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  • PANGAEA  (47,794)
  • Cell Press  (4,898)
  • Emerald  (4,063)
  • Blackwell Science Ltd  (2,577)
  • Essen : Verl. Glückauf
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • 2005-2009  (59,333)
  • 2005  (59,333)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Language
Years
  • 2005-2009  (59,333)
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Eastern Sicily (southern Italy) is characterised by the presence of many natural gas emissions (mofettes, mud volcanoes). These gases are mostly carbon dioxide and methane, with minor amounts of helium, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons. In this study, the extent and orientation of soil gas anomalies (He and CO2) were investigated on a wide area (approximately 110 km2) located just SW of Mt. Etna. From a structural point of view, this area lays on a typical foredeep–foreland system that marks the boundary between the southern part of the Eurasian plate and the northern part of the African plate in the central Mediterranean. No tectonic structure was revealed in this area by surface geological surveys. Very high soil emissions were found, and their spatial pattern reveals the existence of some active faults all directed about N508E. This direction coincides with that of two major fault systems that cut eastern Sicily and are evident, respectively, NE and SW of the study area. Soil gas data suggest that these fault systems are the expression of a single continuous structural line which is probably responsible for the past and present magma uprise in eastern Sicily. Isotopic values of carbon of CO2 suggest a minor contribution of organic carbon. Moreover, in the highest degassing sites the isotopic values of He found in association with CO2 (He abundance¼11–70 p.p.m.; R/Ra between 6.0 and 6.2) suggest that both gases are mantle derived. The extent of the areas affected by high gas emissions and the amounts of deep CO2 emitted in the investigated area (several hundred tonnes per day) may provide additional supporting evidence of a mantle upwelling taking place beneath this region.
    Description: Gruppo Nazionale per la Vulcanologia Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 273–284
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: CO2 ; diffuse degassing ; Sicily ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.01. Geochemical exploration ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    Format: 866788 bytes
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 4
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Benthic Habitat Research Group, Institute of Marine Research PO Box 1870 Nordnes N-5817 Bergen, Norway., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 5
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC31Institutt for Geologi, Dramsveien 201 Universitetet i Tromsø., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 6
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Dept. Geoscience, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 7
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 8
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, EdiSol-Info@ed.ac.uk., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 9
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY CENTRE, SOUTHAMPTON., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 10
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    Essen : Verl. Glückauf | Wuppertal : Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Publication Date: 2016-08-23
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
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  • 11
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The program PanPlot was developed as a visualization tool for the information system PANGAEA. It can be used as a stand-alone application to plot data versus depth or time or in a ternary view. Data input format is tab-delimited ASCII (e.g. by export from MS-Excel or from PANGAEA). The default scales and graphic features can individualy be modified. PanPlot graphs can be exported in platform-specific interchange formats (EMF, PICT) which can be imported by graphic software for further processing.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Miscellaneous , notRev
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 14
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3RV LANCE 18/2005 cruise, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 26 p.
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Renard Centre of Marine Geology Ghent University, Belgium., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 17
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3EU project HERMES., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 18
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3HERMES project (GOCE-CT-2005-511234-1)., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: PANGAEA Documentation , notRev
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  • 20
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 24
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 25
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 26
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 27
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 28
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 29
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Institut de Ciències del Mar (CMIMA-CSIC), Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 9 p.
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 30
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Universita Politecnica della Marche, Ancona Italy & CEntre de Formation et de Recherche sur l Environnement Marin, CNRS - Université de Perpignan, France., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 31
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3FIELAX Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH, Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 32
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3ASOF-N cruises 2003 and 2004., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 33
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 34
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 35
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 36
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3In: Freiwald, A & Roberts, JM (eds.), 2005, Cold-water Corals and Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, pp. 715-729
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 37
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Cruise on R/V Lance, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 23 p.
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 38
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Cruise Report Meteor M64/1 MARSUED I (April 02 May 03, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 2005, 113 p.
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 39
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 40
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 41
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 42
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 43
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 44
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 45
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 46
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 47
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 48
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 49
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 50
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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  • 51
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 1 p.
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  • 52
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Müller, Christian; Schlindwein, Vera; Eckstaller, Alfons; Miller, Heinz (2005): Singing Icebergs, Science, 310, 12, doi:10.1126/science.1117145., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 53
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  • 54
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3AREX2005 cruise of the R/V Oceania, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 12 p.
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 55
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3FIELAX Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH, Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 56
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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  • 57
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
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  • 58
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 59
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 60
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 61
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3FIELAX Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH, Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 62
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    PANGAEA
    In:  EPIC3FIELAX Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung mbH, Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    In:  EPIC3RV Lance Cruise, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 19 p.
