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  • 550 - Earth sciences  (2,331)
  • Earth Resources and Remote Sensing  (380)
  • Chemical Engineering
  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (2,713)
  • 2007  (1,476)
  • 2005  (1,237)
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  • 2010-2014
  • 2005-2009  (2,713)
Year
  • 1
    Unknown
    Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology (2007)
    Springer
    Details
    Keywords: Biomass conversion ; Biotechnology ; Chemical Engineering ; Chemistry industry ; Industrial Chemistry ; Kent ; Riegel ; biochemical engineering
    Description / Table of Contents: Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors, but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry (specifically, biomass conversion), Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety, chemistry plant security, and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Important topics in the energy field, namely nuclear, coal, natural gas, and petroleum, are covered in individual chapters. Other new chapters include energy conversion, energy storage, emerging nanoscience and technology. Updated sections include more material on biomass conversion, as well as three chapters covering biotechnology topics, namely, Industrial Biotechnology, Industrial Enzymes, and Industrial Production of Therapeutic Proteins.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XIV, 1562 pages)
    ISBN: 9780387278438
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-27843-8
    Language: English
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    E-BOOK
  • 2
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    Engineering entropy-driven reactions and networks catalyzed by DNA (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-11-17
    Description: Artificial biochemical circuits are likely to play as large a role in biological engineering as electrical circuits have played in the engineering of electromechanical devices. Toward that end, nucleic acids provide a designable substrate for the regulation of biochemical reactions. However, it has been difficult to incorporate signal amplification components. We introduce a design strategy that allows a specified input oligonucleotide to catalyze the release of a specified output oligonucleotide, which in turn can serve as a catalyst for other reactions. This reaction, which is driven forward by the configurational entropy of the released molecule, provides an amplifying circuit element that is simple, fast, modular, composable, and robust. We have constructed and characterized several circuits that amplify nucleic acid signals, including a feedforward cascade with quadratic kinetics and a positive feedback circuit with exponential growth kinetics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, David Yu -- Turberfield, Andrew J -- Yurke, Bernard -- Winfree, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Nov 16;318(5853):1121-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, MC 136-93, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA91125, USA. dzhang@dna.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalysis ; Chemical Engineering ; *Computers, Molecular ; DNA/*chemistry ; Entropy ; Equipment Design ; Feedback, Physiological ; Mice ; Nanotechnology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Rabbits
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
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    Effect of Ducting on Radio Occultation Measurements: An Assessment Based on High-Resolution Radiosonde Soundings (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Recent studies have shown that the presence of elevated ducts in the lower atmosphere has an adverse effect on the inversion of GPS radio occultation data. The problem arises because the microwave refractivity within and below an elevated duct is no longer uniquely determined by the bending angle profile. Applying Abel inversion without a priori knowledge of the duct will introduce a negative bias in the retrieved refractivity profile within and below the duct. In this work, high vertical resolution radiosonde data are used to give a quantitative assessment of the characteristics and effects of ducts, including their frequency of occurrences, heights, and thicknesses at different latitudes and seasons. The negative bias from the Abel-retrieved refractivity profiles resulting from these ducts is also computed. The results give a strong indication that ducting in the lower troposphere is a frequent phenomenon over the tropics and midlatitudes. The ducts are shown to be predominantly caused by sharp changes in the vertical structure of water vapor. The majority of the ducts are found to be below 2 km, with a median duct layer thickness of about 100 m. The negative refractivity bias is shown to be largest below 2 km, with a median value of about 0.5-1% in the tropics and 0.2-0.5% in midlatitudes. The bias is about a factor of 2-3 smaller between 2 to 3 km and is negligible above 4 km.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Radio Science; Volume 42
    Format: text
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  • 4
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    The Effect of Asian Dust Aerosols on Cloud Properties and Radiative Forcing from MODIS and CERES (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The effects of dust storms on cloud properties and radiative forcing are analyzed over northwestern China from April 2001 to June 2004 using data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments on the Aqua and Terra satellites. On average, ice cloud effective particle diameter, optical depth and ice water path of the cirrus clouds under dust polluted conditions are 11%, 32.8%, and 42% less, respectively, than those derived from ice clouds in dust-free atmospheric environments. The humidity differences are larger in the dusty region than in the dust-free region, and may be caused by removal of moisture by wet dust precipitation. Due to changes in cloud microphysics, the instantaneous net radiative forcing is reduced from -71.2 W/m2 for dust contaminated clouds to -182.7 W/m2 for dust-free clouds. The reduced cooling effects of dusts may lead to a net warming of 1 W/m2, which, if confirmed, would be the strongest aerosol forcing during later winter and early spring dust storm seasons over the studied region.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 5
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    Comparison of Coincident Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aerosol Optical Depths over Land and Ocean Scenes Containing Aerosol Robotic Network Sites (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), launched on 18 December 1999 aboard the Terra spacecraft, are making global observations of top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiances. Aerosol optical depths and particle properties are independently retrieved from these radiances using methodologies and algorithms that make use of the instruments corresponding designs. This paper compares instantaneous optical depths retrieved from simultaneous and collocated radiances measured by the two instruments at locations containing sites within the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). A set of 318 MISR and MODIS images, obtained during the months of March, June, and September 2002 at 62 AERONET sites, were used in this study. The results show that over land, MODIS aerosol optical depths at 470 and 660 nm are larger than those retrieved from MISR by about 35% and 10% on average, respectively, when all land surface types are included in the regression. The differences decrease when coastal and desert areas are excluded. For optical depths retrieved over ocean, MISR is on average about 0.1 and 0.05 higher than MODIS in the 470 and 660 nm bands, respectively. Part of this difference is due to radiometric calibration and is reduced to about 0.01 and 0.03 when recently derived band-to-band adjustments in the MISR radiometry are incorporated. Comparisons with AERONET data show similar patterns.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 110
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    An Overview of the CBERS-2 Satellite and Comparison of the CBERS-2 CCD Data with the L5 TM Data (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: CBERS satellite carries on-board a multi sensor payload with different spatial resolutions and collection frequencies. HRCCD (High Resolution CCD Camera), IRMSS (Infrared Multispectral Scanner), and WFI (Wide-Field Imager). The CCD and the WFI camera operate in the VNIR regions, while the IRMSS operates in SWIR and thermal region. In addition to the imaging payload, the satellite carries a Data Collection System (DCS) and Space Environment Monitor (SEM).
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 7
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    Future of Land Remote Sensing: What is Needed (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: A viewgraph presentation describing the future of land remote sensing and the new technologies needed for clear views of the Earth is shown. The contents include: 1) Viewing the Earth; 2) Multi-Imagery; 3) May Missions and Sensors; 4) What is Needed; 5) Things to Think About; 6) Global Land Remote Sensing in Landsat 7 Era; 7) Seasonality; 8) Cloud Contamination; 9) NRC Decadal Study; 10) Atmospheric Attenuation; 11) Geo-Registration; 12) Orthorectification Required; 13) Band Registration with OLI; and 14) Things to Do. A viewgraph presentation describing the future of land remote sensing and the new technologies needed for clear views of the Earth is shown. The contents include: 1) Viewing the Earth; 2) Multi-Imagery; 3) May Missions and Sensors; 4) What is Needed; 5) Things to Think About; 6) Global Land Remote Sensing in Landsat 7 Era; 7) Seasonality; 8) Cloud Contamination; 9) NRC Decadal Study; 10) Atmospheric Attenuation; 11) Geo-Registration; 12) Orthorectification Required; 13) Band Registration with OLI; and 14) Things to Do.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 8
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    AWiFS Radiometric Assessment (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: An assessment of the Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) is presented. The contents include: 1) Overview of AWiFS sensor; 2) Description of University of Arizona approach; 3) Description of South Dakota State approach and results; 4) Description of Stennis Space Center approach and results; 5) Summary of results for all groups.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 9
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    GeoEye(TradeMark) Corporate Overview (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation gives a corporate overview of GeoEye, the world's largest commercial remote sensing company. The contents include: 1) About GeoEye; 2) GeoEye Mission; 3) The Company; 4) Com,pany Summary; 5) U.S. Government Commitment; 6) GeoEye Constellation; 7) Other Imaging Resources; 8) OrbView-3 & OrbView-2; 9) OrbView-3 System Architecture; 10) OrbView-3; 11) OrbView-2; 12) IKONOS; 13) Largest Image Archive in the World; 14) GeoEye-1; 15) Best-In-Class Development Team; 16) Highest Performance Available in the Commercial Market; and 17) Key Themes
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 10
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    Cropland Classifications of Coincident TM and AWiFS Imagery (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Training and validation data is presented of approx. 100,000 acres fro about 200 randomly distributed area visits during the 2005 NASS Agricultural Survey.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 11
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    Radiometric Calibration Assessment of Commercial High Spatial Resolution Multispectral Image Products (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This paper describes the results of commercial high spatial resolution sensors. The topics include: 1) Reflectance-based approach; 2) U of A test sites; 3) Test Site Selection; 4) Resort Living; 5) Aerosol parameters; 6) Surface reflectance retrieval; 7) Accuracy/precision; 8) Data sets; 9) June 23, 2005 for Ikonos; 10) QuickBird Results; 11) Ikonos results; 12) Orbview results; 13) Ikonos redux; and 14) Overall results.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 12
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    Monitoring and Assuring the Quality of Digital Aerial Data (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation explains the USGS plan for monitoring and assuring the quality of digital aerial data. The contents include: 1) History of USGS Aerial Imaging Involvement; 2) USGS Research and Results; 3) Outline of USGS Quality Assurance Plan; 4) Other areas of Interest; and 5) Summary
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 13
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    Evaluating the Horizontal Accuracy of GeoEye OrbView-3 Orthorectified Products Over the Kaintuck Hollow, Missouri, Test Site (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Data collected and horizontal accuracy calculations of GeoEye OrbView-3 Orthorectified panchromatic imagery over the Kaintuch Hollow, Missouri test site is presented.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 14
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    The ASPRS Remote Sensing Industry Forecast: Phase II & III - Digital Sensor Compilation (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: In August 1999, ASPRS and NASA's (then) Commercial Remote Sensing Program (CRSP) entered into a 5-year Space Act Agreement (SAA), combining resources and expertise to: (a) Baseline the Remote Sensing Industry (RSI) based on GEIA Model; (b) Develop a 10-Year RSI market forecast and attendant processes; and (c) Provide improved information for decision makers.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 15
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    On-orbit Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) Measurements for IKONOS and QuickBird (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Point Spread Function is a method of evaluation the spatial resolution of an imaging system. It is also a measure of the spread of a single point of light. Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is a measure of the spatial frequency response. It is often calculated from th point spread function (PSF). System response at the Nyquist frequency (or 0.5 cycle/pixel) is often used as a figure of merit
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 16
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    OrbView-3 Technical Performance Evaluation 2005: OV-3 Specifications (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The product specifications, geolocation accuracy, methodology, and test and evaluation are presented for Orbview-3.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 17
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    Poly-Pattern Compressive Segmentation of ASTER Data for GIS (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Pattern-based segmentation of multi-band image data, such as ASTER, produces one-byte and two-byte approximate compressions. This is a dual segmentation consisting of nested coarser and finer level pattern mappings called poly-patterns. The coarser A-level version is structured for direct incorporation into geographic information systems in the manner of a raster map. GIs renderings of this A-level approximation are called pattern pictures which have the appearance of color enhanced images. The two-byte version consisting of thousands of B-level segments provides a capability for approximate restoration of the multi-band data in selected areas or entire scenes. Poly-patterns are especially useful for purposes of change detection and landscape analysis at multiple scales. The primary author has implemented the segmentation methodology in a public domain software suite.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 18
