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  • Articles  (38,569)
  • Institute of Physics  (16,004)
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  • Articles  (38,569)
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  • 2000-2004  (38,569)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disturbance of drilling mud on rock formation and a method for error elimination on acoustic log curves (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Errors in acoustic logs have a significant influence on the assessment of formations, the description of oil deposits and modelling using synthetic seismograms. The elimination of these errors is a problem that many researchers have been trying to solve for many years. We derive theoretical formulae for calculating the radial depth of investigation of acoustic logging, and analyse the relationship between the error in acoustic interval transit time and the altered zone thickness. We explain in detail how mud affects the acoustic interval transit time. We also describe the variation of altered zone thickness with time and a method for calculating the altered zone thickness. Finally, we present a set of new methods that can be directly applied to correct the disturbing influence on acoustic curves. Our results are obtained based on the fact that acoustic velocities in the altered zone show a small lateral variation. Examples are given of analysing the acoustic log data, which are collected from a BS well at three different times. This paper is significant both for selection of the acoustic logging device with proper transmitter-to-receiver distance (spacing) and improvement of the device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/J.1365-2478.2003.00387.X
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  • 2
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    Seismic modelling study of a subglacial lake (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We characterize the seismic response of Lake Vostok, an Antarctic subglacial lake located at nearly 4 km depth below the ice sheet. This study is relevant for the determination of the location and morphology of subglacial lakes. The characterization requires the design of a methodology based on rock physics and numerical modelling of wave propagation. The methodology involves rock-physics models of the shallow layer (firn), the ice sheet and the lake sediments, numerical simulation of synthetic seismograms, ray tracing, τ–p transforms, and AVA analysis, based on the theoretical reflection coefficients. The modelled reflection seismograms show a set of straight events (refractions through the firn and top-ice layer) and the two reflection events associated with the top and bottom of the lake. Theoretical AVA analysis of these reflections indicates that, at near offsets, the PP-wave anomaly is negative for the ice/water interface and constant for the water/sediment interface. This behaviour is shown by AVA analysis of the synthetic data set. This study shows that subglacial lakes can be identified by using seismic methods. Moreover, the methodology provides a tool for designing suitable seismic surveys.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00388.x
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  • 3
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    Fracture characterization from walkaround VSPs (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: A walkaround VSP is a novel acquisition geometry comprising multiple sources azimuthally distributed around a fixed multi-component receiver at approximately the same offset. Such a configuration allows the robust measurement of fracture-induced anisotropy by the analysis of certain seismic attributes with respect to azimuth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00391.x
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  • 4
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    Petrophysical inversion of AVA data (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We investigate the interactions between the elastic parameters, VP, VS and density, estimated by non-linear inversion of AVA data, and the petrophysical parameters, depth (pressure), porosity, clay content and fluid saturation, of an actual gas-bearing reservoir. In particular, we study how the ambiguous solutions derived from the non-uniqueness of the seismic inversion affect the estimates of relevant rock properties. It results that the physically admissible values of the rock properties greatly reduce the range of possible seismic solutions and this range contains the actual values given by the well. By means of a statistical inversion, we analyse how approximate a priori knowledge of the petrophysical properties and of their relationships with the seismic parameters can be of help in reducing the ambiguity of the inversion solutions and eventually in estimating the petrophysical properties of the specific target reservoir. This statistical inversion allows the determination of the most likely values of the sought rock properties along with their uncertainty ranges. The results show that the porosity is the best-resolved rock property, with its most likely value closely approaching the actual value found by the well, even when we insert somewhat erroneous a priori information. The hydrocarbon saturation is the second best-resolved parameter, but its most likely value does not match the well data. The depth of the target interface is the least-resolved parameter and its most likely value is strongly dependent on a priori information. Although no general conclusions can be drawn from the results of this exercise, we envisage that the proposed AVA–petrophysical inversion and its possible extensions may be of use in reservoir characterization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00389.x
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  • 5
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    Joint AVO inversion, wavelet estimation and noise-level estimation using a spatially coupled hierarchical Bayesian model (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The main objective of the AVO inversion is to obtain posterior distributions for P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density from specified prior distributions, seismic data and well-log data. The inversion problem also involves estimation of a seismic wavelet and the seismic-noise level. The noise model is represented by a zero mean Gaussian distribution specified by a covariance matrix. A method for joint AVO inversion, wavelet estimation and estimation of the noise level is developed in a Bayesian framework. The stochastic model includes uncertainty of both the elastic parameters, the wavelet, and the seismic and well-log data. The posterior distribution is explored by Markov-chain Monte-Carlo simulation using the Gibbs' sampler algorithm. The inversion algorithm has been tested on a seismic line from the Heidrun Field with two wells located on the line. The use of a coloured seismic-noise model resulted in about 10% lower uncertainties for the P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density compared with a white-noise model. The uncertainty of the estimated wavelet is low. In the Heidrun example, the effect of including uncertainty of the wavelet and the noise level was marginal with respect to the AVO inversion results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00390.x
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  • 6
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    Velocity and attenuation in partially saturated rocks: poroelastic numerical experiments (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We use a poroelastic modelling algorithm to compute numerical experiments on wave propagation in a rock sample with partial saturation using realistic fluid distribution patterns from tomography scans. Frequencies are in the range 10 to 500 kHz. The rock is a homogeneous isotropic sandstone partially filled with gas and water, which are defined by their characteristic values of viscosity, compressibility and density. We assume no mixing and that the two different pore-fills occupy different macroscopic regions. The von Kármán self-similar correlation function is used, employing different fractal parameters to model uniform and patchy fluid distributions, respectively, where effective saturation is varied in steps from full gas to full water saturation.Without resorting to additional matrix–fluid interaction mechanisms, we are able to reproduce the main features of the variation in wave velocity and attenuation with effective saturation and frequency, as those of published laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the behaviour of the attenuation peaks versus water saturation and frequency is similar to that of White's model. The conversion of primary P-wave energy into dissipating slow waves at the heterogeneities is shown to be the main mechanism for attenuating the primary wavefield. Fluid/gas patches are shown to affect attenuation more than equivalent patches in the permeability or solid-grain properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00393.x
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  • 7
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    3D wavepath migration (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: 3D Kirchhoff migration (KM) smears a trace's time sample along a quasi-ellipsoid in the model space. This is a costly and sometimes noisy process as reflection energy is smeared far away from the actual reflector position, introducing far-field migration artefacts. As a reduced form of 3D KM, 3D wavepath migration (WM) smears a picked reflection arrival to a small Fresnel zone portion centred about the specular reflection point, leading to fewer migration artefacts and reduced computation time. Both the traveltime and the angle of incidence are required by WM for locating the specular reflection point. Our results with 3D prestack synthetic data show that WM generates fewer migration artefacts and can sometimes define complex structure better than KM. Our results with 3D prestack field data show that WM can mostly suppress migration artefacts and can sometimes resolve reflection interfaces better than KM. The CPU comparison shows that, for both the synthetic and field data examples, WM can be more than an order of magnitude faster than KM. The limitation with 3D WM is that the angle of incidence calculation is sensitive to the recording geometry and the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, which can lead to blurred images.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00380.x
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  • 8
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    Computations of secondary potential for 3D DC resistivity modelling using an incomplete Choleski conjugate-gradient method (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: An accurate and efficient 3D finite-difference (FD) forward algorithm for DC resistivity modelling is developed. In general, the most time-consuming part of FD calculation is to solve large sets of linear equations: Ax=b, where A is a large sparse band symmetric matrix. The direct method using complete Choleski decomposition is quite slow and requires much more computer storage. We have introduced a row-indexed sparse storage mode to store the coefficient matrix A and an incomplete Choleski conjugate-gradient (ICCG) method to solve the large linear systems. By taking advantage of the matrix symmetry and sparsity, the ICCG method converges much more quickly and requires much less computer storage. It takes approximately 15 s on a 533 MHz Pentium computer for a grid with 46 020 nodes, which is approximately 700 times faster than the direct method and 2.5 times faster than the symmetric successive over-relaxation (SSOR) conjugate-gradient method. Compared with 3D finite-element resistivity modelling with the improved ICCG solver, our algorithm is more efficient in terms of number of iterations and computer time. In addition, we solve for the secondary potential in 3D DC resistivity modelling by a simple manipulation of the FD equations. Two numerical examples of a two-layered model and a vertical contact show that the method can achieve much higher accuracy than solving for the total potential directly with the same grid nodes. In addition, a 3D cubic body is simulated, for which the dipole–dipole apparent resistivities agree well with the results obtained with the finite-element and integral-equation methods. In conclusion, the combination of several techniques provides a rapid and accurate 3D FD forward modelling method which is fundamental to 3D resistivity inversion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00392.x
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  • 9
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    Use of VFSA for resolution, sensitivity and uncertainty analysis in 1D DC resistivity and IP inversion (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We present results from the resolution and sensitivity analysis of 1D DC resistivity and IP sounding data using a non-linear inversion. The inversion scheme uses a theoretically correct Metropolis–Gibbs' sampling technique and an approximate method using numerous models sampled by a global optimization algorithm called very fast simulated annealing (VFSA). VFSA has recently been found to be computationally efficient in several geophysical parameter estimation problems. Unlike conventional simulated annealing (SA), in VFSA the perturbations are generated from the model parameters according to a Cauchy-like distribution whose shape changes with each iteration. This results in an algorithm that converges much faster than a standard SA. In the course of finding the optimal solution, VFSA samples several models from the search space. All these models can be used to obtain estimates of uncertainty in the derived solution. This method makes no assumptions about the shape of an a posteriori probability density function in the model space. Here, we carry out a VFSA-based sensitivity analysis with several synthetic and field sounding data sets for resistivity and IP. The resolution capability of the VFSA algorithm as seen from the sensitivity analysis is satisfactory. The interpretation of VES and IP sounding data by VFSA, incorporating resolution, sensitivity and uncertainty of layer parameters, would generally be more useful than the conventional best-fit techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00379.x
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  • 10
