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  • 2000-2004  (11,391)
  • 1995-1999
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  • 2002  (11,391)
  • Computer Science  (11,391)
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  • Books  (2)
  • Articles  (11,391)
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  • 2000-2004  (11,391)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The perverse horrors of user–centric design (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The usefulness of ‘user centred design’ as a concept in the design of software systems is considered. It is concluded that the concept is frequently used in a way so vacuous as to be devoid of meaning, and would be better discarded. Some suggestions are made for further research in this area; some modest suggestions are also offered to those who wish to develop systems of a type better suited to the needs of civilized society.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00216
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chaotic analysis of predictability versus knowledge discovery techniques: case study of the Polish stock market (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Increasing evidence over the past decade indicates that financial markets exhibit nonlinear dynamics in the form of chaotic behavior. Traditionally, the prediction of stock markets has relied on statistical methods including multivariate statistical methods, autoregressive integrated moving average models and autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models. In recent years, neural networks and other knowledge techniques have been applied extensively to the task of predicting financial variables.This paper examines the relationship between chaotic models and learning techniques. In particular, chaotic analysis indicates the upper limits of predictability for a time series. The learning techniques involve neural networks and case–based reasoning. The chaotic models take the form of R/S analysis to measure persistence in a time series, the correlation dimension to encapsulate system complexity, and Lyapunov exponents to indicate predictive horizons. The concepts are illustrated in the context of a major emerging market, namely the Polish stock market.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00213
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prototype store choice and location modelling system using Dempster–Shafer theory (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper concerns the study of destination choice modelling, more specifically identifying within some area (e.g. a city) the region where a particular store is the most favourable to be visited by individuals. An influence measure is constructed for each individual, which incorporates the modern technique known as Dempster–Shafer theory. Based on the evidence of the shopping destinations of individuals, geographical regions are found for levels of largest belief and plausibility (within Dempster–Shafer theory) for specific stores being the most favourable to visit. Additionally, this method may be used to identify the possible position of new stores, based on regions of most uncertainty or conflict in store choice. A prototype choice modelling system is introduced to enable the series of associated results to be easily visualized and analysed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00214
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00211
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring the supply of products in a supply chain environment: a fuzzy neural approach (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Fuzzy logic principles and neural networks, both being computational intelligence technologies, can be combined to produce synergetic effects through the formation of a unified approach which takes advantage of the benefits and at the same time counterbalances the flaws of the two technologies. In this paper, a fuzzy neural approach, which is characterized by its ability to suggest the appropriate adjustment of product quantity from various suppliers with different quality standards in a supply chain network, is presented. This approach is particularly useful in situations where multiple supply chain partners are involved to achieve the common objective of producing products to the best satisfaction of customer demands at the lowest possible cost. To validate the feasibility of this approach, a test has been conducted based on the proposed fuzzy neural approach with the objective of suggesting the appropriate selection of suppliers and the optimal quantity allocated to them to meet the required quality standards. This paper describes the methodology for the deployment of this proposed hybrid approach to enhance the machine intelligence of a supply chain network with the description of a case study to exemplify its underlying principles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
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    News (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00201
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction to the Special Issue on Agent Technologies for Electronic Commerce (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00198
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contracting With Uncertain Level Of Trust (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paper investigates the impact of trust on market efficiency and bilateral contracts. We prove that a market in which agents are trusted to the degree they deserve to be trusted is as efficient as a market with complete trustworthiness. In other words, complete trustworthiness is not a necessary condition for market efficiency. We prove that distrust could significantly reduce market efficiency, and we show how to solve the problem by using appropriately designed multiagent contracts. The problem of trust is studied in the context of a bilateral negotiation game between a buyer and a seller. It is shown that if the seller’s trust equals the buyer’s trustworthiness, then the social welfare, the amount of trade, and the agents’ utility functions are maximized. The paper also studies the efficiency of advance payment contracts as a tool for improving trustworthiness. It is proved that advance payment contracts maximize the social welfare and the amount of trade. Finally, the paper studies the problem of how to make agents truthfully reveal their level of trustworthiness. An incentive–compatible contract is defined, in which agents do not benefit from lying about their trustworthiness. The analysis and the solutions proposed in this paper could help agent designers avoid many market failures and produce efficient interaction mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00200
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    Control and Cross-Domain Mental Computation: Evidence from Language Breakdown (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper uses the notion of control from programming languages to look at the organization of mental code. Data for the analysis comes principally from language breakdown. The paper first outlines the well known distinction between logic and control in algorithms and argues that the same distinction holds in mental code. Discussion then focuses mainly on control—the management of data flow—and shows that a variety of language disorders affect either the logic component of the mental algorithms for language (e.g., Specific Language Impairment) or the control component (e.g., Williams syndrome and Turner syndrome). A comparative study of the loss of morphology in Williams syndrome and Specific Language Impairment reinforces the logic/control split as an accurate guide to the explanation of linguistic behavior in these disorders. The data, moreover, are not accountable to sheer performance factors, but to the way the disorders disrupt the structure of mental algorithms. The paper closes with a discussion of how control and the management of cross-domain computation fit into recent theories of modular mental architecture and proposals about the explicitness of representations and their availability to working memory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00174
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    SLI and Deficits in the Computational Syntactic System: A Comment on W. Frawley's “Control and Cross-Domain Mental Computation: Evidence from Language Breakdown” (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00178
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Implicit Versus Explicit Representation and Intra- Versus Inter-Modular Processing (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00182
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Overview of ship-design expert systems (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Expert systems constitute a branch of artificial intelligence, and their unique characteristics enable computer systems to perform at the level of a human expert by the use of algorithms that can capture domain-specific knowledge. Through an extensive survey of research about ship-design expert systems, we conclude that although development and implementation of expert systems for ship design offer substantial barriers, the shipbuilding industry needs them nonetheless. We examine the major reasons that use of expert systems in this industry has lagged behind. These include the problems of integration with existing computer-aided design systems, problems of knowledge representation and sizable development costs. We discuss in detail some key factors that can lead to the solution of these problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00199
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    A case-based reasoning approach for building a decision model (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A methodology based on case-based reasoning is proposed to build a topological-level influence diagram. It is then applied to a project proposal review process. The formulation of decision problems requires much time and effort, and the resulting model, such as an influence diagram, is applicable only to one specific problem. However, some prior knowledge from the experience in modeling influence diagrams can be utilized to resolve other similar decision problems. The basic idea of case-based reasoning is that humans reuse the problem-solving experience to solve new problems.In this paper, we suggest case-based decision class analysis (CB-DCA), a methodology based on case-based reasoning, to build an influence diagram. CB-DCA is composed of a case retrieval procedure and an adaptation procedure. Two measures are suggested for the retrieval procedure, one a fitting ratio and the other a garbage ratio. The adaptation procedure is based on decision-analytic knowledge and decision participants' domain-specific knowledge. Our proposed methodology has been applied to an environmental review process in which decision-makers need decision models to decide whether a project proposal is accepted or not. Experimental results show that our methodology for decision class analysis provides decision-makers with robust knowledge-based support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00198
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  • 14
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    Describing generic expertise models as object-oriented analysis patterns: the heuristic multi-attribute decision pattern (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We report on work concerning the use of object-oriented analysis and design (OAD) methods in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) software applications, in which we compare such techniques to software development methods more commonly used in AI, in particular CommonKADS. As a contribution to clarifying the role of OAD methods in AI, in this paper we compare the analysis models of the object-oriented methods and the CommonKADS high-level expertise model. In particular, we study the correspondences between generic tasks, methods and ontologies in methodologies such as CommonKADS and analysis patterns in object-oriented analysis. Our aim in carrying out this study is to explore to what extent, in areas of AI where the object-oriented paradigm may be the most adequate way of conceiving applications, an analysis level ‘pattern language’ could play the role of the libraries of generic knowledge models in the more commonly used AI software development methods. As a case study we use the decision task — its importance arising from its status as the basic task of the intelligent agent — and the associated heuristic multi-attribute decision method, for which we derive a corresponding decision pattern described in the unified modelling language, a de facto standard in OAD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00200