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    In:  EPIC3Forschungsschiff / Research Vessel METEOR : Äquatorial- und Süd-Atlantik / Equatorial and South Atlantic ; Reise Nr. 62 / Cruise No. 62 ; 24.06.2004 30.12.2004 ; Fahrtabschnitte METEOR Reise Nr. 62 / Legs of METEOR Cruise No. 62, Bremerhaven, PANGAEA, 175 p.
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    In:  EPIC3BMBF Antrag, Universität Hohenheim & AWI Bremerhaven., Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 66
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    In:  EPIC3Bremerhaven, PANGAEA
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 67
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of the study was to investigate consumers’ perception of food packaging and its impact on food choices. The study population comprised 82 people who were ultimately consumers of packaged food products. The sample was drawn from six major supermarkets located in different geographical areas in Trinidad, West Indies. Data collection was carried out by using a questionnaire based on five topics: visual impact or attractiveness of the packaging; type of packaging material; labelling and nutritional information; new products; and fruit preserves. The packaging feature that influenced most of the respondents’ choice of products was information on the label (41.5%); it was followed by quality and type of packaging (24.4%), brand name/popularity (22.0%) and visual impact (12.2%). When asked if they would purchase a product that was most attractively packaged, 85.4% responded in the affirmative. Most respondents (92.7%) believed that packaging material could adversely affect the quality of performance of a food product. Also, 92.7% of respondents agreed that nutrition information should be shown on all food products, although 36.6% admitted that they do not read the label because of its complexity. Influence of gender was not significant (P 〈 0.05) on consumer perception of food packaging and on food choices. Although the sample was small, the data highlighted the need to educate consumers of packaged foods, so that informed decisions could be taken in respect to food quality, safety and nutrition.
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  • 68
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 69
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Product placements in entertainment media are increasing, particularly in content targeted to adolescents. This marketing communication tactic is examined in the context of media socialization and individual differences in brand consciousness. The relative influence of commercial media (TV, radio, movies, online) and perceived peer and parent brand consciousness on US adolescent brand consciousness is assessed, as well as differences in how low and high brand-conscious adolescents view product placements. Awareness, liking and perceived effects of product placements on self and others (third-person perception) were measured. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses show that movies and perceived parent and peer brand consciousness were positively related to adolescent brand consciousness. Those adolescents considered to be highly brand-conscious were also those who were most aware of and favourable towards product placements. All adolescents demonstrated third-person perception of media effects in that they considered others to be more influenced by product placements than themselves, with peers influenced more than friends. Highly brand-conscious teens perceived the greatest effects of product placements on their own and others’ buying behaviours, yet low brand-conscious teens revealed the largest gap in perceptions of impact on self vs. peers. The results are discussed in view of media effects; ramifications for marketers and public policy makers are also appraised.
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  • 70
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 71
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    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Consumer education is an integral part of the consumer empowerment mix. Over recent years the importance of consumer education as a vital tool for protecting consumers and making them better informed has been increasingly recognized in the UK. As part of the developing policy debate in the UK, the National Consumer Council (NCC), one of the key consumer champion bodies, has been arguing the case for a national strategy for consumer education. In order  to establish whether a national strategy was needed and, if so, how a strategy could be structured and introduced, the NCC carried out a national consultation. In excess of 100 responses were obtained from a very broad range of organizations. This paper provides a review of the secondary data gathered for the NCC research. It was found that although there are many organizations and networks involved in consumer education in the UK, it lacks focus, is fragmented and is not efficient or coordinated. The research highlighted a need for a strategic approach to place educated and empowered consumers at the heart of the marketplace.
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  • 72
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Because employer-provided health coverage represents the main source of health insurance for Americans and its costs for employees are rising, accurate knowledge about health coverage would seem to be crucial for making sound decisions on choosing the plans that best meet the specific needs of a family. However, previous research suggests that most employees have little understanding of the scope and monetary value, or even the existence of many components of their health benefit package. This paper re-examines employees’ general financial learning efforts and knowledge level, and how they relate to participation in and importance attached to supplemental healthcare plans. We find that, while self-directed financial learning and general financial knowledge significantly predicted plan participation and the importance attached to them, demographic factors, such as gender, age and job classification, dominated the supplemental healthcare decisions.