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    Using a non-integer moment of the impulse response to estimate the half-space conductivity (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The nth-order moments of the electromagnetic impulse response are useful for interpreting electromagnetic data. We have derived an analytic expression for the half-order moment of a conductive half-space. By inverting this expression, the measured half-order moment can be used to estimate an apparent conductivity of the ground. The first-order moment can also be used to estimate the half-space conductivity. A sensitivity analysis indicates that for an airborne EM configuration, the half-order moment will be most sensitive to material in the top 26–48 m, while the first-order moment will be sensitive to deeper material (down to depths between 66 and 127 m).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00383.x
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  • 11
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    The Wilson–Burg method of spectral factorization with application to helical filtering (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Spectral factorization is a computational procedure for constructing minimum-phase (stable inverse) filters required for recursive inverse filtering. We present a novel method of spectral factorization. The method iteratively constructs an approximation of the minimum-phase filter with the given autocorrelation by repeated forward and inverse filtering and rearranging of the terms. This procedure is especially efficient in the multidimensional case, where the inverse recursive filtering is enabled by the helix transform.To exemplify a practical application of the proposed method, we consider the problem of smooth two-dimensional data regularization. Splines in tension are smooth interpolation surfaces whose behaviour in unconstrained regions is controlled by the tension parameter. We show that such surfaces can be efficiently constructed with recursive filter preconditioning and we introduce a family of corresponding two-dimensional minimum-phase filters. The filters are created by spectral factorization on a helix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00382.x
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  • 12
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    Frequency-dependent anisotropy due to meso-scale fractures in the presence of equant porosity (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Fractured rock is often modelled under the assumption of perfect fluid pressure equalization between the fractures and equant porosity. This is consistent with laboratory estimates of the characteristic squirt-flow frequency. However, these laboratory measurements are carried out on rock samples which do not contain large fractures. We consider coupled fluid motion on two scales: the grain scale which controls behaviour in laboratory experiments and the fracture scale. Our approach reproduces generally accepted results in the low- and high-frequency limits. Even under the assumption of a high squirt-flow frequency, we find that frequency-dependent anisotropy can occur in the seismic frequency band when larger fractures are present. Shear-wave splitting becomes dependent on frequency, with the size of the fractures playing a controlling role in the relationship. Strong anisotropic attenuation can occur in the seismic frequency band. The magnitude of the frequency dependence is influenced strongly by the extent of equant porosity. With these results, it becomes possible in principle to distinguish between fracture- and microcrack-induced anisotropy, or more ambitiously to measure a characteristic fracture length from seismic data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00384.x
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  • 13
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    Reflection and transmission responses of layered transversely isotropic viscoelastic media (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: We consider a layered heterogeneous viscoelastic transversely isotropic medium with a vertical symmetry axis (a viscoelastic TIV medium) and parameters that depend on depth only. This takes into account intrinsic attenuation, anisotropy and thin layering. The seismic wavefield is decomposed into up- and downgoing waves scaled by the vertical energy flux. This scaling gives important symmetry relationships for both reflection and transmission (R/T) responses. For a stack of homogeneous layers, the exact reflection response can be computed in a numerically stable way by a simple layer-recursive algorithm. We derive exact plane-wave R/T coefficients and several linear and quadratic approximations between two viscoelastic TIV media, as functions of the real-valued horizontal slowness. The approximations are valid for pre- and post-critical values of horizontal slowness provided that the proper complex square roots are used when computing the vertical slowness. Numerical examples demonstrate that the quadratic approximations can be used for large differences in medium parameters, while the linear approximations can be used for small differences. For weak anisotropy it is sufficient to use an isotropic background medium, while for strong anisotropy it is necessary to use a weak TIV or TIV background medium. We also extend the O'Doherty–Anstey formula to the P- and SV-wave transmission responses of a stack of viscoelastic TIV layers, taking into account intrinsic attenuation, anisotropy and thin layering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00381.x
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  • 14
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    Traveltime computation for 3D anisotropic media by a finite-difference perturbation method (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The first-order perturbation theory is used for fast 3D computation of quasi-compressional (qP)-wave traveltimes in arbitrarily anisotropic media. For efficiency we implement the perturbation approach using a finite-difference (FD) eikonal solver. Traveltimes in the unperturbed reference medium are computed with an FD eikonal solver, while perturbed traveltimes are obtained by adding a traveltime correction to the traveltimes of the reference medium. The traveltime correction must be computed along the raypath in the reference medium. Since the raypath is not determined in FD eikonal solvers, we approximate rays by linear segments corresponding to the direction of the phase normal of plane wavefronts in each cell. An isotropic medium as a reference medium works well for weak anisotropy. Using a medium with ellipsoidal anisotropy as a background medium in the perturbation approach allows us to consider stronger anisotropy without losing computational speed. The traveltime computation in media with ellipsoidal anisotropy using an FD eikonal solver is fast and accurate. The relative error is below 0.5% for the models investigated in this study. Numerical examples show that the reference model with ellipsoidal anisotropy allows us to compute the traveltime for models with strong anisotropy with an improved accuracy compared with the isotropic reference medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00385.x
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  • 15
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    Modelling frequency-dependent seismic anisotropy in fluid-saturated rock with aligned fractures: implication of fracture size estimation from anisotropic measurements (2003)
    PO Box 1354, 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2XG , UK . : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Geophysical prospecting 51 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2478
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of seismic anisotropy in fractured rock are used at present to deduce information about the fracture orientation and the spatial distribution of fracture intensity. Analysis of the data is based upon equivalent-medium theories that describe the elastic response of a rock containing cracks or fractures in the long-wavelength limit. Conventional models assume frequency independence and cannot distinguish between microcracks and macrofractures. The latter, however, control the fluid flow in many subsurface reservoirs. Therefore, the fracture size is essential information for reservoir engineers. In this study we apply a new equivalent-medium theory that models frequency-dependent anisotropy and is sensitive to the length scale of fractures. The model considers velocity dispersion and attenuation due to a squirt-flow mechanism at two different scales: the grain scale (microcracks and equant matrix porosity) and formation-scale fractures. The theory is first tested and calibrated against published laboratory data. Then we present the analysis and modelling of frequency-dependent shear-wave splitting in multicomponent VSP data from a tight gas reservoir. We invert for fracture density and fracture size from the frequency dependence of the time delay between split shear waves. The derived fracture length matches independent observations from borehole data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2478.2003.00386.x
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  • 16
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    OPTICAL SINGLE TRANSPORTER RECORDING: Transport Kinetics in Microarrays of Membrane Patches (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 47-67 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Optical single transporter recording (OSTR) is an emerging technique for the fluorescence microscopic measurement of transport kinetics in membrane patches. Membranes are attached to transparent microarrays of cylindrical test compartments (TCs) ~0.1-100 mum in diameter and ~10-100 mum in depth. Transport across membrane patches that may contain single transporters or transporter populations is recorded by confocal microscopy. By these means transport of proteins through single nuclear pore complexes has been recorded at rates of 〈1 translocation/s. In addition to the high sensitivity in terms of measurable transport rates OSTR features unprecedented spatial selectivity and parallel processing. This article reviews the conceptual basis of OSTR and its realization. Applications to nuclear transport are summarized. The further development of OSTR is discussed and its extension to a diversity of transporters, including translocases and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) pumps, projected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142429
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  • 17
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    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NATURAL KILLER CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 93-114 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Since mid-1990, with cloning and identification of several families of natural killer (NK) receptors, research on NK cells began to receive appreciable attention. Determination of structures of NK cell surface receptors and their ligand complexes led to a fast growth in our understanding of the activation and ligand recognition by these receptors as well as their function in innate immunity. Functionally, NK cell surface receptors are divided into two groups, the inhibitory and the activating receptors. Structurally, they belong to either the immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor superfamily or the C-type lectin-like receptor (CTLR) superfamily. Their ligands are either members of class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) or homologs of class I MHC molecules. The inhibitory form of NK receptors provides the protective immunity through recognizing class I MHC molecules with self-peptides on healthy host cells. The activating, or the noninhibitory, NK receptors mediate the killing of tumor or virally infected cells through their specific ligand recognition. The structures of activating and inhibitory NK cell surface receptors and their complexes with the ligands determined to date, including killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) and their complexes with HLA molecules, CD94, Ly49A, and its complex with H-2Dd, and NKG2D receptors and their complexes with class I MHC homologs, are reviewed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142347
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  • 18
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    THE POWER AND PROSPECTS OF FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPIES AND SPECTROSCOPIES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 161-182 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent years have witnessed a renaissance of fluorescence microscopy techniques and applications, from live-animal multiphoton confocal microscopy to single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging in living cells. These achievements have been made possible not so much because of improvements in microscope design, but rather because of development of new detectors, accessible continuous wave and pulsed laser sources, sophisticated multiparameter analysis on one hand, and the development of new probes and labeling chemistries on the other. This review tracks the lineage of ideas and the evolution of thinking that have led to the actual developments, and presents a comprehensive overview of the field, with emphasis put on our laboratory's interest in single-molecule microscopy and spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142525
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  • 19
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    NEW INSIGHT INTO SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION FROM FLP RECOMBINASE-DNA STRUCTURES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 135-159 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The lamba integrase, or tyrosine-based family of site-specific recombinases, plays an important role in a variety of biological processes by inserting, excising, and inverting DNA segments. Flp, encoded by the yeast 2-mum plasmid, is the best-characterized eukaryotic member of this family and is responsible for maintaining the copy number of this plasmid. Over the past several years, structural and biochemical studies have shed light on the details of a common catalytic scheme utilized by these enzymes with interesting variations under different biological contexts. The emergence of new Flp structures and solution data provides insights not only into its unique mechanism of active site assembly and activity regulation but also into the specific contributions of certain protein residues to catalysis.
