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  • Articles  (203,418)
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  • 2005-2009  (203,418)
  • 1925-1929
  • 2006  (103,202)
  • 2005  (100,216)
  • Chemistry and Pharmacology  (203,418)
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  • Books  (113)
  • Articles  (203,418)
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  • 2005-2009  (203,418)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust Temperature Stabilization for Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units Using Extended Kalman-Type Estimators (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fluidised-bed Catalytic Cracking (FCC) units, are one of the most complex and interactive processes in the refining industry, hence they are difficult to operate and to control; on the other hand they are one of the main producers of gasoline, which is an incentive to improve operation policies. This work deals with the design of regulative control law for stabilisation of reactor and regenerator temperatures considering that kinetics terms are poorly known, which is the industrial case. This control law uses on-line estimates of the heat of reaction, obtained from Kalman-like filtering of measured temperatures. The controllers designed are similar to standard input-output linearising controllers and can be tuned by standard techniques. Performance of the estimation technique under closed-loop operation is analysed by numerical simulations, considering noisy measurements and time delay in the regenerator control input.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/3
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimal Solution of MINLP Problems Using Modified Genetic Algorithm (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many engineering and industrial constrained optimization problems can be modeled as mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems e.g. heat and mass exchange networks, reactor-separator networks, batch plant design and scheduling, flow sheeting etc. The global optima in such problems are ill-conditioned due to the involvement of continuous and discrete variables, nonlinearities and non-convexities. This research work concerns the development of a modified GA and to apply it to find the solutions of several difficult MINLP problems. The modified GA utilizes tournament selection, SBX cross-over, polynomial mutation and variable elitism operators, along with distance based dynamic penalty with anti-distortion. The algorithm has been programmed in MATLAB. Six MINLP problems, which emerged from the optimal design of sequential multi-product batch plants, and considered as difficult ones in literature, were successfully solved. The solutions thus obtained are either comparable or better than those available in literature. The above combination of various schemes in modified GA helps in achieving faster convergence to global optimum with comparatively less violation of constraints; population size required is also less. The effect of various parameters on the convergence to global optimum has also been studied along with setting of various parameters. In future, efforts may be devoted to search proper merging strategy of quality operators for the design of a general purpose and robust GA so as to use it for a variety of engineering, specifically process engineering problems, more effectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/4
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Process Simulation - From Large Computers and Small Solutions to Small Computers and Large Solutions (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper reviews the evolution of process simulation in conjunction with the evolution of computer hardware and software technologies from a chemical engineering perspective. A brief history of this hardware evolution is presented and points to exponential growth of computing power. The current personal computers or full function workstations have at least 1GB of memory, 100GB hard drive and run at 4 GHz. We as chemical engineers can only benefit from this continued hardware evolution, as the personal computer has become our full function slide rule.Concurrent with this hardware evolution there has been a proliferation of operating systems and applications software. Some of the applications software has migrated from mainframes and minicomputers and some has been specifically written to take advantage of the user-friendly features available on today's personal computers. A review of this software is presented with particular emphasis on process simulation software. The currently available fifth generation, non-sequential interactive process simulator does make process modeling and design a truly rewarding experience. This software has been designed to allow the personal computer and the engineer to do what each does best, namely the personal computer performing the systematic number crunching and the engineer the intuitive aspect of process simulation and design. The paper will conclude with a look into the future development of process simulation and its interaction with chemical engineering practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/5
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modern Trends in CFD Simulations: Application to GTL Technology (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Multiphase flow processes are frequently observed in several important reactor technologies. These technologies are found in diverse applications such as in manufacture of petroleum-based fuels and products, conversion of synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons (Gas-to-liquid technology), production of commodity chemicals, pharmaceuticals, herbicides, pesticides, polymers etc. Due to the inherent complexity of these processes, the knowledge of fluid dynamic and transport parameters is necessary for development of appropriate reactor models and scale-up rules. It is, therefore, of paramount importance to develop understanding and predictive tools to simulate multiphase flow processes for better and economically viable reactor technologies.In the past, knowledge of hydrodynamics and transport characteristics of multiphase reactors has been interpreted in the form of empirical correlations, which have numerous restrictions in terms of their validity for different operating conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, on the other hand, deals with the solution of fluid dynamic equations on digital computers, requiring relatively few restrictive assumptions and thus giving a complete description of the hydrodynamics of these reactors. This detailed predicted flow field gives an accurate insight to the fluid behaviour and can sometimes give information, which cannot be obtained from experiments. These days, due to cheaper computational resources, CFD simulations are becoming economically reliable for modeling of multiphase processes including GTL (Gas-to-liquid) processes.In this paper, a comprehensive review of different multiphase flow simulation approaches has been presented. The recent progress made in hydrodynamic modeling of multiphase reactors, their capabilities and limitations (with special focus on GTL processes) are discussed in detail. Finally, case studies with different simulation approaches (Eulerian-Eulerian and VOF (Volume of fluid) simulations of bubble column reactors operating in different flow regimes) are discussed to demonstrate the power of this emerging research tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/2
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling of Grinding in a Laboratory Continuous Ball Mill for Dynamic Studies (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Comminution, in general, and grinding, in particular, is extremely energy intensive and it is imperative that size reduction equipment is operated at optimum operating conditions. Reasonably accurate mathematical models are required to understand their dynamic characteristics to enable optimisation and control of such unit operations. This paper deals with the development of a phenomenological mathematical model for describing size reduction operation in a laboratory-size continuous ball mill. Breakage rate function parameters and a correlation relating the power drawn to the operating conditions such as the mill throughput and percent solids in the mill were determined using the data collected from the ball mill operation. Using this correlation and the estimated breakage model parameters, simulations were carried out to compare the experimental data with the simulated results. It is observed that the model is adequately accurate in predicting the product size distributions with a maximum error of about 5% in the prediction of particles finer than 104 micron in the mill product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/6