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00202
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    A knowledge-based approach to maintenance project planning (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Maintenance issues comprise an important, though frequently overlooked, area of manufacturing operations. In smaller companies in particular, expertise for effective maintenance project planning may be lacking. In this paper we discuss the development of an object-oriented expert system to support such project planning. The system was developed to meet the needs of an automotive components manufacturer, and focuses solely on its material-handling-oriented projects. The microcomputer-based expert system considers issues of schedule, inventory availability and cost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00194
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  • 17
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    From process experts to a real-time knowledge-based system (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper describes the development and implementation of a real-time knowledge-based system (RTKBS) carried out in collaboration with Eli Lilly in the UK. The RTKBS was developed in order to provide consistent advice to the operators of a large-scale antibiotic production plant in real time. The ultimate objective was to reduce variability and improve the process yield. A wealth of process information exists in the experience of the process operators, engineers and scientists, and it was capitalized upon in this application. However, this information tends primarily to be qualitative in nature and its elicitation traditionally represents a bottleneck in developing an RTKBS. The paper demonstrates that this type of process knowledge can be effectively and rapidly captured and then coded within an RTKBS. The project was undertaken in two stages. During the knowledge elicitation stage the specific application area was identified in consultation with the industrial partner and qualitative knowledge in the selected area was extracted from experts/operators using KAT™ (a structured technique for knowledge elicitation). Subsequently this knowledge was converted into a rule base and implemented within G2, which then acted as an advisory/decision support system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00192
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  • 18
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    Coordination of intelligent agents in real-time search (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Search is a fundamental problem-solving method in artificial intelligence. Traditional off-line search algorithms attempt to find an optimal solution whereas real-time search algorithms try to find a suboptimal solution more quickly than traditional algorithms to meet real-time constraints. In this work, a new multi-agent real-time search algorithm is developed and its effectiveness is illustrated on a sample domain, namely maze problems. Searching agents can see their environment with a specified visual depth and hence can partially observe their environment. An agent makes use of its partial observation to select a next move, instead of using only one-move-ahead information. Furthermore agents cooperate through a marking mechanism to be able to search different parts of the search space. When an agent selects its next move, it marks its direction of move before executing the move. When another agent comes to this position, it sees this mark and, if possible, moves in a different direction than the previously selected direction. In this way, marking helps agents coordinate their moves with other agents. Although coordination brings an overhead, from experiments we observe that this mechanism is effective in both search time and solution length in maze problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00193
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  • 19
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    Sequential decision-theoretic models and expert systems (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Sequential decision models are an important component of expert systems since, in general, the cost of acquiring information is significant and there is a trade-off between the cost and the value of information. Many expert systems in various domains (business, engineering, medicine etc.), needing costly inputs that are not known until the system operates, have to face this problem. In the last decade the field of sequential decision models based on decision theory (sequential decision-theoretic models) have become more and more important due to both the continuous progress made by research in Bayesian networks and the availability of modern powerful tools for building Bayesian networks and for probability propagation. This paper provides readers (especially knowledge engineers and expert system designers) with a unified and integrated presentation of the disparate literature in the field of sequential decision-making based on decision theory, in order to improve comprehensibility and accessibility. Besides the presentation of the general theory, a view of sequential diagnosis as an instance of the general concept of sequential decision-theoretic models is also shown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00195
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    News (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00196
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diary (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00197
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  • 22
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    Editorial (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00035-i2
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  • 23
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    Reasoning under uncertainty for plant disease diagnosis (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The present work describes an operational knowledge-based system able to reason with uncertain knowledge, by using methodologies and formalisms that provide for representation of facts and rules with various degrees of certainty and precision. The user interface is windows based, and its design allows high flexibility both in describing the facts in the knowledge base and in adapting the reasoning mechanism. It can therefore be used to evaluate user-generated hypotheses on plant disorders and diagnostic scenarios, as well as provide an environment for education and training in phytopathology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00188
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  • 24
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    Book Review (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Book reviewed:Nils J. Nilsson, Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00189
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  • 25
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    News (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00190
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  • 26
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    News feature and call for papers (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00209
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  • 27
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    News (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00210
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  • 28
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    Guest Editorial: Fuzzy Control Systems (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00183
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  • 29
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    Fuzzy torque distribution control for a parallel hybrid vehicle (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A fuzzy torque distribution controller for energy management (and emission control) of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle is proposed. The proposed controller is implemented in terms of a hierarchical architecture which incorporates the mode of operation of the vehicle as well as empirical knowledge of energy flow in each mode. Moreover, the rule set for each mode of operation of the vehicle is designed in view of an overall energy management strategy that ranges from maximal emphasis on battery charge sustenance to complete reliance on the electrical power source. The proposed control system is evaluated via computational simulations under the FTP75 urban drive cycle. Simulation results reveal that the proposed fuzzy torque distribution strategy is effective over the entire operating range of the vehicle in terms of performance, fuel economy and emissions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00184
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  • 30
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    Fuzzy predictive PI control for processes with large time delays (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper presents the design, tuning and performance analysis of a new predictive fuzzy controller structure for higher order plants with large time delays. The designed controller consists of a fuzzy proportional-integral (PI) part and a fuzzy predictor. The fuzzy predictive PI controller combines the advantages of fuzzy control while maintaining the simplicity and robustness of a conventional PI controller. The dynamics of the prediction term are adaptive to the system’s time delay. The prediction term has two parts: a fuzzy predictor that uses the system time delay as an input for calculating the prediction horizon and an exponential term that uses the prediction horizon as its positive power. The prediction term also introduces phase lead into the system which compensates for the phase lag due to the time delay in the plant, thereby stabilizing the closed-loop configuration. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with the responses of the conventional predictive PI controller, showing many advantages of the new design over its conventional counterpart.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0394.00186
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    The design of supervisory rule-based control in the operating theatre via an anaesthesia simulator (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The development of online drug administration strategies in operating theatres represents a highly safety-critical situation. The usefulness of different levels of simulation prior to clinical trials has been shown in previous studies in muscle relaxant anaesthesia. Thus, in earlier work on predictive self-tuning control for muscle relaxation a dual computer real-time simulation was undertaken, subsequent to algorithm validation via off-line simulation. In the present approach a supervised rule-based control algorithm is used. The control software was implemented on the actual machine to be used in theatre, while another computer acted as a real-time patient simulator. This set-up has further advantages of providing accurate timing and also finite data accuracy via the ADC/DAC interface, or the equivalent digital lines. Also, it provides for controller design fast simulation studies compared to the real-time application. In this paper, a new architecture which combines several hierarchical levels for control (a Mamdani-type fuzzy controller), adaptation (self-organizing fuzzy logic control) and performance monitoring (fault detection, isolation and accommodation) is developed and applied to a computer real-time simulation platform for muscle relaxant anaesthesia. Experimental results showed that the proposed algorithm fulfilled successfully the requirements for autonomy, i.e. automatic control, adaptation and supervision, and proved effective in dealing with the faults and disturbances which are normally encountered in operating theatres during surgery.
