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  • Articles  (115)
  • evolution  (54)
  • photosynthesis  (39)
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • fermentation
  • Springer  (115)
  • 1995-1999  (115)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1999  (115)
  • Biology  (115)
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (7)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 359-368 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Barbarea vulgaris ssp. arcuata ; Cruciferae ; Phyllotreta nemorum ; Chrysomelidae ; Alticinae ; flea beetle ; plant defence ; host plant range ; near-isogenic ; Y-linkage ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A Y-linked gene (R-gene) in the flea beetle Phyllotreta nemorum L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) confer the ability of larvae to survive on types of the plant Barbarea vulgaris R.Br. (Brassicaceae) which are immune to attack by susceptible conspecifics. Two near-isogenic flea beetle lines were developed. The YE-line contained the Y-linked R-gene, and male larvae from this line survived on B. vulgaris. The ST-line did not contain the gene and did not survive on the plant. The YE-line had been developed through 8–9 generations of backcrosses (YE-males with ST-females) and the two lines were considered to be isogenic except for genes located on the Y-chromosome. A single copy of the Y-linked gene is sufficient to transfer a susceptible genotype (ST) into a resistant genotype (YE) which is able to utilize a plant that is immune to attack by specimens without R-genes. The Y-linked gene had no effects on survival on other plant species tested. The gene did not have any effect on developmental times and weights of adult beetles reared on other plants than B. vulgaris. Developmental times of larvae with the Y-linked gene were longer on B. vulgaris than on normal host plants, R. sativus and S. arvensis, but the adults obtained the same size on these plant species. No trade-offs of the Y-linked gene were discovered. The results suggest that the occurrence of the Y-linked gene is a derived trait which has enabled the flea beetle to expand its host plant range. The evolution of a host shift to B. vulgaris seems not to be favoured by the presence of this single gene.
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  • 2
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    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 29-35 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: chemoreception ; deterrents ; Pieris ; Brassicaceae ; cardenolides ; host-plant selection ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) are specialist herbivores of cruciferous plants. They exploit glucosinolates, secondary plant metabolites chemotaxonomically characteristic for this plant family, as token stimuli. In addition to particular glucosinolates, some genera of the Cruciferae contain cardenolides, steroidal allelochemicals that act as potent feeding and oviposition deterrents to several Pieris species. We investigated the sensory mechanisms by which these compounds are perceived in larvae. Pieris caterpillars and many other lepidopterous species are endowed with so-called generalist deterrent receptors, that respond to a broad spectrum of secondary plant substances. In Pieris caterpillars we found a second type of deterrent chemoreceptor in maxillary styloconic taste sensilla. This neuron is very sensitive to cardenolides (threshold 0.1–0.3 μM). The generalist deterrent receptor also responds to these substances but its threshold lies at 50–100× higher concentrations. In behavioural preference experiments Pieris brassicae L. caterpillars preferred cardenolide-treated cabbage leaf discs when confronted with a choice between them and a deterrent substance that does not occur in the Brassicaceae. The cardenolides acted as potent deterrents when offered against untreated cabbage leaf discs. This demonstrates that the balance of activity elicited in the two types of deterrent chemoreceptors determines the behavioural decision.
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  • 3
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    Acta biotheoretica 47 (1999), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Keywords: Sexual selection ; mate selection ; gamete selection ; evolution ; ploidy ; asssortative mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Results of an agent-based computer simulation of the evolution of diploid sexual organisms showed that several mate selection strategies confer much higher average fitness to the simulated populations, and higher evolutionary stability to the alleles coding for these strategies, than random mating. Strategies which select for 'good genes' were very successful, and so were strategies based on assortative mating. The results support the hypothesis that mating is not likely to be random in nature and that the most successful mate selection strategies are those based on assortative mating or on advantageous genes.
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  • 4
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    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 147-153 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: conductance ; gas exchange ; mangrove ; photorespiration ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic characteristics were investigated in the geographically isolated and restricted mangrove species, P.rhizophoreae. Gas exchange measurements were made on two to seven years old hydroponically grown plants maintained in 10%, 50% and 100% seawater. CO2 exchange in the 50% and 100% seawater treatments was reduced by 10% and 26%, respectively, compared to the 10% seawater treatment. CO2 response curves indicated that carboxylation efficiency was greater in 10% than in 50% seawater, while stomatal limitation increased from 11% to 16% as salinity increased from 10% to 50% seawater. Carbon losses via photorespiration (31% and 41%) and CO2 compensation point (67 and 81 μ11−1) were greater in 50% than in the 10% seawater treatment. Maximal CO2 exchange occurred at 30 °C with no differences among the salinity treatments. The results indicate that P. rhizophoreae exhibits many gas exchange characteristics previously reported for other mangroves.