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  • 73
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
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  • 74
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this study is to explore the factors that influence creative teaching and to find out what effective strategies are used by three award-winning teachers in the learning area of Integrated Activities. As creative thinking is crucial for the knowledge economy, it is essential that education serves its purpose in improving this important aspect. The methods used for data collection include in-depth interview, focus group interview, classroom observation and content analysis. Three teachers with a GreaTeach Creative Instruction Award for creative teaching in the Integrated Activities field were selected as subjects. Results were acquired by analysing the interview content, the teaching plans, teachers’ reflection and the classroom observation videotapes. The study found that: the factors influencing creative teaching in Integrative Activities are (a) personality traits: persistence, willingness to develop, acceptance of new experiences, self-confidence, sense of humour, curiosity, depth of ideas, imagination, etc.; (b) family factors: open and tolerant ways of teaching children, creative performance of parents, etc.; (c) experiences of growth and education: self-created games and stories, brainstorming between classmates, etc.; (d) beliefs in teaching, hard work, motivation and (e) the administrative side of school organization. Among these factors, beliefs in teaching, hard work and motivation are the main aspects. The effective teaching strategies used by the awarded teachers are: student-centred activities, a connection between teaching contents and real life, management of skills in class, open-ended questions, an encouragement of creative thinking and use of technology and multimedia. Integrated Activities are closely connected to life experience and a basis for the development of creative thinking within education.
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  • 75
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Home economics and civics as school subjects in Japan have a common feature, in that both subjects nurture a sense of citizenship at home, in the workplace and in the wider society. In addition, both have the potential to help students recognize the gender bias around them and can empower them to help make a more gender-equal society. Focusing on this, the purpose of this report was to investigate home economics and civics teachers’ views, in order to analyse the features of the two subjects and the relationship between them. Questionnaires were sent to home economics and civics teachers of all the senior high schools in four prefectures around Japan in October 2001, and 357 samples were analysed. The results were as follows: (a) Home economics teachers and female teachers expressed more interest in lessons on gender than civics teachers and male teachers. Concerning lessons on citizenship, no statistical difference in teachers’ interest was found. (b) Topics on citizenship were learned in the fields of consumer, environment and social welfare issues in both subjects. More lessons were reported to take place in home economics than in civics. (c) In home economics, topics on gender were learned as core issues in the areas of family relations, family law and parenting. On the other hand, in family law, civics, topics on gender were taught as marginal issues in the area of basic human rights and labour issues. (d) Home economics teachers thought the goals of gender education were to empower students to overcome narrow gender roles and to strengthen self-respect. In contrast, civics teachers thought it would empower a sense of human rights. Concerning citizenship education, teachers of both home economics and civics thought the goals would enable students to recognize social problems as their own issues and try to solve them.
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  • 76
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper reports the results of the estimation of a linear approximate almost ideal demand system for Jordan meat demand using cross-sectional data collected by the Department of Statistics in Jordan as part of the household expenditure survey. A censored regression method for the system of equation is used to analyse the meat consumption patterns. This method allows for inclusion of a large number of zero consumption for some foods. Two-step demand system was estimated. In the first stage, Inverse Mill Ratio is estimated by using probit regression model. In the second stage, the estimated variable is included in the AIDS model to estimate food demand elasticities. The objective of this work is to provide econometric estimates of the different types of demand elasticities for meats in Jordan. To be consistent with the demand theory, the homogeneity, symmetry and adding up restrictions were satisfied in the estimated models. The estimated model was used to obtain estimates of Hicksian, Marshallian and expenditure demand elasticities for meats in Jordan. The results revealed that the demand for mutton and poultry is elastic while the demand for beef and fish is inelastic. The cross-price elasticities indicate that poultry and beef are substitutes to mutton. The expenditure elasticities confirm that beef and mutton are luxury goods while poultry and fish are necessity goods.
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  • 77
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A new programme of general family and consumer science for all high school students that can contribute to career education was proposed. The programme had three sessions: ‘single life’, ‘family life’ and ‘retired life’ from the typical three main life stages. Students were challenged to think about their future with regard to real life issues such as housing, location, budgeting time and finances, and family issues. Students were able to consider their future life concretely and specifically from various viewpoints after taking part in this programme. Students also found value in home economics education in developing life skills and knowledge, in considering their actual life and in considering their future life.
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  • 78
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
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    Topics: Economics
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  • 79
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Despite the growth of the Internet, one area that has not really been discussed is the elderly's use of the Internet. Given the rapid growth of this population as well as the potential the Internet holds for them, it is a subject worth consideration. However, seniors cannot be defined simply by their chronological age, but by their cognitive age. This paper discusses the impact of cognitive age of a national random sample of American elderly consumers on their Internet use. The results suggest that those seniors with a younger cognitive age use the Internet more than those seniors with an older cognitive age. Additionally, seniors with a younger cognitive age have more social contact off-line (but not online) than those seniors with an older cognitive age. Finally, in terms of demographic variables, chronological age is positively associated with cognitive age and women report a younger cognitive age than men. These results suggest that for policy makers interested in increasing the participation of seniors, they can utilize the Internet to reach those who are younger in terms of cognitive age; however, they will not be able to reach all seniors in this manner and they need to utilize the Internet as a complementing media to their traditional communication sources.