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On-line Monitoring in an Aerobic Batch Bioreactor Employing a Robust Soft Sensor (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The main objective of this work is to design a soft sensor with finite convergence time for a class of batch reacting systems. Considering the necessity to fast response for monitoring and control issues for batch processes a finite time high order sliding-mode observer is considered. Theoretical analysis is developed to demonstrate the convergence properties of the proposed observer and the finite time of convergence is calculated from the analysis. A simple model for a batch wastewater bioreactor corrobored experimentally is proposed as application example and numerical experiments show the adequate observer performance compared to a standard nonlinear Luenberger observer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/7
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Steady-State Simulation of Hybrid Nickel Leaching Circuit Using Syscad (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There is an increasing focus on the hydrometallurgical processing of nickel-rich laterite ore due to declining global reserves of nickel sulphides. The development of new technology called hybrid nickel leaching circuit that encompasses pressure acid leaching (PAL) and atmospheric leaching (AL) processes has made processing of low-grade ores (with nickel content as low as 0.5%) a possibility. However, significant challenges exist in lowering the operating costs for this new process including the reduction of sulphuric acid and the energy required to heat the pulp to the desired temperature (250oC). To address above challenges, a detailed understanding of the process chemistry together with interactions between unit operations feeding into and out of the system is required. To accomplish this, a software package with powerful convergence algorithms, control loops, background chemical equilibrium, aqueous thermodynamics and extensive databases containing information on the physical properties of desired components is needed. Using such a process simulator, it is possible to produce numerically rigorous mass/energy balances for as many variations of the model as desired. This allows enhanced analysis of the flowsheet, better process design, and ultimately, better business decisions. Although there have been several studies on hybrid circuit, most of these studies have only dealt with the effects of process variable such as temperature, acidity, pulp density. Thus far, no complete study has been published on the modelling of different proposed scenarios. The present work constitutes an effort towards bridging this gap. A number of possible flowsheeting combinations were simulated using a commercial software packages SysCAD, and some optimal configurations were identified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/1
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamic Simulation and Optimization of Two-Stage Extractive Alcoholic Fermentation Process: Design Impact on Controllability (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 1 (2006), S. 8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper, we address dynamic controllability of the two different designs of extractive fermentation process, namely one-stage and two-stage designs. The operating conditions that maximize yields and productivity for both designs are determined by optimization using the method of factorial design and response surface analysis. The results show that in terms of the achievable yield and productivity, the performance of the two-stage design is comparable to that of the single-stage, but the former design leads to a significant reduction in the fermentor size required. Furthermore, we analyze the dynamic controllability of the two designs of extractive fermentation process using a so-called control relevant metrics to examine their closed-loop dynamic performance in the face of uncertainty. This analysis reveals that the single-stage design has more favorable dynamic controllability than the two-stage design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/cppm/vol1/iss1/8
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL COMPARTMENTATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REDOX SIGNALING (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 215-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New methods to measure thiol oxidation show that redox compartmentation functions as a mechanism for specificity in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Redox Western analysis and redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins provide means to quantify thiol/disulfide redox changes in specific subcellular compartments. Analyses using these techniques show that the relative redox states from most reducing to most oxidizing are mitochondria 〉 nuclei 〉 cytoplasm 〉 endoplasmic reticulum 〉 extracellular space. Mitochondrial thiols are an important target of oxidant-induced apoptosis and necrosis and are especially vulnerable to oxidation because of the relatively alkaline pH. Maintenance of a relatively reduced nuclear redox state is critical for transcription factor binding in transcriptional activation in response to oxidative stress. The new methods are applicable to a broad range of experimental systems and their use will provide improved understanding of the pharmacologic and toxicologic actions of drugs and toxicants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141122
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 65-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review summarizes recent information concerning the pharmacological and toxicological significance of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO, EC 1.14.13.8). The human FMO oxygenates nucleophilic heteroatom-containing chemicals and drugs and generally converts them into harmless, polar, readily excreted metabolites. Sometimes, however, FMO bioactivates chemicals into reactive materials that can cause toxicity. Most of the interindividual differences of FMO are due to genetic variability and allelic variation, and splicing variants may contribute to interindividual and interethnic variability observed for FMO-mediated metabolism. In contrast to cytochrome P450 (CYP), FMO is not easily induced nor readily inhibited, and potential adverse drug-drug interactions are minimized for drugs prominently metabolized by FMO. These properties may provide advantages in drug design and discovery, and by incorporating FMO detoxication pathways into drug candidates, more drug-like materials may be forthcoming. Although exhaustive examples are not available, physiological factors can influence FMO function, and this may have implications for the clinical significance of FMO and a role in human disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141043
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: How Their Effects on Macrophages Can Lead to the Development of a New Drug Therapy Against Atherosclerosis (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 1-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha (ʼ̛), beta/delta (?‚/??), and gamma (??) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which also includes the estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors. Recent evidence suggests that PPARs regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation in various tissues; however, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Anti-diabetic drugs, called glitazones, can selectively activate PPAR??, and hypolipidemic drugs, called fibrates, can weakly activate PPARʼ̛. Both classes of drugs can decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemias, which also makes them attractive for treating the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome exhibits a constellation of risk factors for atherosclerosis that include obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Interestingly, all three PPARs are present in macrophages and can therefore have a profound effect on several disease processes, including atherosclerosis. Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesion development. Currently, the first line of defense in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis is aimed at lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and raising high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but a large percentage of patients on statins still succumb to coronary artery disease. However, with the development of drugs selectively activating PPARs, a new arsenal of drugs specifically targeting to the macrophage/foam cell may potentially have a profound impact on how we treat cardiovascular disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141247
