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  • Other Sources  (60)
  • Springer  (52)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (8)
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  • 2000-2004  (60)
  • 2000  (60)
  • 1
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    Global Positioning System, Theory and Practice, 5th Edition (2000)
    Springer
    In:  New York, 390 pp., Springer, vol. 36, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 0-89871-521-0)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Global Positioning System ; Geodesy ; Handbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geodesy ; 1243 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Space ; geodetic ; surveys ; 1294 ; Instruments ; and ; techniques ; 1241 ; Satellite ; orbits
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Methods and Applications of Inversion (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, 306 pp., Springer, vol. 2, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN: 0-387-30752-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Textbook of mathematics ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; Modelling ; Inversion
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    Geoinformatik - Modelle, Strukturen, Funktionen (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 45, pp. 3. erweiterte u. aktualisierte Auflage, x+419 pp., (ISBN 0-471-95596-5)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: GIS ; Textbook of geophysics ; geography ; data ; base ; fuzzy ; Data analysis / ~ processing ; interpolation ; SQL
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    Geomatic Methods for the Analysis of Data in the Earth Sciences (2000)
    Springer
    In:  New York, Springer, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-87590-533-1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Error analysis ; Handbook of geophysics ; Handbook of geodesy ; toolbox ; Statistical investigations ; Inversion ; Non-linear effects ; aerial ; images ; Diffraction ; Tomography ; 1214 ; Geodesy ; and ; gravity ; Geopotential ; theory ; and ; determination ; 1224 ; Photogrammetry ; remote ; sensing ; 0902 ; Exploration ; geophysics ; Computational ; methods, ; seismic ; Gruen ; Grun
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Feeding ecology and evolutionary survival of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (2). pp. 379-386.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: One concept of evolutionary ecology holds that a living fossil is the result of past evolutionary events, and is adapted to recent selective forces only if they are similar to the selective forces in the past. We describe the present environment of the living coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae Smith, 1939 at Grande Comore, western Indian Ocean and report depth-dependent cave distribution, temperature, salinity and oxygen values which are compared to the fish's distribution and its physiological demands. We studied the activity pattern, feeding behaviour, prey abundance and hunting success to evaluate possible links between environmental conditions, feeding ecology and evolutionary success of this ancient fish. Transmitter tracking experiments indicate nocturnal activity of the piscivorous predator which hunts between approximately 200 m below the surface to 500 m depth. Fish and prey density were measured between 200 and 400 m, both increase with depth. Feeding tracks and feeding strikes of the coelacanth at various depths were simulated with the help of video and laser techniques. Along a 9447 m video transect a total of 31 potential feeding strikes occurred. Assuming 100% hunting success, medium-sized individuals would obtain 122 g and large females 299 g of prey. Estimates of metabolic rates revealed for females 3.7 ml O2 kg−1 h−1 and for males 4.5 ml O2 kg−1 h−1. Today coelacanths are considered to be a specialist deep-water form and to inhabit, with their ancient morphology, a contemporary environment where they compete with advanced, modern fish.
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  • 6
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    Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 (6801). pp. 171-174.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-04
    Description: The onset of the Palaeocene/Eocene thermal maximum (about 55 Myr ago) was marked by global surface temperatures warming by 5–7 °C over approximately 30,000 yr (ref. 1), probably because of enhanced mantle outgassing2, 3 and the pulsed release of approx1,500 gigatonnes of methane carbon from decomposing gas-hydrate reservoirs4, 5, 6, 7. The aftermath of this rapid, intense and global warming event may be the best example in the geological record of the response of the Earth to high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and high temperatures. This response has been suggested to include an intensified flux of organic carbon from the ocean surface to the deep ocean and its subsequent burial through biogeochemical feedback mechanisms8. Here we present firm evidence for this view from two ocean drilling cores, which record the largest accumulation rates of biogenic barium—indicative of export palaeoproductivity—at times of maximum global temperatures and peak excursion values of delta13C. The unusually rapid return of delta13C to values similar to those before the methane release7 and the apparent coupling of the accumulation rates of biogenic barium to temperature, suggests that the enhanced deposition of organic matter to the deep sea may have efficiently cooled this greenhouse climate by the rapid removal of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
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  • 7
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    Conservation: Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 403 (6765). p. 38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.
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  • 8
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    Patterns of time and space utilisation in coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae,determined by ultrasonic telemetry (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (5). pp. 943-952.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-06
    Description: Acoustic telemetry was used to examine patterns of activity and space utilisation of coelacanths, nocturnal predators which spend the day in submarine caves. Nine coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) were tracked, each for a period of 1 to 16 nights at Grande Comore, West Indian Ocean. Activities lasted on average 9 h, usually starting shortly after sunset and ending before sunrise. Vertically, coelacanths moved up and down at and below cave level by following the bottom contour, mainly between 180 and 400 m depth. The deepest record was 698 m, the shallowest 133 m. Most time was spent between 200 and 300 m depth. Large individuals performed deep excursions to depths below 400 m, usually once per night. The fish spent most time in water temperatures of 15 to 19 °C; they rarely ventured into waters warmer than 22 °C measured at depths shallower than 160 m depth. Horizontally, coelacanths stayed in narrow areas ranging from 〈1 to 10 km of coastline. Coelacanths are extremely slow drift-hunters with an estimated average swimming speed of 3.2 m min−1, often travelling not more than 3 km per night. They probably take advantage of local upwelling and downwelling and slow currents occurring parallel to the steep slopes. This study shows that coelacanths are inhabitants of the subphotic zone, where they are active mainly below the depth of their daytime refuges.
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  • 9
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    Beak length analysis of the Southern Ocean squid Psychroteuthis glacialis (Cephalopoda: Psychroteuthidae) and its use for size and biomass estimations (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 23 . pp. 70-74.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: A detailed analysis of beak length to body size and mass measurements was carried out for the glacial squid Psychroteuthis glacialis, which is an endemic cephalopod species in the Southern Ocean. Beak lengths (lower rostral length) were measured from 211 specimens which had been sampled in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. The basic idea was to find some calibration model in order to inter- or extrapolate missing mantle length and/or wet body mass data by means of beak lengths. The relationships between beak length and mantle length/wet body mass bear essential information for future use in biomass estimates in Southern Ocean top predators, since beaks of P. glacialis occur frequently in the stomach contents of Antarctic seabirds, seals and toothed whales. Therefore, lower rostral lengths were plotted against both mantle length and wet body mass to determine the relationship between these variables. The relationships had limited scatter and very high coefficients of determination, showing that lower rostral length is a good predictor of the squid's mantle length and wet mass. A non-linear 3rd order polynomial regression of lower rostral length against mantle length was identified as the best fitted calibration model, explaining 93% (R 2) of the associated variance. The relationship between lower rostral length and wet body mass was empirically well fitted through regressing ln-transformed values of lower rostral length against wet body mass, explaining 95% (R 2) of the associated variance. The present investigation provides measurements for a wide size range of P. glacialis individuals compared to earlier studies, which were limited on very small data sets.
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  • 10
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    Growth, natural mortality, length-weight relationship, maximum length and length-at-first-maturity of the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Environmental Biology of Fishes, 58 . pp. 45-52.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-21
    Description: Based on the re-interpretation of published data, the von Bertalanffy growth function parameters of the coelacanth, Latimeria chalumnae, are estimated as L∞=218 cm total length, s.e. 23; K=0.059 (year−1), s.e. 0.012; t0=−3.3 (year), s.e. 0.5, corresponding to a life span of 48 years. The length–weight relationship of the form W=a*TL∧b, with wet weight (W) in g and total length (TL) in cm, is estimated as a=0.0278, b=2.89, r2=0.893, n=87, range=42.5–183 cm TL. Using extreme value theory, the maximum length for female coelacanths is estimated as 199 cm TL (95% confidence interval=175–223 cm TL) and for males as 168 cm TL (95% confidence interval 155–180 cm TL). Based on data from seven females with embryos or mature eggs, the length-at-first-maturity for females is estimated to be about 150 cm TL, corresponding to an age of about 16 years. Based on the value of t0=−3.3 years and on the presence of three scale rings found in a newborn coelacanth, the period of embryogenesis lasts for about three years, the longest known in vertebrates. The natural mortality rate is estimated at M=0.12. Population food consumption is found to be 1.4 times the existing biomass per year, and gross food conversion efficiency indicates that only 10% of the consumed food is utilized for somatic growth.
