring volcanic gas emissions for many years and—being complemented by remote sensing techniques—still play an important role to date. Concerning in situ techniques for sampling a dilute plume, an increase in accuracy and a reduction of detection limits are still necessary for most gases (e.g., CO2, SO2, HCl, HF, HBr, HI). In this work, the Raschig-Tube technique (RT) is modified and utilized for application on volcanic plumes. The theoretical and experimental absorption properties of the RT and the Drechsel bottle (DB) setups are characterized and both are applied simultaneously to the well-established Filter packs technique (FP) in the field (on Stromboli Island and Mount Etna). The comparison points out that FPs are the most practical to apply but the results are errorprone compared to RT and DB, whereas the RT results in up to 13 times higher analyte concentrations than the DB in the same sampling time. An optimization of the analytical procedure, including sample pretreatment and analysis by titration, Ion Chromatography, and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, led to a comprehensive data set covering a wide range of compounds. In particular, less abundant species were quantified more accurately and iodine was detected for the first time in Stromboli’s plume. Simultaneously applying Multiaxis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) the chemical transformation of emitted bromide into bromine monoxide (BrO) from Stromboli and Etna was determined to 3–6% and 7%, respectively, within less than 5 min after the gas release from the active vents.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2797–2820
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: plume ; volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 2
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    The ocean sampling day consortium (2015)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-18
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in GigaScience 4 (2015): 27, doi:10.1186/s13742-015-0066-5.
    Description: Ocean Sampling Day was initiated by the EU-funded Micro B3 (Marine Microbial Biodiversity, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology) project to obtain a snapshot of the marine microbial biodiversity and function of the world’s oceans. It is a simultaneous global mega-sequencing campaign aiming to generate the largest standardized microbial data set in a single day. This will be achievable only through the coordinated efforts of an Ocean Sampling Day Consortium, supportive partnerships and networks between sites. This commentary outlines the establishment, function and aims of the Consortium and describes our vision for a sustainable study of marine microbial communities and their embedded functional traits.
    Description: This work was supported by the Micro B3 project, which is funded from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7; Joint Call OCEAN.2011‐2: Marine microbial diversity – new insights into marine ecosystems functioning and its biotechnological potential) under the grant agreement no 287589.
    Keywords: Ocean sampling day ; OSD ; Biodiversity ; Genomics ; Health index ; Bacteria ; Microorganism ; Metagenomics ; Marine ; Micro B3 ; Standards
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements reveal low-velocity zones beneath the new crust in the Gulf of California (2015)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-14
    Description: Rayleigh wave tomography provides images of the shallow mantle shear wave velocity structure beneath the Gulf of California. Low-velocity zones (LVZs) are found on axis between 26 and 50 km depth beneath the Guaymas Basin but mostly off axis under the other rift basins, with the largest feature underlying the Ballenas Transform Fault. We interpret the broadly distributed LVZs as regions of partial melting in a solid mantle matrix. The pathway for melt migration and focusing is more complex than an axis-centered source aligned above a deeper region of mantle melt and likely reflects the magmatic evolution of rift segments. We also consider the existence of solid lower continental crust in the Gulf north of the Guaymas Basin, where the association of the LVZs with asthenospheric upwelling suggests lateral flow assisted by a heat source. These results provide key constraints for numerical models of mantle upwelling and melt focusing in this young oblique rift.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1766–1774
    Description: 1T. Geodinamica e interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Low velocities in the Gulf upper mantle are interpreted as partial melting ; Partial melting under the Guaymas Basin and off axis of the other rift basins ; Lower crustal flow assisted by heat source in N Gulf near mantle upwelling ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.03. Mantle and Core dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Observing system simulation experiments with ensemble Kalman filters in Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C01011, doi:10.1029/2010JC006428.