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    Adaptive hierarchical tuning of fuzzy controllers (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1468-0394
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Fuzzy controller design includes both linear and non-linear dynamic analysis. The knowledge base parameters associated within the fuzzy rule base influence the non-linear control dynamics while the linear parameters associated within the fuzzy output signal influence the overall control dynamics. For distinct identification of tuning levels, an equivalent linear controller output and a normalized non-linear controller output are defined. A linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller analogy is used for determining the linear tuning parameters. Non-linear tuning is derived from the locally defined control properties in the non-linear fuzzy output. The non-linearity in the fuzzy output is then represented in a graphical form for achieving the necessary non-linear tuning. Three different tuning strategies are evaluated. The first strategy uses a genetic algorithm to simultaneously tune both linear and non-linear parameters. In the second strategy the non-linear parameters are initially selected on the basis of some desired non-linear control characteristics and the linear tuning is then performed using a trial and error approach. In the third method the linear tuning is initially performed off-line using an existing linear PID law and an adaptive non-linear tuning is then performed online in a hierarchical fashion. The control performance of each design is compared against its corresponding linear PID system. The controllers based on the first two design methods show superior performance when they are implemented on the estimated process system. However, in the presence of process uncertainties and external disturbances these controllers fail to perform any better than linear controllers. In the hierarchical control architecture, the non-linear fuzzy control method adapts to process uncertainties and disturbances to produce superior performance.
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    Diary (2002)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd
    Expert systems 19 (2002), S. 0 
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    Distributed Reputation Management for Electronic Commerce (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: One of the major challenges for electronic commerce is how to establish a relationship of trust between different parties. Establishing trust is nontrivial, because the traditional physical or social means of trust cannot apply directly in virtual settings. In many cases, the parties involved may not ever have interacted before. Reputation systems seek to address the development of trust by recording the reputations of different parties. However, most existing reputation systems are restricted to individual market websites. Further, relevant information about a party may come from several websites and from interactions that were not mediated by any website.This paper considers the problem of automatically collecting ratings about a given party from others. Our approach involves a distributed agent architecture and adapts the mathematical theory of evidence to represent and propagate the ratings that participants give to each other. When evaluating the trustworthiness of a given party, a peer combines its local evidence (based on direct prior interactions with the party) with the testimonies of others regarding the same party. This approach satisfies certain important properties of distributed reputation management and is experimentally evaluated through simulations.
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    Design of a Multi–Unit Double Auction E–Market (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: We envision a future economy where e–markets will play an essential role as exchange hubs for commodities and services. Future e–markets should be designed to be robust to manipulation, flexible, and sufficiently efficient in facilitating exchanges. One of the most important aspects of designing an e–market is market mechanism design. A market mechanism defines the organization, information exchange process, trading procedure, and clearance rules of a market. If we view an e–market as a multi–agent system, the market mechanism also defines the structure and rules of the environment in which agents (buyers and sellers) play the market game. We design an e–market mechanism that is strategy–proof with respect to reservation price, weakly budget–balanced, and individually rational. Our mechanism also makes sellers unlikely to underreport the supply volume to drive up the market price. In addition, by bounding our market’s efficiency loss, we provide fairly unrestrictive sufficient conditions for the efficiency of our mechanism to converge in a strong sense when (1) the number of agents who successfully trade is large, or (2) the number of agents, trading and not, is large. We implement our design using the RETSINA infrastructure, a multi–agent system development toolkit. This enables us to validate our analytically derived bounds by numerically testing our e–market.
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    Introduction to the Special Issue (2002)
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    English–Thai Structure–Based Machine Translation (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We propose an alternative method of machine–aided translation: Structure–Based Machine Translation (SBMT). SBMT uses language structure matching techniques to reduce complicated grammar rules and provide efficient and feasible translation results. SBMT comprises the following four features: (1) source language input sentence analysis; (2) source language sentence transformation into target language structure; (3) dictionary lookup; and (4) semantic disambiguation or word sense disambiguation (WSD) for correct output selection. SBMT has been designed and a prototype system has been implemented that generates satisfactory translations.
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    An ACL for a Dynamic System of Agents (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: In this article we present the design of an ACL for a dynamic system of agents. The ACL includes a set of conversation performatives extended with operations to register, create, and terminate agents. The main design goal at the agent–level is to provide only knowledge–level primitives that are well integrated with the dynamic nature of the system. This goal has been achieved by defining an anonymous interaction protocol which enables agents to request and supply knowledge without considering symbol–level issues concerning management of agent names, routing, and agent reachability. This anonymous interaction protocol exploits a distributed facilitator schema which is hidden at the agent–level and provides mechanisms for registering capabilities of agents and delivering requests according to the competence of agents. We present a formal specification of the ACL and of the underlying architecture, exploiting an algebra of actors, and illustrate it with the help of a graphical notation. This approach provides the basis for discussing dynamic primitives in ACL and for studying properties of dynamic multi agent systems, for example concerning the behavior of agents and the correctness of their conversation policies.
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    Control and Communication in Mental Computation (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Development as a Cause in Developmental Disorders: (Commentary on “Control and Cross-Domain Mental Computation: Evidence from Language Breakdown” by William Frawley) (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Title Index, Volumes 17 & 18 (2002)
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    A Reputation–Oriented Reinforcement Learning Strategy for Agents in Electronic Marketplaces (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: In this paper, we propose a reputation–oriented reinforcement learning algorithm for buying and selling agents in electronic market environments. We take into account the fact that multiple selling agents may offer the same good with different qualities. In our approach, buying agents learn to avoid the risk of purchasing low–quality goods and to maximize their expected value of goods by dynamically maintaining sets of reputable sellers. Selling agents learn to maximize their expected profits by adjusting product prices and by optionally altering the quality of their goods. Modeling the reputation of sellers allows buying agents to focus on those sellers with whom a certain degree of trust has been established. We also include the ability for buying agents to optionally explore the marketplace in order to discover new reputable sellers. As detailed in the paper, we believe that our proposed strategy leads to improved satisfaction for buyers and sellers, reduced communication load, and robust systems. In addition, we present preliminary experimental results that confirm some potential advantages of the proposed algorithm, and outline planned future experimentation to continue the evaluation of the model.
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    eMediator: A Next Generation Electronic Commerce Server (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
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    Notes: This paper presents eMediator, an electronic commerce server prototype that demonstrates ways in which algorithmic support and game–theoretic incentive engineering can jointly improve the efficiency of e–commerce. eAuctionHouse, the configurable auction server, includes a variety of generalized combinatorial auctions and exchanges, pricing schemes, bidding languages, mobile agents, and user support for choosing an auction type. We introduce two new logical bidding languages for combinatorial markets: the XOR bidding language and the OR–of–XORs bidding language. Unlike the traditional OR bidding language, these are fully expressive. They therefore enable the use of the Clarke–Groves pricing mechanism for motivating the bidders to bid truthfully. eAuctionHouse also supports supply/demand curve bidding. eCommitter, the leveled commitment contract optimizer, determines the optimal contract price and decommitting penalties for a variety of leveled commitment contracting mechanisms, taking into account that rational agents will decommit strategically in Nash equilibrium. It also determines the optimal decommitting strategies for any given leveled commitment contract. eExchangeHouse, the safe exchange planner, enables unenforced anonymous exchanges by dividing the exchange into chunks and sequencing those chunks to be delivered safely in alternation between the buyer and the seller.
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    Automated Negotiation from Declarative Contract Descriptions (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Our approach for automating the negotiation of business contracts proceeds in three broad steps. First, determine the structure of the negotiation process by applying general knowledge about auctions and domain–specific knowledge about the contract subject along with preferences from potential buyers and sellers. Second, translate the determined negotiation structure into an operational specification for an auction platform. Third, after the negotiation has completed, map the negotiation results to a final contract. We have implemented a prototype which supports these steps by employing a declarative specification (in courteous logic programs) of (1) high–level knowledge about alternative negotiation structures, (2) general–case rules about auction parameters, (3) rules to map the auction parameters to a specific auction platform, and (4) special–case rules for subject domains. We demonstrate the flexibility of this approach by automatically generating several alternative negotiation structures for the domain of travel shopping in a trading agent competition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00199
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    Reputation Formalization for an Information–Sharing Multi–Agent System (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We propose that through the formalization of concepts related to trust, a more accurate model of trust can be implemented. This paper presents a new model of trust that is based on the formalization of reputation. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to understanding the nature of trust and its relation to reputation. Through this approach, a practical definition of reputation is adopted from sociological contexts and a model of reputation is designed and presented.Reputation is defined as role fulfillment. To formalize reputation, it is necessary to formalize the expectations placed upon an agent within a particular multi–agent system (MAS). In this case, the agents are part of an information–sharing society. Five roles are defined along with the ways in which these roles are objectively fulfilled. Through the measurement of role fulfillment, a vector representing reputation can be developed. This vector embodies the magnitude of the reputation and describes the patterns of behavior associated with the direction of the vector.Experiments are conducted to verify the sensibility of the proposed models for role fulfillment and overall reputation. The simulation results show that the roles, defined for building reputation in an information–sharing MAS environment, react to different agent and user actions in a manner consistent with the formal definitions.