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  • 11
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    Long term records of erosional change from marine ferromanganese crusts (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Earth System Science, 109 . pp. 171-180.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-24
    Description: Ferromanganese crusts from the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans record the Nd and Pb isotope compositions of the water masses from which they form as hydrogenous precipitates. The10Be/9Be-calibrated time series for crusts are compared to estimates based on Co-contents, from which the equatorial Pacific crusts studied are inferred to have recorded ca. 60 Ma of Pacific deep water history. Time series of ɛNd show that the oceans have maintained a strong provinciality in Nd isotopic composition, determined by terrigenous inputs, over periods of up to 60 Ma. Superimposed on the distinct basin-specific signatures are variations in Nd and Pb isotope time series which have been particularly marked over the last 5 Ma. It is shown that changes in erosional inputs, particularly associated with Himalayan uplift and the northern hemisphere glaciation have influenced Indian and Atlantic Ocean deep water isotopic compositions respectively. There is no evidence so far for an imprint of the final closure of the Panama Isthmus on the Pb and Nd isotopic composition in either Atlantic or Pacific deep water masses.
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  • 12
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    Metasomatic reactions between carbonated plume melts and mantle harzburgite: the evidence from Friday and Domingo Seamounts (Juan Fernandez chain, SE Pacific) (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 139 (1). pp. 68-84.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-21
    Description: Two submarine volcanoes (named Friday and Domingo) have been mapped and sampled to the west of the youngest island (Alexander Selkirk) in the Juan Fernandez chain, SE Pacific. Samples from the seamounts are fresh, highly vesicular olivine and plagioclase-phyric basanites. Their MgO contents lie between 7 and 4 wt.%. Major element variation trends, especially decreasing SiO2 with increasing MgO, cannot be explained by crystal fractionation, and suggest the influence of CO2 during partial melting. Highly incompatible element ratios in both Friday and Domingo magmas are identical, with the exception of ratios involving Th and Nb for which Domingo shows depletions. These depletions are coupled with depletions in Zr, Hf and Ca and enrichments in the heavy rare-earth elements and Al2O3. All these geochemical features can be explained if the Domingo magmas reacted with harzburgitic mantle materials during transit to the surface in a manner shown experimentally to occur during CO2-dominated kimberlite magmatism. The metasomatism results in the stabilisation of clinopyroxene, rutile and zircon which withhold the elements depleted at Domingo, and the breakdown of garnet which releases HREE and Al into the magmas. Magmas erupting from the large, more mature Friday edifice have traversed a mantle region already metasomatised during earlier stages of volcanism and so are not significantly modified during passage. The Juan Fernandez trace element patterns are similar to the low 87Sr/86Sr, high 143Nd/144Nd components in many Pacific hotspots and to the pattern suggested for recycled, altered, dehydrated oceanic crust, implying that such recycled crust is a common component in many hotspots. Isotopically, the Juan Fernandez magmas lie between the composition of prevalent mantle (PREMA) and HIMU.
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  • 13
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    Symbiosis and Pathogenesis: Evolution of the Microbe-Host Interaction (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Naturwissenschaften, 87 (1). pp. 1-11.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: Symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria have in common that they live in or on host organisms or host cells. To make a successful living in eukaryotic hosts, bacteria must possess the traits to recognize a given host and establish adherence. When the bacterial location is internal or intracellular, they must further have the ability to invade, to establish a niche, and finally to multiply within a host. The underlying mechanisms which allow this form of existence show similarities between symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria. The final outcome, however, may result in a wide spectrum of consequences for the host ranging from the acquisition of novel metabolic pathways to damage or death. Despite the vastly different forms of interactions, symbiotic and pathogenic bacteria have in common that they are adapted to a particular environmental niche represented by the host organism or compartment thereof. This contribution reviews the evolutionary forces which have shaped the microbial-host interactions. Particular emphasis is placed on the genetic and molecular mechanisms that drive bacterial evolution in response to the selective pressures of the host environment.
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  • 14
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    Invasion History, Biology And Impacts of the Baikalian Amphipod Gmelinoides Fasciatus (2000)
    Springer
    In:  In: Invasive aquatic species of Europe: distribution, impacts and management. , ed. by Leppäkoski, E. Springer, Kluwer, Netherlands, pp. 96-103. ISBN 978-94-015-9956-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-11
    Description: During the 1960s and 1970s the Baikalian amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing) was intentionally introduced into more than 20 lakes and reservoirs outside its native range in Siberia and European Russia, in order to enhance fish production. Abilities of Gmelinoides to spread within the basins and to compete with native amphipods were neglected. In the European Russia this species successfully established in the Volga River basin, in such large lakes as Lake Ladoga, Lake Onega, Lake Peipsi, Lake Ilmen and their basins, and in the Neva Estuary (Baltic Sea). In most cases the native amphipods were completely replaced by Gmelinoides, and negative impact on other aquatic invertebrate species is also likely because direct predation by Gmelinoides. Studies of Gmelinoides biology, including experimental estimation of its salinity and temperature resistance, showed that this invasive amphipod tolerates wide range of environmental conditions and potentially is able to invade other parts of the Baltic Sea and inland waters within its basin.Considering intensive shipping activity in the Neva Estuary, and high densities of Gmelinoides in the St.Petersburg harbour area, introduction of this species into the North American Great Lakes and estuarine ecosystems with ballast waters of ships via existing invasion corridor is likely.
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  • 15
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    Phenotypic variations in the gills of the symbiont-containing bivalve Lucinoma aequizonata (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (4). pp. 633-643.
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-09
    Description: The marine bivalve Lucinoma aequizonata (Lucinidae) maintains a population of sulfide-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria in its gill tissue. These are housed in large numbers intracellularly in specialized host cells, termed bacteriocytes. In a natural population of L. aequizonata, striking variations of the gill colors occur, ranging from yellow to grey, brown and black. The aim of the present study was to investigate how this phenomenon relates to the physiology and numbers of the symbiont population. Our results show that in aquarium-maintained animals, black gills contained fewer numbers of bacteria as well as lower concentrations of sulfur and total protein. Nitrate respiration was stimulated by sulfide (but not by thiosulfate) 33-fold in homogenates of black gills and threefold in yellow gill homogenates. The total rates of sulfide-stimulated nitrate respiration were the same. Oxygen respiration could be measured in animals with yellow gills but not in animals with black gills. The cumulative data suggest that black-gilled clams maintained in the aquarium represent a starvation state. When collected from their natural habitat black gills contain the same number of bacteria as yellow gills. Also, no significant difference in glycogen concentrations of the host tissues was observed. Therefore, starvation is unlikely the cause of black gill color in a natural population. Alternative sources of nutrition to sulfur-based metabolism are discussed. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) performed on the different gill tissues, as well as on isolated symbionts, resulted in a single gill symbiont amplification product, the sequence of which is identical to published data. These findings provide molecular evidence that one dominant phylotype is present in the morphologically different gill tissues. Nevertheless, the presence of other phylotypes cannot formally be excluded. The implications of this study are that the gill of L. aequizonata is a highly dynamic organ which lends itself to more detailed studies regarding the molecular and cellular processes underlying nutrient transfer, regulation of bacterial numbers and host–symbiont communication.
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  • 16
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    Authigenic carbonate and barite mineralization in sediments of the Deryugin Basin (Sea of Okhostsk) (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Lithology and Mineral Resources, 35 (6). pp. 504-519.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-09-28
    Description: Results of the analysis of mineralogy, geochemistry, and isotope parameters (δ13C, δ34S, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) of carbonates and barites from sediments of the Deryugin Basin in the Sea of Okhotsk are presented. The diagenetic nature of carbonates and barites, which are formed as a result of the prolonged activity of cold seeps acting along a fracture zone and supplying methane–and barium-saturated fluids, is determined. Any signs for hydrothermal activity were not observed.