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  • 80
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Biotechnology stands out as a clear-cut example of an industry where legislation on new technologies has been shown to be linked with public attitudes. Indeed, consumer consultation has played a leading role in the acceptance of genetically modified (GM) food as well as in government policy and legislation. This paper examines the issue of consumer consultation by analysing how public opinion has conditioned the acceptance of GM food in the European Union in general and specifically in Spain and the UK. We draw upon the evidence of two Eurobarometer surveys (46.1 and 52.1) to argue that consumer decision making on new technologies is an information-dependent factor explaining consumer rejection to non-transparent introduction of GM food. Individuals feel ill-prepared to make decisions and rely on trusted information advisors such as consumer organizations. Findings suggest significant information dependency as well as widespread heterogeneity in attitudes towards the applications of biotechnology. Finally, the role played by information channels indicates that consumer participation should precede the adoption of communication policies, as they might need to adapt to the specific cultural characteristics of each country.
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  • 81
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the fashion industry, one of the most important things is to accurately analyse the consumers’ emotional response to current fashion trends and to forecast trends for the forthcoming season based on the analysed results. In this study, it  was  assumed  that  a  more  accurate  trend-forecasting  for a market would be possible, if the fluctuation of consumer emotion could be represented on a kind of macroscopic model of recent fashion trends. For an exploratory attempt to acquire such macroscopic information on trends, this research aimed to (1) propose a systematic method to derive a macroscopic model on trends on the basis of consumer emotion; and (2) develop a macroscopic model on recent fashion trends, applying the method. This research was based on three assumptions: (1) Fashion trend is a representation of change in consumers’ emotions; (2) A linguistic representation can be a useful medium to access consumers’ emotions; and (3) Consumers’ emotions can be represented as a concrete model. As a method of developing the macroscopic model, a five-step procedure was proposed and executed in this research. According to the five-step procedure, a total of four surveys were serially conducted and the data sets were analysed quantitatively or qualitatively. As a result, a two-dimensional macroscopic model on recent fashion trend was developed, in which 79 major emotion descriptors were positioned and categorized into 14 subgroups. ‘artificial-natural’ (for the first dimension) and ‘simple-complicated’ (for the second dimension) appeared as the two-dimensional axes passing through the macroscopic model on recent fashion trends. The 14 subgroups in the model corresponded to the main themes of recent fashion trends reported in the literature on fashion.
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  • 82
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    International journal of consumer studies 29 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1470-6431
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nutrition is important for both healthy and sick people. Unfortunately for sick people, especially those living with HIV/AIDS, the emphasis has mostly been on drugs at the expense of nutritional aspects. People living with HIV/AIDS and related diseases need a lot of protein and energy-rich foods together with vitamins and minerals. Fish are particularly rich in these nutrients. In Malawi, fish are harvested in large numbers and to avoid deterioration, some are smoked, sun dried or partially boiled and then sun dried. Since the nutrient contents of the fresh and processed fish may differ, a study was carried out on four different fresh and processed fish species (Copadichromis inornatus, Rhamphochromis ferox, Engraulicypris sardella and Oreochromis lidole) in order to determine which species was the more nutritive. The results showed that E. sardella and C. inornatus species, fresh or processed, had relatively higher (P 〈 0.001) protein content (58.22 ± 0.6% and 57.78 ± 0.7% respectively), fat (25.2 ± 1.2 and 22.08 ± 0.4% respectively), energy (24086.7 ± 151.7 J/g and 22204.9 ± 84.7 J/g respectively) than either R. ferox or O. lidole. Although the R. ferox species had lower protein, fat and energy than E. sardella or C. inornatus, this species had higher available lysine content. Calcium and magnesium contents of E. sardella and C. inornatus were however, slightly lower (P 〈 0.001) than those of the other two species. There were variations between and within the species for all parameters analysed. The results obtained in this work suggest that people living with HIV/AIDS in Malawi can best build their muscle and get more energy and minerals from the E. sardella and C. inornatus fish species. It would therefore be recommended that appropriate technologies for improving the availability and productivity of such fish should be developed and tested for people living with HIV/AIDS or affected households. However, it is suggested that a larger group of the commonly available fish species should be analysed so as to offer a wider choice to consumers.