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  • 5
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    Journal of the history of biology 32 (1999), S. 343-383 
    ISSN: 1573-0387
    Keywords: agnosticism ; Darwinian ; evolution ; materialism ; Malthusian ; nebular hypothesis ; popularization ; professionalization ; transitional forms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , History
    Notes: Abstract Robert Chambers and Thomas Henry Huxley helped popularize science by writing for general interest publications when science was becoming increasingly professionalized. A non-professional, Chambers used his family-owned Chambers' Edinburgh Journal to report on scientific discoveries, giving his audience access to ideas that were only available to scientists who regularly attended professional meetings or read published transactions of such forums. He had no formal training in the sciences and little interest in advancing the professional status of scientists; his course of action was determined by his disability and interest in scientific phenomena. His skillful reporting enabled readers to learn how the ideas that flowed from scientific innovation affected their lives, and his series of article in the Journal presenting his rudimentary ideas on evolution, served as a prelude to his important popular work, Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation. Huxley, an example of the new professional class of scientists, defended science and evolution from attacks by religious spokesmen and other opponents of evolution, informing the British public about science through his lectures and articles in such publications as Nineteenth Century. He understood that by popularizing scientific information, he could effectively challenge the old Tory establishment -- with its orthodox religious and political views -- and promote the ideas of the new class of professional scientists. In attempting to transform British society, he frequently came in conflict with theologians and others on issues in which science and religion seemed to contradict each other but refused to discuss matters of science with non-professionals like Chambers, whose popular writing struck a more resonant chord with working class readers.
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  • 6
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    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 865-871 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Keywords: Key words Orangutan ; MHC class I ; HLA-C ; natural killer cells ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  HLA-B and C are related class I genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. Previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both HLA-B and C in African apes but only for HLA-B in Asian apes. These observations suggested that the primate C locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae. From an analysis of orangutan Tengku two HLA-C-like alleles (Popy C*0101 and Popy C*0201) were defined as well as three HLA-B-like (Popy-B) alleles. By contrast, no Popy-C alleles were obtained from orangutan Hati, although three Popy-B alleles were defined. Thus an HLA-C-like locus exists in the orangutan (as well as a duplicated B locus), implying that the primate C locus evolved prior to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae and is at least 12–13 million years old. Uncertain is whether all orangutan MHC haplotypes contain a C locus, as the failure to find C alleles in some individuals could be due to a mispairing of HLA-C-specific primers with certain Popy-C alleles. These results raise the possibilities that other primate species have a C locus and that the regulation of natural killer cells by C allotypes evolved earlier in primate evolution than has been thought.
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  • 7
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    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 31-49 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemical ecology ; evolution ; variation ; population dynamics ; community ; species interactions ; infochemical ; semiochemical ; parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; learning ; phenotypic plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The marriage of chemistry with ecology has been a productive one, providing a wealth of examples of how chemicals play important roles in the loves and lives of living organisms. At first the marriage may have been a simple and monogamous one with the major scientific aim of making proximate analyses of chemically mediated, individual level interactions. But times have changed and chemical ecology is broadening, embracing different approaches and disciplines. There is, for example, increasing appreciation of variability in the systems under study and an increase in evolutionary thinking. Another promising development is greater recognition of the potential importance of chemically mediated interactions for population dynamics and for structuring communities and species coexistence. The latter is an utterly underexplored area in chemical ecology. The field of chemical ecology of insect parasitoids shows some of these promising developments. Responses of parasitoids to infochemicals are increasingly studied with an integrated approach of mechanism and function. This integration of “how” and “why” questions significantly enhances the evolutionary and ecological understanding of stimulus–response patterns. The future challenge in chemical ecology is to demonstrate how chemically mediated interactions steer ecological and evolutionary processes at all levels of ecological organization. To reach this goal there is a need for interdisciplinary collaboration among chemists and ecologists working at different levels of organization and with different approaches, with other disciplines as partners.