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  • 17
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    Sequence and isotope stratigraphy of Late Triassic distal periplatform limestones from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Kälberstein Quarry, Berchtesgaden Hallstatt Zone) (2000)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 . pp. 108-129.
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: The Kälberstein quarry at Berchtesgaden exposes Carnian-Norian deeper-water Hallstatt limestones. Conodont biostratigraphy, microfacies and stable isotopes of bulk carbonate matrix were investigated. The biostratigraphic results demonstrate a complete succession from the latest Carnian (Tuvalian 3/I) to the late Norian (Sevatian 2). As expected from the periplatform setting of the Hallstatt Zone, calculated mass accumulation rates conform partly to prograding sequences observed on the contemporary Dachstein platform. However, discrepancies exist, mainly for the middle Norian, pointing to an incomplete knowledge of the platform sequences. The sequence stratigraphic framework based on platform data should be complemented with data from the periplatform Hallstatt Zone. Diagenetic alteration of the limestones from Kälberstein quarry is low with a conodont alteration index (CAI)=1.0 throughout the section. Oxygen isotope values ranging from ± 1.2 to + 0.1½ (VPDB) point to stabilization and cementation at very shallow burial depths in contact with seawater in a deeper-water environment. Carbon isotope values display a clear stratigraphic trend with a rapid increase from 3.6 to 4.1½ (VPDB) during the basal Norian (Lacian 1), high values up to 4.2½ during the Lacian 2, and a slow decline starting in Lacian 3 to 2.6½ at the end of the Norian (Sevatian 1±2). These trends are best explained by variations in the global organic carbon/carbonate burial ratio with maximum organic carbon burial during the middle Lacian.
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  • 18
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    Origins and development of Holocene reefs: a revisited model based on boreholes in the Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean (2000)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 . pp. 431-445.
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    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Description: Until recently, concepts of coral reef growth and accumulation have been predominantly based on a Darwinian model. In this, the upwards and outwards growth of a reef core (a coral framework) takes place over a foreslope consisting of reef talus, with the simultaneous filling of the back-reef lagoon by reef-derived debris. The principal adaptations of this pattern relate to the influence of relative changes in sea level and commonly ignore oceanographic factors such as storm frequency and severity. Boreholes through the outer edge of a fringing reef in the Seychelles, western Indian Ocean, reveal a record of Holocene sediment accumulation first established approximately 8 ka ago. Faunal and floral associations show that growth of this body began in relatively deep water but that this shallowed to 〈5 m within 1 ka. Subsequent accumulation was of “keep-up” style but, as the rate of sea-level rise slowed, shoaling became more frequent and aggradation was limited by reducing accommodation space. Constructional facies are characterised either by massive corals, including Leptastrea, Porites and faviids, or by branching corals, typically Acropora of the danai-robusta group. Coral surfaces may be encrusted by red algae, foraminifera and vermetids, and are commonly bored by filamentous algae, clionids and molluscs. However, detrital facies are volumetrically dominant, and the paucity of a constructional framework requires a re-evaluation of models of reef accretion. New models relate the geometry of accretion to the interplay between extreme storm events and fairweather hydrodynamic conditions. These suggest that a contiguous framework forms in areas of moderate fairweather energy without extreme storm events. Severe storms destroy the continuity of reef structures and generate increasing volumes of coarse detritus. Low storm severity, coupled with low fairweather hydrodynamic energy, may promote the accumulation of fine-grained reef-derived sediments that inhibit framework growth. While ecology reflects year-by-year sea conditions, lithology and structure are controlled by exceptional storms, with the effects of changing sea level superimposed.
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  • 19
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    Gas and fluid venting at the Makran Accretionary Wedge off Pakistan (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Geo-Marine Letters, 20 . pp. 10-19.
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    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: The Makran accretionary complex shows a distinct bottom-simulating reflector, indicating a thick gas-hydrate-bearing horizon between the deformational front and about 1350 m water depth which seals off the upward flow of gas-charged fluids. A field of presently inactive mud diapirs with elevations up to 65 m was discovered in the abyssal plain seawards of the deformation front, suggesting that in the past conditions were favorable for periodic but localized vigorous mud diapirism. Regional destabilization of the gas hydrate leading to focused flow was observed where deep-penetrating, active faults reach the base of the gas-hydrate layer, as in a deeply incised submarine canyon (2100–2500 m water depth). At this location we discovered seeps of methane and H2S-rich fluids associated with chemoautotrophic vent faunas (e.g., Calyptogena sp.). Driven by the accretionary wedge dynamics, the landward part of the gas-hydrate layer below the Makran margin is being progressively uplifted. Due to reduced hydrostatic pressure and rising ocean bottom-water temperatures, gas hydrates are progressively destabilized and dissociated into hydrate water, methane and H2S. Sediment temperatures lie outside the methane stability field wherever water depth is less than 800 m. Above this depth, upward migration of fluids to the seafloor is unimpeded, thus explaining the abundance of randomly distributed gas seeps observed at water depths of 350 to 800 m.
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  • 20
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    Multiple recurrent evolution of trophic types in northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean seabreams (Sparidae, Percoidei) (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Molecular Evolution, 50 . pp. 276-283.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-14
    Description: Seabreams are among the most valuable fish, not only for small-scale and semiindustrial fisheries but also for aquaculture throughout the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, their phylogenetic relationships are not at all clear. The current taxonomy is based solely on trophic morphology and rests on the assumption that each trophic type evolved only once from a less specialized ancestral condition. We analyzed a 486-bp segment of the mitochondrial 16S rDNA of all 24 seabream species described for the northeastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean to elucidate their generic and subfamily-level relationships. Three major mitochondrial lineages, each comprising species of different feeding strategy and dentition, were found that do not agree with the present taxonomic assignments. Most of the investigated genera were resolved paraphyletically, indicating that the structure and arrangement of oral teeth must have repeatedly evolved from a less specialized ancestral condition. Further, the genus Sparus was resolved as distantly related to the genus Pagrus, in that it was assigned to a different major mitochondrial lineage. Oblada melanura was consistently placed within the Diplodus radiation as sister group to Diplodus puntazzo. Our phylogenetic hypothesis thus suggests multiple independent origins of similar trophic specializations within the Sparidae and indicates that the currently recognized three or four subfamilies need to be redefined.
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  • 21
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    Oceanic respite for wandering albatrosses (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 406 . pp. 955-956.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: Birds taking time off from breeding head for their favourite long-haul destinations. What oceanic seabirds do outside their breeding periods is something of a mystery, although altogether these "sabbaticals' add up to more than half of their lifetime and are probably a key feature of their life history. Here we use geolocation systems based on light-intensity measurements to show that during these periods wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) leave the foraging grounds that they frequent while breeding for specific, individual oceanic sectors and spend the rest of the year there — each bird probably returns to the same area throughout its life. This discovery of individual home-range preferences outside the breeding season has important implications for the conservation of albatrosses threatened by the development of longline fisheries.
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  • 22
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    The response of Arctic sea ice to global change (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Climatic Change, 46 . pp. 277-287.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-02
    Description: The sea ice-covered polar oceans have received wider attention recently for two reasons. Firstly, the global conveyor belt circulation of the ocean is believed to be forced in the North and South Atlantic through deep water formation, which to a large degree is controlled by the variations of the sea ice margin and especially by the sea ice export to lower latitudes. Secondly, CO2 response experiments with coupled climate models show an enhanced warming in polar regions for increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Whether this large response in high latitudes is due to real physical feedback processes or to unrealistic simplifications of the sea ice model component remains to be determined. Coupled climate models generally use thermodynamic sea ice models or sea ice models with oversimplified dynamics schemes. Realistic dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice models are presently implemented only at a few modeling centers. Sensitivity experiments with thermodynamic and dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice models show that the more sophisticated models are less sensitive to perturbations of the atmospheric and oceanic boundary conditions. Because of the importance of the role of sea ice in mediating between atmosphere and ocean an improved representation of sea ice in global climate models is required. This paper discusses present sea ice modeling as well as the sensitivity of the sea ice cover to changes in the atmospheric boundary conditions. These numerical experiments indicate that the sea ice follows a smooth response function: sea ice thickness and export change by 2% of the mean value per 1 Wm-2 change of the radiative forcing.