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 We have investigated the actions of the α1D-adrenoceptor selective antagonist BMY 7378 in comparison with yohimbine at α1- and α2-adrenoceptors. 2 In rat aorta (α1D-adrenoceptor), BMY 7378 (pA2 of 8.67) was about 100 times more potent than yohimbine (pA2 of 6.62) at antagonizing the contractile response to noradrenaline. 3 In human saphenous vein (α2C-adrenoceptor), BMY 7378 (pA2 of 6.48) was approximately 10 times less potent than yohimbine (pA2 of 7.56) at antagonizing the contractile response to noradrenaline. 4 In prostatic portions of rat vas deferens, BMY 7378 (10 μm) did not significantly affect the concentration-dependent inhibition of single pulse nerve stimulation-evoked contractions by xylazine (an action at prejunctional α2D-adrenoceptors). 5 In ligand-binding studies, BMY 7378 showed 10-fold selectivity for α2C-adrenoceptors (pKi of 6.54) over other α2-adrenoceptors. 6 It is concluded that BMY 7378, in addition to α1D-adrenoceptor selectivity in terms of α1-adrenoceptors, shows selectivity for α2C-adrenoceptors in terms of α2-adrenoceptors.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 To investigate anti-inflammatory activity of organic germanium, we measured the effect of germanium-concentrated yeast on arachidonic acid release, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, histamine release, and intracellular H2O2 or hydroperoxide generation in RBL 2H3 cells, and carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. 2 Germanium-concentrated yeast dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema, suggesting that germanium-concentrated yeast has anti-inflammatory activity in acute inflammation. 3 Germanium-concentrated yeast significantly inhibited melittin-induced arachidonic acid release and PGE2 production in RBL 2H3 cells. 4 Germanium-concentrated yeast did not affect melittin-induced histamine release and silica-induced intracellular H2O2 or hydroperoxide generation in RBL 2H3 cells. 5 These results suggest that anti-inflammatory activity of germanium-concentrated yeast appears partly to be related to the inhibition of arachidonic acid release and PGE2 production in RBL 2H3 cells.
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 The pressor action of noradrenaline and its blockade by selective α1-adrenoceptor antagonists in the pithed mouse were evaluated. 2 Chloroethylclonidine (α1B/D-adrenoceptor alkylating agent) or BMY 7378 (α1D-adrenoceptor antagonist), both at 1 mg kg−1, did not block the increase in blood pressure induced by noradrenaline. 3 5-Methylurapidil (α1A-adrenoceptor antagonist), at 0.1 mg kg−1, displaced the dose–response curve approximately six-fold to the right. 4 The results support the idea that the pithed mouse vasculature express α1A-adrenoceptors and suggest that it is a good model to study the roles of α1-adrenoceptors in gene knockout or overexpression.
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 The aim of this paper was to determine the different signalling cascades involved in contraction of the rat urinary bladder detrusor muscle mediated via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (muscarinic AChR). Contractile responses, phosphoinositides (IPs) accumulation, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and cyclic GMP (cGMP) production were measured to determine the reactions associated with the effect of cholinergic agonist carbachol. The specific muscarinic AChR subtype antagonists and different inhibitors of the enzymatic pathways involved in muscarinic receptor-dependent activation of NOS and cGMP were tested. 2 Carbachol stimulation of M3 and M4 muscarinic AChR increased contractility, IPs accumulation, NOS activity and cGMP production. All of these effects were selectively blunted by 4-DAMP and tropicamide, M3 and M4 antagonists respectively. 3 The inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC), calcium/calmodulin (CaM), neuronal NOS (nNOS) and soluble guanylate cyclase, but not of protein kinase C and endothelial NOS (eNOS), inhibited the carbachol action on detrusor contractility. These inhibitors also attenuated the muscarinic receptor-dependent increase in cGMP and activation of NOS. 4 In addition, sodium nitroprusside and 8-bromo-cGMP, induced negative relaxant effect. 5 The results obtained suggest that carbachol activation of M3 and M4 muscarinic AChRs, exerts a contractile effect on rat detrusor that is accompanied by an increased production of cGMP and nNOS activity. The mechanism appears to occur secondarily to stimulation of IPs turnover via PLC activation. This in turn, triggers cascade reactions involving CaM, leading to activation of nNOS and soluble guanylate cyclase. They, in turn, exert a modulator inhibitory cGMP-mediated mechanism limiting the effect of muscarinic AChR stimulation of the bladder.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 The objective was to investigate a possible contribution of a nerve-derived hyperpolarizing factor to the differences between non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) nerve-mediated relaxations in different states of active tone in the rat gastric fundus. 2 NANC relaxations induced by electrical field stimulation (ES: 0.1, 0.5 and 1 Hz; 25 V; 1 ms; 10 s) in 40% contracted strips (S40) were greater when compared with those in 80% contracted strips (S80). 3 ES-induced relaxations were effectively attenuated by Nω-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA; 100 μm) in S40 and S80. Percentage reduction of the responses obtained in the presence of l-NNA in S40 group was less than that of S80. 4 In S40 group, nifedipine (0.5–1 μm) and verapamil (0.5–1 μm) inhibited the responses to 0.1 and 0.5 Hz. Nifedipine (1 μm) and verapamil (0.5 μm) caused no change in the responses to ES in S80. 5 In S40, when l-NNA (100 μm) and nifedipine or verapamil, either in 1 μm concentration, were administered together, the inhibition on the electrical relaxations were more than that of each drug alone. 6 In conclusion, NANC nerve-mediated relaxations are increased when studied in an active state of 40%, and a factor, sensitive to nifedipine seems to be responsible for this distinction.