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE REGULATION AND PHARMACOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 235-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, diffusible, lipophilic free radical gas that mediates significant and diverse signaling functions in nearly every organ system in the body. The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a key source of NO found in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the pharmacology of NO and the cellular regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS). The molecular intricacies of the chemistry of NO and the enzymology of NOSs are discussed, followed by a review of the biological activities of NO. This information is then used to develop a more global picture of the pharmacological control of NO synthesis by NOSs in both physiologic conditions and pathophysiologic states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121844
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CYTOCHROME P450 AND XENOBIOTIC RECEPTOR HUMANIZED MICE * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 41-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most xenobiotics that enter the body are subjected to metabolism that functions primarily to facilitate their elimination. Metabolism of certain xenobiotics can also result in the production of electrophilic derivatives that can cause cell toxicity and transformation. Many xenobiotics can also activate receptors that in turn induce the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic transporters. However, there are marked species differences in the way mammals respond to xenobiotics, which are due in large part to molecular differences in receptors and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. This presents a problem in extrapolating data obtained with rodent model systems to humans. There are also polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that can impact drug therapy and cancer susceptibility. In an effort to generate more reliable in vivo systems to study and predict human response to xenobiotics, humanized mice are under development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100007
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO AS A CELLULAR SIGNALING MOLECULE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 411-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many biological functions of heme oxygenase (HO), such as cytoprotection against oxidative stress, vasodilation, neurotransmission in the central or peripheral nervous systems, and anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, or anti-proliferative potential, have been attributed to its enzymatic byproduct carbon monoxide (CO), although roles for biliverdin/bilirubin and iron have also been proposed. In addition to these well-characterized effects, recent findings reveal that HO-derived CO may act as an oxygen sensor and circadian modulator of heme biosynthesis. In lymphocytes, CO may participate in regulatory T cell function. A number of the known signaling effects of CO depend on stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase and/or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Furthermore, modulation of caveolin-1 status may serve as an essential component of certain aspects of CO action, such as growth control. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of endogenous CO with an emphasis on the signaling pathways and downstream targets that trigger the action of this gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141053
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C ISOZYMES BY RAS SUPERFAMILY GTPASES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 355-379 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physiological effects of many extracellular stimuli are mediated by receptor-promoted activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and consequential activation of inositol lipid-signaling pathways. These signaling responses include the classically described conversion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the protein kinase CĐ??activating second messenger diacylglycerol as well as alterations in membrane association or activity of many proteins that harbor phosphoinositide binding domains. Here we discuss how the family of PLCs elaborates a minimal catalytic core typified by PLC-?? to confer multiple modes of regulation on their phospholipase activities. Although PLC-dependent signaling is prominently regulated by direct interactions with heterotrimeric G proteins or tyrosine kinases, the existence of at least 13 divergent PLC isozymes promises a diverse repertoire of regulatory mechanisms for this class of important signaling proteins. We focus here on the recently realized and extensive regulation of inositol lipid signaling by Ras superfamily GTPases directly acting on PLC isozymes and conclude by considering the biological and pharmacological ramifications of this regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141223
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES AND TRANSPORTERS IN INFLAMMATION (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 123-149 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Inflammation and infection have long been known to downregulate the activity and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in hepatic drug clearance. This can result in elevated plasma drug levels and increased adverse effects. Recent information on regulation of human CYP enzymes is presented, as are new developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation. Experiments to study the effects of modulating CYP activities on the inflammatory response have yielded possible insights into the physiological consequences, if not the purpose, of the downregulation. Regulation of hepatic flavin monooxygenases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, glutathione S-transferases, as well as of hepatic transporters during the inflammatory response, exhibits similarities and differences with regulation of CYPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141059
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHARMACOGENOMICS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 317-353 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Over the past four decades, treatment of acute leukemia in children has made remarkable progress, from this disease being lethal to now achieving cure rates of 80% for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 45% for acute myeloid leukemia. This progress is largely owed to the optimization of existing treatment modalities rather than the discovery of new agents. However, the annual number of patients with leukemia who experience relapse after initial therapy remains greater than that of new cases of most childhood cancers. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to develop strategies to personalize medications and tailor treatment regimens to individual patients, with the goal of enhancing efficacy and safety through better understanding of the person's genetic makeup. In this review, we summarize recent pharmacogenomic studies related to the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia. These include work using candidate-gene approaches, as well as genome-wide studies using haplotype mapping and gene expression profiling. These strategies illustrate the promise of pharmacogenomics to further advance the treatment of human cancers, with childhood leukemia serving as a paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100018