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  • 23
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    Relevance of crustacean carapace wettability for fouling (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 426 . pp. 193-201.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-23
    Description: Carapace wettability and density of fouling organisms (bacteria, diatoms, protozoa, fungi, macro-organisms) were investigated for 45 crustacean species (Hoplocarida, Decapoda) from 15 families in the Gulf of Thailand. The results show that crustaceans can create and maintain characteristic carapace wettabilities. About 21 species (47 %) possess highly wettable carapaces with contact angles below 20 degrees. Contact angles between 20 degrees and 40 degrees were recorded for four species (2%), angles between 40 degrees and 60 degrees for eight species (4%) and from 60 degrees to 70 degrees for 11 (24%) species. One species, Alpheus euphrosyne (Alpheidae, Decapoda), exhibited an extremely low surface wettability (contact angle: 91 degrees). Densities of colonisers and contact angles did not correlate. Very low wettability by water (theta 〉 90 degrees) may only contribute little to fouling reduction in A. euphrosyne which showed the most hydrophobic carapace surface and was colonised by the lowest numbers of bacteria among all species and no other colonisers at all. We conclude that surface wettability is of little relevance for antifouling defence in crustaceans.
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  • 24
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    Third dimension of a presently forming VMS deposit: TAG hydrothermal mound, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 26°N (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralium Deposita, 35 (2-3). pp. 233-259.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-20
    Description: ODP drilling of the active TAG hydrothermal mound at 26°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge provided the first insights into the third dimension of a volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VMS) deposit on a sediment-free mid-ocean ridge. Sulfide precipitation at this site started at least 20,000 years ago and resulted in the formation of a distinctly circular, 200-m diameter, 50-m-high pyritic mound and a silicified stockwork complex containing approximately 3.9 million tonnes of sulfide-bearing material with an average of 2.1 wt% Cu and 0.6 wt% Zn in 95 samples collected from 1–125 m below the seafloor. The periodic release of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids at the same location for several thousand years with intermittent periods of hydrothermal quiesence is the dominating process in the formation of the TAG hydrothermal mound. Distinct geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic zonation as well as a complex assemblage of sulfide-anhydrite-quartz bearing breccias can be related to this process. Geochemical depth profiles indicate extremely low base and trace element concentrations for the interior of the mound, which clearly contrasts with published analyses of samples collected from the surface of the TAG mound. This is explained by continued zone refining during which metals were mobilized from the interior of the mound by upwelling, hot (〉350 °C) hydrothermal fluids. Mixing of these fluids with infiltrating ambient seawater subsequently caused redeposition of metals close to the mound-seawater interface. The sulfur isotopic composition of bulk sulfides (+4.4 to +8.2‰δ34S; average +6.5‰) is unusually heavy when compared to other sediment-free mid-ocean ridge deposits and implies the introduction of heavy seawater sulfur to the hydrothermal fluid. The slight increase in sulfur isotope ratios with depth and distinct variations between early, disseminated sulfides related to wallrock alteration, and massive as well as late vein sulfides indicates widespread entrainment of seawater deep into the system. Fluid inclusion measurements in quartz and anhydrite reveal high formation temperatures throughout the TAG mound (up to 390 °C) at one time with an overall increase in trapping temperatures with depth. Lower formation temperatures close to the paleo-seafloor indicate local entrainment of seawater into the mound. Formation temperatures for a central anhydrite-bearing zone range from 340–360 °C and are slightly lower than the exit temperature of hydrothermal fluids presently venting at the Black Smoker Complex (360–369 °C). Fluid inclusions in quartz and anhydrite from the stockwork zone are characterized by formation temperatures higher than 375 °C, indicating conductive cooling of the hydrothermal fluids or mixing with ambient seawater prior to venting. Formation temperatures for quartz from an area of extremely low heat flow at the western side of the mound reach up to 390 °C, implying that this area was once part of a high-temperature hydrothermal upflow zone. The low heat flow and the absence of anhydrite within this part of the mound are strong indications that the recent pulse of high-temperature hydrothermal activity is not affecting this area and provides evidence for significant changes in the fluid flow regime underneath the deposit between hydrothermal cycles.
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  • 25
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    Benthic microalgal diversity enhanced by spatial heterogeneity of grazing (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia, 122 . pp. 284-287.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-09
    Description: This study presents model experiments on the effect of the spatial pattern of herbivory on primary producer diversity. Microalgal biofilms (periphyton) were exposed to different mixtures of two benthic herbivores, the isopod Idothea chelipes and the gastropod Littorina littorea. The herbivores are similar in their feeding selectivity but differ strongly in the spatial pattern of grazing. Idothea did not increase the spatial heterogeneity of algal cell densities beyond the level of ungrazed controls (〈1 order of magnitude between local minima and maxima at the 1 mm2 scale). Littorina grazing, in contrast, created a pronounced spatial heterogeneity with maximum:minmum ratios of almost 3 orders of magnitude. When algae were exposed to mixtures of both gazers, the spatial heterogeneity of microalgal cell densities increased with an increasing proportion of Littorina in the herbivore mixture. Algal species richness, diversity and evenness also increased with increasing proportions of Littorina, and was highly significantly correlated with the spatial heterogeneity of cell densities.
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  • 26
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    The equatorial Atlantic oscillation and its response to ENSO (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 16 (2-3). pp. 213-218.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-08
    Description: An internal equatorial Atlantic oscillation has been identified by analyzing sea surface temperature (SST) observations. The equatorial Atlantic oscillation can be viewed as the Atlantic analogue of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific, but it is much less vigorous. The equatorial Atlantic oscillation is strongly influenced by the Pacific ENSO with the equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature lagging by about six months. This lag can be explained by the dynamical adjustment time of the equatorial Atlantic to low-frequency wind stress variations and the seasonally varying background state, which favours strongest growth of perturbations in summer. Results of an extended-range simulation with a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM support this picture.
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  • 27
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    On the predictability of decadal changes in the North Pacific (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Climate Dynamics, 16 (5). pp. 379-392.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Description: The predictability of decadal changes in the North Pacific is investigated with an ocean general circulation model forced by simplified and realistic atmospheric conditions. First, the model is forced by a spatially fixed wind stress anomaly pattern characteristic for decadal North Pacific climate variations. The time evolution of the wind stress anomaly is chosen to be sinusoidal, with a period of 20 years. In this experiment different physical processes are found to be important for the decadal variations: baroclinic Rossby waves dominate the response. They move westward and lead to an adjustment of the subtropical and subpolar gyre circulations in such a way that anomalous temperatures in the central North Pacific develop as a delayed response to the preceding wind stress anomalies. This delayed response provides not only a negative feedback but also bears the potential for long-term predictions of upper ocean temperature changes in the central North Pacific. It is shown by additional experiments that once these Rossby waves have been excited, decadal changes of the upper ocean temperatures in the central North Pacific evolve without any further anomalous atmospheric forcing. In the second part, the model is forced by surface heat flux and wind stress observations for the period 1949–1993. It is shown that the same physical processes which were found to be important in the simplified experiments also govern the evolution of the upper ocean in this more realistic simulation. The 1976/77 cooling can be mainly attributed to anomalously strong horizontal advection due to the delayed response to persistent wind stress curl anomalies in the early 1970s rather than local anomalous atmospheric forcing. This decadal change could have been predicted some years in advance. The subsequent warming in the late 1980s, however, cannot be mainly explained by advection. In this case, local anomalous atmospheric forcing needs to be considered.