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    Assessing Hurricane Katrina Damage to the Mississippi Gulf Coast Using IKONOS Imagery (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Hurricane Katrina hit southwestern Mississippi on August 29, 2005, at 10 a.m. CDT as a category 3 event with storm surges up to approximately 9 m and sustained winds of approximately 120 mph. The hurricane ravaged several coastal towns, destroying or severely damaging hundreds of homes. Hurricand Katrina deposited millions of tons of debris and caused severe damage to coastal forests. In response, several Federal agencies have been using a broad range of remotely sensed data (e.g., IKONOS) to aid damage assessment and disaster recovery efforts. This presentation discusses an effort to use IKONOS data for damage assessment, based on data collected over southwestern coastal Mississippi on September 2, 2005.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 19
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    Radiometric Characterization Results for the IKONOS Sensor (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The radiometric characterization results of the IKONOS sensor is presented.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 20
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    Medium Spatial Resolution Satellite Characterization (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This project provides characterization and calibration of aerial and satellite systems in support of quality acquisition and understanding of remote sensing data, and verifies and validates the associated data products with respect to ground and and atmospheric truth so that accurate value-added science can be performed. The project also provides assessment of new remote sensing technologies.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 21
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    DigitalGlobe(TM) Incorporated Corporate and System Update (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation describes a system update of Quickbird, the world's highest resolution commercial imaging satellite, operated by DigitalGlobe (TM) Incorporated. A satellite comparison of Quickbird, WorldView-60, and WorldView-110 is also presented.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 22
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    Small Satellite Constellations: The Future for Operational Earth Observation (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Nanosat, microsat and minisat are low-cost, rapid-response small-satellites built from advanced terrestrial technology. SSTL delivers the benefits of affordable access to space through low-cost, rapid response, small satellites designed and built with state-of-the-art COTS technologies by: a) reducing the cost of entry into space; b) Achieving more missions within fixed budgets; c) making constellations and formation flying financially viable; d) responding rapidly from initial concept to orbital operation; and e) bringing the latest industrial COTS component advances to space. Growth has been stimulated in constellations for high temporal revisit&persistent monitoring and military responsive space assets.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 23
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    Land Remote Sensing Overview (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: A general overview of the USGS land remote sensing program is presented. The contents include: 1) Brief overview of USGS land remote sensing program; 2) Highlights of JACIE work at USGS; 3) Update on NASA/USGS Landsat Data Continuity Mission; and 4) Notes on alternative data sources.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 24
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    Spatial Resolution Characterization for Aerial Digital Imagery (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation reviews NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)'s analysis of spatial characterization resolution for Aerial Digital Imagery.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 25
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    Viability of NLCD Products From IRS-P6, And From Landsat 7 Scan-gap Data (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Landcover test on Salt Lake test site illustrates potential issues with AWiFS/LISS-III for classification of certain land cover classes (evergreen, shrub/scrub, woody wetlands, emergent wetlands). Canopy and impervious graphs of product differences from source indicate slightly lower overall accuracies (shorter peaks, wider bases) for AWiFS/LISS-III, compared to L5/L7. Inspection of individual products from canopy and impervious estimate tests revealed issues with combining AWifs quadrants, and similar but less severe effects with combining multiple dates of L7 scan gap data.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 26
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    Crop Acreage Estimation: Landsat TM and Resourcesat-1 AWiFS Sensor Assessment of the Mississippi River Delta, 2005 (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: AWiFs data are appropriate for crop acreage estimation over large, spectrally homogenous, crop areas such as the Mid-West, the Delta and the Northern Great Plains. Regression and Kappa statistics for soybean, corn, cotton, rice and sorghum produced using both the Landsat TM and AWiFS data are very similar. AWiFS data appear to be a suitable alternative or supplement to Landsat TM data for production of NASS'Cropland Data Layer product.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Emerging Techniques for Vicarious Calibration of Visible Through Short Wave Infrared Remote Sensing Systems (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Autonomous Visible to SWIR ground-based vicarious Cal/Val will be an essential Cal/Val component with such a large number of systems. Radiometrically calibrated spectroradiometers can improve confidence in current ground truth data through validation of radiometric modeling and validation or replacement of traditional sun photometer measurement. They also should enable significant reduction in deployed equipment such as equipment used in traditional sun photometer approaches. Simple, field-portable, white-light LED calibration source shows promise for visible range (420-750 nm). Prototype demonstrated 〈0.5% drift over 10-40 C temperature range. Additional complexity (more LEDs) will be necessary for extending spectral range into the NIR and SWIR. LED long lifetimes should produce at least several hundreds of hours or more of stability, minimizing the need for expensive calibrations and supporting long-duration field campaigns.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 28
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    Automated, per pixel Cloud Detection from High-Resolution VNIR Data (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: CASA is a fully automated software program for the per-pixel detection of clouds and cloud shadows from medium- (e.g., Landsat, SPOT, AWiFS) and high- (e.g., IKONOS, QuickBird, OrbView) resolution imagery without the use of thermal data. CASA is an object-based feature extraction program which utilizes a complex combination of spectral, spatial, and contextual information available in the imagery and the hierarchical self-learning logic for accurate detection of clouds and their shadows.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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  • 29
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    NOAA's Use of High-Resolution Imagery (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: NOAA's use of high-resolution imagery consists of: a) Shoreline mapping and nautical chart revision; b) Coastal land cover mapping; c) Benthic habitat mapping; d) Disaster response; and e) Imagery collection and support for coastal programs.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Correction to Method of Establishing the Absolute Radiometric Accuracy of Remote Sensing Systems While On-orbit Using Characterized Stellar Sources (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The contents include: 1) Brief history of related events; 2) Overview of original method used to establish absolute radiometric accuracy of remote sensing instruments using stellar sources; and 3) Considerations to improve the stellar calibration approach.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Radiometric Characterization Results for the OrbView-3 Sensor (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Orbview-3 Sensor calibration summaries from the year 2004-2005 is presented.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    OrbView-3 Technical Performance Evaluation 2005: Modulation Transfer Function (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The Technical performance evaluation of OrbView-3 using the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is presented. The contents include: 1) MTF Results and Methodology; 2) Radiometric Calibration Methodology; and 3) Relative Radiometric Assessment Results
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Application of High Resolution Multispectral Imagery for Levee Slide Detection and Monitoring (2007)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The objective is to develop methods to detect and monitor levee slides using commercially available high resolution multispectral imagery. High resolution multispectral imagery like IKONOS and QuickBird are suitable for detecting and monitoring levee slides. IKONOS is suitable for visual inspection, image classification and Tasseled Cap transform based slide detection. Tasseled Cap based model was found to be the best method for slide detection. QuickBird was suitable for visual inspection and image classification.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    NOAA's National Geodetic Survey Utilization of Aerial Sensors for Emergency Response Efforts (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Remote Sensing Division has a Coastal Mapping program and a Airport Survey program and research and development that support both programs. NOAA/NGS/RSD plans to acquire remotely sensed data to support the agency's homeland security and emergency response requirements.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    An Active Subglacial Water System in West Antarctica Mapped from Space (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Satellite laser altimeter elevation profiles from 2003 to 2006 collected over the lower parts of Whillans and Mercer ice streams, West Antarctica, reveal 14 regions of temporally varying elevation, which we interpret as the surface expression of subglacial water movement. Vertical motion and spatial extent of two of the largest regions are confirmed by satellite image differencing. A major, previously unknown subglacial lake near the grounding line of Whillans Ice Stream is obse~edto drain 2.0 cubic kilometers of water into the ocean over approx.3 years, while elsewhere a similar volume of water is being stored subglacially. These observations reveal a widespread, dynamic subglacial water system that may exert an important control on ice flow and mass balance.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); Volume 315; 1544-1548
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  • 36
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    Improving Land-Surface Model Hydrology: Is an Explicit Aquifer Model Better than a Deeper Soil Profile? (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Land surface models (LSMs) are computer programs, similar to weather and climate prediction models, which simulate the storage and movement of water (including soil moisture, snow, evaporation, and runoff) after it falls to the ground as precipitation. It is not currently possible to measure all of the variables of interest everywhere on Earth with sufficient accuracy. Hence LSMs have been developed to integrate the available information, including satellite observations, using powerful computers, in order to track water storage and redistribution. The maps are used to improve weather forecasts, support water resources and agricultural applications, and study the Earth's water cycle and climate variability. Recently, the models have begun to simulate groundwater storage. In this paper, we compare several possible approaches, and examine the pitfalls associated with trying to estimate aquifer parameters (such as porosity) that are required by the models. We find that explicit representation of groundwater, as opposed to the addition of deeper soil layers, considerably decreases the sensitivity of modeled terrestrial water storage to aquifer parameter choices. We also show that approximate knowledge of parameter values is not sufficient to guarantee realistic model performance: because interaction among parameters is significant, they must be prescribed as a harmonious set.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: To appear in Geophysical Research Letters
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    Remote Sensing of Terrestrial Snow and Ice for Global Change Studies (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Snow and ice play a significant role in the Earth's water cycle and are sensitive and informative indicators climate change. Significant changes in terrestrial snow and ice water storage are forecast, and while evidence of large-scale changes is emerging, in situ measurements alone are insufficient to help us understand and explain these changes. Imaging remote sensing systems are capable of successfully observing snow and ice in the cryosphere. This chapter examines how those remote sensing sensors, that now have more than 35 years of observation records, are capable of providing information about snow cover, snow water equivalent, snow melt, ice sheet temperature and ice sheet albedo. While significant progress has been made, especially in the last five years, a better understanding is required of the records of satellite observations of these cryospheric variables.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Time Series Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness Fields Estimated from MODIS Observations (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Most land surface models used today require estimates of aerodynamic roughness length in order to characterize momentum transfer between the surface and atmosphere. The most common method of prescribing roughness is through the use of empirical look-up tables based solely on land cover class. Theoretical approaches that employ satellite-based estimates of canopy density present an attractive alternative to current look-up table approaches based on vegetation cover type that do not account for within-class variability and are oftentimes simplistic with respect to temporal variability. The current research applies Raupach s formulation of momentum aerodynamic roughness to MODIS data on a regional scale in order to estimate seasonally variable roughness and zero-plane displacement height fields using bulk land cover parameters estimated by [Jasinski, M.F., Borak, J., Crago, R., 2005. Bulk surface momentum parameters for satellite-derived vegetation fields. Agric. For. Meteorol. 133, 55-68]. Results indicate promising advances over look-up approaches with respect to characterization of vegetation roughness variability in land surface and atmospheric circulation models.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (ISSN 0168-1923); Volume 135; 252-268