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  • 8
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 433-437 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Immunohistochemistry ; Enteric nervous system ; Crocodylus porosus (Crocodilia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerve cells in the gastrointestinal tract of a reptile and to compare it with the pattern in other vertebrate classes. In the estuarine crocodile, Crocodylus porosus, NOS-positive nerve cell bodies and fibres were found in all regions of the gut examined. Most myenteric microganglia contained one or several NOS-immunoreactive neurons together with unlabelled neurons. The majority of the neurons were multipolar, ranging from 10 to 25 µm in diameter. Both the circular and the longitudinal muscle layers were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibres, which mostly ran parallel to the muscle fibres. In addition, small blood vessels in the submucosa and on the serosal surface of the gut were innervated by NOS-immunoreactive fibres. Double labelling with antisera to NOS and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) revealed three neuronal subpopulations. A small proportion of the NOS-immunoreactive cells also contained immunoreactivity to VIP while a majority of the VIP-immunoreactive cells were NOS immunoreactive. There were more nerve fibres showing VIP immunoreactivity than fibres with NOS immunoreactivity, although most of the latter also contained immunoreactivity to VIP. VIP-immunoreactive fibres often surrounded the NOS-immunoreactive nerve cells. These results suggest that neuronally released nitric oxide is likely to be involved in the control of gastrointestinal motility in the crocodile as in most other vertebrate species.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 587-597 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Hyaluronic acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor ; Localization ; Mouse (CD-1)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The direct interaction of hyaluronic acid (HA) and heavy chain (HC) of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family plays a critical role in the organization and stabilization of the extracellular matrix. The aim of the present investigation was to elucidate the distribution of the IαI HC and HA in adult mouse tissues. An immunohistochemical method using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against mouse IαI heavy-chain peptide and a specific probe for HA (biotinylated HA-binding protein) was used to demonstrate an immunolocalization of IαI HC and HA. Distribution and localization of HA was of three types, namely, colocalization with IαI HC itself (cartilaginous tissue and ovary), localization around IαI HC immunostaining (lung, intestine and skeletal muscle), and localization at a small distance from IαI HC or a different distribution pattern (brain, liver, skin and kidney). These results indicate that IαI HC could function as an HA-rich matrix stabilizer on the cells of cartilage and maturing ovary, in which IαI HC shows colocalization with its predominant ligand, HA.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Avian pineal organ ; Pinopsin ; Cell differentiation ; Tissue culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quail embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The avian pineal organ contains several types of photoreceptors with different photopigments: rhodopsin, iodopsin, and pinopsin. We have previously examined the differentiation of both rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactive cells during pineal development in quail embryos to determine the onset of synthesis of specific proteins and their cellular localization. In the present study, we have performed pinopsin immunohistochemistry on in-vivo developing and in-vitro cultured pineal organs of quail embryos. The results were compared with those obtained with rhodopsin and iodopsin immunohistochemistry. In the developing pineal organs, pinopsin immunoreactivity was detected at embryonic day 8, i.e. five days earlier than rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities. It was localized exclusively in the protrusions extending into the lumen throughout development, whereas rhodopsin-like and iodopsin-like immunoreactivities were usually found both in cell bodies and processes. These differences were also observed under two different types of culture conditions (dissociated cell culture and organ culture) indicating that, in the avian pineal organ, the expression pattern of the pinopsin gene is basically different from those of the other two pineal photopigments. The present study suggests that pineal cells have a mechanism for the polarized transport of pinopsin molecules.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 607-617 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Gastrointestinal tract ; Respiratory tract ; Urogenital tract ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; mRNA ; Pig (Swedish Landrace × Yorkshire)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The antisecretory factor, AF, is a 41-kDa protein, cloned and sequenced from a human pituitary library. AF is a potent inhibitor of experimental intestinal hypersecretion in rats and pigs. An antiserum against the C-terminal of the truncated, recombinantly produced AF protein was raised in rabbits. The affinity-purified antiserum was used to study the expression of AF in mucosal membranes and in the pituitary gland of the pig; distinctly stained cells were found in lymphoid cells in the connective tissue of all parts of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tracts. Cytoplasmic AF was demonstrated in endocrine and epithelial cells in the pituitary gland. In situ hybridisation with a digoxigenin-labelled mRNA probe also demonstrated specific cytoplasmic staining in epithelial and lymphoid cells in all of these tissues. The cells stained by either method were similarly distributed topographically within the tissues. The results suggest that a specific defined cell population in these various tissues possesses the capability of both synthesising and storing the AF protein within the cellular cytoplasmic compartment.