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  • 28
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    Preying at the edge of the sea: the nemertine Tetrastemma melanocephalum and its amphipod prey on high intertidal sandflats (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 426 (1). pp. 43-55.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-30
    Description: In the European Wadden Sea, the nemertine Tetrastemma melanocephalumoccurs together with its prey, the amphipod Corophium arenarium, in the upper intertidal zone. T. melanocephalumleaves the sediment when the tide has receded and captures C. arenarium in its U-shaped burrow. Highest abundances of T. melanocephalumon the sediment surface were found on summer evenings, 2–4 h after high tide, when just a thin film of water was left on the flats. Laboratory Y-maze experiments indicated that gradients of substances produced by C. arenarium in this film of water play a role in tracking the prey. In the field, T. melanocephalum appeared in significantly higher numbers on experimental high density patches of C. arenarium. The amphipod in turn is able to recognize the nemertine. In aquarium experiments, significantly more amphipods escaped from the sediment into the water column when the predator was present. In the field, both predator and prey showed a high mobility by drifting in tidal waters. Benthic abundance maxima of T. melanocephalum and C. arenariumusually did not coincide spatially. It is assumed that the nemertines avoid tidal flats that dry out quickly leaving too little time for prey capture. T. melanocephalum is not able to dig into the sediment, but lives in burrows of Nereis diversicolor. The abundance of this polychaete was inversely related to C. arenarium, presenting a dilemma for T. melanocephalum: the spatial overlap of food and accommodation was rather small.
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  • 29
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    Ore deposit research in Germany: a thematic issue dedicated to Professor Günther Friedrich on the occasion of his 70th birthday (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Mineralium Deposita, 35 (2-3). pp. 87-89.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-16
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  • 30
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    Sensory receptors and surface ultrastructure of trypanorhynch cestodes (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Parasitology Research, 86 . pp. 821-833.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: The scolices of six different trypanorhynch species--Heteronybelinia alloiotica (Dollfus, 1960), Pseudolacistorhynchus noodti Palm, 1995, Otobothrium cysticum (Mayer, 1842), O. penetrans Linton, 1907, Poecilancistrum caryophyllum (Diesing, 1850), and Prochristianella hispida (Linton, 1890)--were examined for surface morphology and the occurrence of sensory receptors. Filamentous microtriches with different internal ultrastructural features were found. Acerosate, hook-like, and spiniform microtriches were detected on the surface of the tentaculariid H. alloiotica. Their internal structure clearly differed from that of pectinate microtriches observed in the other five trypanorhynch species lacking a basal and a junctional region. All pectinate microtriches had the same general architecture, independent of the number of digitiform processes. All trypanorhynchs studied harbored ciliated sensory receptors within the tegument. Even though sensory receptors were scarce in H. alloiotica, they were more abundant in the lacistorhynchid P. noodti and the otobothriids P. caryophyllum and O. penetrans, which exhibited two, six, and three kinds of receptors, respectively. Bothridial pits in O. penetrans and O. cysticum were invaginations of the bothridial surface, being characterized by the lack of sensory receptors and the presence of characteristic microtriches. These differed from other microtriches in that they were larger and had a base consisting of a widely enlarged matrix. The occurrence of different kinds of microtriches and sensory receptors within trypanorhynch cestodes is summarized, and the meaning of these surface structures and of bothridial pits as characters within future trypanorhynch classification is emphasized.
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  • 31
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    Endogenous and exogenous elicitors of a hypersensitive response in Gracilaria conferta (Rhodophyta) (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Journal of Applied Phycology, 12 (2). pp. 139-145.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-01-29
    Description: Certain forms of oligocellulose and certainbacterially excreted peptides were identified asendogenous and exogenous elicitors, respectively, ofa tip bleaching response in Gracilaria conferta(Schousboe ex Montagne) J. et G. Feldmann. Thehalf-maximal tip bleaching response was observed when31.1 μM cellobiose or 11.6 μM cellotetraosewere present in the growth medium. In contrast, noresponse was detected after exposure to glucose,cellotriose, cellopentaose or maltooligosaccharides.The response was thus strongly dependent on themolecular size of the oligocellulose and onlysaccharides that consisted of an even number ofglucose residues were elicitor-active. Three bacterialspecies that had earlier been identified as potentialinducers of the tip bleaching symptom excretedelicitor-active compounds into the growth medium.These compounds were protease-sensitive and thuspeptides or proteins. The tip bleaching-inducingcompound that was excreted by one Cytophaga-likeorganism was partially purified. It could be extractedfrom culture supernatants with chloroform and itsmolecular size was between 700 and 1500 Da,corresponding with a structure of 4–20 amino acids.Various endogenous and exogenous elicitors are thusrecognized by G. conferta and allow this alga torespond hypersensitively to the maceration of its cellwall skeleton or just to the presence of certainepiphytic organisms
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  • 32
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    Sea-ice transport of riverine particles from the Laptev Sea to Fram Strait based on clay mineral studies (2000)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 (3). pp. 496-502.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: The aim of this study was to identify pathways and processes of modern sediment transport from the Siberian hinterland to the Laptev Sea and further to the Arctic Ocean. Clay mineral analyses were performed on riverine suspended particulate material (SPM), surface sediments of the Laptev Sea shelf, and sea-ice sediments (SIS). Material collected during seven expeditions was included in this study. Clay mineral assemblages are used to decipher the distribution of riverine sediments on the shallow Laptev Sea shelf, the entrainment of fine particles into newly forming ice, and the transport of SIS from the Laptev Sea towards the ablation areas. A cluster analysis of our data set shows that the clay mineral assemblages of Laptev Sea shelf sediments and SIS are controlled mainly by the input of riverine SPM supplied by the Khatanga, Lena, and Yana Rivers. Whereas the western shelf clay-mineral province is characterized by enhanced smectite concentrations supplied by the Khatanga River, the eastern Laptev Sea is dominated by illite discharged through the Lena and Yana Rivers. The SIS smectite concentration serves as an indicator for sediment source areas on the circum-Arctic shelves. Subsequently, the Transpolar Drift can be distinguished into a Siberian Branch fed from the eastern Kara Sea and the western Laptev Sea, and a Polar Branch originating from the eastern Laptev Sea.
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  • 33
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    Biogeography of the Indonesian coelacanths (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 403 (6765). p. 38.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-11-11
    Description: Living coelacanths (Latimeria chalumnae) are normally found only in the western Indian Ocean, where they inhabit submarine caves in the Comores Islands1. Two specimens have since been caught off the island of Manado Tua, north Sulawesi, Indonesia, some 10,000 kilometres away2. We sought to determine the ecological and geographic distribution of Indonesian coelacanth populations with a view to drawing up conservation measures for this extremely rare fish2,3. During our explorations, we discovered two living Indonesian coelacanths 360 km southwest of Manado Tua.
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  • 34
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    A New Method for the Prediction of Gibbs Free Energies of Formation of Hydrated Clay Minerals Based on the Electronegativity Scale (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Clays and Clay Minerals, 48 (4). pp. 459-473.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-05
    Description: A new method for the prediction of Gibbs free energies of formation for hydrated clay minerals is proposed based on the parameter ΔGO= Mz+(clay) characterizing the oxygen affinity of the cation Mz+. The Gibbs free energy of formation from constituent oxides is considered as the sum of the products of the molar fraction of an oxygen atom bound to any two cations multiplied by the electronegativity difference defined by the ΔGO= Mz+(clay) between any two consecutive cations. The ΔGO= Mz+(clay) value, using a weighting scheme involving the electronegativity of a cation in a specific site (interlayer, octahedral, or tetrahedral) is assumed to be constant and can be calculated by minimization of the difference between experimental Gibbs free energies (determined from solubility measurements) and calculated Gibbs free energies of formation from constituent oxides. Results indicate that this prediction method compared to other determinations, gives values within 0.5% of the experimentally estimated values. The relationships between ΔGO= Mz+(clay) corresponding to the electronegativity of a cation in either interlayer or octahedral sites and known ΔGO= Mz+(aq) were determined, thereby allowing the prediction of the electronegativity of transition metal ions and trivalent ions in hydrated interlayer sites and octahedral sites. Prediction of Gibbs free energies of formation of any clay mineral with various ions located in the interlayer and with different cations in octahedral sites is possible. Examples are given for Al-rich montmorillonite from Aberdeen, transition element-exchanged montmorillonite, and Ni-rich stevensite, and the results appear excellent when compared to experimental values.