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  • 39
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    Muiti-Sensor Historical Climatology of Satellite-Derived Global Land Surface Moisture (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A historical climatology of continuous satellite derived global land surface soil moisture is being developed. The data set consists of surface soil moisture retrievals from observations of both historical and currently active satellite microwave sensors, including Nimbus-7 SMMR, DMSP SSM/I, TRMM TMI, and AQUA AMSR-E. The data sets span the period from November 1978 through the end of 2006. The soil moisture retrievals are made with the Land Parameter Retrieval Model, a physically-based model which was developed jointly by researchers from the above institutions. These data are significant in that they are the longest continuous data record of observational surface soil moisture at a global scale. Furthermore, while previous reports have intimated that higher frequency sensors such as on SSM/I are unable to provide meaningful information on soil moisture, our results indicate that these sensors do provide highly useful soil moisture data over significant parts of the globe, and especially in critical areas located within the Earth's many arid and semi-arid regions.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Analysis of Multi-Scale Radiometric Data Collected during the Cold Land Processes Experiment-1 (CLPX-1) (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Brightness temperature maps at 18.7 and 37 GHz collected at the Fraser and North Park Meso-Scale Areas during the Cold Land Processes Experiment by the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSWA) airborne sensor are analyzed. The Fraser site is mostly covered by forest with a typical snowpack depth of 1 m while North Park has no forest cover and is characterized by patches of shallow snow. We examine histograms of the brightness temperatures at 500 m resolution for both the Fraser and North Park areas. The histograms can be modelled by a log-normal distribution in the case of the Fraser MSA and by a bi-modal distribution in the case of the North Park MSA. The histograms of the brightness temperatures at coarser resolutions are also plotted to study the effects of sensor resolution on the shape of the distribution, on the values of the average brightness temperatures and standard deviations. Finally, the values of brightness temperatures obtained by re-sampling (aggregating) the data at 25 km resolution are compared with the values of the brightness temperatures collected by the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSMII) satellite radiometers. The results show that in both areas for sensor footprint larger than 5000 m, the brightness temperatures show a flat distribution and the memory of the initial distribution is lost. The values of the brightness temperatures measured by the satellite radiometers are in good agreement with the values obtained averaging the airborne data, even if some discrepancies occur.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    The Calibration and Characterization of Earth Remote Sensing and Environmental Monitoring Instruments (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The use of remote sensing instruments on orbiting satellite platforms in the study of Earth Science and environmental monitoring was officially inaugurated with the April 1, 1960 launch of the Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) [1]. The first TIROS accommodated two television cameras and operated for only 78 days. However, the TIROS program, in providing in excess of 22,000 pictures of the Earth, achieved its primary goal of providing Earth images from a satellite platform to aid in identifying and monitoring meteorological processes. This marked the beginning of what is now over four decades of Earth observations from satellite platforms. reflected and emitted radiation from the Earth using instruments on satellite platforms. These measurements are input to climate models, and the model results are analyzed in an effort to detect short and long-term changes and trends in the Earth's climate and environment, to identify the cause of those changes, and to predict or influence future changes. Examples of short-term climate change events include the periodic appearance of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the tropical Pacific Ocean [2] and the spectacular eruption of Mount Pinatubo on the Philippine island of Luzon in 1991. Examples of long term climate change events, which are more subtle to detect, include the destruction of coral reefs, the disappearance of glaciers, and global warming. Climatic variability can be both large and small scale and can be caused by natural or anthropogenic processes. The periodic El Nino event is an example of a natural process which induces significant climatic variability over a wide range of the Earth. A classic example of a large scale anthropogenic influence on climate is the well-documented rapid increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide occurring since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution [3]. An example of the study of a small-scale anthropogenic influence in climate variability is the Atlanta Land-use Analysis Temperature and Air-quality (ATLANTA) project [4]. This project has found that the replacement of trees and vegetation with concrete and asphalt in Atlanta, Georgia, and its environs has created a microclimate capable of producing wind and thunderstorms. A key objective of climate research is to be able to distinguish the natural versus human roles in climate change and to clearly communicate those findings to those who shape and direct environmental policy.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: The Practice of Optical Radiometry
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    Earth Observing System (EOS) Snow and Ice Products for Observation and Modeling (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Snow and ice are the key components of the Earth's cryosphere, and their influence on the Earth's energy balance is very significant due at least in part to the large areal extent and high albedo characterizing these features. Large changes in the cryosphere have been measured over the last century and especially over the past decade, and remote sensing plays a pivotal role in documenting these changes. Many of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) products derived from instruments on the Terra, Aqua, and Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) satellites are useful for measuring changes in features that are associated with climate change. The utility of the products is continually enhanced as the length of the time series increases. To gain a more coherent view of the cryosphere and its historical and recent changes, the EOS products may be employed together, in conjunction with other sources of data, and in models. To further this goal, the first EOS Snow and Ice Products Workshop was convened. The specific goals of the workshop were to provide current and prospective users of EOS snow and ice products up-to-date information on the products, their validation status and future enhancements, to help users utilize the data products through hands-on demonstrations, and to facilitate the integration of EOS products into models. Oral and poster sessions representing a wide variety of snow and ice topics were held; three panels were also convened to discuss workshop themes. Panel discussions focused on data fusion and assimilation of the products into models. Approximately 110 people attended, representing a wide array of interests and organizations in the cryospheric community.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Seasonal Snow Extent and Snow Mass in South America Using SMMR and SSM/I Passive Microwave Data (1979-2003) (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Seasonal snow cover in South America was examined in this study using passive microwave satellite data from the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-satellite and the Special Sensor Microwave Imagers (SSM/I) on board Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. For the period from 1979-2003, both snow cover extent and snow depth (snow mass) were investigated during coldest months (May-September), primarily in the Patagonia area of Argentina and in Chile. Most of the seasonal snow in South America is in the Patagonia region of Argentina. Since winter temperatures in this region are often above freezing, the coldest winter month was found to be the month having the most extensive snow cover and also usually the month having the deepest snow cover as well. Sharp year-to-year differences were recorded using the passive microwave observations. The average snow cover extent for July, the month with the greatest average snow extent during the 25-year period of record, is 320,700 km(exp 2). In July of 1984, the average monthly snow cover was 701,250 km(exp 2) - the most extensive coverage observed between 1979 and 2003. However, in July of 1989, snow cover extent was only 120 km(exp 2). The 25-year period of record shows a sinusoidal like pattern, though there appears to be no obvious trend in either increasing or decreasing snow extent or snow mass between 1979 and 2003.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Algorithm Development and Validation for Satellite-Derived Distributions of DOC and CDOM in the US Middle Atlantic Bight (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: In coastal ocean waters, distributions of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) vary seasonally and interannually due to multiple source inputs and removal processes. We conducted several oceanographic cruises within the continental margin of the U.S. Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB) to collect field measurements in order to develop algorithms to retrieve CDOM and DOC from NASA's MODIS-Aqua and SeaWiFS satellite sensors. In order to develop empirical algorithms for CDOM and DOC, we correlated the CDOM absorption coefficient (a(sub cdom)) with in situ radiometry (remote sensing reflectance, Rrs, band ratios) and then correlated DOC to Rrs band ratios through the CDOM to DOC relationships. Our validation analyses demonstrate successful retrieval of DOC and CDOM from coastal ocean waters using the MODIS-Aqua and SeaWiFS satellite sensors with mean absolute percent differences from field measurements of 〈 9 %for DOC, 20% for a(sub cdom)(355)1,6 % for a(sub cdom)(443), and 12% for the CDOM spectral slope. To our knowledge, the algorithms presented here represent the first validated algorithms for satellite retrieval of a(sub cdom) DOC, and CDOM spectral slope in the coastal ocean. The satellite-derived DOC and a(sub cdom) products demonstrate the seasonal net ecosystem production of DOC and photooxidation of CDOM from spring to fall. With accurate satellite retrievals of CDOM and DOC, we will be able to apply satellite observations to investigate interannual and decadal-scale variability in surface CDOM and DOC within continental margins and monitor impacts of climate change and anthropogenic activities on coastal ecosystems.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Cooling of the North Atlantic by Saharan Dust (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Using aerosol optical depth, sea surface temperature, top-of-the-atmosphere solar radiation flux, and oceanic mixed-layer depth from diverse data sources that include NASA satellites, NCEP reanalysis, in situ observations, as well as long-term dust records from Barbados, we examine the possible relationships between Saharan dust and Atlantic sea surface temperature. Results show that the estimated anomalous cooling pattern of the Atlantic during June 2006 relative to June 2005 due to attenuation of surface solar radiation by Saharan dust remarkably resemble observations, accounting for approximately 30-40% of the observed change in sea surface temperature. Historical data analysis show that there is a robust negative correlation between atmospheric dust loading and Atlantic SST consistent with the notion that increased (decreased) Saharan dust is associated with cooling (warming) of the Atlantic during the early hurricane season (July- August-September).
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    TRMM-TMI Satellite Observed Soil Moisture and Vegetation Density (1998-2005) Show Strong Connection with El Nino in Eastern Australia (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Spatiotemporal patterns in soil moisture and vegetation water content across mainland Australia were investigated from 1998 through 2005, using TRMMITMI passive microwave observations. The Empirical Orthogonal Function technique was used to extract dominant spatial and temporal patterns in retrieved estimates of moisture content for the top 1-cm of soil (theta) and vegetation moisture content (via optical depth tau). The dominant temporal theta and tau patterns were strongly correlated to El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in spring (3 = 0.90), and to a progressively lesser extent autumn, summer and winter. The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) index also explained part of the variation in spring 8 and z. Cluster analysis suggested that the regions most affected by ENS0 are mainly located in eastern Australia. The results suggest that the drought conditions experienced in eastern Australia since 2000 an clearly expressed in these satellite observations have a strong connection with ENSO patterns.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Submitted to Geophysical Research Letters (American Geophysical Union)
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    Eastern U.S. Continental Shelf Carbon Budget: Integrating Models,Data Assimilation, and Analysis (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The U.S. East Coast Continental Shelf (USECoS) project was initiated in 2004 with the overall goal of developing carbon budgets for Mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic regions of the eastern U.S. coast. We addressed this goal through a series of specific research questions that were designed to understand carbon inputs and fates in the two regions, dominant food web pathways for carbon cycling, and similarities/differences in carbon cycling in the two continental shelf systems. The USECoS project represents a major effort to simultaneously synthesize and integrate diverse data sets, field measurements, models, and modeling approaches. We expect that the type of approach taken here will result in more insight than would be possible if each component of the program moved forward independently. The primary significance of this project is in providing a strong quantitative basis for the development of future observational and modeling studies of carbon budgets of continental shelf systems. A strong aspect of the USECoS project is the integration of modeling and extensive physical, chemical, and biological data sets, which provides an opportunity for modeling and data analyses to inform one another from the outset. This research is particularly germane to NASA's carbon cycle research focus and coastal research initiative and the U.S. Climate Change Research Program, all of which support the goals of the North American Carbon Program. We highlight primary approaches that have been used, and some of the challenges and results that have come from interactions among our team of investigators. The global scale and interdisciplinary nature of the science questions that we now face in Earth Science are such that integrated teams of investigators are needed to address them.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: To be submitted to Oceanography.