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    The Road Not Taken: A Metaphor Not a Model (Response to Frawley) (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
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    Negotiating the Semantics of Agent Communication Languages (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: This article presents a formal framework and outlines a method that autonomous agents can use to negotiate the semantics of their communication language at run–time. Such an ability is needed in open multi–agent systems so that agents can ensure they understand the implications of the utterances that are being made and so that they can tailor the meaning of the primitives to best fit their prevailing circumstances. To this end, the semantic space framework provides a systematic means of classifying the primitives along multiple relevant dimensions. This classification can then be used by the agents to structure their negotiation (or semantic fixing) process so that they converge to the mutually agreeable semantics that are necessary for coherent social interactions.
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    Comments on Frawley (2002)
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    Sequencing of Information Versus Interfacing Between Processing Levels (2002)
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    Agent Reasoning Mechanism for Long–Term Coalitions Based on Decision Making and Trust (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: We address long–term coalitions that are formed of both customer and vendor agents. We present a coalition formation mechanism designed at the agent level as a decision problem. The proposed mechanism is analyzed at both system and agent levels. Our results show that the coalition formation mechanism is beneficial for both the system—it reaches an equilibrium state—and for the agents—their gains highly increase over time.
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    Architectural Components of Information–Sharing Societies (2002)
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    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: Two similar multi–agent systems have been designed to address the issue of information sharing within a multi–agent system. This paper examines the architectural components that have been added to our information–sharing societies, ACORN and MP3. Through this exploration, we conclude that these components and their underlying concepts can be added to other information–retrieval societies.ACORN consists of a set of information–sharing locations referred to as cafés. Cafés are defined as meeting locations for like–minded agents. Like–minded agents are defined as agents that share a common set of interests. As an example, a café may contain agents that are interested in information relating to cars. A dynamic café clustering method is developed. The performance evaluation of the proposed structure for the café is presented. The concept of a fat/thin agent architecture is introduced. This agent architecture allows for minimizing network traffic as agents traverse the network in search of or distribution of knowledge. The directory server component is presented along with its relation to the fat/thin agent architecture. Finally, an anonymity service provider which allows anonymity for users is introduced.The MP3 society exists with the sole purpose of finding MP3s throughout a given network. Through this society, the core design issues of agent verification and agent validation are addressed and solutions are presented through respective interface components.
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    Generate and Repair Machine Translation (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    Notes: We propose Generate and Repair Machine Translation (GRMT), a constraint–based approach to machine translation that focuses on accurate translation output. GRMT performs the translation by generating a Translation Candidate (TC), verifying the syntax and semantics of the TC and repairing the TC when required. GRMT comprises three modules: Analysis Lite Machine Translation (ALMT), Translation Candidate Evaluation (TCE) and Repair and Iterate (RI). The key features of GRMT are simplicity, modularity, extendibility, and multilinguality.An English–Thai translation system has been implemented to illustrate the performance of GRMT. The system has been developed and run under SWI–Prolog 3.2.8. The English and Thai grammars have been developed based on Head–Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) and implemented on the Attribute Logic Engine (ALE). GRMT was tested to generate the translations for a number of sentences/phrases. Examples are provided throughout the article to illustrate how GRMT performs the translation process.
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    Trends in Agent Communication Language (2002)
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    Notes: Agent technology is an exciting and important new way to create complex software systems. Agents blend many of the traditional properties of AI programs—knowledge–level reasoning, flexibility, proactiveness, goal–directedness, and so forth—with insights gained from distributed software engineering, machine learning, negotiation and teamwork theory, and the social sciences. An important part of the agent approach is the principle that agents (like humans) can function more effectively in groups that are characterized by cooperation and division of labor. Agent programs are designed to autonomously collaborate with each other in order to satisfy both their internal goals and the shared external demands generated by virtue of their participation in agent societies. This type of collaboration depends on a sophisticated system of inter–agent communication. The assumption that inter–agent communication is best handled through the explicit use of an agent communication language (ACL) underlies each of the articles in this special issue. In this introductory article, we will supply a brief background and introduction to the main topics in agent communication.
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    Toward A Formalism for Conversation Protocols Using Joint Intention Theory (2002)
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    Notes: Conversation protocols are used to achieve certain goals or to bring about certain states in the world. Therefore, one may identify the landmarks or the states that must be brought about during the goal–directed execution of a protocol. Accordingly, the landmarks, characterized by propositions that are true in the state represented by that landmark, are the most important aspect of a protocol. Families of conversation protocols can be expressed formally as partially ordered landmarks after the landmarks necessary to achieve a goal have been identified. Concrete protocols represented as joint action expressions can, then, be derived from the partially ordered landmarks and executed directly by joint intention interpreters. This approach of applying Joint Intention theory to protocols also supports flexibility in the actions used to get to landmarks, shortcutting protocol execution, automatic exception handling, and correctness criterion for protocols and protocol compositions.