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  • 35
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    Changes in the deposition of terrestrial organic matter on the Laptev Sea shelf during the Holocene: evidence from stable carbon isotopes (2000)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 (3). pp. 563-568.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Stable carbon isotope ratios in the organic fraction of surface sediments from the Laptev Sea shelf were analyzed in order to study the modern distribution pattern of terrestrial organic matter. The delta C-13 signature of the surface sediments range from -26.6 parts per thousand near the coastal margin to -22.8 parts per thousand in the north towards the outer shelf. Characterizing the possible sources of organic matter by their delta C-13(org) signature reveals that the terrestrial influence reaches further north in the eastern than in the western Laptev Sea. Downcore records of the delta C-13(org), measured on three AMS C-14-dated cores from water depths between 46 and 77 m, specify the spatial and temporal changes in the deposition of terrestrial organic matter on the Laptev Sea shelf during the past 12.7 ka. The major depositional changes of terrestrial organic matter occurred between 11 and 7 ka and comprised the main phase of the southward retreat of the coastline and of the river depocenters due to the postglacial sea level rise.
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  • 36
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    Coastal erosion vs riverine sediment discharge in the Arctic Shelf seas (2000)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89 (3). pp. 450-460.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: This article presents a comparison of sediment input by rivers and by coastal erosion into both the Laptev Sea and the Canadian Beaufort Sea (CBS). New data on coastal erosion in the Laptev Sea, which are based on field measurements and remote sensing information, and existing data on coastal erosion in the CBS as well as riverine sediment discharge into both the Laptev Sea and the CBS are included. Strong regional differences in the percentages of coastal erosion and riverine sediment supply are observed. The CBS is dominated by the riverine sediment discharge (64.45x10(6) t a(-1)) mainly of the Mackenzie River, which is the largest single source of sediments in the Arctic. Riverine sediment discharge into the Laptev Sea amounts to 24.10x10(6) t a(-1), more than 70% of which an related to the Lena River. In comparison with the CBS, the Laptev Sea coast on average delivers approximately twice as much sediment mass per kilometer, a result of higher erosion rates due to higher cliffs and seasonal ice melting. Ln the Laptev Sea sediment input by coastal erosion (58.4x10(6) t a(-1)) is therefore more important than in the CBS and the ratio between riverine and coastal sediment input amounts to 0.4. Coastal erosion supplying 5.6x10(6) t a(-1) is less significant for the sediment budget of the CBS where riverine sediment discharge exceeds coastal sediment input by a factor of ca. 10.
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  • 37
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    Using stable-isotope analysis of feathers to distinguish moulting and breeding origins of seabirds (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Oecologia, 122 (2). pp. 155-162.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: To determine whether stable isotope measurements of bird feathers can be used to identify moulting (interbreeding) foraging areas of adult seabirds, we examined the stable-carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition of feathers of chicks and adults of black-browed albatrosses (Diomedea melanophrys) from Kerguelen Islands, southern Indian Ocean. Albatross chicks are fed primarily fish (75% by mass), the diet being dominated by various species of the family Nototheniidae and Channichthyidae which commonly occur in the shelf waters in the vicinity of the colony. δ13C and δ15N values in chick feathers, which are grown in summer in the breeding area, were lower than values in adult feathers, which are grown in winter (δ13C: –19.6‰ versus –17.6‰ and δ15N: 12.4‰ versus 15.7‰, respectively). No differences in δ13C and δ15N values were found in adult wing feathers moulted in 1993 and 1994 and in adult feathers formed at the beginning, middle and end of the 1994 moulting period. These data are consistent with adults moulting in the same area and feeding at the same trophic level from one year to the next and with no major changes in foraging ecology within a given moulting season; they suggest that foraging grounds were different in summer and winter and that these differed in their stable-isotope signature. Changes in both feather δ13C and δ15N values indicated feeding south of the Subtropical Front (STF) during chick rearing, which is in agreement with the known foraging ecology at this time and feeding north of the STF during moult. This, together with band recoveries from adult birds, indicates that black-browed albatrosses from Kerguelen Islands wintered in subtropical waters off southern Australia. The stable-isotope markers in feathers, therefore, have the potential for locating moulting areas of migratory seabird species moving between isotopically distinct regions and for investigating seabirds’ foraging ecology during the poorly known interbreeding period. Such information is needed for studies of year-round ecology of seabirds as well as for their conservation and the long-term monitoring of the pelagic environment.
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  • 38
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    Turned out nice again (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 404 (6780). p. 814.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-02-25
    Description: Book review of: The Change in the Weather: People, Weather, and the Science of Climate by William K. Stevens Delacorte: 2000. 432 pp. $24.95
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  • 39
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    Cadmium, zinc and copper accumulation in the squid Illex argentinus from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (6). pp. 1039-1044.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The levels and burdens of Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg were measured in the dorsal mantle, digestive gland and gonads of the squid Illex argentinus, from the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. Mature and immature individuals of both sexes were analysed. Correlations of heavy metal concentrations and burdens with sex and food habits were studied. The highest metal levels were found, particularly for Cd, in the digestive gland, which attained a concentration of up to 270 μg g−1 (wet weight). Dorsal mantle and gonads exhibited the same order of metal enrichment: Zn〉Cu〉Cd. Zinc and Cu levels were higher in ovaries than in testes and varied with the stage of maturation. The dorsal mantle exhibited the lowest heavy metal concentrations. Mercury levels were below the detection limit of the method in all the tissues analysed.
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  • 40
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    Influence of temperature on the microstructure of statoliths of the thumbstall squid Lolliguncula brevis (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (6). pp. 1029-1037.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: A laboratory study investigating the influence of temperature on the microstructure of statoliths of Lolliguncula brevis is described. Groups of squid were subjected to various temperature regimes for periods in excess of 30 d. Statoliths extracted from 20 squid were examined using a confocal microscope in laser scanning mode. The parts of the statoliths deposited during the course of the experiments were identified using either putative daily increment counts or from checks produced in response to capture and handling. These checks appear to consist of a series of prominent increments rather than reflecting a period of interrupted statolith growth. Increments deposited during the experiment generally displayed reduced contrast and clarity in comparison to the “wild” parts of the statolith, presumably in response to the constant conditions imposed in the laboratory. Average statolith growth rates observed over the course of the experiment showed a strong positive relationship to ambient temperature. A significant sex effect was apparent, with statoliths of female squid generally growing faster than those of males. Observed statolith growth rates at 15 °C were generally below 1 μm d−1, suggesting that the widths of daily increments produced under these conditions may approach the resolution limits of a light microscope. The implications for studies using increment numbers to estimate age are discussed.
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  • 41
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    Respiration of the eggs of the giant cuttlefish Sepia apama (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (5). pp. 863-870.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-25
    Description: On the roofs of subtidal crevices, the giant cuttlefish (Sepia apama) of southern Australia lays clutches of lemon-shaped eggs which hatch after 3 to 5 mo. Diffusion of oxygen through the capsule and chorion membrane to the perivitelline fluid and embryo was modelled using the equation V˙ O2 = G O2(P O2out−P O2in), where V˙ O2 = rate of oxygen consumption, G O2 = oxygen conductance of the capsule, and P O2 values = oxygen partial pressures across the capsule. During development, V˙ O2 rose exponentially as the embryo grew, reaching 5.5 μl h−1 at hatching. Throughout development, the capsule dimensions enlarged by absorption of water into the perivitelline space, increasing G O2 by a combination of increasing surface area, and decreasing thickness of the capsule. These processes maintained P O2in high enough to allow unrestricted V˙ O2 until shortly before hatching. Diffusion limitation of respiration in hatching-stage embryos was demonstrated by (1) increased embryonic V˙ O2 when P O2out was experimentally raised, (2) greater V˙ O2 of resting individuals immediately after hatching, and (3) reduced V˙ O2 of hatchlings at experimental P O2 levels higher than P O2in before hatching. Thus, low P O2in may be the stimulus to hatch. Potential problems of diffusive gas-exchange are mitigated by the relatively low incubation temperature (12 °C), which may be a factor limiting the distribution of the species to cool, southern waters.