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PROTEASOME AND PROTEASOME INHIBITORS IN CANCER THERAPY (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 189-213 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex, is responsible for the majority of intracellular protein degradation. Pharmacologic inhibitors of the proteasome possess in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, and bortezomib, the first such agent to undergo clinical testing, has significant efficacy against multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Preclinical studies demonstrate that proteasome inhibition potentiates the activity of other cancer therapeutics, in part by downregulating chemoresistance pathways. Early clinical studies of bortezomib-based combinations, showing encouraging activity, support this observation. Molecular characterization of resistance to proteasome inhibitors has revealed novel therapeutic targets for sensitizing malignancies to these agents, such as the heat shock pathway. Below, we review the pharmacologic, preclinical, and clinical data that have paved the way for the use of proteasome inhibitors for cancer therapy; outline strategies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors; and review other potential targets in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway for the treatment of cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141300
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF 7TM RECEPTOR ACTIVATIONĐ??A GLOBAL TOGGLE SWITCH MODEL (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 481-519 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The multitude of chemically highly different agonists for 7TM receptors apparently do not share a common binding mode or active site but nevertheless act through induction of a common molecular activation mechanism. A global toggle switch model is proposed for this activation mechanism to reconcile the accumulated biophysical data supporting an outward rigid-body movement of the intracellular segments, as well as the recent data derived from activating metal ion sites and tethered ligands, which suggests an opposite, inward movement of the extracellular segments of the transmembrane helices. According to this model, a vertical see-saw movement of TM-VIĐ??and to some degree TM-VIIĐ??around a pivot corresponding to the highly conserved prolines will occur during receptor activation, which may involve the outer segment of TM-V in an as yet unclear fashion. Small-molecule agonists can stabilize such a proposed active conformation, where the extracellular segments of TM-VI and -VII are bent inward toward TM-III, by acting as molecular glue deep in the main ligand-binding pocket between the helices, whereas larger agonists, peptides, and proteins can stabilize a similar active conformation by acting as Velcro at the extracellular ends of the helices and the connecting loops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141218
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTION OF RETINOID NUCLEAR RECEPTORS: Lessons from Genetic and Pharmacological Dissections of the Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway During Mouse Embryogenesis (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 451-480 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in vertebrate morphogenesis, growth, cellular differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. The use of in vitro systems initially led to the identification of nuclear receptor RXR/RAR heterodimers as possible transducers of the RA signal. To unveil the physiological functions of RARs and RXRs, genetic and pharmacological studies have been performed in the mouse. Together, their results demonstrate that (a) RXR/RAR heterodimers in which RXR is either transcriptionally active or silent are involved in the transduction of the RA signal during prenatal development, (b) specific RXRʼ̛/RAR heterodimers are required at many distinct stages during early embryogenesis and organogenesis, (c) the physiological role of RA and its receptors cannot be extrapolated from teratogenesis studies using retinoids in excess. Additional cell typeĐ??restricted and temporally controlled somatic mutagenesis is required to determine the functions of RARs and RXRs during postnatal life.
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    CANNABINOID RECEPTORS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 101-122 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are the primary targets of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids). These G proteinĐ??coupled receptors play an important role in many processes, including metabolic regulation, craving, pain, anxiety, bone growth, and immune function. Cannabinoid receptors can be engaged directly by agonists or antagonists, or indirectly by manipulating endocannabinoid metabolism. In the past several years, it has become apparent from preclinical studies that therapies either directly or indirectly influencing cannabinoid receptors might be clinically useful. This review considers the components of the endocannabinoid system and discusses some of the most promising endocannabinoid-based therapies.
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    REGULATION OF PLATELET FUNCTIONS BY P2 RECEPTORS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 277-300 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main role of blood platelets is to ensure primary hemostasis, which is the maintenance of vessel integrity and cessation of bleeding upon injury. While playing a major part in acute arterial thrombosis, platelets are also involved in inflammation, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. ADP and ATP play a crucial role in platelet activation, and their receptors are potential targets for antithrombotic drugs. The ATP-gated cation channel P2X1 and the two G proteinĐ??coupled ADP receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12, selectively contribute to platelet aggregation and formation of a thrombus. Owing to its central role in the growth and stabilization of a thrombus, the P2Y12 receptor is an established target of antithrombotic drugs such as clopidogrel. Studies in P2Y1 and P2X1 knockout mice and selective P2Y1 and P2X1 antagonists have shown that these receptors are also attractive targets for new antithrombotic compounds. The potential role of platelet P2 receptors in the involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes is also discussed.
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    FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF TUMOR PROTEOLYSIS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 301-315 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The roles of proteases in cancer are now known to be much broader than simply degradation of extracellular matrix during tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, proteases from tumor-associated cells (e.g., fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, endothelial cells) as well as tumor cells are recognized to contribute to pathways critical to neoplastic progression. Although elevated expression (transcripts and proteins) of proteases, and in some cases protease inhibitors, has been documented in many tumors, techniques to assess functional roles for proteases require that we measure protease activity and inhibition of that activity rather than levels of proteases, activators, and inhibitors. Novel techniques for functional imaging of protease activity, both in vitro and in vivo, are being developed as are imaging probes that will allow us to determine protease activity and in some cases to discriminate among protease activities. These should be useful clinically as surrogate endpoints for therapies that alter protease activities.
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    ROLE OF ABCG2/BCRP IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 381-410 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must homodimerize to acquire transport activity. ABCG2 is found in a variety of stem cells and may protect them from exogenous and endogenous toxins. ABCG2 expression is upregulated under low-oxygen conditions, consistent with its high expression in tissues exposed to low-oxygen environments. ABCG2 interacts with heme and other porphyrins and protects cells and/or tissues from protoporphyrin accumulation under hypoxic conditions. Individuals who carry ABCG2 alleles that have impaired function may be more susceptible to porphyrin-induced toxicity. Abcg2 knock-out models have allowed in vivo studies of Abcg2 function in host and cellular defense. In combination with immunohistochemical analyses, these studies have revealed how ABCG2 influences the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs and cytotoxins.