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    Reach Exceeds Grasp: Comments on Frawley's “Control and Cross-Domain Mental Computation: Evidence from Language Breakdown” (2002)
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    Mental Computation and Language Breakdown: Clarifications, Extensions, and Responses (2002)
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper is a response to commentaries on my target paper for Computational Intelligence, “Control and Cross-Domain Mental Computation: Evidence from Language Breakdown.” In this response, I acknowledge certain errors in my initial construal of control and dismiss unwarranted criticisms. I then reexamine both control and certain language disorders in light of the explicitness of cross-domain communication and the visibility of representations to each other. In the end, I reassert the validity of the logic/control (visibility) distinction in mental computation and argue that the contrasts between Specific Language Impairment and Williams syndrome parallel this distinction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00183
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    Handwritten Thai Character Recognition Using Fourier Descriptors and Genetic Neural Networks (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This article presents a method to solve the rotated and scaling character recognition problem using Fourier descriptors and genetic neural networks. The contours of character image are extracted and separated between the outer contour and inner or loop contours. The loop contours are a special characteristic of Thai characters, called the head of the character. The special features of Thai characters (loop contours) are used at the rough classification stage, and Fourier descriptors with genetic neural networks are used at the fine classification stage. The Fourier descriptors detect the outer contour of a character and it is fed to network. These features are recognized by a multilayer neural network. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are utilized to help compute the weights of the neural network optimally and reduce uncertain states in the neural networks output. Experimental results have shown that the combination of the Fourier descriptors with genetic neural networks, loop features, and local curvature charateristics of similar characters are powerful tools for successfully classifying Thai characters. The recognition rate by this method is 99.12% for 1200 examples of handwritten Thai words (a total of 13,500 characters) written by 60 persons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00191
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    Topological Spatio–Temporal Reasoning and Representation (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: We present here a theory of motion from a topological point of view, in a symbolic perspective. Taking space–time histories of objects as primitive entities, we introduce temporal and topological relations on the thus defined space–time to characterize classes of spatial changes. The theory thus accounts for qualitative spatial information, dealing with underspecified, symbolic information when accurate data are not available or unnecessary. We show that these structures give a basis for commonsense spatio–temporal reasoning by presenting a number of significant deductions in the theory. This can serve as a formal basis for languages describing motion events in a qualitative way.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00196
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    To Commit or Not to Commit: Modeling Agent Conversations for Action (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Conversations are sequences of messages exchanged among interacting agents. For conversations to be meaningful, agents ought to follow commonly known specifications limiting the types of messages that can be exchanged at any point in the conversation. These specifications are usually implemented using conversation policies (which are rules of inference) or conversation protocols (which are predefined conversation templates). In this article we present a semantic model for specifying conversations using conversation policies. This model is based on the principles that the negotiation and uptake of shared social commitments entail the adoption of obligations to action, which indicate the actions that agents have agreed to perform. In the same way, obligations are retracted based on the negotiation to discharge their corresponding shared social commitments. Based on these principles, conversations are specified as interaction specifications that model the ideal sequencing of agent participations negotiating the execution of actions in a joint activity. These specifications not only specify the adoption and discharge of shared commitments and obligations during an activity, but also indicate the commitments and obligations that are required (as preconditions) or that outlive a joint activity (as postconditions). We model the Contract Net Protocol as an example of the specification of conversations in a joint activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00186
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    A Method for Isolated Thai Tone Recognition Using a Combination of Neural Networks (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Tone information is very important to speech recognition in a tonal language such as Thai. In this article, we present a method for isolated Thai tone recognition. First, we define three sets of tone features to capture the characteristics of Thai tones and employ a feedforward neural network to classify tones based on these features. Next, we describe several experiments using the proposed features. The experiments are designed to study the effect of initial consonants, vowels, and final consonants on tone recognition. We find that there are some correlations between tones and other phonemes, and the recognition performances are satisfying. A human perception test is then conducted to judge the recognition rate. The recognition rate of a human is much lower than that of a machine. Finally, we explore various combination schemes to enhance the recognition rate. Further improvements are found in most experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00193
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    A Market–Driven Model for Designing Negotiation Agents (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there are many extant agent–based systems for negotiation in e–commerce, the negotiation strategies of agents in these systems are mostly static. This article presents a model for designing negotiation agents that make adjustable rates of concession by reacting to changing market situations. To determine the amount of concession for each trading cycle, these market–driven agents are guided by four mathematical functions of eagerness, trading time, trading opportunity, and competition. Trading opportunity is determined by considering: (i) number of trading partners, (ii) spreads—differences in utilities between an agent and its trading partners, and (iii) probability of completing a deal. Competition is determined by the probability that an agent is not considered the most preferred trader by other negotiating parties. Motivated by factors such as corporate policies and resource needs, eagerness represents an agent’s desire to complete a deal. Agents with different time sensitivity to deadlines employ different trading strategies by making different rates of concession at different stages of negotiation. In this article, three classes of strategies with respect to remaining trading time are discussed. Theoretical analyses show that market–driven agents are designed to make prudent and appropriate amounts of concession for a given market situation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.t01-1-00207
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    Model Selection in an Information Economy: Choosing What to Learn (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc.
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: As online markets for the exchange of goods and services become more common, the study of markets composed, at least in part, of autonomous agents has taken on increasing importance. In contrast to traditional complete–information economic scenarios, agents that are operating in an electronic marketplace often do so under considerable uncertainty. In order to reduce their uncertainty, these agents must learn about the world around them. When an agent producer is engaged in a learning task in which data collection is costly, such as learning the preferences of a consumer population, it is faced with a classic decision problem: when to explore and when to exploit. If the agent has a limited number of chances to experiment, it must explicitly consider the cost of learning (in terms of foregone profit) against the value of the information acquired. Information goods add an additional dimension to this problem; due to their flexibility, they can be bundled and priced according to a number of different price schedules. An optimizing producer should consider the profit each price schedule can extract, as well as the difficulty of learning of this schedule.In this paper, we demonstrate the tradeoff between complexity and profitability for a number of common price schedules. We begin with a one–shot decision as to which schedule to learn. Schedules with moderate complexity are preferred in the short and medium term, as they are learned quickly, yet extract a significant fraction of the available profit. We then turn to the repeated version of this one–shot decision and show that moderate complexity schedules, in particular two–part tariff, perform well when the producer must adapt to nonstationarity in the consumer population. When a producer can dynamically change schedules as it learns, it can use an explicit decision–theoretic formulation to greedily select the schedule which appears to yield the greatest profit in the next period. By explicitly considering both the learnability and the profit extracted by different price schedules, a producer can extract more profit as it learns than if it naively chose models that are accurate once learned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.t01-2-00204
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    A Shallow Text Processing Core Engine (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: In this article we present SMES–SPPC, a high–performance system for intelligent extraction of structured data from free text documents. SMES–SPPC consists of a set of domain–adaptive shallow core components that are realized by means of cascaded weighted finite–state machines and generic dynamic tries. The system has been fully implemented for German; it includes morphological and on–line compound analysis, efficient POS–filtering, high–performance named–entity recognition and chunk parsing based on a novel divide–and–conquer strategy. The whole approach proved to be very useful for processing free word order languages such as German. SMES–SPPC has a good performance (more than 6000 words per second on standard PC environments) and achieves high linguistic coverage, especially for the divide–and–conquer parsing strategy, where we obtained an f–measure of 87.14% on unseen data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00197
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    On the Hybrid Propositional Encodings of Planning (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Recently, casting planning as propositional satisfiability (SAT) has been shown to be an efficient technique of plan synthesis. This article is a response to the recently proposed challenge of developing novel propositional encodings that are based on a combination of different types of plan refinements and characterizing the tradeoffs. We refer to these encodings as hybrid encodings. An investigation of these encodings is important, because this can give insights into what kinds of planning problems can be solved faster with hybrid encodings.Encodings based on partial–order planning and state–space planning have been reported in previous research. We propose a new type of encoding called a unifying encoding that subsumes these two encodings. We also report on several other hybrid encodings. Next, we show how the satisfiability framework can be extended to incremental planning. State–space encoding is attractive because of its lower size and causal encoding is attractive because of its highest flexibility in reordering steps. We show that hybrid encodings have a higher size and a lower flexibility in step reordering and, thus, do not combine the best of these encodings. We discuss in detail several specific planning scenarios where hybrid encodings are likely to be superior to nonhybrid encodings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0824-7935.00195
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    Toward a Unifying Ontology Dealing with Both User–Defined Periodicity and Temporal Constraints About Repeated Events (2002)
    Boston, USA and Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishers Inc