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    X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LIPID-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS IN THE BACTERIORHODOPSIN PURPLE MEMBRANE* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 285-310 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The past decade has witnessed increasingly detailed insights into the structural mechanism of the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle. Concurrently, there has been much progress within our knowledge pertaining to the lipids of the purple membrane, including the discovery of new lipids and the overall effort to localize and identify each lipid within the purple membrane. Therefore, there is a need to classify this information to generalize the findings. We discuss the properties and roles of haloarchaeal lipids and present the structural data as individual case studies. Lipid-protein interactions are discussed in the context of structure-function relationships. A brief discussion of the possibility that bacteriorhodopsin functions as a light-driven inward hydroxide pump rather than an outward proton pump is also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142516
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    THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC MODEL OF RHODOPSIN AND ITS USE IN STUDIES OF OTHER G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 375-397 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are integral membrane proteins that respond to environmental signals and initiate signal transduction pathways activating cellular processes. Rhodopsin is a GPCR found in rod cells in retina where it functions as a photopigment. Its molecular structure is known from cryo-electron microscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies, and this has reshaped many structure/function questions important in vision science. In addition, this first GPCR structure has provided a structural template for studies of other GPCRs, including many known drug targets. After presenting an overview of the major structural elements of rhodopsin, recent literature covering the use of the rhodopsin structure in analyzing other GPCRs will be summarized. Use of the rhodopsin structural model to understand the structure and function of other GPCRs provides strong evidence validating the structural model.
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    PROTEOME ANALYSIS BY MASS SPECTROMETRY* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 399-424 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coupling of high-performance mass spectrometry instrumentation with highly efficient chromatographic and electrophoretic separations has enabled rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of thousands of proteins from minute samples of biological materials. Here, we review recent progress in the development and application of mass spectrometry-based techniques for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of global proteome samples derived from whole cells, tissues, or organisms. Techniques such as multidimensional peptide and protein separations coupled with mass spectrometry, accurate mass measurement of peptides from global proteome digests, and mass spectrometric characterization of intact proteins hold great promise for characterization of highly complex protein mixtures. Advances in chemical tagging and isotope labeling techniques have enabled quantitative analysis of proteomes, and highly specific isolation strategies have been developed aimed at selective analysis of posttranslationally modified proteins.
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    STANLEY CORRSIN: 1920-1986 (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161055
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    MECHANISMS ON TRANSVERSE MOTIONS IN TURBULENT WALL FLOWS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 45-62 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Drag reduction in wall-bounded flows can be achieved by transverse motions imposed by passive means, e.g., riblets, or by external forcing, such as wall oscillation or transverse traveling-wave excitation. In this article, we review possible physical mechanisms responsible for turbulent drag reduction and corresponding near-wall flow modification.
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    AERODYNAMICS OF SMALL VEHICLES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 89-111 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this review we describe the aerodynamic problems that must be addressed in order to design a successful small aerial vehicle. The effects of Reynolds number and aspect ratio (AR) on the design and performance of fixed-wing vehicles are described. The boundary-layer behavior on airfoils is especially important in the design of vehicles in this flight regime. The results of a number of experimental boundary-layer studies, including the influence of laminar separation bubbles, are discussed. Several examples of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in this regime are described. Also, a brief survey of analytical models for oscillating and flapping-wing propulsion is presented. These range from the earliest examples where quasi-steady, attached flow is assumed, to those that account for the unsteady shed vortex wake as well as flow separation and aeroelastic behavior of a flapping wing. Experiments that complemented the analysis and led to the design of a successful ornithopter are also described.
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    MIXING EFFICIENCY IN STRATIFIED SHEAR FLOWS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 135-167 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The issue of the physical mechanism(s) that control the efficiency with which the density field in stably stratified fluid is mixed by turbulent processes has remained enigmatic. Similarly enigmatic has been an explanation of the numerical value of ~0.2, which is observed to characterize this efficiency experimentally. We review recent work on the turbulence transition in stratified parallel flows that demonstrates that this value is not only numerically predictable but also that it is expected to be a nonmonotonic function of the Richardson number that characterizes preturbulent stratification strength. This value of the mixing efficiency appears to be characteristic of the late-time behavior of the turbulent flow that develops after an initially laminar shear flow has undergone the transition to turbulence through an intermediate instability of Kelvin-Helmholtz type.
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    SMALL-SCALE HYDRODYNAMICS IN LAKES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 373-412 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent small-scale turbulence observations allow the mixing regimes in lakes, reservoirs, and other enclosed basins to be categorized into the turbulent surface and bottom boundary layers as well as the comparably quiet interior. The surface layer consists of an energetic wave-affected thin zone at the very top and a law-of-the-wall layer right below, where the classical logarithmic-layer characteristic applies on average. Short-term current and dissipation profiles, however, deviate strongly from any steady state. In contrast, the quasi-steady bottom boundary layer behaves almost perfectly as a logarithmic layer, although periodic seiching modifies the structure in the details. The interior stratified turbulence is extremely weak, even though much of the mechanical energy is contained in baroclinic basin-scale seiching and Kelvin waves or inertial currents (large lakes). The transformation of large-scale motions to turbulence occurs mainly in the bottom boundary and not in the interior, where the local shear remains weak and the Richardson numbers are generally large.
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    FLOW AND DISPERSION IN URBAN AREAS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 469-496 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Increasing urbanization and concern about sustainability and quality of life issues have produced considerable interest in flow and dispersion in urban areas. We address this subject at four scales: regional, city, neighborhood, and street. The flow is one over and through a complex array of structures. Most of the local fluid mechanical processes are understood; how these combine and what is the most appropriate framework to study and quantify the result is less clear. Extensive and structured experimental databases have been compiled recently in several laboratories. A number of major field experiments in urban areas have been completed very recently and more are planned. These have aided understanding as well as model development and evaluation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.35.101101.161147
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    BIFURCATING AND BLOOMING JETS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 295-315 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It is classically assumed that the far field of a round turbulent jet discharging into quiescent fluid has a unique behavior characterized only by its momentum flux. However, there is now considerable evidence that different discharge conditions at the jet nozzle exit can give rise to very different far-field flows. Perhaps the most striking examples of these are the bifurcating and blooming jets produced by appropriate combinations of controlled axial and circumferential excitations at the nozzle exit. With the right excitations, a jet can be made to divide into two separate jets (bifurcating jet), each of which carries half the axial momentum and spreads in a manner similar to a single jet. Trifurcating jets can also be produced. Other excitations can produce blooming jets, in which the jet explodes into a shower of vortex rings, producing a far-field flow that is quite unlike a normal unexcited jet. Bifurcating and blooming jets exhibit much greater mixing than normal jets, suggesting possible applications in flow control. This article summarizes our work on bifurcating and blooming jets, which began with our discovery of them in the early 1980s and continued through the mid- 1990s. One of us (D.E.P.) continued exploration of flow control using excited jets, first at the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, and more recently at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The key to flow control is the manipulation of the large vortical structures in the near field of the jet. Ultimately this work, and that of others, led to full-scale testing of jet engine exhaust mixing control. There it was shown that the jet temperature downstream of the engine can be very significantly reduced by application of well-designed and easily implemented excitation at the engine discharge, thereby solving problems encountered during ground operations. Related jet control work by other investigators is included in this review.
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    STABILITY AND TRANSITION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 413-440 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The recent progress in three-dimensional boundary-layer stability and transition is reviewed. The material focuses on the crossflow instability that leads to transition on swept wings and rotating disks. Following a brief overview of instability mechanisms and the crossflow problem, a summary of the important findings of the 1990s is given.
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    THE STRUCTURE OF MAMMALIAN CYCLOOXYGENASES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 183-206 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cyclooxygenases-1 and -2 (COX-1 and COX-2, also known as prostaglandin H2 synthases-1 and -2) catalyze the committed step in prostaglandin synthesis. COX-1 and -2 are of particular interest because they are the major targets of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin, ibuprofen, and the new COX-2-selective inhibitors. Inhibition of the COXs with NSAIDs acutely reduces inflammation, pain, and fever, and long-term use of these drugs reduces the incidence of fatal thrombotic events, as well as the development of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we examine how the structures of COXs relate mechanistically to cyclooxygenase and peroxidase catalysis and how alternative fatty acid substrates bind within the COX active site. We further examine how NSAIDs interact with COXs and how differences in the structure of COX-2 result in enhanced selectivity toward COX-2 inhibitors.
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    COMPUTER SIMULATIONS OF ENZYME CATALYSIS: Methods, Progress, and Insights (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 425-443 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Understanding the action of enzymes on an atomistic level is one of the important aims of modern biophysics. This review describes the state of the art in addressing this challenge by simulating enzymatic reactions. It considers different modeling methods including the empirical valence bond (EVB) and more standard molecular orbital quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods. The importance of proper configurational averaging of QM/MM energies is emphasized, pointing out that at present such averages are performed most effectively by the EVB method. It is clarified that all properly conducted simulation studies have identified electrostatic preorganization effects as the source of enzyme catalysis. It is argued that the ability to simulate enzymatic reactions also provides the chance to examine the importance of nonelectrostatic contributions and the validity of the corresponding proposals. In fact, simulation studies have indicated that prominent proposals such as desolvation, steric strain, near attack conformation, entropy traps, and coherent dynamics do not account for a major part of the catalytic power of enzymes. Finally, it is pointed out that although some of the issues are likely to remain controversial for some time, computer modeling approaches can provide a powerful tool for understanding enzyme catalysis.