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  • 42
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    Differential increment-deposition rate in embryonic statoliths of the loliginid squid Loligo vulgaris (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 137 (1). pp. 161-168.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Apart from one study that reported growth of less than one increment per day in statoliths of the squid Alloteuthis subulata, most studies so far have presumed that one increment was laid down per day in the statoliths of the squid species they examined. The present study provides evidence of differential daily growth rates in embryonic statoliths of the squid Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798, thus confirming a previous report for A. subulata. Incremental growth rates of L. vulgaris statoliths differ as a function of temperature. Squid embryos were incubated in the laboratory at three temperatures (12.0, 15.5 and 21.1 °C), and tetracycline staining was used to follow statolith growth. This growth slowed in squid exposed to the lowest temperature, but recovered when the squid were returned to warm conditions, indicating statolith adaptation. Statolith growth rate after incubation at 12 °C was 1.3% d−1 and reached 6.1% d−1 for squids exposed to 21.1 °C. Statoliths from embryos incubated at 15.5 °C yielded a rate of 1 increment d−1 and a mean daily growth of 2.2 μm in the dorsal dome area of the statolith. In contrast, the slow growth of statoliths incubated at 12 °C yielded a mean daily growth of only 0.9 μm in the dorsal dome and the readings resulted in a less-than-daily increment-deposition rate.
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  • 43
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    Distribution and biomass of two squid species off southern New Zealand: Nototodarus sloanii and Moroteuthis ingens (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 23 (10). pp. 699-705.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: The distribution and biomass of two species of squid, the ommastrephid arrow squid Nototodarus sloanii and the onychoteuthid squid Moroteuthis ingens, were analysed off southern New Zealand. These two species are the most important and abundant species in this region of the South Pacific Ocean. Data were obtained from extensive NIWA research cruises over 10 years. There was a sharp demarcation between the distribution of the two species, with N. sloanii occurring predominantly shallower than 600 m, with the greatest biomass less than 300 m. In contrast, M. ingens had the highest biomass between 650 and 700 m and occurred down to 1400 m. The biomass of N. sloanii reached more than 3500 kg · km−2, with an average catch rate of over 186 kg · km−2. In contrast, the biomass of M. ingens was more than an order of magnitude less, with all catch weights less than 200 kg · km−2 and an average catch rate less than 17 kg · km−2. The separation of these two species appeared to be related to depth, temperature and, possibly, salinity. N. sloanii occurred predominantly in warmer, shallower subtropical waters while M. ingens occurred in deeper, cooler subantarctic and antarctic intermediate water masses. The Subtropical Front formed a major barrier between the distribution of these two squid species.
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  • 44
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    Diet and estimated food consumption of Antarctic fur seals at Bouvetøya during summer (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 23 (11). pp. 745-752.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-30
    Description: Collection and analysis of natural regurgitations and fresh scats, deposited by Antarctic fur seals at the Nyrøysa colony, Bouvetøya, during December 1998 to February 1999, afforded a comprehensive description of the dietary composition of this expanding population during the summer months. Mature, adult Euphausia superba was the staple diet of fur seals at Nyrøysa, while squid and myctophid fish appeared to be taken opportunistically. In metric tons, the total Bouvetøya fur seal population is estimated to have consumed a minimum of 14,365 t krill (representing 1.2713 × 1010 individuals of 1.13 g mass), 186 t fish, 184 t squid and 14,735 t over 3 months, but there are many possible sources of error in these estimates. It is presumed that over-indulgence in krill may cause animals to regurgitate ashore.
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  • 45
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    Life history of Gonatus onyx (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea): ontogenetic changes in habitat, behavior and physiology (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 136 (3). pp. 543-552.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-20
    Description: In the present study 670 individuals of Gonatus onyx (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) were observed in Monterey Bay, California from a remotely operated vehicle. The vertical distribution of this species was bimodal, with peaks at 400 and 800 m depth during the day and 300 and 500 m during the night. The bimodal distribution reflects a life stage shift between younger, schooling juveniles living in shallower water and older, solitary adults which live deeper. Ontogenetic changes in behavior associated with this life stage shift are reflected in the physiology of the organisms as well. Both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, as estimated using mitochondrial and glycolytic enzymes, decline with increasing body mass, suggesting reduced locomotory capacity in deeper-living adults. Oxygen consumption rates were also determined in relation to oxygen partial pressure. Oxygen consumption regulation was similar between juvenile and adult squids. The critical oxygen partial pressures (29 to 30 mmHg) correspond precisely to the oxygen concentrations found at the depth of maximal abundance for day and night populations of juveniles and adults, respectively. Behavioral and physiological changes with ontogeny of G. onyx are believed to result from reduced visual predator/prey interactions in the light-limited deep sea.
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  • 46
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    Fecundity and spawning in a deep-water cirromorph octopus (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 137 (2). pp. 317-324.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-21
    Description: Reproductive characteristics of cirromorph octopuses, assigned to the species Opisthoteuthis grimaldii, were sampled as a commercial fishing by-catch on the Hebrides Slope, west of Scotland. A total of 254 specimens (99 female, 155 males), retrieved from bottom trawls fished at 750 to 1500 m depth, were examined. A maximum of 2097 eggs was counted in a single female ovary (mean female body weight 1242.8 g), most of them 〈1 mm in length. At egg lengths over 1 mm, diminishing numbers of eggs were present in 1 mm size categories up to a maximum of ≈10 mm. At body sizes 〉500 g (wet wt), and in every female 〉750 g (max. female weight recorded in the sample was 2959 g), a succession of unattached eggs was present in the proximal oviduct and a single, unattached mature egg occupied the tip of the distal oviduct. These females were assumed to be in spawning condition and the characteristics of egg distribution in the reproductive tract to be consistent with sequential release of individual eggs and continuous spawning throughout the growth period and lifespan of the mature octopus. In pre-spawning females there was a positive relationship between estimated egg numbers and maximum egg size. After the onset of spawning there was no significant further increase in estimated potential fecundity over the body-size range 500 to 3000 g. Follicular sheaths remaining in the ovary after release of eggs into the proximal oviduct were counted and used to estimate the total number of eggs released up to the time of capture. Follicular sheaths first appeared at 500 to 650 g body weight and increased steeply in number to 〉1000 in females 〉1500 g. Two individuals were found with ovarian follicular sheaths but with no terminal egg in the distal oviduct; these were assumed to have released their egg just before capture. Summation of the number of follicular sheaths counted plus the number of eggs estimated as remaining attached in the ovisac, provided a revised estimate of total potential fecundity and raised the estimate for any individual to a maximum of 3202 eggs (mean = 1396 eggs).
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  • 47
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    The diet of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (mollusca: cephalopoda) during its life cycle in the Northern Bay of Biscay (France): (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Aquatic Sciences, 62 (2). pp. 167-178.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: The diet of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. was studied from stomach contents. This analysis was carried out on monthly samples throughout the whole biological cycle in the Northern Bay of Biscay focusing on 3 areas: a breeding and hatching area (Morbihan Bay), a winter area (off Belle-Ile island) and a transition area (Morbraz). The list of prey species showed that Sepia officinalis an opportunistic predator with a flexible diet that allows it to survive when its usual prey is unavailable. The diet is discussed in terms of the repletion ratio (R.R.: number of stomachs with remains/number of stomachs examined as %) and the monthly frequency of a prey species. Results show that R.R. was minimal during reproduction (around 25%) whereas during the rest of the life cycle it was higher than 50%. Amphipods (Phtisica marina) are the main prey for the first 3 months. During the growth period, fish (Ammodytiae, Gobiidae, Gadidae) occupied the first place in the diet. In animals returning to coastal waters for reproduction, the diet changed again and crustacea especially Brachyura (Carcinus maenas, Liocarcinus arcuatus) became the most important prey.