    Computational intelligence 18 (2002), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1467-8640
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This article proposes a first–order logic axiomatic description of some basic ontological notions underlying the meaning of different types of temporal constraints about repeated events. The article also shows that such an ontology provides an homogeneous framework that can be used to model and compare the intended meaning of different formalisms in the artificial intelligence and temporal databases literature which deal with user–defined calendar dates and/or qualitative and quantitative constraints between different types of repeated events.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8640.00194
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    A conjoint analysis of voice over IP attributes (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 7-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The ability to transmit and process voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) networks has important implications for technology managers. Many companies today are rushing to bring different VoIP products to market with a wide variety of features. Managers will need to understand the tradeoffs associated with VoIP as compared to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). This paper measures the preference structures between IP telephony and PSTN services using conjoint analysis. The purpose is to suggest those VoIP technology attributes that best meet users' needs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210415781
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    A peer-to-peer distributed selection algorithm for the Internet (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 16-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Heretofore, it has been extremely expensive to install and use distributed databases. With the advent of Java, JDBC and other Internet technologies, it has become easy and inexpensive to connect multiple databases and form distributed databases, even where the various host computers run on different platforms. These types of databases can be used in many peer-to-peer applications which are now receiving much attention from researchers. Although it is easy to form a distributed database via Internet/intranet, effective sharing of information continues to be problematic. We need to pay more attention to the enabling algorithms, as dedicated links between computers are usually not available in peer-to-peer systems. The lack of dedicated links can cause poor performance, especially if the databases are connected via Internet. Discusses the problems of distributed database operation with reference to an example. Presents two statistical selection algorithms which are designed to select the jth smallest key from a very large file distributed over many computers. The objective of these algorithms is to minimise the number of communication messages necessary to the selection operation. One algorithm is for the intranet with broadcast/multicast facilities while the other is for Internet without broadcast/multicast facilities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210415790
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    Internet usage and competitive advantage: the impact of the Internet on an old economy industry in Spain (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 391-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Since the beginnings of the computing era it has been suggested that firm performance could be enhanced by the use of information technology which would help firms to score better on such indicators as productivity, profitability and market share. TCP/IP or the Internet are examples of the technology that is now available to help firms pursue their strategic aims. So far, however, their effects remain uncertain. In this paper we attempt to provide some evidence regarding the impact of the Internet on competitive advantage in a non "dot.com" industry in Spain. We also offer some ideas that may help to explain the role of the Internet as a competitive tool in modern firms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447146
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    A content analysis of multinationals' Web communication strategies: cross-cultural research framework and pre-testing (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 380-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Despite the growing trend toward the interactive medium, there would appear to be a lack of comprehensive research methodology for evaluating the degree of standardisation in multinational corporations' (MNCs') online communication strategies across differing cultures. The objective of this exploratory study is to construct a research framework for cross-cultural comparison of corporate Web pages, applying traditional advertising content study techniques. A series of pre-tests were conducted to examine three explanatory variables, i.e. information content, cultural values and creative strategies on Japanese MNCs' product-based home pages in Japan, Spain and the USA. The results revealed that Japanese firms tended to localise their online communication strategies in their target markets. In closing, future research directions are discussed and content analysis research designs are summarised.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447137
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    Predicting Internet/ e-commerce use (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 402-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Use of the Internet continues to grow at an explosive rate. While entertainment, education and communication serve as important applications of the Internet, e-commerce continues to emerge as an increasingly significant business phenomenon. However, little empirical research exists to ide.pngy factors that influence the extent to which individuals use the Internet and e-commerce. With the aid of survey research and a neural network, this study analyzes a wide range of variables in an attempt to ide.pngy accurate predictors of this usage. The results of the analysis ide.pngy gender, overall computer usage, job-related use, and home access as important characteristics that should influence use of the Internet and e-commerce.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447155
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    Product characteristics and Internet shopping intentions (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 411-426 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Estimates of online sales by product categories reveal that certain types of products fare better than others. A few conceptual papers have offered frameworks to assess the compatibility of a product to online marketing and sales. These frameworks that are based on product characteristics could help explain the differences in the asymmetrical success of online retailing. This paper reports the results of an empirical study that investigated differences between Internet shopping intentions for products categorized by cost and tangibility. Analyses of data, collected through a mail survey from over 750 respondents, show that intentions to shop using the Internet differ by tangibility of product. Reasons for this discrepancy are provided through an examination of salient and normative beliefs, along with implications for online merchants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447164
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    Knowledge management for the analysis of complex experimentation (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 427-435 
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    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Government agencies carry out many events each year designed to determine future requirements and capabilities. These events include field experiments, surveys, interviews, simulations and workshops. Similar themes are evident across many of these events. Unfortunately, mechanisms for passing information from one event to the next, or for developing bodies of knowledge in the topical areas they address, have yet to be fully developed. The task is difficult on two fronts. In response to this need a knowledge management capability was developed to help provide structure for dynamic and static data and thereby, aid in the analysis of complex experimentation. The system warehouses qualitative and quantitative data and supports mining operations through a number of traditional and artificial intelligence-based techniques. Described are the information architecture of the system, the knowledge processing methodologies, and the structure of the thematic data sets that form the knowledge ontologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210447173
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    Empowerment or enslavement?: A case of process-based organisational change in Hong Kong (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 42-59 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Employee empowerment is commonly a fundamental part of the prescriptions offered to improve business performance. However, business process improvement and many other organisational development and change initiatives tend to encapsulate the values of the societies and organisations in which they were developed - and such values are not universal. The case of a business process re-engineering project in Hong Kong illustrates an attempt to empower team members that paradoxically resulted in their psychological enslavement. The roles of cultural differences and reward systems in producing unintended consequences are analysed while the implications of the case for both research and practice are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210421516
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    Making nursing visible? Gender, technology and the care plan as script (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 139-158 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to persuade the reader of the potential benefits to be gained in applying to the study of information systems in Organisations concepts and theoretical tools developed elsewhere in the social sciences. A framework for analysis derived from a combination of feminist theory and social studies of technology (SST) is presented. The key analytical tools of the script and inscription, interpretative flexibility and actant, stabilisation and visibility are discussed. The paper attempts to demonstrate how these tools can be employed to go beyond the stereotypical images of gender and technology, by focusing on contradiction and resistance. An empirical study concerns an automated care planning system used and resisted by nurse users in a UK National Health Service hospital. The discussion is informed by a resultant table describing the outcome of the application of SST tools as well as points made concerning the issue of gender and technology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210430570
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    IT project uncertainty, planning and success: An empirical investigation from Kuwait (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 210-226 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: In this paper, I examine the mediating effect of project planning on the link between three project uncertainty variables (project size, project diversity, and technical complexity) and IT project success in a developing country. The proposed model is validated using a field survey of 42 IT project leaders from Kuwait. The overall findings give support to the proposed model and to the role of project planning as a mediator between project uncertainty and project success. However, the results challenge the traditional conception by past IT implementation research regarding the direct negative role of uncertainty in IT projects. This finding may be understood in light of the different manifestations that uncertainty may have for IT projects in developing countries. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210444755
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    Situating culture in the global information sector (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 306-320 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Presents a theoretical approach to understanding the local culture of firms in the multinational information sector. Called situating culture, this approach holds that cultural understanding is locally situated, behavioral and embedded in everyday, socially negotiated work practices. The application of this theory is provided through cases from the workplace cultures of US multinational IT firms operating in Ireland. These examples show how the local culture of a global IT firm represents the interaction of industry, corporate and national contexts. It results in locally situated work practices and distinct socially negotiated realities that ultimately impact behavior in these settings. The theoretical approach of situating culture contributes to a better understanding of contextualism in the cross-cultural IT environment. This understanding, in turn, has implications for future cross-cultural IS research as well as for cross-cultural IT practice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453106