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    Differential Radiometers Using Fabry-Perot Interferometric Technique for Remote Sensing of Greenhouse Gases (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A new type of remote sensing radiometer based upon the Fabry-Perot interferometric technique has been developed at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center and tested from both ground and aircraft platform. The sensor uses direct or reflected sunlight and has channels for measuring column concentration of carbon dioxide at 1570 nm, oxygen lines sensitive to pressure and temperature at 762 and 768 nm, and water vapor (940 nm). A solid Fabry-Perot etalon is used as a tunable narrow bandpass filter to restrict the measurement to the gas of interest's absorption bands. By adjusting the temperature of the etalon, which changes the index of refraction of its material, the transmission fringes can be brought into nearly exact correspondence with absorption lines of the particular species. With this alignment between absorption lines and fringes, changes in the amount of a species in the atmosphere strongly affect the amount of light transmitted by the etalon and can be related to gas concentration. The technique is applicable to different chemical species. We have performed simulations and instrument design studies for CH4, "Cot isotope, and CO detection. Index Terms- Absorbing media, Atmospheric measurements, Fabry-Perot interferometers, Optical interferometry, Remote sensing.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Bulk Surface Momentum Parameters for Satellite-Derived Vegetation Fields (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The bulk aerodynamic parameters associated with the absorption of surface momentum by vegetated landscapes are theoretically estimated within the context of Raupach's roughness sublayer formulation. The parameters include the bulk plant drag coefficient, maximum u*/U(sub h), sheltering coefficient, and canopy area density at onset of sheltering. Parameters are estimated for the four principal IGBP land cover classes within the U.S. Southern Great Plains: evergreen needleleaf forests, grasslands, croplands, and open shrublands. The estimation approach applies the Method of Moments to roughness data from several international field experiments and other published sources. The results provide the necessary land surface parameters for satellite-based estimation of momentum aerodynamic roughness length and zero-plane displacement height for seasonally variable vegetation fields employed in most terrestrial and atmospheric simulation models used today. Construction of sample displacement and roughness maps over the Southern United States using MODIS land products demonstrates the potential of this approach for regional to global applications.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (ISSN 0168-1923); Volume 133; 55-68
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    Global Aerosol Optical Models and Lookup Tables for the New MODIS Aerosol Retrieval over Land (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Since 2000, MODIS has been deriving aerosol properties over land from MODIS observed spectral reflectance, by matching the observed reflectance with that simulated for selected aerosol optical models, aerosol loadings, wavelengths and geometrical conditions (that are contained in a lookup table or 'LUT'). Validation exercises have showed that MODIS tends to under-predict aerosol optical depth (tau) in cases of large tau (tau greater than 1.0), signaling errors in the assumed aerosol optical properties. Using the climatology of almucantur retrievals from the hundreds of global AERONET sunphotometer sites, we found that three spherical-derived models (describing fine-sized dominated aerosol), and one spheroid-derived model (describing coarse-sized dominated aerosol, presumably dust) generally described the range of observed global aerosol properties. The fine dominated models were separated mainly by their single scattering albedo (omega(sub 0)), ranging from non-absorbing aerosol (omega(sub 0) approx. 0.95) in developed urban/industrial regions, to neutrally absorbing aerosol (omega(sub 0) approx.90) in forest fire burning and developing industrial regions, to absorbing aerosol (omega(sub 0) approx. 0.85) in regions of savanna/grassland burning. We determined the dominant model type in each region and season, to create a 1 deg. x 1 deg. grid of assumed aerosol type. We used vector radiative transfer code to create a new LUT, simulating the four aerosol models, in four MODIS channels. Independent AERONET observations of spectral tau agree with the new models, indicating that the new models are suitable for use by the MODIS aerosol retrieval.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Comparison of Measurements and FluorMOD Simulations for Solar Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Reflectance of a Corn Crop under Nitrogen Treatments [SIF and Reflectance for Corn] (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The FLuorescence Explorer (FLEX) satellite concept is one of six semifinalist mission proposals selected in 2006 for pre-Phase studies by the European Space Agency (ESA). The FLEX concept proposes to measure passive solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) of terrestrial ecosystems. A new spectral vegetation Fluorescence Model (FluorMOD) was developed to include the effects of steady state SIF on canopy reflectance. We used our laboratory and field measurements previously acquired from foliage and canopies of corn (Zea mays L.) under controlled nitrogen (N) fertilization to parameterize and evaluate FluorMOD. Our data included biophysical properties, fluorescence (F) and reflectance spectra for leaves; reflectance spectra of canopies and soil; solar irradiance; plot-level leaf area index; and canopy SIF emissions determined using the Fraunhofer Line Depth principal for the atmospheric telluric oxygen absorption features at 688 nm (O2-beta) and 760 nm (O2-alpha). FluorMOD simulations implemented in the default "look-up-table" mode did not reproduce the observed magnitudes of leaf F, canopy SIF, or canopy reflectance. However, simulations for all of these parameters agreed with observations when the default FluorMOD information was replaced with measurements, although N treatment responses were underestimated. Recommendations were provided to enhance FluorMOD's potential utility in support of SIF field experiments and studies of agriculture and ecosystems.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Mass Changes of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets and Shelves and Contributions to Sea-level Rise: 1992-2002 (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Changes in ice mass are estimated from elevation changes derived from 10.5 years (Greenland) and 9 years (Antarctica) of satellite radar altimetry data from the European Remote-sensing Satellites ERS-1 and -2. For the first time, the dH/dt values are adjusted for changes in surface elevation resulting from temperature-driven variations in the rate of fun compaction. The Greenland ice sheet is thinning at the margins (-42 plus or minus 2 Gta(sup -1) below the equilibrium line altitude (ELA)) and growing inland (+53 plus or minus 2 Gt a(sup -1)above the ELA) with a small overall mass gain (+11 plus or minus 3 Gt a(sup -1); -0.03 mm a(sup -1) SLE (sea level equivalent)). The ice sheet in West Antarctica (WA) is losing mass (-47 (dot) 4 GT a(sup -1) and the ice sheet in East Antarctica (EA) shows a small mass gain (+16 plus or minus 11 Gt a(sup -1) for a combined net change of -31 plus or minus 12 Gt a(sup -1) (+0.08 mm a(sup -1) SLE)). The contribution of the three ice sheets to sea level is +0.05 plus or minus 0.03 mm a(sup -1). The Antarctic ice shelves show corresponding mass changes of -95 (dot) 11 Gt a(sup -1) in WA and +142 plus or minus 10 Gt a(sup -1) in EA. Thinning at the margins of the Greenland ice sheet and growth at higher elevations is an expected response to increasing temperatures and precipitation in a warming climate. The marked thinnings in the Pine Island and Thwaites Glacier basins of WA and the Totten Glacier basin in EA are probably ice-dynamic responses to long-term climate change and perhaps past removal of their adjacent ice shelves. The ice growth in the southern Antarctic Peninsula and parts of EA may be due to increasing precipitation during the last century.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Journal of Glaciology; Volume 51; No. 175; 509-527
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    The Flora Mission for Ecosystem Composition, Disturbance and Productivity (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Global land use and climate variability alter ecosystem conditions - including structure, function, and biological diversity - at a pace that requires unambiguous observations from satellite vantage points. Current global measurements are limited to general land cover, some disturbances, vegetation leaf area index, and canopy energy absorption. Flora is a pathfinding mission that provides new measurements of ecosystem structure, function, and diversity to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics of human and natural disturbances, and the biogeochemical and physiological responses of ecosystems to disturbance. The mission relies upon high-fidelity imaging spectroscopy to deliver full optical spectrum measurements (400-2500 nm) of the global land surface on a monthly time step at 45 meter spatial resolution for three years. The Flora measurement objectives are: (i) fractional cover of biological materials, (ii) canopy water content, (iii) vegetation pigments and light-use efficiency, (iv) plant functional types, (v) fire fuel load and fuel moisture content, and (vi) disturbance occurrence, type and intensity. These measurements are made using a multi-parameter, spectroscopic analysis approach afforded by observation of the full optical spectrum. Combining these measurements, along with additional observations from multispectral sensors, Flora will far advance global studies and models of ecosystem dynamics and change.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    EOS Microwave Limb Sounder Observations of the Antarctic Polar Vortex Breakup in 2004 (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Observations from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on NASA's new Aura satellite give an unprecedentedly detailed picture of the spring Antarctic polar vortex breakup throughout the stratosphere. HCl is a particularly valuable tracer in the lower stratosphere after chlorine deactivation. MLS HCl, N2O, H2O broke up in the upper stratosphere by early October, in the midstratosphere by early November, and in the lower stratosphere by late December. The subvortex broke up just a few days later than the lower stratospheric vortex. Vortex remnants persisted in the midstratosphere through December, but only through early January 2005 in the lower stratosphere. MLS N2O observations show diabatic descent continuing throughout November, with evidence of weak ascent after late October in the lower stratospheric vortex core.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Operational Use of Remote Sensing within USDA (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: A viewgraph presentation of remote sensing imagery within the USDA is shown. USDA Aerial Photography, Digital Sensors, Hurricane imagery, Remote Sensing Sources, Satellites used by Foreign Agricultural Service, Landsat Acquisitions, and Aerial Acquisitions are also shown.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Access and Availability of Resourcesat-1 AWiFS Data for Agriculture (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: AWiFS data has elements for successful applications in agriculture. Low prices, rapid delivery, aquisition planning, and global coverage.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Accuracy Analysis on Large Blocks of High Resolution Images (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Although high altitude frequencies effects are removed at the time of basic image generation, low altitude (Yaw) effects are still present in form of affinity/angular affinity. They are effectively removed by additional parameters. Bundle block adjustment based on properly weighted ephemeris/altitude quaternions (BBABEQ) are not enough to remove the systematic effect. Moreover, due to the narrow FOV of the HRSI, position and altitude are highly correlated making it almost impossible to separate and remove their systematic effects without extending the geometric model (Self-Calib.) The systematic effects gets evident on the increase of accuracy (in terms of RMSE at GCPs) for looser and relaxed ground control at the expense of large and strong block deformation with large residuals at check points. Systematic errors are most freely distributed and their effects propagated all over the block.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Geolocation Accuracy Evaluations of OrbView-3, EROS-A, and SPOT-5 Imagery (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation evaluates absolute geolocation accuracy of OrbView-3, EROS-A, and SPOT-5 by comparing test imagery-derived ground coordinates to Ground Control Points using SOCET set photogrammetric software.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    NGA Commercial Imagery Overview (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: A general overview of The National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGA) Commercial Imagery is presented.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    High Quality - High Resolution, Rapid Revisit Wide Area Coverage EO Data Service (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: DMC data is actively used in a wide range of international commercial and government applications that benefit from the combination of high resolution, rapid revisit, spectral bands and coverage.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Policy Document on Earth Observation for Urban Planning and Management: State of the Art and Recommendations for Application of Earth Observation in Urban Planning (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: A policy document on earth observation for urban planning and management resulting from a workshop held in Hong Kong in November 2006 is presented. The aim of the workshop was to provide a forum for researchers and scientists specializing in earth observation to interact with practitioners working in different aspects of city planning, in a complex and dynamic city, Hong Kong. A summary of the current state of the art, limitations, and recommendations for the use of earth observation in urban areas is presented here as a policy document.