    Description: Observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) were performed for Nantucket Sound, Massachusetts, as a pilot study for the design of optimal monitoring networks in the coastal ocean. Experiments were carried out using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for data assimilation with ensemble transform Kalman filter (EnTKF) and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for selecting the optimal monitoring sites. The singular evolutive interpolated Kalman filter (SEIK) was compared with EnKF for the data assimilation efficiency. Running the unstructured grid Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) with perturbed initial fields of currents, water temperature, and salinity show that in this shallow coastal system, the velocity and surface elevation are able to restore themselves back to the true state over an inertial time scale after perturbation without data assimilation, while the water temperature and salinity are not. This suggests that in this vertically well mixed region with strong tidal influence, monitoring should be targeted at water properties rather than velocities. By placing measurement sites at an entrance or exit or a location with the maximum signal variance (EnTKF) or at extrema of the dominant EOF spatial modes (POD), we evaluated the capability of EnTKF and POD in designing the optimal monitoring site for the forecast model system in this region. The results suggest that understanding the multiscale dynamical nature of the system is essential in designing an optimal monitoring network since “optimal” sites suggested by an assimilation method may only represent a local-scale feature that has little influence on a region-wide system. Comparing EnKF and SEIK simulations shows that SEIK can significantly improve the data assimilation efficiency by reducing the ensemble number and increasing the convergence rate.
    Description: This publication is the result of research sponsored by the MIT Sea Grant College Program under NOAA grant NA06OAR4170019; MIT SG projects 2006‐RC‐103, 2006‐R/RC‐102, 2006‐R/RC‐107, and 2008‐R/RC‐107; NERACOOS; and MWRA funds as well as U.S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank Program NSF grants (OCE‐0234545, OCE‐0227679, OCE‐0606928, OCE‐ 0712903, OCE‐0732084, and OCE‐0726851).
    Keywords: Observing system simulation experiments ; EnKF ; FVCOM ; Data assimilation ; Nantucket Sound
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Identification and developmental expression of the full complement of Cytochrome P450 genes in Zebrafish (2011)
    BioMed Central
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Authors, 2010. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in BMC Genomics 11 (2010): 643, doi:10.1186/1471-2164-11-643.
    Description: Increasing use of zebrafish in drug discovery and mechanistic toxicology demands knowledge of cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene regulation and function. CYP enzymes catalyze oxidative transformation leading to activation or inactivation of many endogenous and exogenous chemicals, with consequences for normal physiology and disease processes. Many CYPs potentially have roles in developmental specification, and many chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are substrates for CYPs. Here we identify and annotate the full suite of CYP genes in zebrafish, compare these to the human CYP gene complement, and determine the expression of CYP genes during normal development. Zebrafish have a total of 94 CYP genes, distributed among 18 gene families found also in mammals. There are 32 genes in CYP families 5 to 51, most of which are direct orthologs of human CYPs that are involved in endogenous functions including synthesis or inactivation of regulatory molecules. The high degree of sequence similarity suggests conservation of enzyme activities for these CYPs, confirmed in reports for some steroidogenic enzymes (e.g. CYP19, aromatase; CYP11A, P450scc; CYP17, steroid 17a-hydroxylase), and the CYP26 retinoic acid hydroxylases. Complexity is much greater in gene families 1, 2, and 3, which include CYPs prominent in metabolism of drugs and pollutants, as well as of endogenous substrates. There are orthologous relationships for some CYP1 s and some CYP3 s between zebrafish and human. In contrast, zebrafish have 47 CYP2 genes, compared to 16 in human, with only two (CYP2R1 and CYP2U1) recognized as orthologous based on sequence. Analysis of shared synteny identified CYP2 gene clusters evolutionarily related to mammalian CYP2 s, as well as unique clusters. Transcript profiling by microarray and quantitative PCR revealed that the majority of zebrafish CYP genes are expressed in embryos, with waves of expression of different sets of genes over the course of development. Transcripts of some CYP occur also in oocytes. The results provide a foundation for the use of zebrafish as a model in toxicological, pharmacological and chemical disease research.
    Description: This work was supported by NIH grants R01ES015912 and P42ES007381 (Superfund Basic Research Program at Boston University) (to JJS). MEJ was a Guest Investigator at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) and was supported by grants from the Swedish research council Formas and Carl Trygger's foundation. AK was a Post-doctoral Fellow at WHOI, and was supported by a fellowship from the Japanese Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS). JZ and TP were Guest Students at the WHOI and were supported by a CAPES Ph.D. Fellowship and CNPq Ph.D. Sandwich Fellowship (JZ), and by a CNPq Ph.D. Fellowship (TP), from Brazil.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    A box model test of the freshwater forcing hypothesis of abrupt climate change and the physics governing ocean stability (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 25 (2010): PA4222, doi:10.1029/2010PA001936.