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Vascular endothelial growth factor ; flt-1 ; flk-1 ; Embryonic implantation ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction ; Golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor (VEGF/VPF) and its receptors (flt-1 and flk-1) during the peri-implantation period (days 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 post coitus) in the golden hamster was investigated by in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and the reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Three days after mating, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical staining revealed weak VEGF expression only in the uterine epithelium; this expression was similar to that seen at oestrus. Flt-1 but no flk-1 immunoreactivity was observed. At day 4, the subepithelial stroma and embryo displayed immunoreactivity for VEGF and flt-1, whereas endothelial cells expressed both flt-1 and flk-1. At day 5, immunoreactivity for both VEGF and its receptors was detected in decidual cells and vascular endothelial cells. Only a few embryonic cells expressed VEGF mRNA but strong signals were noted in decidual cells. The patterns of VEGF and VEGF receptor expression were the same in the day-6 and day-7 embryos and decidua, except for an increase in intensity as development progressed. Based on these findings, we conclude that, in addition to its known actions on endometrial angiogenesis and tissue swelling, VEGF may also facilitate the proliferation and differentiation of the endometrium and help to sustain the avascular embryo during this early stage of development.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Basal lamina ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser microscopy ; Cochlea ; Mongolian gerbil ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Bridging structures between discrete capillaries in the stria vascularis of the cochlea were studied morphologically in gerbils and rats. Serial thin sections for transmission electron microscopy revealed (1) that elongated cells surrounded by the basal lamina provided the structural basis for the bridging structure, (2) that the basal lamina surrounding the elongated cell extended to the basal lamina around the capillary endothelial cell, (3) that the electron density of the cytoplasm was similar to that of the pericytes around the capillaries, and (4) that the cell was attached to the capillaries at both ends only. Visualization of the basal lamina by immunofluorescent methods revealed (1) that capillaries were often bent at the site of attachment of the bridging cell, (2) that the bridging cell bifurcated occasionally, and (3) that the density of the bridging cell was much higher in the stria vascularis than in the underlying spiral ligament. Filamentous actin visualized by fluorescent phalloidin was not apparent in the bridging cell. We propose that the bridging cell provides mechanical strength to the tortuous capillary network in the stria vascularis and participates in the specific function of the stria vascularis in cooperation with other types of cells.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Harderian gland ; Tryptophan hydroxylase ; Serotonin ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar) ; Syrian hamster ; Mesocricetus auratus ; Djungarian hamster ; Phodopus sungorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The Harderian gland is considered as being an extrapineal source of melatonin. In most rodents, the Harderian gland contains two epithelial cell types (I and II). The aim of this study has been to define which cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis. The presence and localization of serotonin (melatonin precursor) and tryptophan hydroxylase (the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin synthesis) have been investigated by immunohistochemistry in male Wistar rats, Syrian hamsters and Djungarian hamsters. The results of the present study show that immunoreactivity for tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin is confined to the type I cell, suggesting that this cell type is involved in indoleamine synthesis in the rodent Harderian gland.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 296 (1999), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Nitric oxide synthase isoforms I ; III ; Neurosphere ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nestin ; Embryonic brain striatum ; Mouse (Balb/c)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous, radical molecule that plays a role in various physiological processes in the nervous system such as learning and hippocampal plasticity. It is generated from l-arginine by nitric oxide synthases (NOS), which come in three isoforms depending on the tissue of origin, namely inducible-NOS (iNOS in macrophages), endothelial-NOS (eNOS in endothelial cells) and neural-NOS (nNOS in neural cells). We used epidermal growth factor (EGF)-responsive nestin-positive neural precursor cells originating from the mouse E16 embryonic striatum, and studied the relative expression of NOS isoforms probed with isoform-specific antibody using the avidin-biotin immunohistochemical method. Our data revealed both nNOS and eNOS to be expressed in both neurospheres and desegregated neural precursor cells. However, iNOS signals were virtually undetectable in both cell categories. When the neural precursor cells were carried in the presence of poly-l-ornithine (PLO), there was a strong induction of the expression of iNOS proteins, indicating the possibility that this isoform is amenable to modulation by extracellular cues. These preliminary results suggest both nNOS and eNOS to be important in the physiology of neural precursor cells, and that iNOS might also play a role at certain stages in the life of these cells.