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Methods for Characterizing Fine Particulate Matter Using Satellite Remote-Sensing Data and Ground Observations: Potential Use for Environmental Public Health Surveillance (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This study describes and demonstrates different techniques for surfacing daily environmental / hazards data of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) for the purpose of integrating respiratory health and environmental data for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC s) pilot study of Health and Environment Linked for Information Exchange (HELIX)-Atlanta. It described a methodology for estimating ground-level continuous PM2.5 concentrations using B-Spline and inverse distance weighting (IDW) surfacing techniques and leveraging National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) data to complement The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ground observation data. The study used measurements of ambient PM2.5 from the EPA database for the year 2003 as well as PM2.5 estimates derived from NASA s satellite data. Hazard data have been processed to derive the surrogate exposure PM2.5 estimates. The paper has shown that merging MODIS remote sensing data with surface observations of PM2.5 not only provides a more complete daily representation of PM2.5 than either data set alone would allow, but it also reduces the errors in the PM2.5 estimated surfaces. The results of this paper have shown that the daily IDW PM2.5 surfaces had smaller errors, with respect to observations, than those of the B-Spline surfaces in the year studied. However the IDW mean annual composite surface had more numerical artifacts, which could be due to the interpolating nature of the IDW that assumes that the maxima and minima can occur only at the observation points. Finally, the methods discussed in this paper improve temporal and spatial resolutions and establish a foundation for environmental public health linkage and association studies for which determining the concentrations of an environmental hazard such as PM2.5 with good accuracy levels is critical.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Aquarius: An Instrument to Monitor Sea Surface Salinity from Space (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Aquarius is a combined passive/active L-band microwave instrument that is being developed to map the salinity field at the surface of the ocean from space. The data will support studies of the coupling between ocean circulation, global water cycle, and climate. Aquarius is part of the Aquarius/SAC-D mission, which is a partnership between the U.S. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and Argentina (CONAE). The primary science objective of this mission is to monitor the seasonal and interannual variation of the large-scale features of the surface salinity field in the open ocean with a spatial resolution of 150 km and a retrieval accuracy of 0.2 psu globally on a monthly basis.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); Volume 45; No. 7; 2040-2050
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    Evaluation of Ten Methods for Initializing a Land Surface Model (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Land surface models (LSMs) are computer programs, similar to weather and climate prediction models, which simulate the stocks and fluxes of water (including soil moisture, snow, evaporation, and runoff) and energy (including the temperature of and sensible heat released from the soil) after they arrive on the land surface as precipitation and sunlight. It is not currently possible to measure all of the variables of interest everywhere on Earth with sufficient accuracy and space-time resolution. Hence LSMs have been developed to integrate the available observations with our understanding of the physical processes involved, using powerful computers, in order to map these stocks and fluxes as they change in time. The maps are used to improve weather forecasts, support water resources and agricultural applications, and study the Earth"s water cycle and climate variability. NASA"s Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) project facilitates testing of several different LSMs with a variety of input datasets (e.g., precipitation, plant type).
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Global Biomass Variation and its Geodynamic Effects, 1982-1998 (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Redistribution of mass near Earth's surface alters its rotation, gravity field, and geocenter location. Advanced techniques for measuring these geodetic variations now exist, but the ability to attribute the observed modes to individual Earth system processes has been hampered by a shortage of reliable global data on such processes, especially hydrospheric processes. To address one aspect of this deficiency, 17 yrs of monthly, global maps of vegetation biomass were produced by applying field-based relationships to satellite-derived vegetation type and leaf area index. The seasonal variability of biomass was estimated to be as large as 5 kg m(exp -2). Of this amount, approximately 4 kg m(exp -2) is due to vegetation water storage variations. The time series of maps was used to compute geodetic anomalies, which were then compared with existing geodetic observations as well as the estimated measurement sensitivity of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). For gravity, the seasonal amplitude of biomass variations may be just within GRACE'S limits of detectability, but it is still an order of magnitude smaller than current observation uncertainty using the satellite-laser-ranging technique. The contribution of total biomass variations to seasonal polar motion amplitude is detectable in today's measurement, but it is obscured by contributions from various other sources, some of which are two orders of magnitude larger. The influence on the length of day is below current limits of detectability. Although the nonseasonal geodynamic signals show clear interannual variability, they are too small to be detected.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Earth Interactions; Volume 9; Paper No. 2; 1-19
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    FY04 IRAD-funded GSFC Lambda Network (L-Net) Web Pages and Related Presentations (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: This presentation discusses the advances in Networking Technology combining the Global Lambda Integrated Facility (GLIF) cooperation with the National Lambda Rail (NLR) implementation. It also focuses on New NASA science needing Gigbit per second networks (Gbps) with coordinated Earth Observing Program, hurricane predictions, global aerosols, remote viewing and manipulation of large Earth Science Data Sets, integration of laser and radar topographic data with land cover data.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Aerosol Source Plume Physical Characteristics from Space-based Multiangle Imaging (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Models that assess aerosol effects on regional air quality and global climate parameterize aerosol sources in terms of amount, type, and injection height. The multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) aboard NASA's Terra satellite retrieves total column aerosol optical thickness (AOT), and aerosol type over cloud-free land and water. A stereo-matching algorithm automatically retrieves reflecting-layer altitude wherever clouds or aerosol plumes have discernable spatial contrast, with about 500-m accuracy, at 1.1-km horizontal resolution. Near-source biomass burning smoke, volcanic effluent, and desert dust plumes are observed routinely, providing information about aerosol amount, particle type, and injection height useful for modeling applications. Compared to background aerosols, the plumes sampled have higher AOT, contain particles having expected differences in Angstrom exponent, size, single-scattering albedo, and for volcanic plume and dust cloud cases, particle shape. As basic thermodynamics predicts, thin aerosol plumes lifted only by regional winds or less intense heat sources are confined to the boundary layer. However, when sources have sufficient buoyancy, the representative plumes studied tend to concentrate within discrete, high-elevation layers of local stability; the aerosol is not uniformly distributed up to a peak altitude, as is sometimes assumed in modeling. MISR-derived plume heights, along with meteorological profile data from other sources, make it possible to relate radiant energy flux observed by the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), also aboard the Terra spacecraft, to convective heat flux that plays a major role in buoyant plume dynamics. A MISR climatology of plume behavior based on these results is being developed.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 112
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    Global Survey and Statistics of Radio-Frequency Interference in AMSR-E Land Observations (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Radio-frequency interference (RFI) is an increasingly serious problem for passive and active microwave sensing of the Earth. To satisfy their measurement objectives, many spaceborne passive sensors must operate in unprotected bands, and future sensors may also need to operate in unprotected bands. Data from these sensors are likely to be increasingly contaminated by RFI as the spectrum becomes more crowded. In a previous paper we reported on a preliminary investigation of RFI observed over the United States in the 6.9-GHz channels of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) on the Earth Observing System Aqua satellite. Here, we extend the analysis to an investigation of RFI in the 6.9- and 10.7-GHz AMSR-E channels over the global land domain and for a one-year observation period. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the RFI are examined by the use of spectral indices. The observed RFI at 6.9 GHz is most densely concentrated in the United States, Japan, and the Middle East, and is sparser in Europe, while at 10.7 GHz the RFI is concentrated mostly in England, Italy, and Japan. Classification of RFI using means and standard deviations of the spectral indices is effective in identifying strong RFI. In many cases, however, it is difficult, using these indices, to distinguish weak RFI from natural geophysical variability. Geophysical retrievals using RFI-filtered data may therefore contain residual errors due to weak RFI. More robust radiometer designs and continued efforts to protect spectrum allocations will be needed in future to ensure the viability of spaceborne passive microwave sensing.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: IEEE Transactions On Geoscience and Remote Sensing; Volume 43; No. 5; 938-947
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    Distribution of Aboveground Live Biomass in the Amazon Basin (2007)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The amount and spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon basin is a major source of uncertainty in estimating the flux of carbon released from land-cover and land-use change. Direct measurements of aboveground live biomass (AGLB) are limited to small areas of forest inventory plots and site-specific allometric equations that cannot be readily generalized for the entire basin. Furthermore, there is no spaceborne remote sensing instrument that can measure tropical forest biomass directly. To determine the spatial distribution of forest biomass of the Amazon basin, we report a method based on remote sensing metrics representing various forest structural parameters and environmental variables, and more than 500 plot measurements of forest biomass distributed over the basin. A decision tree approach was used to develop the spatial distribution of AGLB for seven distinct biomass classes of lowland old-growth forests with more than 80% accuracy. AGLB for other vegetation types, such as the woody and herbaceous savanna and secondary forests, was directly estimated with a regression based on satellite data. Results show that AGLB is highest in Central Amazonia and in regions to the east and north, including the Guyanas. Biomass is generally above 300Mgha(sup 1) here except in areas of intense logging or open floodplains. In Western Amazonia, from the lowlands of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia to the Andean mountains, biomass ranges from 150 to 300Mgha(sup 1). Most transitional and seasonal forests at the southern and northwestern edges of the basin have biomass ranging from 100 to 200Mgha(sup 1). The AGLB distribution has a significant correlation with the length of the dry season. We estimate that the total carbon in forest biomass of the Amazon basin, including the dead and below ground biomass, is 86 PgC with +/- 20% uncertainty.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Global Change Biology; Volume 13; No. 4; 816-837