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    ACCESSORY PROTEINS FOR G PROTEINS: Partners in Signaling (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 151-187 
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    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Accessory proteins involved in signal processing through heterotrimeric G proteins are generally defined as proteins distinct from G proteinĐ??coupled receptor (GPCR), G protein, or classical effectors that regulate the strength/efficiency/specificity of signal transfer upon receptor activation or position these entities in the right microenvironment, contributing to the formation of a functional signal transduction complex. A flurry of recent studies have implicated an additional class of accessory proteins for this system that provide signal input to heterotrimeric G proteins in the absence of a cell surface receptor, serve as alternative binding partners for G protein subunits, provide unexpected modes of G protein regulation, and have introduced additional functional roles for G proteins. This group of accessory proteins includes the recently discovered Activators of G protein Signaling (AGS) proteins identified in a functional screen for receptor-independent activators of G protein signaling as well as several proteins identified in protein interaction screens and genetic screens in model organisms. These accessory proteins may influence GDP dissociation and nucleotide exchange at the G subunit, alter subunit interactions within heterotrimeric G independent of nucleotide exchange, or form complexes with G or G independent of the typical G heterotrimer. AGS and related accessory proteins reveal unexpected diversity in G protein subunits as signal transducers within the cell.
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    In search of lost time (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 534-538 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 〈weblink url="/nature/podcast/v444/n7119/nature-2006-11-30.mp3"〉Hear the sound of the Antikythera Mechanism recreated on the 30 November 〈weblink url="/nature/podcast/index.html"〉Nature Podcast. It looks like something from another world — nothing like the classical ...
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    Islam: science is held back by paternalistic traditions (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 545-545 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir The News Feature “An Islamist revolution” (Nature 444, 22–25; 2006) and other articles in Nature's “Islam and science” special issue make interesting reading. As a former executive ...
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    Science in culture (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 550-550 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The beauty of a rocket engine designed by Valentin Glushko lies in its functionality. ...How and when does a utilitarian piece of technology become an object of beauty? This question was triggered by an early rocket engine designed by Valentin Petrovich Glushko (1908–89) that is on ...
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    Archaeology High tech from Ancient Greece (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 551-552 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] During renovation work in a northern Italian palazzo, an enigmatic artefact comes to light, dated to the late fifteenth century. After intensive analysis, it is identified as a complex steam engine — constructed 200 years before French inventor Denis Papin's pioneering experiments, and 300 ...
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    50 & 100 Years Ago (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 556-556 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 50 Years Ago On September 18 the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization of Australia held a conference in Melbourne to plan the country's myxomatosis campaign for the season... Reports from all the Australian states indicated that rabbit populations are ...
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    Device physics A terahertz modulator (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 560-561 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Electromagnetic radiation with frequencies lying between the microwave region and the infrared — so-called terahertz radiation — holds great promise for imaging and sensing applications. It is non-ionizing, and therefore causes less damage to biological tissue than conventional, ...
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    Oenology Red wine procyanidins and vascular health (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 566-566 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Regular, moderate consumption of red wine is linked to a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and to lower overall mortality, but the relative contribution of wine's alcohol and polyphenol components to these effects is unclear. Here we identify procyanidins as the principal vasoactive ...
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    Abstractions (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444.2006, 7119, xiii-, (1 S.) 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Lead Author ...Giulio Cossu has devoted the past 15 years to the search for a treatment for muscular dystrophy. On page 574, he and his colleagues reveal what they believe could be a breakthrough. Cossu, based at the San Raffaele Scientific Institute in Milan, Italy, and ...
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    Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 610-613 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] There is compelling evidence that sleep contributes to the long-term consolidation of new memories. This function of sleep has been linked to slow (〈1 Hz) potential oscillations, which predominantly arise from the prefrontal neocortex and characterize slow wave sleep. However, ...
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    Rank clocks (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 592-596 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Many objects and events, such as cities, firms and internet hubs, scale with size in the upper tails of their distributions. Despite intense interest in using power laws to characterize such distributions, most analyses have been concerned with observations at a single instant of time, with ...
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    Mesoangioblast stem cells ameliorate muscle function in dystrophic dogs (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 574-579 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Duchenne muscular dystrophy remains an untreatable genetic disease that severely limits motility and life expectancy in affected children. The only animal model specifically reproducing the alterations in the dystrophin gene and the full spectrum of human pathology is the golden retriever dog ...
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    Centriole assembly in Caenorhabditis elegans (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 619-623 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Centrioles are necessary for flagella and cilia formation, cytokinesis, cell-cycle control and centrosome organization/spindle assembly. They duplicate once per cell cycle, but the mechanisms underlying their duplication remain unclear. Here we show using electron tomography of staged C. ...
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    Clustered DNA motifs mark X chromosomes for repression by a dosage compensation complex (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 614-618 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Gene expression in metazoans is regulated not only at the level of individual genes but also in a coordinated manner across large chromosomal domains (for example centromeres, telomeres and imprinted gene clusters) and along entire chromosomes (for example X-chromosome dosage compensation). ...
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    Fractal Analysis Revisiting Pollock's drip paintings (Reply) (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444.2006, 7119, E10-, (2 S.) 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Replying to: K. Jones-Smith & H. Mathur reply Our use of the term 'fractal' is consistent with that by the research community. In dismissing Pollock's fractals because of their limited magnification range, Jones-Smith and Mathur would also dismiss half the published investigations ...
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    Systems Biology Many things from one (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 561-562 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The census bureau will tell you that the typical American family has 2.1 children, but there are no families (we hope) that precisely match this mean. Similarly, biologists have come to realize that population-based measurements can obscure critical information about cell-to-cell diversity. The use ...
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    A fresh start for Japan (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 402-402 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] For years Japan has been trying to reform the way it does science. Since 2001, almost all research institutions, including the entire university system, have been given far greater autonomy in an attempt to make them more competitive with each other and with rivals abroad. Generous funding has also ...
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    Stem-cell biology A move in the right direction (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 552-553 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The potential of stem-cell technologies to revolutionize medical care is causing great excitement among biologists and the general public. Recent studies on embryonic and adult stem cells, coupled with advances in our understanding of how they can be coaxed into forming particular cell types and ...