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    Computer ethics: the influence of guidelines and universal moral beliefs (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 346-361 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Examines the influence of computer guidelines and the belief in universal moral rules on ethical intentions regarding the use of computers in the workplace. The results revealed that the interaction between computer guidelines and belief in universal moral rules was significant. Business professionals with a strong belief in universal moral rules exhibited high ethical intentions, regardless of whether or not their organization had clear guidelines concerning the use of company computers. However, for business professionals with a low belief in universal moral rules, the presence of clear computer guidelines had a positive effect on ethical intentions. This investigation provides evidence that computer guidelines are positively related to ethical intentions only for individuals who do not adhere to a belief in universal moral rules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453124
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    Odd girl out: an individual differences perspective on women in the IT profession (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 98-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This paper develops a theoretical perspective on gender and information technology (IT) by examining socio-cultural influences on women who are members of the information technology profession in Australia and New Zealand. In-depth interviews with both practitioners and academics give evidence of a range of socio-cultural influences on the professional development and working lives of women IT professionals. The paper rejects the essentialist view of women and their relationship to IT that has been put forth in the information systems literature arguing, instead, the primacy of societal and structural influences. The particular contribution of this paper is a theoretical perspective of individual differences which is presented to characterize the way individual women respond in a range of specific ways to the interplay between individual characteristics and environmental influences. This perspective contributes to a better understanding of women's involvement in the IT sector and suggests areas for proactive policy response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210430552
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    Discontinuities and continuities: a new way to understand virtual work (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: "Virtual" is a potent buzzword, freely applied to many situations, with many meanings. In this exploratory study, we develop a more precise understanding of "virtual" to describe changing work environments. Specifically, we propose a framework to classify work environments based on the type of discontinuities involved. Discontinuities are gaps or a lack of coherence in aspects of work. The framework allows us to compare research across different topics and work settings. We use the framework to classify 75 published articles on virtual work environments or earlier, related research streams. We observed that many studies were simultaneously addressing existing or emerging continuities, factors or strategies for overcoming discontinuities. The focus of "virtual" is on changes in the work environment; however, our analysis suggests the need to be equally aware of factors that have not changed and which may become more critical with the introduction of discontinuities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210444746
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    Organizational options for resolving the tension between IT departments and business units in the delivery of IT services (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 286-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The organization of companies' information technology (IT) functions has been studied and described in three ways: on a centralization-decentralization continuum, on the basis of technological architecture, and, for multinational companies, as reflective of their strategic focus. This research proposes a classification of organizational structures based on the tension between business units and IT departments in the delivery of IT services. Using a cluster analysis on a sample of 40 companies having corporate offices in the USA or The Netherlands, it identifies four basic structures or patterns that describe the similarities and differences in the way IT services are handled. The paper then describes the implications of these structures for companies that are considering the redesign or restructure of their information technology function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453098
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  • 81
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    Political and moralising moments: on visions of IT in Danish health care (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 227-241 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: In this paper, we discuss the production of visions for IT in Danish health care. Visions are not propagated "from above" but are produced through translation processes, in which contents change as they are inscribed in ministerial reports, leaflets or recommendations. This is illustrated by two cases: the electronic patient record at Hvidovre Hospital (HVEPS) and the Digital Doctor Project (DDP). Following STS-studies we propose to analyse such reports as material agents with distinctive capacities and features. Prominent among those is the ability of such reports to carry "contradictory" messages. We analyse this capacity as a strength as it enables reports to bind together various people in various contexts, rather than as a weakness. We propose the concept of political moment as a tool that can capture the material heterogeneity and the unexpectedness of translations. The concept of moralising moment is introduced to identify accounts in which such processes are glossed or covered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210444764
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  • 82
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    Interaction, transformation and information systems development - an extended application of Soft Systems Methodology (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 242-268 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) has long been involved in information systems development through the medium of action research. Its social constructivist paradigm and managerial focus distinguish it from most software engineering development approaches. Checkland's underlying view of systems development, however, is heavily influenced by traditional waterfall models - something of a contradiction. This paper uses recent developments in SSM to develop a more appropriate systems development concept: the interaction-transformation-interaction (ITI) model. The model views systems development primarily as a social and managerial task, rather than a technical one. It was successfully used (in conjunction with developed forms of SSM which incorporate analysis based on structuration theory) to structure the development of an intranet in a university department. The experience led to a further series of reflections on the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210444773
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  • 83
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    A framework for understanding the emerging discipline of information systems (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 26-41 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The debate about the emerging discipline of IS has been continuing at least since Banville and Landry questioned the possibility of "disciplining" MIS in 1989. Recent papers such as those in the book by Mingers and Stowell introduce fresh viewpoints and reopen the discussion along a new frontier. It would appear that an ontological framework to define a discipline could assist in making sense of what it is that information systems are all about. To this end, we develop a framework which derives from Heidegger's concept of a regional ontology informed by the fundamental ontology of Dasein. This framework draws from Heidegger's work and contends that a discipline also has Dasein's kind of being. Following Heidegger, we arrive at a static model of a discipline in which the two constitutive parts are the cultural structure and the context of significance. A discipline is a totality, which emerges from and integrates these two components which are simultaneously irreducible to one another, and nonseparable in the whole. We then utilise Heidegger's four ways of being, to show how change in a discipline can be incorporated in the framework. Finally, we reflect on how the framework could contribute towards the understanding of the discipline of information systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210423217
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  • 84
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    Institutional intervention and the expansion of ICTs in Latin America: The case of Chile (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 8-25 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Proposes a framework for the analysis and the execution of policies aimed at the adoption of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in developing countries. This framework is derived from institutional theory that offers, we argue, an alternative for those interested in understanding the forces that influence the adoption of ICTs in developing countries. We use the framework as a lens to tease out meanings of the Chilean case and identify possible courses of action that a country in a similar situation may take to expand and boost the expansion of ICTs. By drawing on the framework, we theorize about why some policies achieve their objectives while some others may not. We conclude by suggesting ways in which the framework can be applied by planners and decision makers in the formulation and evaluation of national ICTs policies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210421499
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  • 85
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    Woman and information systems development: not just a pretty (inter)face? (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 119-138 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The paper reviews literature that claims that for the first two decades of its existence, the computer industry was insular, esoteric and disproportionately populated by men. It cites feminist and industry commentary that claims that these sub-cultural features have had a negative impact on information systems (IS? development, and that because they possess more rounded profiles -- typically possessing both social as well as technical skills -- the advent of more women into the sector would lead to improvements in design and golden opportunities for female developers. The paper discusses qualitative interview data elicited from developers designed to assess the likelihood of these predictions holding true. Specifically, it discusses the common-sense discourses deployed to represent male and female workers' social and technical skills. It concludes that the processes whereby both types of skills are recognised are highly complex and that such processes often privilege male workers and their competencies, so that we should remain sceptical of any over-optimistic predictions that a shift in the quantities of women undertaking IS work will automatically lead to a shift in the qualitative nature of such systems and the contexts within which they are produced.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210430561
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  • 86
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    Computers in the home: domestication and gender (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 159-174 
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    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: This paper investigates the integration of the home computer into the domestic sphere through a gender perspective on the notions of domesticity and domestication. The study is based on a series of interviews with seven British families in the late 1990s. The analysis is used to identify some of the characteristics that contribute to make the home computer domestic or undomestic, and to explore the processes of domestication. A focus on fears and anxieties around the computer as well as the emergence of myths and magical notions allows for deeper insights into the gender-domestication "problématique".