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    The Impacts of Bowtie Effect and View Angle Discontinuity on MODIS Swath Data Gridding (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We have analyzed two effects of the MODIS viewing geometry on the quality of gridded imagery. First, the fact that the MODIS scans a swath of the Earth 10 km wide at nadir, causes abrupt change of the view azimuth angle at the boundary of adjacent scans. This discontinuity appears as striping of the image clearly visible in certain cases with viewing geometry close to principle plane over the snow of the glint area of water. The striping is a true surface Bi-directional Reflectance Factor (BRF) effect and should be preserved during gridding. Second, due to bowtie effect, the observations in adjacent scans overlap each other. Commonly used method of calculating grid cell value by averaging all overlapping observations may result in smearing of the image. This paper describes a refined gridding algorithm that takes the above two effects into account. By calculating the grid cell value by averaging the overlapping observations from a single scan, the new algorithm preserves the measured BRF signal and enhances sharpness of the image.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Physical and Radiative Characteristics and Long Term Variability of the Okhotsk Sea Ice Cover (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Much of what we know about the large scale characteristics of the Okhotsk Sea ice cover comes from ice concentration maps derived from passive microwave data. To understand what these satellite data represents in a highly divergent and rapidly changing environment like the Okhotsk Sea, we analyzed concurrent satellite, aircraft, and ship data and characterized the sea ice cover at different scales from meters to tens of kilometers. Through comparative analysis of surface features using co-registered data from visible, infrared and microwave channels we evaluated how the general radiative and physical characteristics of the ice cover changes as well as quantify the distribution of different ice types in the region. Ice concentration maps from AMSR-E using the standard sets of channels, and also only the 89 GHz channel for optimal resolution, are compared with aircraft and high resolution visible data and while the standard set provides consistent results, the 89 GHz provides the means to observe mesoscale patterns and some unique features of the ice cover. Analysis of MODIS data reveals that thick ice types represents about 37% of the ice cover indicating that young and new ice represent a large fraction of the lice cover that averages about 90% ice concentration, according to passive microwave data. A rapid decline of -9% and -12 % per decade is observed suggesting warming signals but further studies are required because of aforementioned characteristics and because the length of the ice season is decreasing by only 2 to 4 days per decade.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Laboratory-Based BRDF Calibration of Radiometric Tarps (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The current study provides the remote sensing community with important high accuracy laboratory-based BRDF calibration of radiometric tarps. The results illustrate the dependence of tarps' weft and warp threads orientation on BRDF. The study was done at incident angles of 0deg, 10deg, and 30deg; scatter zenith angles from 0deg to 60deg, and scatter azimuth angles of 0deg, 45deg, 90deg, 135deg, and 180deg. The wavelengths were 485nm, 550nm, 633nm and 800nm. The dependence is well defined at all measurement geometries and wavelengths. It can be as high as 8% at 0deg incident angle and 2% at 30deg incident angle. The fitted BRDF data show a very small discrepancy from the measured ones. New data on the forward and backscatter properties of radiometric tarps is reported. The backward scatter is well pronounced for the white samples. The black sample has well pronounced forward scatter. The BRDF characterization of radiometric tarps can be successfully extended to other structured surface fabric samples. The results are NIST traceable.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Initial Performance Assessment of CALIOP (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP, pronounced the same as "calliope") is a spaceborne two-wavelength polarizatio n lidar that has been acquiring global data since June 2006. CALIOP p rovides high resolution vertical profiles of clouds and aerosols, and has been designed with a very large linear dynamic range to encompas s the full range of signal returns from aerosols and clouds. CALIOP is the primary instrument carried by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrar ed Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite, which was l aunched on April, 28 2006. CALIPSO was developed within the framework of a collaboration between NASA and the French space agency, CNES. I nitial data analysis and validation intercomparisons indicate the qua lity of data from CALIOP meets or exceeds expectations. This paper presents a description of the CALIPSO mission, the CALIOP instrument, an d an initial assessment of on-orbit measurement performance.
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    Soil Moisture Retrieval During a Corn Growth Cycle using L-band (1.6 GHz) Radar Observations (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: New opportunities for large-scale soil moisture monitoring will emerge with the launch of two low frequency (L-band 1.4 GHz) radiometers: the Aquarius mission in 2009 and the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission in 2008. Soil moisture is an important land surface variable affecting water and heat exchanges between atmosphere, land surface and deeper ground water reservoirs. The data products from these sensors provide valuable information in a range of climate and hydrologic applications (e.g., nume~cal weather prediction, drought monitoring, flood forecasting, water resources management, etc.). This paper describes a unique data set that was collected during a field campaign at OPE^ (Optimizing Production Inputs for Economic and Environmental Enhancements) site in Beltsville, Maryland throughout the eompj2ete corn growing in 2002. This investigation describes a simple methodology to correct active microwave observations for vegetation effects, which could potentially be implemented in a global soil moisture monitoring algorithm. The methodology has been applied to radar observation collected during the entire corn growth season and validation against ground measurements showed that the top 5-cm soil moisture can be retrieved with an accuracy up to 0.033 [cu cm/cu cm] depending on the sensing configuration.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    A First Approach to Global Runoff Simulation using Satellite Rainfall Estimation (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Many hydrological models have been introduced in the hydrological literature to predict runoff but few of these have become common planning or decision-making tools, either because the data requirements are substantial or because the modeling processes are too complicated for operational application. On the other hand, progress in regional or global rainfall-runoff simulation has been constrained by the difficulty of measuring spatiotemporal variability of the primary causative factor, i.e. rainfall fluxes, continuously over space and time. Building on progress in remote sensing technology, researchers have improved the accuracy, coverage, and resolution of rainfall estimates by combining imagery from infrared, passive microwave, and space-borne radar sensors. Motivated by the recent increasing availability of global remote sensing data for estimating precipitation and describing land surface characteristics, this note reports a ballpark assessment of quasi-global runoff computed by incorporating satellite rainfall data and other remote sensing products in a relatively simple rainfall-runoff simulation approach: the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) runoff Curve Number (CN) method. Using an Antecedent Precipitation Index (API) as a proxy of antecedent moisture conditions, this note estimates time-varying NRCS-CN values determined by the 5-day normalized API. Driven by multi-year (1998-2006) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis, quasi-global runoff was retrospectively simulated with the NRCS-CN method and compared to Global Runoff Data Centre data at global and catchment scales. Results demonstrated the potential for using this simple method when diagnosing runoff values from satellite rainfall for the globe and for medium to large river basins. This work was done with the simple NRCS-CN method as a first-cut approach to understanding the challenges that lie ahead in advancing the satellite-based inference of global runoff. We expect that the successes and limitations revealed in this study will lay the basis for applying more advanced methods to capture the dynamic variability of the global hydrologic process for global runoff monlto~ngin real time. The essential ingredient in this work is the use of global satellite-based rainfall estimation.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Arctic Sea Ice Parameters from AMSR-E Data using Two Techniques, and Comparisons with Sea Ice from SSM (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: We use two algorithms to process AMSR-E data in order to determine algorithm dependence, if any, on the estimates of sea ice concentration, ice extent and area, and trends and to evaluate how AMSR-E data compare with historical SSM/I data. The monthly ice concentrations derived from the two algorithms from AMSR-E data (the AMSR-E Bootstrap Algorithm, or ABA, and the enhanced NASA Team algorithm, or NT2) differ on average by about 1 to 3%, with data from the consolidated ice region being generally comparable for ABA and NT2 retrievals while data in the marginal ice zones and thin ice regions show higher values when the NT2 algorithm is used. The ice extents and areas derived separately from AMSR-E using these two algorithms are, however, in good agreement, with the differences (ABA-NT2) being about 6.6 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers on average for ice extents and -6.6 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers for ice area which are small compared to mean seasonal values of 10.5 x 10(exp 6) and 9.8 x 10(exp 6) for ice extent and area: respectively. Likewise, extents and areas derived from the same algorithm but from AMSR-E and SSM/I data are consistent but differ by about -24.4 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers and -13.9 x 10(exp 4) square kilometers, respectively. The discrepancies are larger with the estimates of extents than area mainly because of differences in channel selection and sensor resolutions. Trends in extent during the AMSR-E era were also estimated and results from all three data sets are shown to be in good agreement (within errors).
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    Partitioning Evapotranspiration in Semiarid Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems Using Diurnal Surface Temperature Variation (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The encroachment of woody plants in grasslands across the Western U.S. will affect soil water availability by altering the contributions of evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) to total evapotranspiration (ET). To study this phenomenon, a network of flux stations is in place to measure ET in grass- and shrub-dominated ecosystems throughout the Western U.S. A method is described and tested here to partition the daily measurements of ET into E and T based on diurnal surface temperature variations of the soil and standard energy balance theory. The difference between the mid-afternoon and pre-dawn soil surface temperature, termed Apparent Thermal Inertia (I(sub A)), was used to identify days when E was negligible, and thus, ET=T. For other days, a three-step procedure based on energy balance equations was used to estimate Qe contributions of daily E and T to total daily ET. The method was tested at Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southeast Arizona based on Bowen ratio estimates of ET and continuous measurements of surface temperature with an infrared thermometer (IRT) from 2004- 2005, and a second dataset of Bowen ratio, IRT and stem-flow gage measurements in 2003. Results showed that reasonable estimates of daily T were obtained for a multi-year period with ease of operation and minimal cost. With known season-long daily T, E and ET, it is possible to determine the soil water availability associated with grass- and shrub-dominated sites and better understand the hydrologic impact of regional woody plant encroachment.
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    Contribution of Chlorophyll Fluorescence to the Apparent Reflectance of Vegetation (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Current strategies for monitoring the physiologic status of terrestrial vegetation rely on remote sensing reflectance (R) measurements, whi ch provide estimates of relative vegetation vigor based primarily on chlorophyll content. Vegetation chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) offers a non-destructive alternative and a more direct approach for diagnosis of vegetation stress before a significant reduction in chlorophyll content has occurred. Thus, monitoring of vegetation vigor based on CF may allow earlier stress detection and more accurate carbon sequestra tion estimates, than is possible using R data alone. However, the observed apparent vegetation reflectance (Ra) in reality includes contrib utions from both the reflected and fluoresced radiation. The aim of t his study is to determine the relative R and CF fractions contributing to Ra from the vegetation in the red to near-infrared region of the spectrum. The practical objectives of the study are to: 1) evaluate t he relationship between CF and R at the foliar level for corn, soybean, maple; and 2) for corn, determine if the relationship established f or healthy (optimal N) vegetation changes under N defiiency. To obtai n generally applicable results, experimental measurements were conducted on unrelated crop and tree species (maple, soybean and corn), unde r controlled conditions and a gradient of inorganic N fertilization l evels. Optical R spectra and actively induced CF emissions were obtained on the same foliar samples, in conjunction with measurements of p hotosynthetic function, pigment levels, and C and N content. The comm on spectral trends or similarities were examined. On average, 10-20% of apparent R at 685 nm was actually due to CF. The spectral trends in steady and maximum F varied significantly, with Fs (especially red) showing higher ability for species and treatment separation. The relative contribution of ChF to R varied significantly among species, with maple emitting much higher F amounts, as compared to corn and soybea n. Fs individual red and far-red bands and their ratio exhibited consistent species separations. For corn, the relative CF fraction increased in concert with the nutrient stress levels from 〈2% for non-stressed foliage to 〉7% for severely nutrient deficient plants. F685s provide d optimal treatment separation. This study confirms the trends in F68 5sE740s associated with N deficiency and vegetation stress, established usmg single narrow band excitation.
