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  • Articles  (150)
  • Male  (150)
  • Organic Chemistry
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (150)
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  • 2008  (150)
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  • Articles  (150)
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  • 2005-2009  (150)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: During mouse embryogenesis, reversion of imprinted X chromosome inactivation in the pluripotent inner cell mass of the female blastocyst is initiated by the repression of Xist from the paternal X chromosome. Here we report that key factors supporting pluripotency-Nanog, Oct3/4, and Sox2-bind within Xist intron 1 in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. Whereas Nanog null ES cells display a reversible and moderate up-regulation of Xist in the absence of any apparent modification of Oct3/4 and Sox2 binding, the drastic release of all three factors from Xist intron 1 triggers rapid ectopic accumulation of Xist RNA. We conclude that the three main genetic factors underlying pluripotency cooperate to repress Xist and thus couple X inactivation reprogramming to the control of pluripotency during embryogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navarro, Pablo -- Chambers, Ian -- Karwacki-Neisius, Violetta -- Chureau, Corinne -- Morey, Celine -- Rougeulle, Claire -- Avner, Philip -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1693-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160952.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Murine, CNRS, URA2578, F-75015, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18802003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; HMGB Proteins/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/*metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics/metabolism ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; X Chromosome/physiology ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: The hippocampus is an area of the brain involved in learning and memory. It contains parallel excitatory pathways referred to as the trisynaptic pathway (which carries information as follows: entorhinal cortex --〉 dentate gyrus --〉 CA3 --〉 CA1 --〉 entorhinal cortex) and the monosynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex --〉 CA1 --〉 entorhinal cortex). We developed a generally applicable tetanus toxin-based method for transgenic mice that permits inducible and reversible inhibition of synaptic transmission and applied it to the trisynaptic pathway while preserving transmission in the monosynaptic pathway. We found that synaptic output from CA3 in the trisynaptic pathway is dispensable and the short monosynaptic pathway is sufficient for incremental spatial learning. In contrast, the full trisynaptic pathway containing CA3 is required for rapid one-trial contextual learning, for pattern completion-based memory recall, and for spatial tuning of CA1 cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakashiba, Toshiaki -- Young, Jennie Z -- McHugh, Thomas J -- Buhl, Derek L -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- P50-MH58880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH078821/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1260-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1151120. Epub 2008 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dentate Gyrus/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Entorhinal Cortex/physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; *Maze Learning ; Mental Recall ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neural Pathways ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Tetanus Toxin/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):627. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5889.627b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669835" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Sports
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-01-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schreiber, Hans -- Rowley, Donald A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 11;319(5860):164-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1153713.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. hszz@midway.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics/*immunology ; Autoantigens/*immunology ; Autoimmunity ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Histones/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/*immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Peptide Fragments/immunology ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics/*immunology/therapy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):625. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5889.625b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; *Aging ; *Athletic Performance ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Sports
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: Astrocytes have long been thought to act as a support network for neurons, with little role in information representation or processing. We used two-photon imaging of calcium signals in the ferret visual cortex in vivo to discover that astrocytes, like neurons, respond to visual stimuli, with distinct spatial receptive fields and sharp tuning to visual stimulus features including orientation and spatial frequency. The stimulus-feature preferences of astrocytes were exquisitely mapped across the cortical surface, in close register with neuronal maps. The spatially restricted stimulus-specific component of the intrinsic hemodynamic mapping signal was highly sensitive to astrocyte activation, indicating that astrocytes have a key role in coupling neuronal organization to mapping signals critical for noninvasive brain imaging. Furthermore, blocking astrocyte glutamate transporters influenced the magnitude and duration of adjacent visually driven neuronal responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schummers, James -- Yu, Hongbo -- Sur, Mriganka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1638-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1156120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aspartic Acid/pharmacology ; Astrocytes/drug effects/*physiology ; Blood Volume ; Brain Mapping ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Ferrets ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Synapses/physiology ; Visual Cortex/blood supply/cytology/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: Retinoic acid (RA) is an essential extrinsic inducer of meiotic initiation in mammalian germ cells. However, RA acts too widely in mammalian development to account, by itself, for