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 Experiments were carried out to characterize the possible adrenergic properties of the 5-HT1A antagonists WAY 100635 and MM-77 using the mouse isolated vasa deferentia preparation. 2 When vasa deferentia were preincubated for 10 min in the presence of MM-77 (10−8–10−6 m) or WAY100635 (10−8–7 × 10−7 m), a concentration-dependent inhibition of the contractile response to submaximal electrical field stimulation (10 Hz, 50 V, 50 ms) was observed with pIC50 values of 7.05 ± 0.01 and 6.85 ± 0.1 respectively. 3 MM-77 (10−8–10−6 m) antagonized the contractile responses of the vasa deferentia to phenylephrine (PE) (10−6–10−3 m) in a concentration-dependent manner. Schild plots of these data were linear and yielded a mean ρA2 value of 6.81 ± 0.084. The mean slope was 1.42 ± 0.22. 4 WAY100635 (10−8–10−6 m) antagonized the contractile responses of the vasa deferentia to PE (10−6–10−3 m) in a concentration-dependent manner. Schild plots of these data were linear and yielded a mean ρA2 value of 7.05 ± 0.08. The mean slope was 0.97 ± 0.1. 5 The results suggest that while WAY100635 acts as a competitive antagonist at α1-adrenoceptors, MM-77 displays non-competitive antagonist characteristics at this receptor subtype. 6 These results may have important implications for the use of these compounds as 5-HT1A receptor antagonists in in vivo studies.
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  • 89
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 The aim of the present study was to examine the modulator influence of muscarinic M2 receptors on responses of rat urinary bladder detrusor muscle evoked by endogenous stimuli, i.e. by stimulation of the bladder innervation. 2 Responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 2–20 Hz, 0.8 ms, 60 V) of isolated strip preparations mounted in organ baths. The tension of the muscle strips was recorded digitally. EFS was performed by applying stimulation with either a short duration (5 s) or a longer duration (to reach peak response; approximately 20 s). 3 Effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists (muscarinic M1/M3 receptor selective: 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methobromide (4-DAMP); muscarinic M2 receptor selective: methoctramine), a β-adrenergic antagonist (propranolol) and an adenosine receptor antagonist (8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline) were assessed on contractile activity and on poststimulatory relaxations. 4 Low concentrations of methoctramine (10−8 m) reduced or tended to reduce the EFS-induced contraction, e.g. at 2 Hz by 12% while methoctramine at 10−7 m had no significant effect. In addition, in the presence of 4-DAMP (10−9 m), which tended to inhibit contractions at all frequencies (2–20 Hz; −17 to −25%), methoctramine at 10−8 and 10−7 m induced a further reduction of the contractile responses (−5 to −10%; 2–20 Hz). 5 The β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol (10−6 m) and the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline (10−6 m) both increased contractile responses by 9–21% (2–10 Hz, long duration; P 〈 0.05–0.001) as a consequence of antagonizing relaxatory stimuli. Neither antagonist affected the contractile responses to EFS with the short duration stimulation. Poststimulatory relaxations were reduced by 30–60% (P 〈 0.05) by propranolol and by 40–60% (P 〈 0.001) by 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline, but for 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline only after stimulation with the short duration. 6 In the presence of methoctramine (10−7 m), the 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline-induced increases of the contractile response to long duration EFS were significantly enhanced at 10 Hz (+12 ± 4%; P 〈 0.05), whereas no such enhancement of the propranolol inhibitory effect occurred in the presence of methoctramine. However, poststimulatory β-adrenoceptor-evoked relaxations after short duration EFS were increased by about 35% in the presence of methoctramine, but not those after long duration. 7 Thus, muscarinic M2 receptor activation inhibits adenosine receptor- and β-adrenoceptor-evoked relaxations of the rat detrusor muscle. The inhibition occurs via a transient postjunctional mechanism that mainly affects responses with a short latency.
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  • 90
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 To clarify the effects of doxapram on the baroreflex, we recorded carotid sinus nerve (CSN) activity in isolated and perfused carotid artery bifurcations of rabbits. 2 The CSN activity due to chemoreceptor stimulation was blocked by resection of the nerve branches from the carotid body. After the resection, the CSN activity was correlated to increase of carotid sinus (CS) pressure. 3 Administration of doxapram reduced the CSN activity originating from baroreceptors. The effect of doxapram on baroreceptors was dose dependent and reversible. 4 It is unlikely that doxapram altered CS wall mechanics because CS pressure did not change in the presence of the drug. 5 We conclude that doxapram acts on the cardiovascular system in part by inhibiting the negative feedback loop that originates in CS baroreceptors.