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    MASSIVE STARS IN THE LOCAL GROUP: Implications for Stellar Evolution and Star Formation (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 15-56 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The galaxies of the Local Group serve as important laboratories for understanding the physics of massive stars. Here I discuss what is involved in identifying various kinds of massive stars in nearby galaxies: the hydrogen-burning O-type stars and their evolved He-burning evolutionary descendants, the luminous blue variables, red supergiants, and Wolf-Rayet stars. Primarily I review what our knowledge of the massive star population in nearby galaxies has taught us about stellar evolution and star formation. I show that the current generation of stellar evolutionary models do well at matching some of the observed features and provide a look at the sort of new observational data that will provide a benchmark against which new models can be evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170033
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    ACTION AT A DISTANCE AND COSMOLOGY: A Historical Perspective (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 169-189 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The first law of theoretical physics, the Newtonian law of gravitation, relies on the concept of action at a distance. The success of this law led to the concept being applied to electricity and magnetism, which were next to be explored in depth. Here the action at a distance had a limited success and ultimately had to be abandoned in favor of the increasingly more popular field theory. Nevertheless, in the 1940s, an attempt was made to revive the concept of action at a distance in a relativistically invariant way by Wheeler & Feynman (1945, 1949). It inspired a series of investigations in both electrodynamics and gravity in which the field concept was not used but the interaction was described as taking place directly between particles. As it impinged very intimately on cosmology, Hoyle was keenly interested in it. This review discusses the work by Hoyle, the author, and others on the development of electrodynamics and gravitation as direct particle theories. In this review, the author discusses how the work was started and went through stages of increasing sophistication, e.g., extending the Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics to curved spacetime, its consequences in different cosmologies, and the issues arising from its quantization. The resolution of ultraviolet divergences in quantum electrodynamics is also briefly discussed. The parallel development of a Machian theory of gravitation followed the lead from electrodynamics. In both theories one sees a strong link between the large-scale structure of the universe and local physics, as might be expected from an action-at-a-distance framework.
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    LABORATORY X-RAY ASTROPHYSICS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 343-390 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Targeted laboratory astrophysics measurements are being conducted to address the needs of X-ray astronomy. The measurements are producing large sets of reliable atomic data, which include ionization and recombination cross sections for charge balance calculations, as well as line lists, excitation cross sections, and dielectronic recombination rates for interpreting X-ray line formation. Additional experiments focus on resolving specific puzzles posed by astrophysical observations, as well as on calibrating existing and developing new X-ray line diagnostics. We discuss the types of data produced and illustrate how the laboratory measurements support such missions as ASCA, EUVE, Chandra, XMM, and ASTRO-E2.
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    QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY OF PHOTOIONIZED CLOUDS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 517-554 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Photoionized clouds are ubiquitous. They define the endpoints of stellar evolution (H II regions and planetary nebulae), constitute the interstellar and intergalactic media, and are found in high redshift quasars and star-forming galaxies. The spectra of these objects are dominated by emission lines that are sensitive to details of the emitting gas. These details include the microscopic atomic processes that cause the gas to glow; the density, composition, and temperature of the gas; and the radiation field of the central continuum source. Large-scale numerical codes that incorporate all the needed physics and predict the observed spectrum have become essential tools in understanding these objects. This article reviews the current status of the numerical simulations of emitting gas, with particular emphasis on photoionized clouds and the underlying simplicity that governs these nebulae; the types of questions that can be addressed by today's codes; and the big questions that remain unanswered.
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    THE FLOW OF HUMAN CROWDS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 169-182 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The modern study of a crowd as a flowing continuum is a recent development. Distinct from a classical fluid because of the property that a crowd has the capacity to think, interesting new physical ideas are involved in its study. An appealing property of a crowd in motion is that the nonlinear, time-dependent, simultaneous equations representing a crowd are conformably mappable. This property makes many interesting applications analytically tractable. In this review examples are given in which the theory has been used to provide possible assistance in the annual Muslim Hajj, to understand the Battle of Agincourt, and, surprisingly, to locate barriers that actually increase the flow of pedestrians above that when there are no barriers present. Modern developments may help prevent some of the approximately two thousand deaths that annually occur in accidents owing to crowding.The field of crowd motion, that is, the field of "thinking fluids," is an intriguing area of research with great promise.
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    RAPID GRANULAR FLOWS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 267-293 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The recent avalanche of research activity in the field of granular matter has yielded much progress. The use of state-of-the-art (and other) computational and experimental methods has led to the discovery of new states and patterns and enabled detailed tests of theories and models. The application of statistical mechanical methods and phenomenology has contributed to the understanding of the microscopic a nd macroscopic properties of granular systems. Some previously open problems seem to be solved. Fluidized granular systems (rapid granular flows), recently referred to as granular gases, are often modeled by hydrodynamic equations of motion, some of which are based on systematic expansions applied to the pertinent Boltzmann equation. The undeniable success of granular hydrodynamics is somewhat surprising in view of the lack of scale separation in these systems and the neglect of certain correlations in most derivations of the hydrodynamic equations. Microstructures have been recognized as key features of granular gases; explanations for their existence have been proposed, and many of their properties elucidated. Granular-gas multistability can often be traced back to microstructure dynamics. In spite of these and other impressive advances, this field still poses serious challenges.
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    TEXTBOOK MULTIGRID EFFICIENCY FOR FLUID SIMULATIONS* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 317-340 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent advances in achieving textbook multigrid efficiency for fluid simulations are presented. Textbook multigrid efficiency is defined as attaining the solution to the governing system of equations in a computational work that is a small multiple of the operation counts associated with discretizing the system. Strategies are reviewed to attain this efficiency by exploiting the factorizability properties inherent to a range of fluid simulations, including the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. Factorizability is used to separate the elliptic and hyperbolic factors contributing to the target system; each of the factors can then be treated individually and optimally. Boundary regions and discontinuities are addressed with separate (local) treatments. New formulations and recent calculations demonstrating the attainment of textbook efficiency for aerodynamic simulations are shown.
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    PROTEIN ANALYSIS BY HYDROGEN EXCHANGE MASS SPECTROMETRY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 1-25 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Mass spectrometry has provided a powerful method for monitoring hydrogen exchange of protein backbone amides with deuterium from solvent. In comparison to popular NMR approaches, mass spectrometry has the advantages of higher sensitivity, wider coverage of sequence, and the ability to analyze larger proteins. Proteolytic fragmentation of proteins following the exchange reaction provides moderate structural resolution, in some cases enabling measurements from single amides. The technique has provided new insight into protein-protein and protein-ligand interfaces, as well as conformational changes during protein folding or denaturation. In addition, recent studies illustrate the utility of hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry toward detecting protein motions relevant to allostery, covalent modifications, and enzyme function.
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    CATIONS AS HYDROGEN BOND DONORS: A View of Electrostatic Interactions in DNA (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 27-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Cations are bound to nucleic acids in a solvated state. High-resolution X-ray diffraction studies of oligonucleotides provide a detailed view of Mg2+, and occasionally other ions bound to DNA. In a survey of several such structures, certain general observations emerge. First, cations bind preferentially to the guanine base in the major groove or to phosphate group oxygen atoms. Second, cations interact with DNA most frequently via water molecules in their primary solvation shell, direct ion-DNA contacts being only rarely observed. Thus, the solvated ions should be viewed as hydrogen bond donors in addition to point charges. Finally, ion interaction sites are readily exchangeable: The same site may be occupied by any ion, including spermine, as well as by a water molecule.
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    THE ROLE OF DYNAMICS IN ENZYME ACTIVITY (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 69-92 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Although protein function is thought to depend on flexibility, precisely how the dynamics of the molecule and its environment contribute to catalytic mechanisms is unclear. We review experimental and computational work relating to enzyme dynamics and function, including the role of solvent. The evidence suggests that fast motions on the 100 ps timescale, and any motions coupled to these, are not required for enzyme function. Proteins where the function is electron transfer, proton tunneling, or ligand binding may have different dynamical dependencies from those for enzymes, and enzymes with large turnover numbers may have different dynamical dependencies from those that turn over more slowly. The timescale differences between the fastest anharmonic fluctuations and the barrier-crossing rate point to the need to develop methods to resolve the range of motions present in enzymes on different time- and lengthscales.
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    NUCLEIC ACID RECOGNITION BY OB-FOLD PROTEINS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 115-133 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The OB-fold domain is a compact structural motif frequently used for nucleic acid recognition. Structural comparison of all OB-fold/nucleic acid complexes solved to date confirms the low degree of sequence similarity among members of this family while highlighting several structural sequence determinants common to most of these OB-folds. Loops connecting the secondary structural elements in the OB-fold core are extremely variable in length and in functional detail. However, certain features of ligand binding are conserved among OB-fold complexes, including the location of the binding surface, the polarity of the nucleic acid with respect to the OB-fold, and particular nucleic acid-protein interactions commonly used for recognition of single-stranded and unusually structured nucleic acids. Intriguingly, the observation of shared nucleic acid polarity may shed light on the longstanding question concerning OB-fold origins, indicating that it is unlikely that members of this family arose via convergent evolution.
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    LIQUID-LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN MEMBRANES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 469-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The observation of liquid-liquid immiscibility in cholesterol-phospholipid mixtures in monolayers and bilayers has opened a broad field of research into their physical chemistry. Some mixtures exhibit multiple immiscibilities. This unusual property has led to a thermodynamic model of "condensed complexes." These complexes are the consequence of an exothermic, reversible reaction between cholesterol and phospholipids. In this quantitative model the complexes are sometimes concentrated in a separate liquid phase. The phase separation into a complex-rich phase depends on membrane composition and intensive variables such as temperature. The properties of defined cholesterol-phospholipid mixtures provide a conceptual foundation for the exploration of a number of aspects of the biophysics and biochemistry of animal cell membranes.
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    MY LIFE IN ASTROPHYSICS* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Astrophysics has been an important part of my personal and scientific life three times. The first was in 1938 when I did work on stellar energy production. The second was a joyful period nearly 30 years later when that work was rewarded with the Nobel Prize in physics. And the third has lasted over the time since my retirement in 1975 during which Gerry Brown and I have had a very satisfactory collaboration exploring various aspects of supernovae and, more recently, binary pairs.