    Description: Observations and an ocean box model are combined in order to test the adequacy of the freshwater forcing hypothesis to explain abrupt climate change given the uncertainties in the parameterization of vertical buoyancy transport in the ocean. The combination is carried out using Bayesian stochastic inversion, which allows us to infer changes in the mass balance of Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and in the meridional transports of mass and heat in the Atlantic Ocean that would be required to explain Dansgaard-Oeschger Interstadials (DOIs) from 30 to 39 kyr B.P. The mean sea level changes implied by changes in NH ice sheet mass balance agree in amplitude and timing with reconstructions from the geologic record, which gives some support to the freshwater forcing hypothesis. The inversion suggests that the duration of the DOIs should be directly related to the growth of land ice. Our results are unaffected by uncertainties in the representation of vertical buoyancy transport in the ocean. However, the solutions are sensitive to assumptions about physical processes at polar latitudes.
    Description: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant OCE‐0402363 and Department of Energy grant DE‐FG02‐08ER64619.
    Keywords: Inversion ; MOC ; Abrupt ; Sea level ; Coral ; Mixing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Lower crustal variability and the crust/mantle transition at the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 37 (2010): L2430, doi:10.1029/2010GL045165.
    Description: Seismic refraction data provide new constraints on the structure of the lower oceanic crust and its variability across the Atlantis Massif oceanic core complex, ∼30°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. A 40 km-long spreading-parallel profile constrains P-wave velocities to depths of up to ∼7 km beneath the seafloor. Two shorter spreading-perpendicular lines provide coverage to ∼2 km depth. The anomalous character of the massif's central dome crust is clear compared to the neighboring rift valley and similar-age crust on the opposite ridge flank. The domal core of the massif, unroofed via detachment faulting, has velocities 〉7.0 km/s at depths below ∼2.5 km sub-seafloor, increasing to 7.5–7.8 km/s over the depth range 4.8–6.8 km. Within the core complex, the Moho does not appear to be sharp as no PmP arrivals are observed. Within the axial valley, velocities do not reach mantle-transition zone values in the uppermost 6 km. We infer that crust there is of normal thickness but that a thinner than average mafic section is present in the central massif. Near IODP Hole U1309D, located on the central dome, there is a low velocity gradient interval at 1–3 km depth with velocities of 6.6–6.8 km/s, that coincides with a 3–5 km wide region where shallower velocities are highest. Given the predominantly gabbroic section recovered from the 1.4 km deep drillhole, this seismic structure suggests that the mafic body extends a few km both laterally and vertically.
    Description: NSF grants provided support for the data acquisition, initial interpretation (Collins OCE‐9633114 and OCE‐ 9819297) and subsequent processing and analysis (Blackman OCE‐ 0927442).
    Keywords: Atlantis Massif ; Marine refraction ; Oceanic crust ; Mid-Atlantic Ridge
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 8
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    A nonhydrostatic version of FVCOM : 2. Mechanistic study of tidally generated nonlinear internal waves in Massachusetts Bay (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2010. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 115 (2010): C12049, doi:10.1029/2010JC006331.
    Description: The generation, propagation, and dissipation processes of large-amplitude nonlinear internal waves in Massachusetts Bay during the stratified season were examined using the nonhydrostatic Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM-NH). The model reproduced well the characteristics of the high-frequency internal waves observed in Massachusetts Bay in August 1998. The model experiments suggested that internal waves over Stellwagen Bank are generated by the interaction of tidal currents with steep bottom topography through a process of forming a large-density front on the western slope of the bank by the release of an initial density perturbation near ebb-flood transition, nonlinear steepening of the density front into a deep density depression, and disintegrating of the density depression into a wave train. Earth's rotation tends to transfer the cross-bank tidal kinetic energy into the along-bank direction and thus reduces the intensity of the density perturbation at ebb-flood transition and density depression in the flood period. The internal wave packet propagates as a leading edge feature of the internal tidal wave, and the faster propagation speed of the high-frequency internal waves in Massachusetts Bay is caused by Earth's rotation. The model experiments suggested that bottom friction can significantly influence the cross-bank scale of the density perturbation and thus the density depression during wave generation and the dissipation during the wave's shoaling. Inclusion of vertical mixing using the Mellor-Yamada level 2.5 turbulence closure model had only a marginal effect on wave evolution. The model results support the internal wave theory proposed by Lee and Beardsley (1974) but are in disagreement with the lee-wave mechanism proposed by Maxworthy (1979).