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  • 91
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 Cardiac glycosides have been used for centuries as therapeutic agents for the treatment of heart diaseases. In patients with heart failure, digoxin and the other glycosides exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting Na+–K+-ATPase, thereby increasing intracellular sodium, which, in turn, inhibits the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger and increases intracellular calcium levels. As the therapeutic index of digitalis is narrow, arrhythmias are common problems in clinical practice. The mechanisms and mediators of these arrhythmias, however, are not completely understood. 2 The involvement of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in digitalis cardiac toxicity is reviewed. 3 Receptors, channels, exchange systems or other cellular components involved in digitalis-induced cardiotoxicity are also reviewed. 4 Possible mediators of digitalis-induced cardiac toxicity are discussed. 5 Management of digitalis toxicity in patients is summarized. 6 The determination of the possible mediators of digitalis-induced cardiac toxicity will enhance our knowledge and lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat these lethal arrhythmias.
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  • 92
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 Microinjection of peptide YY (PYY) (0.23–2.3 nmol) into the posterior hypothalamic nucleus (PHN) of conscious rats evokes a dose-dependent pressor response and a bradycardia. 2 The increase in mean arterial pressure evoked by 2.3 nmol of PYY was not blocked by intravenous pretreatment with: (i) the nicotinic ganglionic receptor antagonist pentolinium (PENT, 10 mg kg−1) alone, or in combination with the muscarinic receptor antagonist methylatropine (MeATR, 1 mg kg−1); (ii) the α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (PRAZ, 0.2 mg kg−1); (iii) the V1-vasopressin receptor antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)]AVP (AVPX, 20 μg kg−1); (iv) the combination of AVPX, PENT and MeATR; (v) the combination of PRAZ, AVPX, PENT, MeATR, and the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (0.3 mg kg−1); or (vi) the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist ZD 7155 (1 mg kg−1). 3 Adrenal demedullation inhibited the PYY-evoked responses of drug-naïve rats, and rats pretreated with the combination of PENT, MeATR and AVPX. 4 Transection of the splanchnic nerve innervating the adrenal medullae attenuated the bradycardia, as did ZD 7155, but not the PYY-evoked pressor response. 5 Systemic pretreatment of rats with the neuropeptide Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP 3226 (1 mg kg−1) blocked the PYY-evoked cardiovascular changes, but not those evoked by microinjection of carbachol (5.5 nmol) into the PHN. 6 These results suggest that the cardiovascular changes evoked from the PHN by PYY requires the presence of the adrenal medullae, which are stimulated by: (i) a hormone to release an NPY-like substance that evokes the pressor response, and (ii) the splanchnic nerve to evoke the release of a substance that results in the bradycardia.
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  • 93
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
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  • 94
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 We examined whether extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) affect the basal level of cardiovascular parameters and influence of drugs acting on the sympathetic nervous system. 2 Male rats were exposed to sham control and EMF (60 Hz, 20 G) for 1 (MF-1) or 5 days (MF-5). We evaluated the alterations of blood pressure (BP), pulse pressure (PP), heart rate (HR), and the PR interval, QRS interval and QT interval on the electrocardiogram and dysrhythmic ratio in basal level and dysrhythmia induced by β-adrenoceptor agonists. 3 In terms of the basal levels, there were no statistically significant differences among control, MF-1 and MF-5 in PR interval, QRS interval, mean BP, HR and PP. However, the QT interval, representing ventricular repolarization, was significantly reduced by MF-1 (P 〈 0.05). 4 (−)-Dobutamine (β1-adrenoceptor-selective agonist)-induced tachycardia was significantly suppressed by ELF-EMF exposure in MF-1 for the increase in HR (ΔHR), the decrease in QRS interval (ΔQRS) and the decrease in QT (ΔQT) interval. Adrenaline (nonselective β-receptor agonist)-induced dysrhythmia was also significantly suppressed by ELF-EMF in MF-1 for the number of missing beats, the dysrhythmic ratio, and the increase in BP and PP. 5 These results indicated that 1-day exposure to ELF-EMF (60 Hz, 20 G) could suppress the increase in HR by affecting ventricular repolarization and may have a down-regulatory effect on responses of the cardiovascular system induced by sympathetic agonists.