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    MASS LOSS FROM THE NUCLEI OF ACTIVE GALAXIES (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 117-167 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Blueshifted absorption lines in the UV and X-ray spectra of active galaxies reveal the presence of massive outflows of ionized gas from their nuclei. The "intrinsic" UV and X-ray absorbers show large global covering factors of the central continuum source, and the inferred mass loss rates are comparable to the mass accretion rates. Many absorbers show variable ionic column densities, which are attributed to a combination of variable ionizing flux and motion of gas into and out of the line of sight. Detailed studies of the intrinsic absorbers, with the assistance of monitoring observations and photoionization models, provide constraints on their kinematics, physical conditions, and locations relative to the central continuum source, which range from the inner nucleus (~0.01 pc) to the galactic disk or halo (~10 kpc). Dynamical models that make use of thermal winds, radiation pressure, and/or hydromagnetic flows have reached a level of sophistication that permits comparisons with the observational constraints.
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    COOL WHITE DWARFS* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 465-515 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Old, cool white dwarfs convey valuable information about the early history of our Galaxy. They have been used to determine the age of the galactic disk, several open clusters, and a globular cluster. We review the current understanding of the physics of cool white dwarfs, including their mass distribution, chemical evolution, magnetism, and cooling. We also examine the role of white dwarfs as tracers of various stellar populations, both in terms of observational searches and theoretical models.
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    EVOLUTION OF A HABITABLE PLANET (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 429-463 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Giant planets have now been discovered around other stars, and it is only a matter of time until Earth-sized planets are detected. Whether any of these planets are suitable for life depends on their volatile abundances, especially water, and on their climates. Only planets within the liquid-water habitable zone (HZ) can support life on their surfaces and, thus, can be analyzed remotely to determine whether they are inhabited. Fortunately, current models predict that HZs are relatively wide around main-sequence stars not too different from our sun. This conclusion is based on studies of how our own planet has evolved over time. Earth's climate has remained conducive to life for the past 3.5 billion years or more, despite a large increase in solar luminosity, probably because of previous higher concentrations of CO2 and/or CH4. Both these gases are involved in negative feedback loops that help to stabilize the climate. In addition to these topics, we also briefly discuss the rise of atmospheric O2 and O3, along with their possible significance as indicators of life on other planets.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170049
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    EMBEDDED CLUSTERS IN MOLECULAR CLOUDS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 57-115 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Stellar clusters are born embedded within giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and during their formation and early evolution are often only visible at infrared wavelengths, being heavily obscured by dust. Over the past 15 years advances in infrared detection capabilities have enabled the first systematic studies of embedded clusters in galactic molecular clouds. In this article we review the current state of empirical knowledge concerning these extremely young protocluster systems. From a survey of the literature we compile the first extensive catalog of galactic embedded clusters. We use the catalog to construct the mass function and estimate the birthrate for embedded clusters within ~2 kpc of the sun. We find that the embedded cluster birthrate exceeds that of visible open clusters by an order of magnitude or more indicating a high infant mortality rate for protocluster systems. Less than 4-7% of embedded clusters survive emergence from molecular clouds to become bound clusters of Pleiades age. The vast majority (90%) of stars that form in embedded clusters form in rich clusters of 100 or more members with masses in excess of 50 Mo. Moreover, observations of nearby cloud complexes indicate that embedded clusters account for a significant (70-90%) fraction of all stars formed in GMCs. We review the role of embedded clusters in investigating the nature of the initial mass function (IMF) that, in one nearby example, has been measured over the entire range of stellar and substellar mass, from OB stars to substellar objects near the deuterium burning limit. We also review the role embedded clusters play in the investigation of circumstellar disk evolution and the important constraints they provide for understanding the origin of planetary systems. Finally, we discuss current ideas concerning the origin and dynamical evolution of embedded clusters and the implications for the formation of bound open clusters.
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    POST-AGB STARS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 41 (2003), S. 391-427 
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    ISSN: 0066-4146
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In this contribution, a review is presented on the ample data obtained on post-AGB stars, both on the central stars and their circumstellar material. The fast evolutionary phase is characterized by a rapid change in the properties of the objects, but the variety is so large that there is yet no clear consensus on how the detailed studies of individual objects are linked together by evolutionary channels. The absence of strong molecular veiling in the photospheres of the central stars, together with a spread in intrinsic metallicity make post-AGB stars very useful in constraining AGB chemical evolutionary models. We discuss the surprisingly wide variety of chemical signatures observed. The onset in the creation process of the panoply of structures and shapes observed in planetary nebulae occurs during the short post-AGB evolution, but the physical nature of the processes involved is still badly understood. In the rapidly growing field of circumstellar mineralogy, post-AGB stars have their story to tell and also the molecular envelope changes significantly due to dilution and hardening of the stellar radiation. The real-time evolution of some objects suffering a late thermal flash is reviewed and their possible link to other hydrogen-deficient objects is discussed. Any review on stellar evolution has a section on binaries and this contribution is no exception because binaries make up a significant fraction of the post-AGB stars known to date.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.41.071601.170018
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    AIRCRAFT ICING (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 35 (2003), S. 11-21 
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    ISSN: 0066-4189
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Full-scale icing experiments and, therefore, certification time and cost can be significantly reduced by developing calculation methods to evaluate the aircraft and system performance for a wide range of icing conditions. This article summarizes calculation methods for icing that include ice accretion, ice system performance, and icing effects on aircraft.
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    Talking Cop: Discourses of Change and Policing Identities (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper presents empirical and theoretical analysis of the enactment of New Public Management (NPM) within the UK police service. It draws on empirical material gathered in a two-year study that explores the ways in which individual policing professionals have responded to, and received, the NPM discourse. Theoretically informed by a discursive approach to organizational analysis, the paper focuses on the new subject positions promoted within NPM that serve to challenge traditional understandings of policing organization and identities. The paper examines the implications of this for policies that promote community orientated policing (COP) and increased inter-agency partnership. The paper argues that the promotion of a more progressive form of policing, based on community orientation and equality principles, may struggle to gain legitimacy within the current performance regime that legitimizes a competitive masculine subjectivity, with its emphasis on crime fighting.
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    Fiscal Transparency: Concepts, Measurement and UK Practice (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Greater fiscal transparency is seen by its advocates as a means of improving economic governance arrangements in ways which, by promoting fiscal stability, will in turn improve the functioning of the government sector and facilitate improvements in the economic environment for the private sector. ‘Fiscal transparency’ is much acclaimed by policy-makers, not only in the UK Treasury but also by the IMF and OECD. Fiscal transparency can have substance or can just be voguish incantation. This article explores the meaning of fiscal transparency, by examining its structure and evaluating criteria for assessing the degree of fiscal transparency attached to particular sets of circumstances. It explores the link between transparency and accountability, developing the distinction between event and process transparency. Consideration is given to the trade-off between the value of sunlight (to employ an analogy) and the danger of over-exposure. The performance of the United Kingdom against emerging international best practice is examined, with regard to both public expenditure and taxation. By international standards, UK fiscal transparency is high. Nevertheless, there is a major gap between UK rhetoric and practice, indicating a  divergence between nominal and effective transparency. This is evidenced by: frequent changes in public expenditure definitions; the non-publication of important analyses; the location of certain liabilities ‘off-balance sheet’; and a lack of candour about tax policy.
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    The Civil Servant as Legislator: Law Making in British Administration (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: How are government policy commitments converted into legislation and what happens in the conversion? The role of civil servants in preparing legislation is far more important than is generally assumed. By looking at the work of four recent bill  teams in Britain – teams of civil servants given the task of developing Acts of Parliament – their crucial roles in initiating policies, placing them on the political agenda (even helping secure their place in a party manifesto), developing them, making sure they pass through parliament and enacting them once they have reached the statute books are assessed. The article explores the composition and working methods of bill teams. These teams work with considerable autonomy in developing legislation, but it cannot be assumed that they operate outside ministerial control. Teams see themselves as reflecting the priorities of the government in general and their ministers in particular. Yet ministers typically know relatively little about the law they are bringing in until they receive the submissions and briefings from their officials. Perhaps the biggest danger for democracy is not a civil service putting forward proposals which a minister feels forced to accept, but rather that ministers do not notice or fully appreciate what is being proposed in their name despite having the political authority to change it and a civil service which bends over backwards to consult and accommodate them.
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    Cabinet Government: An Elusive Ideal? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article will explore the proposition that cabinet government is dead by examining the different ways in which cabinet government is conceptualized and by suggesting that the lack of precision in the debates has undermined much of the criticism. It will seek to draw the strands of research together in a way that can emphasize how cabinet government has evolved while remaining at the core of government. The article will draw evidence from three countries, Australia, Canada and Britain, in each of which, despite the common heritage, cabinet has evolved in different ways.
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    Public Scrutiny, Standards and the Planning System: Assessing Professional Values within a Modernized Local Government (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Since the 1990s there has been a long-standing concern in government towards public sector accountability, management, efficiency and service delivery. A number of studies have attempted to analyse the multitude of individual changes and their manifestations through analyses based on a variety of institutional, policy and governmental distinctions. This paper attempts to specify the changes with particular reference to planning, and to consider the evolution of the public service ethic in planning towards more openness, scrutiny, transparency and efficiency with particular reference to the changing ethos of the professional employee. We first explore the  main impacts upon local government, the public service ethic and professional planning as a consequence of the Modernization agenda and freedoms and flexibilities initiative. We then look at how such changes have impacted upon the ethos and values in public service and planning. We draw on some evidence of Ombudsman cases to highlight issues of professional values in planning practice over the past decade before finally drawing these strands together in some conclusions. Our principal findings indicate that the much-trumpeted decline of services and standards may not have been as apparent as is sometimes portrayed and that internal professional attitudes and values towards the external changes may not have significantly altered over the same period.