    Description: This research was supported by NOAA g r a n t s DOC/NOAA/NA04NMF4720332 and DOC/NOAA/ NA05NMF4721131, U.S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank Program NSF grants (OCE‐0606928, OCE‐0712903, OCE‐0732084, OCE‐0726851, OCE0814505), and MIT Sea Grant funds (2006‐RC‐103 and 2010‐R/RC‐116), NOAA NERACOOS Program for the UMASSD team and the Smith Chair in Coastal Oceanography, and NOAA grant (NA‐17RJ1223) for R.C. Beardsley. C. Chen’s contribution is also supported by Shanghai Ocean University under grants A‐2302‐10‐0003 and 09320503700 and the State Key Laboratory for Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University.
    Keywords: Nonhydrostatic dynamics ; Internal waves ; Stellwagen Bank ; Massachusetts Bay
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 9
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    Evidence from the Florida Straits for Younger Dryas ocean circulation changes (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 26 (2011): PA1205, doi:10.1029/2010PA002032.
    Description: The waters passing through the Florida Straits today reflect both the western portion of the wind-driven subtropical gyre and the northward flow of the upper waters which cross the equator, compensating North Atlantic Deep Water export as part of the large-scale Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. It has been postulated from various lines of evidence that the overturning circulation was weaker during the Younger Dryas cold event of the last deglaciation. We show here that the contrast in the oxygen isotopic composition of benthic foraminiferal tests across the Florida Current is reduced during the Younger Dryas. This most likely reflects a decrease in the density gradient across the channel and a decrease in the vertical shear of the Florida Current. This reduced shear is consistent with the postulated reduction in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. We find that the onset of this change in density structure and flow at the start of the Younger Dryas is very abrupt, occurring in less than 70 years.
    Description: We thank the National Science Foundation (grants OCE‐0648258 and OCE‐0096472) and the Comer Science and Education Foundation for supporting this research. MWS was supported by a NOAA Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship.
    Keywords: Florida Straits ; Younger Dryas ; Florida Current
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  • 10
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    In situ δ7Li, Li/Ca, and Mg/Ca analyses of synthetic aragonites (2011)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 12 (2011): Q03001, doi:10.1029/2010GC003322.
    Description: In situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analyses of δ7Li, Li/Ca, and Mg/Ca were performed on five synthetic aragonite samples precipitated from seawater at 25°C at different rates. The compositions of δ7Li in bulk aragonites and experimental fluids were measured by multicollector inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Both techniques yielded similar δ7Li in aragonite when SIMS analyses were corrected to calcium carbonate reference materials. Fractionation factors α7Li/6Li range from 0.9895 to 0.9923, which translates to a fractionation between aragonite and fluid from −10.5‰ to −7.7‰. The within-sample δ7Li range determined by SIMS is up to 27‰, exceeding the difference between bulk δ7Li analyses of different aragonite precipitates. Moreover, the centers of aragonite hemispherical bundles (spherulites) are enriched in Li/Ca and Mg/Ca relative to spherulite fibers by up to factors of 2 and 8, respectively. The Li/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios of spherulite fibers increase with aragonite precipitation rate. These results suggest that precipitation rate is a potentially important consideration when using Li isotopes and elemental ratios in natural carbonates as a proxy for seawater composition and temperature.
    Description: SIMS analyses were supported by U.S. NSF, EAR, Instrumentation and Facilities Program. The development of the method for bulk d7Li analysis and the MC‐ICP‐MS measurements were covered by NSF grant EAR/IF‐0318137. Precipitation experiments were supported by NSF through grants OCE‐0402728, OCE‐0527350, and OCE‐0823527 to Glenn Gaetani and Anne Cohen and through grant EAR‐0337481 to Bruce Watson.
    Keywords: Isotope ; Aragonite ; Rate ; SIMS ; Magnesium ; Lithium
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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