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    Decoding the ancient Greek astronomical calculator known as the Antikythera Mechanism (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 587-591 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Antikythera Mechanism is a unique Greek geared device, constructed around the end of the second century bc. It is known that it calculated and displayed celestial information, particularly cycles such as the phases of the moon and a luni-solar calendar. Calendars were important ...
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    French science after Chirac (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 401-401 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] “Time for a French revolution”, “A chance for change in France”, “France's research base needs a shaking”, “A squandered opportunity”, “France: too much analysis leads to paralysis?”. These headlines from Nature have punctuated more than a ...
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    Smiles all round (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 401-402 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] When physicist Paul Rothemund of the California Institute of Technology created smiley faces by the billion out of self-assembling pieces of DNA (Nature 440, 297–302; 2006) — an achievement celebrated on the cover of this journal ...
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    Tragedy increases woes of US ice fleet (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 408-408 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The main US ship for Arctic research is patching together plans for next year's cruises under the shadow of safety concerns, after its marine science officer and a crewman died while diving under the ice. The US Coast Guard icebreaker Healy is scheduled to begin operations in April, as part of ...
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    Cell biology Infectious Alzheimer's disease? (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 429-431 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Amyloid fibrils are malicious. These insoluble, highly organized protein aggregates are associated with devastating disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, type II diabetes and the prion (proteinaceous infectious particle) diseases that include Creutzfeldt–Jakob and mad cow ...
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    Magnetic vortex core reversal by excitation with short bursts of an alternating field (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 461-464 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The vortex state, characterized by a curling magnetization, is one of the equilibrium configurations of soft magnetic materials and occurs in thin ferromagnetic square and disk-shaped elements of micrometre size and below. The interplay between the magnetostatic and the exchange energy ...
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    News in brief (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 255-255 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Foreign-student enrolment bucks declining US trend The total number of international undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at US universities held even this year. This marks the end of two consecutive years of decline, according to the most comprehensive survey of the ...
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    Market watch (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 257-257 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ...This week Wood Mackenzie, an Edinburgh-based research and consulting firm, reviews recent trends in biotechnology stocks. Boosted by a better investment sentiment and a clutch of eye-catching acquisitions, the Nasdaq biotechnology index is up 11.5% over the past eight weeks — but ...
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    Endogenous neurosteroids regulate GABA A receptors through two discrete transmembrane sites (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 486-489 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABAA receptors can be modulated by the endogenous neurosteroids, allopregnanolone and tetrahydro-deoxycorticosterone. Neurosteroids are synthesized de novo in the brain during stress, pregnancyand after ethanol consumption, and disrupted ...
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    Polo kinase controls cell-cycle-dependent transcription by targeting a coactivator protein (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 494-498 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Polo kinases have crucial conserved functions in controlling the eukaryotic cell cycle through orchestrating several events during mitosis. An essential element of cell cycle control is exerted by altering the expression of key regulators. Here we show an important function for the polo ...
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    Chemical sensing (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 287-287 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Taste and smell contribute critically to our experience of our environment, from the pleasure of eating to the formation of childhood memories. Despite this, research into chemical sensing historically took a back seat to vision and audition, challenged by the complexities of indefinable stimuli ...
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    An unfortunate book tour (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 400-400 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Johnny Morton stood in the trapezoid silhouette of the New York Public Library. Four marble statues of literary figures guarded the entryway under an awning propped up by gleaming black columns. Clarke, Wells, Verne, Bulgakov, all gazing westward across the plaza and beyond. Above this was the ...
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    Half-metallic graphene nanoribbons (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 347-349 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Electrical current can be completely spin polarized in a class of materials known as half-metals, as a result of the coexistence of metallic nature for electrons with one spin orientation and insulating nature for electrons with the other. Such asymmetric electronic states for the different ...
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    Free-electron-like dispersion in an organic monolayer film on a metal substrate (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 350-353 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Thin films of molecular organic semiconductors are attracting much interest for use in electronic and optoelectronic applications. The electronic properties of these materials and their interfaces are therefore worth investigating intensively, particularly the degree of electron ...
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    Influence of the thalamus on spatial visual processing in frontal cortex (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 374-377 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Each of our movements activates our own sensory receptors, and therefore keeping track of self-movement is a necessary part of analysing sensory input. One way in which the brain keeps track of self-movement is by monitoring an internal copy, or corollary discharge, of motor commands. This ...
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    The plant immune system (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 323-329 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Many plant-associated microbes are pathogens that impair plant growth and reproduction. Plants respond to infection using a two-branched innate immune system. The first branch recognizes and responds to molecules common to many classes of microbes, including non-pathogens. The second responds ...
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    Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 330-336 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Neanderthals are the extinct hominid group most closely related to contemporary humans, so their genome offers a unique opportunity to identify genetic changes specific to anatomically fully modern humans. We have identified a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal fossil that is exceptionally free of ...
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    The receptors and cells for mammalian taste (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 288-294 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The emerging picture of taste coding at the periphery is one of elegant simplicity. Contrary to what was generally believed, it is now clear that distinct cell types expressing unique receptors are tuned to detect each of the five basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty and umami. Importantly, ...
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    Smell images and the flavour system in the human brain (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 316-321 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Flavour perception is one of the most complex of human behaviours. It involves almost all of the senses, particularly the sense of smell, which is involved through odour images generated in the olfactory pathway. In the human brain, the perceptual systems are closely linked to systems for learning, ...
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    Safe handling of nanotechnology (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 267-269 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] When the physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman challenged the science community to think small in his 1959 lecture 'There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom', he planted the seeds of a new era in science and technology. Nanotechnology, which is about controlling matter at near-atomic scales to ...