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    Coping with Complex Leadership Roles: The Problematic Redefinition of Government-owned Enterprises (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Inspired by New Public Management, many countries have changed their central public apparatus from an integrated to a more segregated structural model. A central element in this process is structural devolution and the establishment of new or reorganized state-owned companies with increased business autonomy and new formal control systems. This paper focuses on how this development, as exemplified by the case of Norway, is affecting the role of central executive political and administrative leaders. The study, based on elite interviews, shows that corporatization has made the role of central leaders more complex and ambiguous and undermined traditional political control. We interpret this development from a transformative perspective, underlining how structural devolution is filtered through the dynamic context of environmental pressure and internal structural and cultural factors; in addition, experiences from New Zealand are used to contrast the Norwegian case.
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    Annual Report 2002 (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Local and regional public management reforms in Switzerland (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Public management reforms at the local (community) and regional (canton) level in Switzerland almost all embrace elements of the new public management. In addition, in Switzerland, the merging of small communities as well as new developments such as electronic government are becoming apparent. The new public management model has been adapted for Swiss needs according to the perception of decision makers on problems that require solution in a Swiss context. NPM has developed, therefore, into rather different models in practice, aimed at the solution of these diverse problems. Foreign examples, such as the Dutch Tilburg Model and the German Neues Steuerungsmodell, played a major role at the start of this process, but have continuously lost their influence as actual models to be emulated. The most outstanding peculiarities of the Swiss reforms are an early and subsequent outcome focus together with the strong influence of direct democracy.
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    Local public management reforms in Germany (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article, part of a sequence of comparative articles on local government reforms in The Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, describes and analyses the recent public management reforms at the local level of Germany. After an overview about the constitutional framework of local self government and the reform waves of the last decades, the paper concentrates on the ‘new steering model’ as the German variant of NPM. The article shows the short history of this reform movement, describes the main elements of the reform concept and explains some of the causes, forces and actors of implementation. It goes on to discuss the present status of implementation, explains several shortcomings of the concept, and presents the – very limited – empirical evidence of achieved results. Finally, the paper draws some conclusions from a comparative view on the similarities and differences of local management reforms in Germany and the two other countries.
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    Reviews (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed in this article:B. Guy Peters and Jon Pierre (eds.), Politicians, bureaucrats and administrative reformHugh Atkinson and Stuart Wilks-Heeg, Local government from Thatcher to Blair: the politics of creative autonomyAlex Wright (ed.), Scotland: the challenge of devolutionChristopher Hood, Henry Rothstein and Robert Baldwin, The government of risk: understanding risk regulation regimesAlison Young, The politics of regulation: privatized utilities in Britain
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    Twenty–first century United States governance: statecraft as reform craft and the peculiar governing paradox it perpetuates (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The United States is commonly referred to as the last global superpower, exercising unrivalled political, economic, military and social influence. Yet, paradoxically, unlike any other nation, Americans were – and remain – radically antistatist. Until roughly the twentieth century the United States did not want, need, nor create a powerful administrative state to govern itself, let alone others abroad. This essay explores that peculiar paradox, namely how Americans govern as the last global superpower today, yet retain an inherently fierce hostility to government. The thesis that is developed argues that it is a deep–rooted reformist faith which ultimately shapes US statecraft as a unique style of reformcraft, with both benign and not–sobenign consequences.
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    Searching for civil society: changing patterns of governance in Britain (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: To understand governance, we ask who is telling the story from within which tradition. We argue there is no essentialist notion of governance but at least four conceptions each rooted in a distinctive tradition. The first section of the paper describes the relevant traditions: Tory, Liberal, Whig and Socialist. The second section describes the different notions of governance associated with each tradition; intermediate institutions, marketizing public services, reinventing the constitution and trust and negotiation. We explain these distinct conceptions of governance as responses to the dilemmas of inflation and state overload. In the conclusion, we summarize how and why traditions change, concluding, there is no such thing as governance, but only the differing constructions of the several traditions.
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    State, administration and governance in Germany: competing traditions and dominant narratives (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The article explores the evolution of competing views on state, administration and governance in Germany from an historical perspective, with an emphasis on the last five decades. To understand the governance discourse in Germany one has to start from different notions of the state. The first part therefore offers a brief, somewhat polemic, overview about different state traditions in Germany in the twentieth and twenty–first centuries. The second part looks at how discourses about the proper role, the appropriate structures and processes of the public sector and its interactions with its environment have changed during the history of the Federal Republic. The analytic focus is on the different narratives about administrative policies, understood as the various scenarios, assumptions and arguments on which competing policy–suggestions for the public sector have been based. The article argues that it is not sufficient to interpret the ups and downs of different discourses and Leitbilder as more or less erratic, post–modern fashions and fads. Instead, the line up of the central catch–phrases, from democratic via active and lean to the activating state, reflect learning processes, driven above all by the political competition creating a continuous demand for ‘better’, more appropriate narratives to guide and explain current policies.
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    Governance traditions and narratives of public sector reform in contemporary France (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article explores the basic traditions of governance in contemporary France and the narratives of public sector reform associated with them. It should be stressed right from the outset that this article does not aim to describe the set of public sector reforms that have been implemented in France in the last ten years or so. Instead, the aim is to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the narratives of the left and the right with regard to these reforms and to show how these narratives help to explain the types of reform that have been enacted. The basic argument is that there is a certain commonality to both the left and the right with regard to their narratives of public sector reform. At the same time, though, there are differences of emphasis both within each tradition and between the two main traditions themselves. Except where indicated, all translations are the author's own.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00340
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    Comparative governance: prospects and lessons (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article revisits the country case studies and seeks to answer two questions. What are the strengths and weaknesses of an interpretive approach? What lessons can we draw from our analysis of public sector reform? To assess an interpretive approach, we discuss: the issues raised in identifying beliefs; the meaning of explanation; how to select traditions; the shift from prediction to informed conjecture and policy advice as storytelling. To assess the lessons, we outline our preferred story of public sector reform. We seek to show that an interpretive approach produces insights for students of public administration. We argue it remains feasible to give policy advice to public sector managers by telling them stories and providing rules of thumb (proverbs) to guide managerial practices.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00342
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    Local public management reforms in the Netherlands: fads, fashions and winds of change (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Compared to other continental European countries, especially Germany and Switzerland, which have experimented with New Public Management (NPM) in local government, The Netherlands has been relatively quick in following trends stemming from Anglo-Saxon management thinking, but also relatively quick in redressing its course. The rise of the New Public Management in Dutch local government has been relatively swift and strong but also relatively superficial and non-committal. The dominant picture that emerges is one of an administrative system that, while responsive to the latest trends, is also surprisingly stable. Management reforms, forcefully advocated in the 1980s, were decisively revised and redressed in the 1990s, with the city of Tilburg, celebrated for its ‘Tilburg Model’, a case in point. The Werdegang of NPM (that is, how things developed) in Dutch local government, detailed in this article, can be understood only partially as a result of changing economic and budgetary constraints. The article shows that endogenous features of the Dutch politico-administrative system – more specifically: the compact, dense and decentralized pattern of the intergovernmental network, the administrative tradition of pragmatism, dynamic conservatism and the comparatively technocratic character of local government – have also strongly influenced the reception, effect and correction of NPM in Dutch local government.
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    Administrative Traditions and Policy Change: When Policy Paradigms Matter. The Case of Italian Administrative Reform During the 1990s (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In recent years a growing number of scholars have developed cognitive and ideational theoretical frameworks for the analysis of policy-making processes: their underlying belief is that ideas (conceived as beliefs, causal theories and paradigms) really do matter. The concept of policy paradigm has been particularly useful in studying both the contents and dynamics of policy change. The present paper takes this concept, partially reformulates Hall's definition in terms of the distinction between the hegemonic and dominant paradigm, and then uses it to come to terms with the contents and dynamics of the Italian administrative reforms implemented during the 1990s. Mixing the conceptual lenses offered by the ideational and cultural path taken in the field of public policy and by historical neo-institutionalism, this article attempts to explain the Italian trajectory, and to underline how normative and cognitive elements represent an important influence on the ‘design’ and ‘strategy’ of policy change. Our analysis of the consistency of the reformers’ documents and policy strategy shows that, despite their claims, the contents and strategy of reform do not represent a paradigmatic about-turn, but constitute an evolutionary adaptation to external pressures imposed by the hegemonic administrative paradigm.
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    Public Administration Education and Europeanization: Prospects for the Emancipation of a Discipline? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The twin processes of Europeanization and Transition provide significant opportunities for the development of Public Administration education in Europe and provide a possibility to further the ‘emancipation’ of the discipline. In terms of Europeanization, the increasing challenges of politico-administrative interaction between national administrations and the institutions of the European Union illustrate that it is essential for Public Administration graduates to acquire an informed understanding of both the European context of policy-making and of the administrative organization and culture of other member states and countries associated with the EU. As a second element, the transition process in Central and Eastern European states could provide the discipline with further impetus to search for its own identity and approach in a European context. This article reviews the key findings of the results of the comprehensive inventories undertaken by the SOCRATES Thematic Network in Public Administration with regard to the current direction in which Public Administration education in Europe is moving. It addresses whether attention to European issues is reflected in the curriculum as well as links with the profession and whether cross-fertilization between the development of new programmes in the transition states and PA academic programmes in the EU member states has actually occurred.
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    Beyond social regulation? New instruments and/or a new agenda for social policy at Lisbon? (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The consistent failure to match EU market integration with social policies provoked the development of new modes of European governance for welfare provision in the early 1990s. Based on policy co-ordination rather than integration, these new governance modes were consolidated as the ‘Open Method of Co-ordination’ (OMC) at the Lisbon Summit in 2000. This article analyses the scope and limits of the OMC, locating it in the context of broader trends and tendencies in governance and social provision. Indeed, the perceived ‘success’ of the OMC may reflect a deeper trend in social policy across western Europe and beyond, towards ‘active’ welfare policies. In many ways the OMC is consistent with the influential ‘regulatory state’ vision of the EU. Yet by ‘activating’ welfare the OMC may challenge market liberal theories of European economic regulation. The first seeks to integrate economic and social policies while the latter is premised on their separation.