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    Thin Sea-Ice Thickness as Inferred from Passive Microwave and In Situ Observations (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Since microwave radiometric signals from sea-ice strongly reflect physical conditions of a layer near the ice surface, a relationship of brightness temperature with thickness is possible especially during the early stages of ice growth. Sea ice is most saline during formation stage and as the salinity decreases with time while at the same time the thickness of the sea ice increases, a corresponding change in the dielectric properties and hence the brightness temperature may occur. This study examines the extent to which the relationships of thickness with brightness temperature (and with emissivity) hold for thin sea-ice, approximately less than 0.2 -0.3 m, using near concurrent measurements of sea-ice thickness in the Sea of Okhotsk from a ship and passive microwave brightness temperature data from an over-flying aircraft. The results show that the brightness temperature and emissivity increase with ice thickness for the frequency range of 10-37 GHz. The relationship is more pronounced at lower frequencies and at the horizontal polarization. We also established an empirical relationship between ice thickness and salinity in the layer near the ice surface from a field experiment, which qualitatively support the idea that changes in the near-surface brine characteristics contribute to the observed thickness-brightness temperature/emissivity relationship. Our results suggest that for thin ice, passive microwave radiometric signals contain, ice thickness information which can be utilized in polar process studies.
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    Phytoplankton in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas: Distributions, Dynamics and Environmental Forcing (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Time-series of remotely sensed distributions of phytoplankton, sea ice, surface temperature, albedo, and clouds were examined to evaluate the impact of the variability of environmental conditions and physical forcing on the phytoplankton distribution in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. Large-scale distributions of these parameters were studied for the first time using weekly and monthly composites from April 1998 through September 2002. The basic data set used in this study are phytoplankton pigment concentration derived from the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS), ice concentration obtained from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and surface temperature, cloud cover, and albedo derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Seasonal variations of the sea ice cover was observed to be the dominant environmental factor as the ice edge blooms followed the retreating marginal ice zones northward. Blooms were most prominent in the southwestern Chukchi Sea, and were especially persistent immediately north of the Bering Strait in nutrient- rich Anadyr water and in some fronts. Chlorophyll concentrations are shown to increase from a nominal value during onset of melt in April to a maximum value in mid-spring or summer depending on location. Large interannual variability of ice cover and phytoplankton distributions was observed with the year 1998 being uniquely associated with an early season occurrence of a massive bloom. This is postulated to be caused in part by a rapid response of phytoplankton to an early retreat of the sea ice cover in the Beaufort Sea region. Correlation analyses showed relatively high negative correlation between chlorophyll and ice concentration with the correlation being highest in May, the correlation coefficient being -0.45. 1998 was also the warmest among the five years globally and the sea ice cover was least extensive in the Beaufort-Khukchi Sea region, partly because of the 1997-98 El Nino. Strong correlations were noted between ice extent and surface temperature, the correlation coefficient being highest at - 0.79 in April, during the onset of the bloom period
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    Arctic Warming Signals from Satellite Observations (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Global warming signals are expected to be amplified in the Arctic primarily because of ice-albedo feedback associated with the high reflectivity of ice and snow that blankets much of the region. The Arctic had been a poorly explored territory basically because of its general inaccessibility on account of extremely harsh weather conditions and the dominant presence of thick perennial ice in the region. The advent of satellite remote sensing systems since the 1960s, however, enabled the acquisition of synoptic data that depict in good spatial detail the temporal changes of many Arctic surface parameters. Among the surface parameters that have been studied using space based systems are surface temperature, sea ice concentration, snow cover, surface albedo and phytoplankton concentration. Associated atmospheric parameters, such as cloud cover, temperature profile, ozone concentration, and aerosol have also been derived. Recent observational and phenomenological studies have indeed revealed progressively changing conditions in the Arctic during the last few decades (e g , Walsh et al. 1996; Serreze et al 2000; Comiso and Parkinson 2004). The changes included declines in the extent and area of surfaces covered by sea ice and snow, increases in melt area over the Greenland ice sheets, thawing of the permafrost, warming in the troposphere, and retreat of the glaciers. These observations are consistent with the observed global warming that has been associated with the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (Karl and Trenberth 2003) and confirmed by modeling studies (Holland and Bitz, 2003). The Arctic system, however, is still not well understood complicated by a largely fluctuating wind circulation and atmospheric conditions (Proshutinsky and Johnson 1997) and controlled by what is now known as the Arctic Oscillation (AO) which provides a measure of the strength of atmospheric activities in the region (Thompson and Wallace 1998). Meanwhile, the observed Arctic conditions since the 1970s have been shown to exhibit a linear behavior that directly contradicts what has been expected from the A0 (Overland, 2005). The decade of the 1990s has been regarded as the warmest decade in the last century and current data indicates that the 2000s may be even a warmer decade than the 1990s further supporting the linear variability. In this paper, we use satellite data to gain insights into the warming Arctic and how the abnormally warm conditions during the last few years are reflected in the region.
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    NASA's Earth Observations of the Global Environment: Our Changing Planet and the View from Space (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: A birds eye view of the Earth from afar and up close reveals the power and magnificence of the Earth and juxtaposes the simultaneous impacts and powerlessness of humankind. The NASA Electronic Theater presents Earth science observations and visualizations in an historical perspective. See the latest spectacular images from NASA remote sensing missions like TRMM, SeaWiFS, Landsat 7, Terra, and Aqua, which will be visualized and explained in the context of global change and man s impact on our world s environment. See visualizations of global data sets currently available from Earth orbiting satellites, including the Earth at night with its city lights. Shown in high resolution are visualizations of tropical cyclone Eline and the resulting flooding of Mozambique. See flybys of Cape Town, South Africa with its dramatic mountains and landscape, as well as satellite imagery of fires that occurred globally, with a special emphasis on fires in the western US during summer 2001, and how new satellite tools can be used to help fight these disasters from spreading further. See where and when lightning occurs globally, and how dramatic urbanization has been in the desert southwest since 1910. Spectacular visualizations of the global atmosphere and oceans are shown. Learn when and where carbon is absorbed by vegetation on the land and ocean as the product of photosynthesis. See demonstrations of the 3-dimensional structure of hurricanes and cloud structures derived from recently launched Earth-orbiting satellites, and how hurricanes can modify the sea surface temperature in their wake. See massive dust storms in the Middle East as well as dust transport sweeping from north Africa across the Atlantic to the Caribbean and Amazon basin. Learn where and how much the temperature of the Earth s surface has changed during the 20th century, as well as how sea ice has decreased over the Arctic region, how sea level has and is likely to continue to change, and how glaciers have retreated worldwide in a response to global change. We will illustrate these and other topics with a dynamic theater-style presentation, along with animations of satellite launch deployments and orbital mapping to highlight aspects of Earth observations from space.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    Fundamentals of Modeling, Data Assimilation, and High-performance Computing (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: This lecture will introduce the concepts of modeling, data assimilation and high- performance computing as it relates to the study of atmospheric composition. The lecture will work from basic definitions and will strive to provide a framework for thinking about development and application of models and data assimilation systems. It will not provide technical or algorithmic information, leaving that to textbooks, technical reports, and ultimately scientific journals. References to a number of textbooks and papers will be provided as a gateway to the literature.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    AGCM Biases in Evaporation Regime: Impacts on Soil Moisture Memory and Land-Atmosphere Feedback (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: Because precipitation and net radiation in an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are typically biased relative to observations, the simulated evaporative regime of a region may be biased, with consequent negative effects on the AGCM s ability to translate an initialized soil moisture anomaly into an improved seasonal prediction. These potential problems are investigated through extensive offline analyses with the Mosaic land surface model (LSM). We first forced the LSM globally with a 15-year observations-based dataset. We then repeated the simulation after imposing a representative set of GCM climate biases onto the forcings - the observational forcings were scaled so that their mean seasonal cycles matched those simulated by the NSIPP-1 (NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office) AGCM over the same period-The AGCM s climate biases do indeed lead to significant biases in evaporative regime in certain regions, with the expected impacts on soil moisture memory timescales. Furthermore, the offline simulations suggest that the biased forcing in the AGCM should contribute to overestimated feedback in certain parts of North America - parts already identified in previous studies as having excessive feedback. The present study thus supports the notion that the reduction of climate biases in the AGCM will lead to more appropriate translations of soil moisture initialization into seasonal prediction skill.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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    High Accuracy 3D Processing of Satellite Imagery (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Automatic DSM/DTM generation reproduces not only general features, but also detailed features of the terrain relief. Height accuracy of around 1 pixel in cooperative terrain. RMSE values of 1.3-1.5 m (1.0-2.0 pixels) for IKONOS and RMSE values of 2.9-4.6 m (0.5-1.0 pixels) for SPOT5 HRS. For 3D city modeling, the manual and semi-automatic feature extraction capability of SAT-PP provides a good basis. The tools of SAT-PP allowed the stereo-measurements of points on the roofs in order to generate a 3D city model with CCM The results show that building models with main roof structures can be successfully extracted by HRSI. As expected, with Quickbird more details are visible.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Leica ADS40 Sensor for Coastal Multispectral Imaging (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The Leica ADS40 Sensor as it is used for coastal multispectral imaging is presented. The contents include: 1) Project Area Overview; 2) Leica ADS40 Sensor; 3) Focal Plate Arrangements; 4) Trichroid Filter; 5) Gradient Correction; 6) Image Acquisition; 7) Remote Sensing and ADS40; 8) Band comparisons of Satellite and Airborne Sensors; 9) Impervious Surface Extraction; and 10) Impervious Surface Details.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    NASA/SDSU Geopositional Characterization (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation describes the geopositional characterization of IKONOS, QuickBird, and OrbView along with data collections and results.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Spectral Dark Subtraction: A MODTRAN-Based Algorithm for Estimating Ground Reflectance without Atmospheric Information (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Spectral Dark Subtraction (SDS) provides good ground reflectance estimates across a variety of atmospheric conditions with no knowledge of those conditions. The algorithm may be sensitive to errors from stray light, calibration, and excessive haze/water vapor. SDS seems to provide better estimates than traditional algorithms using on-site atmospheric measurements much of the time.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Radiometric Characterization Results for the QuickBird Sensor (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation shows the results for the Quickbird Sensor.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    On-Orbit MTF Measurement and Product Quality Monitoring for Commercial Remote Sensing Systems (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Initialization and opportunistic targets are chosen that represent the MTF on the spatial domain. Ideal targets have simple mathematical relationships. Determine the MTF of an on-orbit satellite using in-scene targets: Slant-Edge, Line Source, point Source, and Radial Target. Attempt to facilitate the MTF calculation by automatically locating targets of opportunity. Incorporate MTF results into a product quality monitoring architecture.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Natural Resource Assessments in Afghanistan Through High Resolution Digital Elevation Modeling and Multi-spectral Image Analysis (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: This viewgraph presentation provides USGS/USAID natural resource assessments in Afghanistan through the mapping of coal, oil and natural gas, minerals, hydrologic resources and earthquake and flood hazards.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    The GeoEye Satellite Constellation (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The GeoEye Constellation consists of: a) IKONOS and OrbView-3 for high resolution; b) GeoEye with higher resolution 1Q2007; c) RESOUCESAT-1 for global crop assessment; d) OrbView-2 for ocean research and fish. IKONOS performance in 2005 included stable image quality, radiometry and geometric accuracy. reliability is 80% to 2008. Demonstrated capacity for high-volume, quick-response collection and production.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    First Impressions of CARTOSAT-1 (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: CARTOSAT-1 RPCs need special handling. Absolute accuracy of uncontrolled scenes is poor (biases 〉 300 m). Noticeable cross-track scale error (+/- 3-4 m across stereo pair). Most errors are either biases or linear in line/sample (These are easier to correct with ground control).