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210430589
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  • 87
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    Collaborative practice research (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 321-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: Reports from a systems development research tradition in which emphasis is put on relating research activities to practice and on establishing fruitful collaboration between groups of researchers and practitioners. Describes and evaluates a specific research project in which a large group of researchers and practitioners worked together to understand, support, and improve systems development practices in four organisations over a period of three years. Uses the case to reflect on the research goals, approaches, and results involved in this tradition for researching systems development practice. Proposes collaborative practice research as a way to organise and conduct research into systems development practice based on close collaboration between researchers and practitioners. Exemplifies the use of pluralist research methodology by combining action research with experiments and conventional practice studies. Argues that collaborative practice research offers one practical way to strike a useful balance between relevance and rigour. Concludes with a discussion of the implications for the relation between research and practice within the systems development discipline and with lessons on how to design research efforts as collaborations between researchers and practitioners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210453115
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  • 88
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    Argumentative systems for IS design (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Information, technology & people 15 (2002), S. 60-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-3845
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science , Sociology
    Notes: The object under study in this paper is information systems design (ISD). The writer's concern is how to institutionalise the powers of reasoned argument into the design process. Argumentation, well known to the decision-making, communications, knowledge creation, problem solving, and research methods literature, is believed to need a more explicit presence in ISD. The evidence is provided to support this belief in the form of a suggested "court room" analogy, drawing on the management and decision-making literature as well as the theory of knowledge philosophy. Argument has good support from philosophy, confronts the issue of uneven power relationships, is a social construction methodology, and provides structure and outcome to dialogue. Argument is not to be confused with quarrels nor pure logic. Reasoned argument (debate) places language and group interaction at the centre of knowledge acquisition, while still acknowledging the observer-reasoning dialectic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09593840210421525
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  • 89
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    E-learning initiative at the University of Botswana: challenges and opportunities (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The University of Botswana has a student population of over 12,000. However, when neighboring South Africa attained majority independence in 1994, the University began to see a great proportion of its international market dwindle. Similarly, an increasing number of universities are offering distance education through the Internet, but the University of Botswana does not yet offer Internet-based learning. South Africa has a well-developed higher education infrastructure while the University of Botswana does not have enough locations to cope with demands for admission from students completing high school. There are also people who are employed and wish to pursue further education at the University of Botswana, but employers are generally reluctant to release them while they are still in full time employment. Such people need a flexible model of learning. There are yet other people with family commitments that wish to study from home, but are not catered for. The University of Botswana is responding to these challenges in a number of ways. Notable among them is the integration of information and communication technology into the entire education process. The University sees the use of information communications technology as an important tool in bringing about education reforms. Investigates the efforts that are being made by the university to implement the e-learning strategy and assesses the challenges and opportunities that await the university in this endeavor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210431916
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    The provision of education and training for health care professionals through the medium of the Internet (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 135-144 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes a new and experimental initiative to provide Internet-based courses to student and professional occupational therapists in four centres in the UK, Belgium, The Netherlands and Sweden. The basis of this collaborative Occupational Therapy Internet School (OTIS) is the concept of the "Virtual College". The aim is to support and facilitate the whole range of educational activities within a remote electronic environment. A major feature of the course organisation is the adoption of a problem-based approach in which students will collaborate internationally to propose effective intervention in given case study scenarios. Outlines the rationale for OTIS, the content and structure of the courseware, the technical specification of the system and evaluation criteria. In addition to the more conventional Web-based learning facilities generally offered, a number of agent-based approaches are being adopted to assist in the management of the course by ensuring the proper delivery of course materials and to assist the functioning of project groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210438829
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    A framework for the selection of electronic marketplaces: a content analysis approach (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 221-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although there has recently been an increased practitioner and media focus on electronic marketplaces, there still remains confusion over the advantages of participation. As a consequence organisations are finding difficulty in developing strategies, policies and procedures in relation to the e-marketplace selection process. In some cases due to the dynamic and evolving environment of electronic trading, there can be a reluctance on the part of buyers and suppliers to participate in e-marketplaces. Several classification models offer assessments of which type of marketplace are most suitable for different procurement purposes, but they fail to remain relevant in this dynamically changing environment. In this paper a content analysis of research and practitioner articles is carried out to evaluate the issues that prospective participants, seeking to purchase goods and services online, need to address in their selection process. A framework to support electronic marketplace related decision making is proposed, which is based within the contexts of business drivers, internal company issues and e-marketplace facilitators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210430900
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  • 92
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    Senior executives' perceptions of business-to-consumer (B2C) online marketing strategies: the case of Singapore (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 258-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper represents one of the first few studies on Internet marketing strategies of business-to-consumer (B2C) firms in Singapore. A survey was sent to CEOs/marketing managers of 400 firms, of which 92 usable responses were obtained. The results of hierarchical regression analyses indicate that strategies to attract customers and to relate to customers have significant positive relationships to online brand equity (defined as "a set of brand assets and liabilities linked to a brand, its name and symbol that add or subtract from the value provided by a product or service to a firm and/or to its customers"). In addition, online brand equity is positively related to financial growth. Implications of the results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210430937
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    Internet training in trade unions: a comparison of four European confederations (2002)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Internet research 12 (2002), S. 294-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1066-2243
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: The paper draws on the evaluation activities of a European transnational Internet training programme involving trade union confederations and other worker education organisations. Three complementary views of the role of ICT in worker education are identified and discussed: the Internet as a topic of training; the Internet as a tool for delivering training; and the Internet in the mediation of changing relationships between union education and organisation. There is no inevitable progression through these views of the Internet: the outcomes of Internet use are dependent on a range of interacting influences that are likely to result in a diversity of patterns of Internet use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10662240210438425
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    Virtual libraries: interactive support software and an application in chaotic models (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 4-14 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Observes that in today's digital world, not many things continue to operate in the traditional manner. This is because the ways of living and working demand new technology, new tools and new methods. This is the case for libraries too. They have to adapt to this new digital world because their traditional way of working with books and papers cannot cover any more new customer demands and their applications. The advent of the virtual library is usually presented as a positive development for library users. Presents a new way of organizing such a virtual library, an interactive support software and an application using fractals and chaos models of the way this new approach can be used. Focuses on such applications because their important feature is not their final picture but the way in which this picture is generated, and changes through time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210413718
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    Using and the college intranet to enhance class time and support independent investigation (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 14-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Describes how online assignments using the WebQuiz program developed at Harvey Mudd College enrich both technical and non-technical courses in several important ways. By helping prepare students for class by encouraging careful reading of background material, the focus of class time can shift from exposition to development of ideas, leading to a richer and more interactive classroom experience. By providing guidance and detailed feedback, WebQuiz can be used to support students in their independent review of material, as well as in the independent study of new material. Discusses in detail several applications of this flexible, Web-based platform.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210413727
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    Unified personal mobile communication services for a wireless campus (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 27-35 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: A wireless campus environment provides user mobility, as users are no longer tied to fixed locations to access the network. It also offers high network accessibility as network resources remain accessible after office hours. While existing communication applications can work in a wireless network, they are separate applications that often require different devices. This paper describes a personal communications system that integrates various services into a unified platform, providing a one-stop source for both information access and communication within a wireless campus environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210413736
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    An end-to-end solution for Internet lecture delivery (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Although the Internet offers great opportunities for educational purposes, its full potential cannot be realized unless it can be used effectively for lecture delivery across vast distances. However, the best-effort nature of the current Internet means that many technical issues have to be resolved to ensure that the quality of video and audio play-out will be acceptable. Presents an end-to-end solution for Internet delivery of "live" and recorded lectures based on a one-to-many server-clients topology. The focus is on low-bandwidth technology to minimize the students' client side equipment overheads. Describes the development of an integrated quality of service control mechanism comprising both congestion control and error control and how the solution has been implemented as a Web-based learn-on-demand system. Presents a performance analysis of the system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210421863
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    Innovation and collaboration: delivering distance English courses electronically (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 52-58 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: When the Louisiana legislature shifted significant resources to the innovation of instructional technology in public universities throughout the state, the English Department at Louisiana Tech University had to decide whether or not to devote time and money to this instructional trend. The department's overall plan and its outcome - delivering over 12 distance English courses electronically per year - are presented in this paper. Describes how, when innovating the instruction, the department discovered that purchasing new equipment and software is not enough; a strategic plan, faculty development, and technology support are prerequisites for a successful instructional technology innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210428145
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    Connecting a technology faculty development program with student learning (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 67-72 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: This paper proposes that the integration of technology in classroom teaching can be a significant factor in promoting academic innovation and in transforming the teaching and learning paradigm. The paper outlines training and development programs used by the University of Puerto Rico and reports on the feedback and outcomes so far. Conclusions and future avenues of research are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210421881
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    Multimedia computer utility framework intervention for Moi University management information system (2002)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Campus-wide information systems 19 (2002), S. 59-66 
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    ISSN: 1065-0741
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Moi University must successfully manage change in order to improve institutional performance, ease of communication and the management of knowledge and information. To this end, information technology (IT) can be of great use, particularly regarding access to, and facilitation of the transfer of, knowledge and information. Clearly, Moi University must use IT to its full potential as it has invested heavily in IT for its strategic objectives. Evidence of this can be seen in the areas of library services, faculty activities, central services and administration and management operations. This paper focuses on improving information management and communication based on the new generation of multimedia computer packages within an academic institutional environment. It is therefore argued that a management information system designed for Moi University needs to reflect the organizational objectives and current multimedia technologies in order to remain strategically important. This paper then examines the potentiality or utility of integrated IT at the disposal of Moi University.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10650740210421872
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