the cell-type and temporal specificity of meiotic initiation. We considered parallels to yeast, in which extrinsic and intrinsic factors combine to restrict meiotic initiation. We demonstrate that, in mouse embryos, extrinsic and intrinsic factors together regulate meiotic initiation. The mouse RNA-binding protein DAZL, which is expressed by postmigratory germ cells, is a key intrinsic factor, enabling those cells to initiate meiosis in response to RA. Within a brief developmental window, Dazl-expressing germ cells in both XX and XY embryos actively acquire the ability to interpret RA as a meiosis-inducing signal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lin, Yanfeng -- Gill, Mark E -- Koubova, Jana -- Page, David C -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1685-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1166340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Whitehead Institute, and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074348" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; DNA Breaks ; DNA Repair ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology/physiology ; Endodeoxyribonucleases ; Esterases/metabolism ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Ovary/embryology/physiology ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Testis/embryology/physiology ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: In mammals, dosage compensation is achieved by X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in the female. The noncoding Xist gene initiates silencing of the X chromosome, whereas its antisense partner Tsix blocks silencing. The complementarity of Xist and Tsix RNAs has long suggested a role for RNA interference (RNAi). Here, we report that murine Xist and Tsix form duplexes in vivo. During XCI, the duplexes are processed to small RNAs (sRNAs), most likely on the active X (Xa) in a Dicer-dependent manner. Deleting Dicer compromises sRNA production and derepresses Xist. Furthermore, without Dicer, Xist RNA cannot accumulate and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation is blocked on the inactive X (Xi). The defects are partially rescued by truncating Tsix. Thus, XCI and RNAi intersect, down-regulating Xist on Xa and spreading silencing on Xi.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584363/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2584363/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogawa, Yuya -- Sun, Bryan K -- Lee, Jeannie T -- R01 GM058839/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM058839-10/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1336-41. doi: 10.1126/science.1157676.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Histones/metabolism ; Male ; Methylation ; Mice ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Small Nuclear/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ribonuclease III ; X Chromosome/*genetics/metabolism ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: The mapping of numbers onto space is fundamental to measurement and to mathematics. Is this mapping a cultural invention or a universal intuition shared by all humans regardless of culture and education? We probed number-space mappings in the Mundurucu, an Amazonian indigene group with a reduced numerical lexicon and little or no formal education. At all ages, the Mundurucu mapped symbolic and nonsymbolic numbers onto a logarithmic scale, whereas Western adults used linear mapping with small or symbolic numbers and logarithmic mapping when numbers were presented nonsymbolically under conditions that discouraged counting. This indicates that the mapping of numbers onto space is a universal intuition and that this initial intuition of number is logarithmic. The concept of a linear number line appears to be a cultural invention that fails to develop in the absence of formal education.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610411/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2610411/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehaene, Stanislas -- Izard, Veronique -- Spelke, Elizabeth -- Pica, Pierre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1217-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1156540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM, Cognitive Neuro-imaging Unit, Institut Federatif de Recherche (IFR) 49, Gif sur Yvette, France. stanislas.dehaene@cea.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Anthropology, Cultural ; Brazil ; Child ; *Cultural Evolution ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Intuition ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Middle Aged
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: After disappointing results from all efficacy trials conducted to date, the field of microbicides research now faces substantial challenges. Poor coordination among interested parties and the choice of nonvalidated scientific targets for phase III studies have hampered progress and created mistrust about the use of microbicides as a method to prevent HIV-1 sexual transmission. Although new promising strategies are available, there will need to be serious reappraisals of how decisions are made to advance the next generations of candidates into clinical trials, and the use of appropriate animal models in this process will be critical.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835691/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2835691/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, Robert M -- Hamer, Dean -- Hope, Thomas -- Johnston, Rowena -- Lange, Joep -- Lederman, Michael M -- Lieberman, Judy -- Miller, Christopher J -- Moore, John P -- Mosier, Donald E -- Richman, Douglas D -- Schooley, Robert T -- Springer, Marty S -- Veazey, Ronald S -- Wainberg, Mark A -- U19 AI076981/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- U19 AI076981-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 25;321(5888):532-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1160355.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. David Gladstone Institutes, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653884" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravaginal ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic ; use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control/transmission ; HIV-1/*drug effects ; Humans ; Male ; Patient Compliance ; Polymers/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Primates ; Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors/*administration & ; dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Vaginal Diseases/drug therapy/*prevention & control
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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