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Multi-Sensor Triangulation of Multi-Source Spatial Data (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: The introduced methodologies are successful in: a) Ising LIDAR features for photogrammetric geo-refererncing; b) Delivering a geo-referenced imagery of the same quality as point-based geo-referencing procedures; c) Taking advantage of the synergistic characteristics of spatial data acquisition systems. The triangulation output can be used for the generation of 3-D perspective views.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    Radiometric Calibration of the AWiFS Sensor and a Cross-calibration Enhanced Vicarious Calibration Technique (2007)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-12
    Description: Using vicarious calibration validation of moderate resolution sensors such as AWiFS is complicated by requiring more land area to ensure proper registration and sufficient pixel numbers. A trial AWiFS calibration was performed on a grass site that consisted of two dramatically different grass heights. Ground truth data was collected over relatively small areas representing only a few pixels. The radiometric gain results for each of these areas will be reported. To enhance this analysis, since a near coincidence high resolution image was collected, the high resolution data was effectively resized to produce pixels comparable to AWiFS and the atmospheric model was used to produce a top of canopy radiance map. Multiple uniform vegetated areas of several radiances were then identified and subsequently propagated to the top of atmosphere viewpoint of the moderate resolution (AWiFS) satellite. The radiometric gain was then calculated based on the vendor high resolution satellite gains (for the 3 bands with comparable wavelengths). Band-to-band conversion was performed assuming a hyperspectral reflectance based on the standard vegetated site. The initial comparison produces AWiFS radiometric gain values that agree to better than 10% of the values measured using the standard vicarious gain technique.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: Proceedings of the 2006 Civil Commercial Imagery Evaluation Workshop; SSTI-2220-0104
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    SABER Observations of the OH Meinel Airglow Variability Near the Mesopause (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument, one of four on board the TIMED satellite, observes the OH Meinel emission at 2.0 m that peaks near the mesopause. The emission results from reactions between members of the oxygen and hydrogen chemical families that can be significantly affected by mesopause dynamics. In this study we compare SABER measurements of OH Meinel emission rates and temperatures with predictions from a 3-dimensional chemical dynamical model. In general, the model is capable of reproducing both the observed diurnal and seasonal OH Meinel emission variability. The results indicate that the diurnal tide has a large effect on the overall magnitude and temporal variation of the emission in low latitudes. This tidal variability is so dominant that the seasonal cycle in the nighttime emission depends very strongly on the local time of the analysis. At higher latitudes, the emission has an annual cycle that is due mainly to transport of oxygen by the seasonally reversing mean circulation.
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    Principal Component-Based Radiative Transfer Model (PCRTM) for Hyperspectral Sensors (2005)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-11
    Description: Modern infrared satellite sensors such as Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Cosmic Ray Isotope Spectrometer (CrIS), Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), Geosynchronous Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (GIFTS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are capable of providing high spatial and spectral resolution infrared spectra. To fully exploit the vast amount of spectral information from these instruments, super fast radiative transfer models are needed. This paper presents a novel radiative transfer model based on principal component analysis. Instead of predicting channel radiance or transmittance spectra directly, the Principal Component-based Radiative Transfer Model (PCRTM) predicts the Principal Component (PC) scores of these quantities. This prediction ability leads to significant savings in computational time. The parameterization of the PCRTM model is derived from properties of PC scores and instrument line shape functions. The PCRTM is very accurate and flexible. Due to its high speed and compressed spectral information format, it has great potential for super fast one-dimensional physical retrievals and for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) large volume radiance data assimilation applications. The model has been successfully developed for the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Airborne Sounder Testbed - Interferometer (NAST-I) and AIRS instruments. The PCRTM model performs monochromatic radiative transfer calculations and is able to include multiple scattering calculations to account for clouds and aerosols.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
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  • 98
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    Effect of Forest Canopy on Remote Sensing Soil Moisture at L-band (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: Global maps of soil moisture are needed to improve understanding and prediction of the global water and energy cycles. Accuracy requirements imply the use of lower frequencies (L-band) to achieve adequate penetration into the soil and to minimize attenuation by the vegetation canopy and effects of surface roughness. Success has been demonstrated over agricultural areas, but canopies with high biomass (e.g. forests) still present a challenge. Examples from recent measurements over forests with the L-band radiometer, 2D-STAR, and its predecessor, ESTAR, will be presented to illustrate the problem. ESTAR and 2D-STAR are aircraft-based synthetic aperture radiometers developed to help resolve both the engineering and algorithm issues associated with future remote sensing of soil moisture. ESTAR, which does imaging across track, was developed to demonstrate the viability of aperture synthesis for remote sensing. The instrument has participated several soil moisture experiments (e.g. at the Little Washita Watershed in 1992 and the Southern Great Plains experiments in 1997 and 1999). In addition, measurements have been made at a forest site near Waverly, VA which contains conifer forests with a variety of biomass. These data have demonstrated the success of retrieving soil moisture at L-band over agricultural areas and the response of passive observations at L-band to biomass over forests. 2D-STAR is a second generation instrument that does aperture synthesis in two dimensions (along track and cross track) and is dual polarized. This instrument has the potential to provide measurements at L-band that simulate the measurements that will be made by the two L-band sensors currently being developed for future remote sensing of soil moisture from space: Hydros (conical scan and real aperture) and SMOS (multiple incidence angle and synthetic aperture). 2D-STAR participated in the SMEX-03 soil moisture experiment, providing images from the NASA P-3 aircraft. Preliminary results include images of the experiment site area near Huntsville, AL that included a mixture of forest and agriculture. Changes during a rain event further illustrate the issues presented by forests. Work is continuing to reduce the 2D-STAR data and to support the two future remote sensing missions. Among the goals is to process the 2D-STAR data to create multiple looks (at the same pixel) with different incidence angles. Data in this format can be used to test algorithms for retrieving soil moisture and biomass such as are planned for SMOS. Also, the data are being processed to provide images at constant incidence angles such as will be obtained by Hydros. Although Hydros will have only one incidence angle, it will also carry an L-band radar, The goal is to use the radar to improve spatial resolution, an issue for remote sensing from space at the long wavelengths. Simultaneous observations with active and passive sensors also offers interesting prospects for treating areas of high biomass (forests) and irregular terrain and may be the challenge for the future.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: URSI General Assembly Meeting; Oct 23, 2005 - Oct 29, 2005; Dehli; India
    Format: text
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  • 99
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    Understanding What's Critical in Protecting Our Society: Can Satellite Observations Help? (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: There are many vital issues which are impacting our daily lives and will continue to haunt us as long as we live on this planet of ours. These issues range from food supply availability, drought, coastal zone erosion, volcanoes, hurricanes, terrorism, global warming, earthquakes, water resources, air quality, public health, and agriculture production. Such societal needs are directly linked to our geometric population growth, and abundance of automobiles, industrial emissions, industrial waste and extensive fishing of our oceans and elimination of our ecology. The questions which require serious thoughts, research, coordination, and resources to understand, plan and strike a sensible balance in our daily lives and the above issues are tough to deal with. However, with the advent of remote sensing technologies, tremendous progress has been made in applying space-based and airborne data and products in solving real societal problems. Several of these problems, such as coastal zone erosion, air quality, severe weather, water availability and quality, public health, fires, land slides and others are intricately related; and in the long run can have serious consequences if not properly addressed by scientists, regulatory bodies and policy makers. Although it is a much involved and tangled web to unravel, nevertheless we have an excellent start in understanding some of the phenomena and hopefully can mitigate some of the severe effects by advancing our scientific knowledge. This paper briefly discusses the applications of remote sensing data from Terra, Aqua, and other NASA satellites how to deal with such complex problems; it provides an excellent start.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: SPIE Defense and Security Symposium; Mar 28, 2005 - Apr 01, 2005; Orlando, FL; United States
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  • 100
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    NASA Earth Sciences Data Support System and Services for the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (2005)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-18
    Description: The presentation describes data management of NASA remote sensing data for Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI). Many types of ground and integrative (e.g., satellite, GIs) data will be needed and many models must be applied, adapted or developed for properly understanding the functioning of Northern Eurasia cold and diverse regional system. Mechanisms for obtaining the requisite data sets and models and sharing them among the participating scientists are essential. The proposed project targets integration of remote sensing data from AVHRR, MODIS, and other NASA instruments on board US- satellites (with potential expansion to data from non-US satellites), customized data products from climatology data sets (e.g., ISCCP, ISLSCP) and model data (e.g., NCEPNCAR) into a single, well-architected data management system. It will utilize two existing components developed by the Goddard Earth Sciences Data & Information Services Center (GES DISC) at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center: (1) online archiving and distribution system, that allows collection, processing and ingest of data from various sources into the online archive, and (2) user-friendly intelligent web-based online visualization and analysis system, also known as Giovanni. The former includes various kinds of data preparation for seamless interoperability between measurements by different instruments. The latter provides convenient access to various geophysical parameters measured in the Northern Eurasia region without any need to learn complicated remote sensing data formats, or retrieve and process large volumes of NASA data. Initial implementation of this data management system will concentrate on atmospheric data and surface data aggregated to coarse resolution to support collaborative environment and climate change studies and modeling, while at later stages, data from NASA and non-NASA satellites at higher resolution will be integrated into the system.
    Keywords: Earth Resources and Remote Sensing
    Type: 31st ISRSE Workshop: Observations of Land Cover and Needs of Research Projects; Jun 18, 2005 - Jun 19, 2005; Saint Petersburg; Russia
    Format: text
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