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    Notes for Contributors (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Policy networks and the GM crops issue: assessing the utility of a dialectical model of policy networks (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: A dialectical model of policy networks is deployed to analyse policy change in the area of GM crops in the UK. The model uses an analysis of the interaction between agents and structure, network and context and network and outcomes to understand and explain how policy change has occurred. A key advantage of the model is that it increases understanding of network transformation, explanation of which has been an alleged weakness of the policy network approach. However, this case study does throw up some weaknesses with the model, including the tendency of the model to emphasize the role of ‘insider’ agents and downplay the role of ‘outsiders’ in the policy process.
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    A mini-symposium on local management reforms: The Netherlands, Germany and Switzerland compared: Preface (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    An Inquiry into Balanced Scorecards within Best Value Implementation in UK Local Government (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The aim is of this paper is to conduct an exploratory study into the use of Balanced Scorecards as an approach to implementing Best Value in UK local government. Furthermore, a participant-observation method is used to study the development into a Balanced Scorecard within local government.There is a need to critically evaluate approaches to implementing Best Value so that local government can determine how to achieve the service performance levels laid down in the framework. There is a paucity of systematic studies exploring and critiquing the effectiveness of using the Balanced Scorecard in Best Value implementation. The paper describes an exploratory multiple case research study followed by longitudinal participant-observer research on Balanced Scorecard development in a Best Value context. The findings show that the Balanced Scorecard can play a key role in Best Value implementation. Moreover it is also useful in linking other improvement initiatives. However, the Balanced Scorecard process must be informed by organizational and environmental information that is both accurate and adequate. The audit functions of the Business Excellence Model go some way to providing this information.
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    The code of conduct against harmful tax competition: open method of coordination in disguise? (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The European Union is experimenting with new, non-binding policy instruments in business taxation, namely a voluntary code of conduct among member states against harmful tax competition. This article raises the question to what extent can the code be considered a manifestation of the open method of coordination (OMC)? Is an open method (based on guidelines, peer review, best practice, benchmarking, learning and diffusion of shared beliefs among policy-makers) emerging as a new governance architecture in tax policy? If so, what can the code achieve in terms of policy learning and convergence? There are similarities between the code and the open method of coordination – especially with reference to guidelines, peer review, timetables and the identification of ‘worst practice’. However, the political logic of the code does not fit in well with the OMC aims of participatory governance and social learning. In terms of achievements, the code has contributed to the creation of a community of discourse and the diffusion of shared beliefs about what constitutes ‘acceptable’ and ‘harmful’ tax competition. Convergence at the level of discourse, however, should not be confused with convergence of actual tax policies in the member states.
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    Management by Measurement? Public Management Practices Amidst Ambiguity (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the public sphere, a management by measurement (MBM) movement can be traced. Practitioners attempt to strengthen the transparency and effectiveness of administrative systems by introducing rational measurement cycles. When issues are managed, ambitions must be stated, options must be assessed, optimal options must be chosen and performance must be monitored and evaluated. This cycle rests upon assumptions that are often untenable. When issues are ambiguous, interpretative spaces exist; when interpretative spaces exist, strict measurement cycles do not work because required conditions and assumptions cannot be met. This article explores the nature of interpretative spaces by identifying three types of public management practice. In this typology of public management, practices differ in terms of the extent to which issues can be classified, as well as the extent to which standards are contested. Management by measurement fits canonical practices where issues are known and standards are shared, it is argued, but is less appropriate for evaluating non-canonical practices and practices-in-transition where such a classification of issues is weak and consensus on standard is absent. MBM focuses on data; the other practices require dialogue in order to manage ambiguity and interpretative spaces.
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    Alphabetical Index (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-3298.2003.00378.x
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    Chronological Index (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
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    Reviews (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Peter John Perry, Political Corruption in Australia - A Very Wicked Place?Colin Hay (ed.), British Politics TodayPeter McLaverty (ed.), Public Participation And Innovations in CommunityGovernanceIan Neary, The State And Politics in JapanGarrett FitzGerald, Reflections on The Irish StateMadeleine O. Hosli, Adrian M.A. van Deemen and Mika Widgrén (eds), Institutional Challenges in the European UnionColin Rallings, Michael Thrasher and James Downe, One Vote One Value: Electoral Re Districting in English Local GovernmentEran Vigoda (ed.), Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary CriticalAnalysisPeter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?Pietro S. Nivola, Tense Commandments: Federal Prescriptions and CityProblems
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    Policy punctuations in the UK: fluctuations and equilibria in central government expenditure since 1951 (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Jones and Baumgartner's punctuated equilibrium model of agenda change has reinvigorated decision-making theory; moreover their US budget project offers a set of techniques to apply to UK data. We replicate the method by plotting percentage budget changes in central government budgets to see whether the distribution is normally distributed as predicted by the incrementalist account or leptokurtic as hypothesized by the punctuated equilibrium model. Taking the period 1951–96, we create 405 data points from budget changes from the National Income Accounts (‘Blue Book’) on agriculture, defence, social security, education, health, housing, industry, law and order and transport, all adjusted using the GDP deflator at factor cost. We find that the budget changes form a leptokurtic distribution. Such a pattern appears in most policy sectors.
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    The Audit Commission: guiding, steering and regulating local government (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: How does the non-executant state ensure that its agents are fulfilling their obligations to deliver nationally determined policies? In the case of elected local government in England and Wales, this function is carried out by the Audit Commission (AC) for Local Authorities and the Health Service for England and Wales. Since being established in 1983, it is the means by which local authorities are held to account by central government, both for its own purposes and on behalf of other interested stakeholders.Although the primary function of the AC is to ensure that local authorities are fulfilling their obligations, it does so by using different methods. By acting as a regulator, an independent expert, an opinion former and a mediator, the AC steers local authorities to ensure that they are compliant with the regulatory regime and are implementing legislation properly.
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    Ideas, bargaining and flexible policy communities: policy change and the case of the Oxford Transport Strategy (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Critiques of policy networks have highlighted particularly the inability of concepts such as policy communities to explain policy change. The established construction of policy community places it chiefly as a metaphor for a relatively stable network within the policy process, which emphasizes the resource dependencies between key stakeholders. Typically, a process of bargaining brings about accommodation and a state of negotiated order.However, a key problem arises in explaining major policy change where an established policy community persists. One solution here is to appreciate that, over time, dominant ideas and associated policy meanings may shift appreciably within an otherwise durable policy community. Thus, even a seemingly insulated policy community, under certain conditions, may not be immune to idea mutation and new policy meanings. Given the central importance of policy communities, these shifts may induce significant policy change.A case study of this type is provided by the Oxford Transport Strategy (OTS), where a dual process of change took place. On one level of analysis, a challenge to the policy community produced a typical bargaining strategy, with an emphasis on negotiated order. On another level of analysis, however, the terms of the policy debate shifted markedly, and produced a new meaning for the key concept of integrated transport within the policy community. In turn, this process induced significant policy change. The article concludes that, ironically, the survival of a policy community depends on its ability to re-create itself by visualizing a new future.
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    Introduction to the symposium on ‘new’ policy instruments in the European Union (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Ethics, values and behaviours: comparison of three case studies examining the paucity of leadership in government (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Three societies with similar initiatives for public service re-configuration and reform – the UK, Canada and Australia – are examined to highlight the many-faceted issues of public service ethics and the different approaches these governments have taken to re-building public trust and enhancing public service ethics in times of rapid change. These efforts for re-building an ethical public service are scrutinized according to four criteria for effectively leading change. Changes of public service values are also analysed as well as their implications for public servants.Effectively, applied leadership is identified as the pillar of ethical practice – emphasizing the need for quality leadership development through on-the-job experience. Although legislation and codification are seen as necessary for building an ethical infrastructure that can help employees out of encountered dilemmas, the way forward is seen as nurturing an environment of trust and vigilance in which ethics are promoted through exemplary behaviour of leaders and employees alike.
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    European governance and the transfer of ‘new’ environmental policy instruments (NEPIs) in the European Union (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the use of ‘new’ environmental policy instruments (NEPIs), particularly market-based instruments (for example, eco-taxes) and voluntary agreements, in the European Union (EU). It focuses on the actor motivation behind the recent increase in the adoption of new and innovative instruments in EU (and member state) environmental policies while also taking account of the external international arena. The article assesses whether new ideas put forward by policy entrepreneurs, such as member governments, EU institutions, expert groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), are the main motivation behind the EU adoption of NEPIs, or whether market and harmonization pressures are the main driving forces. It concentrates on eco-taxes, voluntary agreements and eco-labels, using the following three theoretical perspectives: (1) policy learning and transfer/ideational; (2) garbage can; and (3) institutional approaches.
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    Privatization morphs into ‘publicization’: businesses look a lot like government (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Private companies become like public agencies because competition for contracts is keen and they must be perceived by the contacting agent, government, as being agreeable with the government's demands in order to be contracted with again. Government makes suggestions, sets requirements, and provides recommendations to private companies which, over time, cause the private companies/facilities to look more and more like government agencies – and company managers are left pressed between their need to re-contract and the business instincts and acumen for which they’ve presumably been contracted with in the first place.This paper will briefly visit the common arguments for and against privatization. Additionally, the results of a limited study of the effect of publicization on private prison companies operating nationally in the US will be examined.
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    Old wine in new bottles? The Commission and the use of environmental policy instruments (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In this article, we address two main questions. First, we ask whether the alleged shift in the Commission's environmental ‘policy style’ from a traditional regulatory style towards a new style based on less impositional, more market-based and co-operative instruments has actually occurred in practice. We seek to answer this question (a) by employing content analysis to assess the policy instruments propagated by the Commission in both the Fourth and Fifth Environmental Action Programmes (EAP); and (b) by analysing legislative proposals introduced by the Commission in designated environmental policy fields (atmospheric pollution, waste, water). On the basis of the findings we argue that there is a discrepancy between what the Commission declares in the EAPs and what it proposes in practice. Moreover, in a second step, we highlight the factors which might make any major shift in the Commission's policy style difficult to achieve in order to account for this discrepancy.