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  • 48
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    Otobothrium cysticum (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha) from the muscle of butterfishes (Stromateidae) (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Parasitology Research, 86 . pp. 41-53.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: On the basis of the tentacular armature, surface ultrastructure, and morphological measurements of plerocerci obtained from the musculature of butterfishes (Stromateidae), we corroborate an earlier proposal that Otobothrium crenacolle, a commonly reported trypanorhynch cestode from the northwestern Atlantic coast, is a junior synonym of O. cysticum. This action exemplifies at least an Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean distribution for O. cysticum. The infection in commercially important butterfishes shows that an otobothriid trypanorhynch may heavily infect fish flesh and influence the market value of some fish species yet also be restricted to the body cavity of other fish intermediate hosts. Infections of O. cysticum in the flesh of Peprilus burti (Gulf butterfish) and P. alepidotus (harvestfish) in the Gulf of Mexico has varied annually since 1970, with samples ranging in prevalence between 20% and 100% and in mean intensity between 1 and 3,500 or more plerocerci per fish. Comparative infections in P. burti from the Gulf of Mexico and P. triacanthus (butterfish) from the Atlantic Ocean demonstrate a present geographic difference in infections. The prevalence and mean intensity in 4 collections of butterfishes ranged from 9% to 98% of the fish and from 1 to 678 plerocerci in a subsample of tissue, respectively, with prevalent and heavy infections being observed in the Gulf of Mexico fish and relatively few individuals being infected with few worms in the Atlantic fish. A slight host response in the butterfishes involving some fatty infiltration and inflammatory infiltration was associated with the metacestode. In some larger fish, encapsulations were yellow, and in a few cases, worms had degenerated. This finding and an increase in intensity with fish weight suggest a continual accumulation of the worms in association with little host resistance.
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  • 49
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    A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 695-702.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: Changes in iron supply to oceanic plankton are thought to have a significant effect on concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide by altering rates of carbon sequestration, a theory known as the 'iron hypothesis'. For this reason, it is important to understand the response of pelagic biota to increased iron supply. Here we report the results of a mesoscale iron fertilization experiment in the polar Southern Ocean, where the potential to sequester iron-elevated algal carbon is probably greatest. Increased iron supply led to elevated phytoplankton biomass and rates of photosynthesis in surface waters, causing a large drawdown of carbon dioxide and macronutrients, and elevated dimethyl sulphide levels after 13 days. This drawdown was mostly due to the proliferation of diatom stocks. But downward export of biogenic carbon was not increased. Moreover, satellite observations of this massive bloom 30 days later, suggest that a sufficient proportion of the added iron was retained in surface waters. Our findings demonstrate that iron supply controls phytoplankton growth and community composition during summer in these polar Southern Ocean waters, but the fate of algal carbon remains unknown and depends on the interplay between the processes controlling export, remineralisation and timescales of water mass subduction.
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  • 50
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    A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating abaerobic oxidation of methane (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 623-626.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: A large fraction of globally produced methane is converted to CO2 by anaerobic oxidation in marine sediments. Strong geochemical evidence for net methane consumption in anoxic sediments is based on methane profiles, radiotracer experiments and stable carbon isotope data. But the elusive microorganisms mediating this reaction have not yet been isolated, and the pathway of anaerobic oxidation of methane is insufficiently understood. Recent data suggest that certain archaea reverse the process of methanogenesis by interaction with sulphate-reducing bacteria. Here we provide microscopic evidence for a structured consortium of archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria, which we identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization using specific 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes. In this example of a structured archaeal-bacterial symbiosis, the archaea grow in dense aggregates of about 100 cells and are surrounded by sulphate-reducing bacteria. These aggregates were abundant in gas-hydrate-rich sediments with extremely high rates of methane-based sulphate reduction, and apparently mediate anaerobic oxidation of methane.
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  • 51
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    Effect of continuous nutrient enrichment on microalgae colonizing hard substrates (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Hydrobiologia, 426 (1). pp. 183-190.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-29
    Description: In order to understand the effect of changing nutrient conditions on benthic microalgae on hard substrates, in-situ experiments with artificial substrates were conducted in Kiel Fjord, Western Baltic Sea. As an extension of previous investigations, we used artificial substrates without silicate and thus were able to supply nutrient media with different Si:N ratios to porous substrates, from where they trickled out continuously. The biofilm developing on these substrates showed a significant increase in biovolume due to N + P enrichment, while Si alone had only minor effects. The stoichiometric composition of the biomass indicated nitrogen limitation during most of the year. The C:N ratios were lowered by the N + P addition. The algae were dominated by diatoms in most cases, but rhodophytes and chlorophytes also became important. The nutrient treatment affected the taxonomic composition mostly at the species level. The significance of the results with regard to coastal eutrophication is discussed.
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  • 52
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    Contributions to particle fluxes and proxies in marine geosystems - Editorial (2000)
    Springer
    In:  International Journal of Earth Sciences, 88 (4). pp. 597-598.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-28
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 53
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    Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2 (2000)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 407 . pp. 634-637.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-28
    Description: The formation of calcareous skeletons by marine planktonic organisms and their subsequent sinking to depth generates a continuous rain of calcium carbonate to the deep ocean and underlying sediments1. This is important in regulating marine carbon cycling and ocean–atmosphere CO2 exchange2. The present rise in atmospheric CO2 levels3 causes significant changes in surface ocean pH and carbonate chemistry4. Such changes have been shown to slow down calcification in corals and coralline macroalgae5,6, but the majority of marine calcification occurs in planktonic organisms. Here we report reduced calcite production at increased CO2 concentrations in monospecific cultures of two dominant marine calcifying phytoplankton species, the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanica . This was accompanied by an increased proportion of malformed coccoliths and incomplete coccospheres. Diminished calcification led to a reduction in the ratio of calcite precipitation to organic matter production. Similar results were obtained in incubations of natural plankton assemblages from the north Pacific ocean when exposed to experimentally elevated CO2 levels. We suggest that the progressive increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may therefore slow down the production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean. As the process of calcification releases CO2 to the atmosphere, the response observed here could potentially act as a negative feedback on atmospheric CO2 levels.
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  • 54
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    The phylogenetic position of the subantarctic marine macroalga Desmarestia chordalis (Phaeophyceae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 23 . pp. 95-99.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-09
    Description: The phylogenetic position of the subantarctic brown macroalga Desmarestia chordalis was inferred from nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer sequences, which were compared with published homologous sequences of putative relatives. According to the molecular data, D. chordalis is closely related to the Antarctic species D. menziesii, and more distantly related to other taxa of similar morphology, i.e. Ant- arctic D. anceps and northern hemisphere D. aculeata.
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  • 55
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    Vernetzung von Bio- und Anthroposhäre: Das Raubbau-Syndrom (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Welt im Wandel: Erhalt und nachhaltige Nutzung der Biosphäre
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 56
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    Diversity and role of the decomposer food web (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems | Ecological studies
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 57
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    Globaler Wettbewerb und globale Umweltpolitik: Wege zu einer ökologischen Weltordnung (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Umweltschutz im globalen Wettbewerb. Neue Spielregeln für das grenzenlose Unternehmen
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
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  • 58
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    Welt im Wandel: Erhaltung und nachhaltige Nutzung der Biosphäre (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Welt im Wandel: Erhaltung und nachhaltige Nutzung der Biosphäre
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 59
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    Welt im Wandel: Erhaltung und nachhaltige Nutzung der Biosphäre (2000)
    Springer
    In:  WBGU-Jahresgutachten
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 60
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    Welt im Wandel: Umwelt und Ethik (2000)
    Springer
    In:  Welt im Wandel: Umwelt und Ethik
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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