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    Evolutionary biology Ancient genomics is born (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 275-276 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The study of ancient DNA fascinates everybody. But it has a chequered history, with several high-profile failures — such as false reports of the amplification of DNA sequences from dinosaurs — taking the sheen off undoubted success stories. Among these successes are the identification ...
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    Upper Palaeolithic infant burials (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 285-285 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Decorations on the bodies of newborns indicate that they were probably important in their community. Several adult graves from the Stone Age (Upper Palaeolithic period) have been found but child burials seem to be rare, which has prompted discussion about whether this apparently different ...
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    Making the paper Marc Sommer (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444.2006, 7117, xiii-, (1 S.) 
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    Notes: [Auszug] As we look at the world around us, our eyes are constantly on the move. But, somehow, what we see is not a series of disjointed, disconnected still pictures but a seamless film. How our brain manages to compensate for our rapid eye movements has puzzled neuroscientists for many years. On page ...
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    Visualization of transient encounter complexes in protein–protein association (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 383-386 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Kinetic data on a number of protein–protein associations have provided evidence for the initial formation of a pre-equilibrium encounter complex that subsequently relaxes to the final stereospecific complex. Site-directed mutagenesis and brownian dynamics simulations have suggested that ...
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    Haemagglutinin mutations responsible for the binding of H5N1 influenza A viruses to human-type receptors (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 378-382 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread to numerous countries in Asia, Europe and Africa, infecting not only large numbers of poultry, but also an increasing number of humans, often with lethal effects. Human and avian influenza A viruses differ in their recognition of host cell receptors: the ...
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    Physiology Freaks of nature? (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1000-1001 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Trek 125 kilometres, and cycle 250 more. Kayak 131, rappel through canyons for another 97, and swim 13 in churning whitewater. Throw in some horseback riding and rock climbing; spread it all over six days in the blistering Utah heat; and never stop to sleep. That's the punishing formula for the ...
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    Life: perhaps we should take the porridge theory with a pinch of salt (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1002-1002 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Sir In his Book Review of The Goldilocks Enigma (“Life in the universal porridge” Nature 444, 423–424; 2006), Jim Al-Khalili discusses Paul Davies' answers to the question “Why is the Universe just ...
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    Comparative chemosensation from receptors to ecology (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 295-301 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Odour perception is initiated by specific interactions between odorants and a large repertoire of receptors in olfactory neurons. During the past few years, considerable progress has been made in tracing olfactory perception from the odorant receptor protein to the activity of olfactory neurons to ...
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    Correction (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 15-15 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The story 'Funding agencies toughen stance on open access' (Nature, 443, 894–895; 2006 doi:10.1038/443894b) incorrectly stated that the American Physiological Society (APS) refused to comply with Wellcome Trust ...
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    Islam and Science Ambition & neglect (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 19-19 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Science in the Muslim world The full 〈weblink url="http://www.nature.com/news/specials/islamandscience/index.html"〉Islam and Science special is available from news@nature.com. ...The war in Iraq, the price of oil, the deadlock over Iran's nuclear ambitions, the terrorism of ...
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    Measures for measures (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1003-1004 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Although quantifying the quality of individual scientists is difficult, the general view is that it is better to publish more than less and that the citation count of a paper (relative to citation habits in its field) is a useful measure of its quality. How citation counts are weighed and analysed ...
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    The ambiguity is the essence (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1005-1006 
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    Notes: [Auszug] ...“What do you think of tastes — do they exist without the mind or no?” asks Philonous in philosopher George Berkeley's 1713 treatise Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous. The materialist Hylas replies: “Can any man in his sense doubt whether sugar is sweet, or wormwood ...
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    A breed apart (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 137-137 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Watson 101 had already lived up to his name by the time he was 12 years old. He had the longest horns of any Texas Longhorn in the world — they spanned 101 inches (260 cm) from tip to tip, and were still growing. Watson could have earned thousands of dollars as a sire, but had been castrated ...
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    Don't forget the steps that led physics to where it is (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 146-146 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir In your News story “Neutrinos make a splash in Italy” (Nature 443, 126; 2006), you highlight a project, “first sketched out 25 years ago”, to attempt to discover whether neutrinos have mass. As president ...
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    Physiology Obesity and gut flora (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1009-1010 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] See our 〈weblink url="/nature/videoarchive/gutmicrobes/index.html"〉streaming video for more on this research. Much has been said and written about the sequencing of the human genome, and the research avenues that it has opened up. But our own genome is not the only one with which we need ...
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    Cell biology A clean energy programme (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 151-152 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Climate scientists have taught us that the planet is getting warmer because of the intimate relationship between the production and consumption of energy and the consequent generation of toxic by-products. Cell biologists have long known that a similar struggle between product and by-product occurs ...
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    Astronomy A troupe of near dwarfs (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 158-159 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Of his 1938 discovery of two tiny satellite galaxies accompanying our own Milky Way, the astronomer Harlow Shapley wrote: “Presumably the gamut of galaxies had already been run. All forms had long been fully described. There were spirals, spheroidals, irregulars, with many variations on the ...
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    Mechanoluminescence Light from sonication of crystal slurries (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 163-163 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Mechanoluminescence, also known as triboluminescence or fractoluminescence, is light emission induced as a result of mechanical action on a solid — for example, Francis Bacon noted as long ago as 1605 that lumps of sugar emitted light when scraped. Here we elicit mechanoluminescence by a new ...
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    Abstractions (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444.2006, 7116, xiii-, (1 S.) 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Lead Author ...Roger Bilham is on a mission to improve earthquake forecasts in the Himalayan region. The geophysicist and his student Nicole Feldl, from the University of Colorado, Boulder, braved high altitudes and Maoist guerillas to gather GPS points in the Himalaya. Using ...