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  • 95
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 Cyclic AMP formation has consistently been reported to be desensitized in various tissues including heart of animal models of end-stage renal failure (ESRF). In contrast, reports on desensitization of cAMP formation in ESRF patients remain contradictory. Whether this discrepancy results from a difference between human ESRF and its animal models or from the use of circulating blood cells in the human and various solid tissues in the animal studies, remains unclear. Therefore, we performed three studies with heart and platelets of ESRF patients undergoing haemodialysis or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and age- and gender-matched controls with normal renal function (n = 11–13 each). 2 In platelets from haemodialysis patients adenylyl cyclase activity in response to receptor-dependent and -independent agonists was reduced by ≈30%, and this could be explained by an alteration at the level of adenylyl cyclase itself. However, no such desensitization was seen in platelets from peritoneal dialysis patients. 3 In hearts from ESRF patients undergoing haemodialysis, β-adrenoceptor density and subtype distribution, cAMP formation in response to the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline or various receptor-independent stimuli, were very similar to those in control patients but activity of G-protein-coupled receptor kinase was increased by ≈20%. 4 We conclude that conflicting reports on the desensitization of cAMP formation between ESRF patients and ESRF animal models are not explained by the use of solid tissues in animal studies vs. circulating blood cells in patient studies. Rather desensitization of cAMP formation seems to be a less consistent feature of human ESRF than of its animal models.
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  • 96
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    Fiscal studies 26 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper contributes to the established literature on fiscal consolidations by investigating the distinct behaviour of central and sub-central tiers of government during general government consolidation attempts. In the light of different degrees of decentralisation across OECD countries, and the different responsibilities devolved to sub-central tiers, we believe that this approach offers an illuminating insight into the analysis of fiscal consolidations and their success.We show that the involvement of the sub-central tiers of government is crucial to achieving cuts in expenditure, particularly in relation to the overall size of the government wage bill. In addition, central governments appear to exert a strong influence on the expenditure of sub-central tiers through their grant allocations, and control of these allocations appears to have a considerable impact upon the overall success of consolidation attempts. Finally, we demonstrate that there is a skewness in cuts towards sub-central capital expenditure both when central governments cut grant allocations and when sub-central governments engage in lone consolidation attempts.
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  • 97
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    Fiscal studies 26 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Regional grants have recently come under scrutiny and are controversial. Some estimates put the employment effect of these grants at no more than 6,000 jobs in the first half of the 1990s, against expenditure of £500 million. Other aspects of the grants are questioned, such as their ability to attract foreign direct investment and their effect on productivity. This paper reviews these issues, focusing on the recent evidence for the Regional Selective Assistance scheme. It describes the nature and difficulties involved in policy evaluation, and finds that differences over the employment effect of the grants result from possible biases induced by the evaluation methodology and from differences in the job measure used. Overall, the paper argues that the regional grants are cost-effective in employment terms, but that expenditure is small relative to the scale of the problem, so that an expansion of the grants may be desirable.
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  • 98
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    Fiscal studies 26 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: One of the main problems in pension policy is to develop an institutional framework that guarantees that public and private pensions promises are kept. This paper discusses how the governance of public and private pensions is key to making such promises credible. It argues that credibility concerns undermine the case for earnings-related pensions run by the state and private defined benefit plans.
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  • 99
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    Fiscal studies 26 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1475-5890
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We develop a simulation model of household behaviour in which both the consumption/saving and labour/leisure choices are endogenous. This model is used to explore the effects of the UK and Danish state tax and benefit systems on the labour supply of workers aged 50 or over. We find that, in broad terms, differences in labour force participation can be accounted for by differences in benefit structures. Furthermore, our simulations suggest that the UK system is preferred by young people while the Danish arrangement – which imposes a larger tax burden and provides larger welfare benefits – is chosen by people of 50 or older. Notably, people older than 60 are in the majority in the simulated population. The Danish system does not promote notably greater equality over the lifetime, but it does underpin a higher level of consumption for people of 50 or older.
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  • 100
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    Autonomic & autacoid pharmacology 25 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1474-8673
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: 1 Our aim was to study the role of nitric oxide (NO) and arachidonic acid pathways in the α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in mesenteric resistance arteries from 3–4 and 22 to 23-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats. 2 The expression of NO synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX) isoforms, soluble guanylate cyclase, superoxide dismutase and the NAD(P)H oxidase subunits p22phox and p47phox were determined. 3 The NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, a non-selective NOS inhibitor, shifted to the left but indomethacin and NS 398, non-selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors, shifted to the right the concentration-response curve for the vasoconstriction by phenylephrine in both age groups. 4 Ageing up-regulated endothelial NOS and p22phox expression but did not modify COX, soluble guanylate cyclase, superoxide dismutase and p47phox expression. 5 These data suggest that the observed enhancement of eNOS protein expression could constitute a compensatory mechanism to counter-regulate a chronic loss of NO possibly through increased superoxide anion production from NAD(P)H oxidase induced by age.
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