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    Reviews (2003)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed in this article:Camilla Stivers (ed.), Democracy, bureaucracy and the study of administrationJonathan S. Davies, Partnerships and regimes: the politics of urban regeneration in the UKSimon James and Virginia Preston (eds.), British politics since 1945. The dynamics of historical changeJenny Fleming and Ian Holland (eds.), Motivating ministers to moralityDavid Richards and Martin J. Smith, Governance and public policy in the UKMark Bovens, Paul 't Hart and B. Guy Peters (eds.), Success and failure in public governance: a comparative analysisAlistair Cole and Peter John, Local governance in England and France
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00364
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    What is public service improvement? (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Five conceptual models of public service improvement are derived from the large literature on organizational effectiveness. These are the goal, systems-resource, internal process, competing values and multiple constituency models. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these models is evaluated and a working definition of improvement is proposed. This emphasizes that concepts and measures of public service improvement are political rather than technical, and contingent rather than universal. Conclusions are drawn on the implications for academic research and policy development.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00343
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    Scottish devolution: identity and impact and the case of community care for the elderly (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article examines the emergent identity and impact of devolution in Scotland. Using the case of community care for the elderly, a model is set out for capturing the different interpretive perspectives evident in relation to a particular policy area in 1999–2001. The political story of the ‘free personal care’ issue, in which the Scottish Executive were unexpectedly forced into adopting a markedly different policy from the rest of the UK, is examined in some detail. Setting the episode in a broader context, four discursive thematics are identified in relation to the policy case. A model is demonstrated for examining different aspects of devolution including constitutional level and sub-system aspects of post-devolution governance. Conclusions are drawn as to the meaning which should be ascribed to the discourse associated with devolution and community care for the elderly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00345
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    Balancing revisability and robustness? A new institutionalist perspective on local government modernization (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article focuses upon one particular aspect of new institutionalist thinking – that which analyses the scope for, and constraints upon, deliberate interventions in institutional change. New institutionalist insights are used to illuminate the challenges faced by the British Labour government in its programme for modernizing local government. The focus is upon two core concepts: robustness and revisability – a pairing which highlights the potential contradictions that exist within the new institutionalist approach to design. It is argued that New Labour struggled to achieve a balance between these key design criteria during its first term, with revisability increasingly sacrificed in favour of robustness. In its second term in office (since June 2001), Labour has sought to rebalance robustness and revisability, largely through the principle of ‘earned autonomy’. In this context the values informing the institutional redesign of local government have become less clear and more contested, and there has been a progressive shift from commitment-based to control-based strategies for change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00346
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    ‘Portrait of a profession revisited’ (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: On the walls of my private office hang the photographs of my seven distinguished predecessors as Secretary of the Cabinet. I sometimes find myself staring at them for inspiration, not always successfully I admit.A week or two ago I found myself looking at the great Lord Bridges, Secretary of the Cabinet and War Cabinet from 1938 to 1946. I wondered what he would have made of it if in the space of a week one of his predecessors had published an article in The Spectator advertised as ‘The Descent of the Civil Servant’ and another had appeared on the Frost programme to reassure the world that the Service was still in good shape.Both predecessors, Lords Butler and Armstrong, I hasten to say, were acting in the most supportive spirit and spoke from what for all of us is a deeply shared view of the role of the Civil Service. But, staring at Bridges, I could see a bubble emerging from his mouth enquiring: what precisely is happening on your watch, Sir Richard?
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00351
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    Constituting ‘the public’ in public participation (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The emphasis on public participation in contemporary policy discourse has prompted the development of a wide range of forums within which dialogue takes place between citizens and officials. Often such initiatives are intended to contribute to objectives relating to social exclusion and democratic renewal. The question of ‘who takes part’ within such forums is, then, critical to an understanding of how far new types of forums can contribute to the delivery of such objectives. This article draws on early findings of research conducted as part of the ESRC Democracy and Participation Programme. It addresses three questions: ‘How do public bodies define or constitute the public that they wish to engage in dialogue?’; ‘What notions of representation or representativeness do participants and public officials bring to the idea of legitimate membership of such forums?’; and ‘How do deliberative forums contribute to, or help ameliorate, processes of social inclusion and exclusion?’
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00352
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    Traditions of governance: interpreting the changing role of the public sector (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The role of the state is changing under the impact of, for example, globalization. The changes have been variously understood as the new public management (NPM), the hollowing–out of the state and the new governance. This special issue of Public Administration explores the changing role of the state in advanced industrial democracies. It focuses on the puzzle of why states respond differently to common trends.This introductory article has three aims. First, we provide a brief review of the existing literature on public sector reform to show that our approach is distinctive. We argue that the existing literature does not explore the ways in which governmental traditions shape reform. Second, we outline an interpretive approach to the analysis of public sector reform built on the notions of beliefs, traditions, dilemmas and narratives. We provide brief illustrations of these ideas drawn from the individual country articles. Finally, we outline the ground covered by all the chapters but we do not summarize and compare their experiences of reform. That task is reserved for the concluding article.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00334
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    Traditions of Australian governance (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Australia's traditions of governance tend to be pragmatic and to blend different ideologies. Its traditions are less dependent on political party ideologies, and more on competing conceptions of the significant problems and the way that they should be addressed. In this article we identify five principal traditions, namely: settler–state developmentalism; civilizing capitalism; the development of a social–liberal constitutional tradition; traditions of federalism; and the exclusiveness/ inclusiveness of the state and society. These traditions have been robust and have developed over time. We show how political actors operating from within this plurality of traditions have understood the public sector and how their understandings have led to changes in the way the public sector is structured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00337
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    Beneath consensual corporatism: traditions of governance in the Netherlands (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This article begins with a historical account of the various styles of governance in The Netherlands from the post–war period to date. That overview reveals the persistence of an underlying more traditional form of governance, that is, the tradition of consensual corporatism. Although conventionally believed to be an invention of the Catholic Church and subsequent political theorists, the present twentieth and twenty–first–century historical review of this corporatist style of governance leads to the conclusion that its historical roots are, instead, the age–old Dutch state traditions of tolerance, pragmatism and consensus. It looks as though the worn–out clichés of ‘images of the Dutch’ are indeed the fundamentally underlying core–concepts behind the Dutch style of governance. The ruling, merchant, partrician families of the Dutch Republic, in order to defend their international trade interests, in the midst of somewhat dogmatic Protestant preachers, were pragmatically tolerant of deviant ideas and groups and thus were able to reach a feasible compromise.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00339
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    Narratives of Norwegian governance: elaborating the strong state tradition (2003)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Public administration 81 (2003), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-9299
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Any account of Norwegian governance must engage with four different state traditions (Olsen 1988): the sovereign rationality–bounded or centralised state, the institutional state, the corporatist–pluralist state and the supermarket state. The first three traditions are historically interconnected, while the supermarket state is a fundamental and recent challenge to them. These traditions have co–existed in different combinations and their significance has changed several times, since the Constitution of 1814. In this article, first, I outline each tradition, tracing its historical roots, dominant actors and the competing definitions and interpretations. Second, I discuss the problems or dilemmas that confronted these traditions and the reforms enacted in response to them. Finally, I assess the consequences of these reforms. I focus on the post–World War II period. I finish by discussing the dynamic interdependence of the different state traditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9299.00341
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    VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 207-235 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Structural and thermodynamic characterizations of a variety of intra- and intermolecular interactions stabilizing/destabilizing protein systems represent a major part of multidisciplinary efforts aimed at solving the problems of protein folding and binding. To this end, volumetric techniques have been successfully used to gain insights into protein hydration and intraglobular packing. Despite the fact that the use of volumetric measurements in protein-related studies dates back to the 1950s, such measurements still represent a relatively untapped yet potentially informative means for tackling the problems of protein folding and binding. This notion has been further emphasized by recent advances in the development of highly sensitive volumetric instrumentation that has led to intensifying volumetric investigations of protein systems. This paper reviews the volumetric properties of proteins and their low-molecular-weight analogs, in particular, discussing the recent progress in the use of volumetric data for studying conformational transitions of proteins as well as protein-ligand, protein-protein, and protein-nucleic acid interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.141709
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    THE BINDING OF COFACTORS TO PHOTOSYSTEM I ANALYZED BY SPECTROSCOPIC AND MUTAGENIC METHODS* (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 237-256 
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    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This review focuses on cofactor-ligand and protein-protein interactions within the photosystem I reaction center. The topics include a description of the electron transfer cofactors, the mode of binding of the cofactors to protein-bound ligands, and a description of intraprotein contacts that ultimately allow photosystem I to be assembled (in cyanobacteria) from 96 chlorophylls, 22 carotenoids, 2 phylloquinones, 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters, and 12 polypeptides. During the 15 years that have elapsed from the first report of crystals to the atomic-resolution X-ray crystal structure, cofactor-ligand interactions and protein-protein interactions were systematically being explored by spectroscopic and genetic methods. This article charts the interplay between these disciplines and assesses how good the early insights were in light of the current structure of photosystem I.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142356
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    THE STATE OF LIPID RAFTS: From Model Membranes to Cells (2003)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 32 (2003), S. 257-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Lipid raft microdomains were conceived as part of a mechanism for the intracellular trafficking of lipids and lipid-anchored proteins. The raft hypothesis is based on the behavior of defined lipid mixtures in liposomes and other model membranes. Experiments in these well-characterized systems led to operational definitions for lipid rafts in cell membranes. These definitions, detergent solubility to define components of rafts, and sensitivity to cholesterol deprivation to define raft functions implicated sphingolipid- and cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in many cell functions. Despite extensive work, the basis for raft formation in cell membranes and the size of rafts and their stability are all uncertain. Recent work converges on very small rafts 〈10 nm in diameter that may enlarge and stabilize when their constituents are cross-linked.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.32.110601.142439
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