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    Boundary lubrication under water (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 191-194 
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Boundary lubrication, in which the rubbing surfaces are coated with molecular monolayers, has been studied extensively for over half a century. Such monolayers generally consist of amphiphilic surfactants anchored by their polar headgroups; sliding occurs at the interface between the layers, ...
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    The structure of complement C3b provides insights into complement activation and regulation (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 221-225 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The human complement system is an important component of innate immunity. Complement-derived products mediate functions contributing to pathogen killing and elimination. However, inappropriate activation of the system contributes to the pathogenesis of immunological and inflammatory diseases. ...
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    Reducing the global burden of acute lower respiratory infections in children: the contribution of new diagnostics (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 9-18 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Preface Acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) are the primary cause of death among children aged 〈5 years in developing countries, despite increased access to antibiotics. Many children with ALRIs fail to receive adequate care, and overuse of antibiotics has led to ...
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    Immunology Exposure of an executioner (2006)
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    Nature 444 (2006), S. 159-160 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Some of the oldest molecules involved in defence in the animal kingdom are found in the thioester protein family, which dates back more than 500 million years. The power of these proteins comes from their thioester chemical group — a highly reactive molecular 'warhead' that, when activated, ...
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    Science and the Islamists (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Walk down a street in some predominantly Muslim cities and the chances are that you'll see taxis and buses bearing in Arabic the words “Seek knowledge, even as far as China”. Attributed to the prophet Muhammad, the words encapsulate two principles: the duty of Muslims to seek an ...
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    Hwang takes the stand at fraud trial (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 12-13 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Seoul ...Woo Suk Hwang has taken the stand in court in his defence for the first time. The once-lauded cloning expert was confident and at times defiant as he struck back at the prosecution's claims that he embezzled money, committed fraud and broke a bioethics law, at one ...
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    Drilling for nanotech gold (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 16-17 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The guys in the aisle at Home Depot don't know it. But that $800 DeWalt cordless power-tool set — the one they really want for Christmas, but are just too scared to ask for — gets its butt-kicking oomph from a Nature Materials paper published only four years ago. It's taken that ...
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    Green activists enlist penguins to save the world (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 978-979 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] What if threatened species, instead of waiting for extinction, decided to charm humans into saving them? That's the plot of this winter's hit film, Happy Feet, in which emperor penguins score a total moratorium on Antarctic fishing thanks to their winsome tap-dancing routines. Environmental groups ...
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    Gravity probe falters (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 978-979 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two unexpected effects are plaguing a quixotic satellite designed to measure a subtle effect of gravity. But project scientists say they are optimistic that they can still extract a significant finding from their data. The problems have delayed results from the satellite, known as Gravity Probe-B, ...
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    Sidelines (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 982-982 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Zoo news special Copycat birth ...CC, the world's first cloned cat, has proved her own reproductive credentials by becoming a mother. CC, also known as Copycat, gave birth to three kittens (pictured) in September, it was revealed this week. Dog doubles ...
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    Animal experiments under fire for poor design (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 981-981 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] ...In the contentious world of animal research, one question surfaces time and again: how useful are animal experiments as a way to prepare for trials of medical treatments in humans? The issue is crucial, as public opinion is behind animal research only if it helps develop better drugs. ...
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    News in brief (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 983-983 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Fermilab team finds top quark going solo Physicists at Fermilab near Chicago have obtained solitary top quarks from a mass of particles for the first time — an achievement, they say, that further bolsters the standard model of particle physics. The top quark — ...
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    NIH offers free access to wealth of disease data (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 982-982 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] An unprecedented repository of disease-related data is bringing together information about the genes, health and lifestyles of thousands of subjects studied over many years. The web-based portal will allow any interested investigator to search across multiple epidemiological studies, in the hope of ...
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    Correction (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 983-983 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In our News Feature “Mighty mouse” (〈weblink url="/nature/journal/v444/n7121/full/444814a.html"〉Nature 444, 814–816; 2006) we erroneously stated that 42% of the 50 knockout mouse lines studied showed new phenotypes. The correct figure is 47 lines out of the ...
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    2006 Gallery Brilliant display (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 985-991 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] A map of science ...We begin with all of science all at once, in this conceptual map of 800,000 published papers. The red circles are nodes of papers that cite one another. They are named with a string of phrases that relate to their fields, and are connected with lines of ...
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    50 & 100 Years Ago (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 44-44 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] 50 Years Ago Not being English or French, but of speech a mid-west American from Manitoba and Dakota, it did not mean anything to me when in 1906 I heard the Eskimos of the Mackenzie Delta and north-eastern Alaska speaking of spruce gum as 'kutsuk'... Years later, perhaps in ...
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    Human evolution How Africa learned to love the cow (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 444 (2006), S. 994-996 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The Dinka people of southern Sudan, it is said, have 400 different words to refer to the cattle that they prize above all other things. The Maasai, who live in Kenya and northern Tanzania, have traditionally believed that all cattle on Earth were given to them by the gods, and value those in their ...
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    Distinct catalytic and non-catalytic roles of ARGONAUTE4 in RNA-directed DNA methylation (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 1008-1012 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] DNA methylation has important functions in stable, transcriptional gene silencing, immobilization of transposable elements and genome organization. In Arabidopsis, DNA methylation can be induced by double-stranded RNA through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, a response known as ...
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    Genomics Blueprints for partnerships (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 443 (2006), S. 925-927 
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    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Earth was a planet of microbes long before multicellular life appeared and diversified. The evolution of all plants, animals and fungi has thus been profoundly influenced by microorganisms. As a result, many innovative partnerships, known as symbioses, have developed between microbes and their host ...
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