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words P2X receptor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Duodenum ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Immunohistochemical techniques were performed on freshly frozen sections of the duodenum of the rat using specific polyclonal antibodies to unique peptide sequences of P2X1–7 receptors. Of the antibodies to the seven known P2X receptor subtypes that mediate extracellular signalling by nucleotides, three reacted with discrete structures in the duodenal villus of the rat. Anti-P2X1 reacted with the capillary plexus in the intestinal villus, which did not extend to the crypt region, suggesting that nucleotides may be involved in the uptake and transport of metabolites. Anti-P2X5 immunostained the membranes of the narrow ”stem” of villus goblet cells, where the nucleus and cell organelles reside, possibly influencing synthesis and release of mucins. P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity was only seen in the membranes of enterocytes and goblet cells at the tip of the villus, where cells are exfoliated into the lumen, consistent with earlier findings that P2X7 is involved in apoptotic events. Thus, in complex structures such as the intestinal villus, purinoceptors appear to participate in several and diverse signalling functions.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Chloride cells (mitochondria-rich cells) ; Teleost larvae ; Osmoregulation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Quantification ; Ultrastructure ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Integumental and branchial chloride cells of tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mossambicus) were studied at the light-microscopical and ultrastructural level. Total numbers and distribution of chloride cells were quantified after immunostaining of cross sections of the entire larvae with an antibody against the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase. The majority (66%) of Na+/K+-ATPase-immunoreactive (ir) cells, i.e. chloride cells, of freshwater tilapia larvae were located extrabranchially up to 48 h after hatching. Five days after hatching, the majority (80%) of chloride cells were found in the buccal cavity. Transfer of 24-h-old larvae to 20% sea water speeded up this process; 24 h after transfer (i.e. 48 h after hatching), the majority (59%) of chloride cells were located in the buccal cavity. The branchial chloride cell population of 24-h- and 120-h-old larvae consisted of immature, mature, apoptotic and necrotic chloride cells. However, relatively more immature chloride cells were observed in freshwater larvae (42–63%) than in (previously studied) freshwater adults (21%), illustrating the developmental state of the gills. After transfer to sea water, the incidence of degenerative chloride cells did not change. Furthermore, the incidence of immature cells had decreased and a new subtype of chloride cells, the ”mitochondria-poor” cells, appeared more frequently. These mitochondria-poor chloride cells were characterised by an abundant tubular system and relatively few mitochondria, which were aligned at the border or concentrated in one part of the cytoplasm. Most of these cells did not contact the water. The function of their enhanced appearance after seawater transfer is unknown.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 297 (1999), S. 163-168 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Acid release ; Stomach ; Antibody ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The tetradecapeptide somatostatin (SRIF) has an inhibitory action on acid secretion in the stomach. It has been suggested that somatostatin may act directly on parietal cells as well as indirectly via histamine-producing cells. A family of high affinity membrane-bound receptors, which are termed sst1–sst5 receptors, mediates the physiological effects of somatostatin. On the basis of functional studies it has been suggested that somatostatin may mediate its actions in the stomach by activation of a somatostatin sst2 receptor type. Two splice variants of the rat sst2 receptor exist, sst2(a) and sst2(b), which differ in length and composition of their intracellular carboxy termini. To date, little information is available on the distribution of the somatostatin sst2(b) receptor in any peripheral tissue. Here we show for the first time the localisation of this receptor isoform in the rat oxyntic mucosa, where the receptor protein was found to be present in parietal cells. This is in contrast to sst2(a) receptor, which was localised to enterochromaffin-like cells and nerve fibres. The differential localisation of the receptor isoforms to two key cell types, parietal cells and enterochromaffin-like cells, may explain how somatostatin inhibits acid secretion by more than one mechanism.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Calbindin ; Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath ; Epithelial rest of Malassez ; Preodontoblast ; Periodontal fibroblast ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  The present study was undertaken to examine the localization of calbindin D28k (CB)-like immunoreactivity (-LI) during the root formation of the rat molar. In the adult rat, CB-LI was detected in some of the cells of the epithelial rest of Malassez at the bifurcational region and in certain cells between the root dentin and cementum at the apical region. These cells had indented nuclei and many tonofilaments, and cementocytes lacked CB-LI. Moreover, CB-LI was observed in the periodontal fibroblasts in the alveolar half of the apical region. During root formation, the cells in the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath (HERS) lacked CB-LI, but most fragmented cells along the root surface began to express CB-LI when HERS was disrupted. Preodontoblasts and odontoblasts at the apical portion of the root also showed CB-LI. After the formation of cellular cementum, the CB-immunoreactive (-IR) cells were entrapped between the root dentin and cementum in the apical portion of the root. The number of CB-IR cells at the root surface decreased gradually, while that between the root dentin and cementum increased. The fibroblasts in the periodontal ligament began to express CB-LI after commencement of the occlusion, and the number and the staining intensity of CB-IR fibroblasts increased gradually with the passage of time. The present results suggest that CB may play an important role in the survival of the epithelial cells, in the cellular responses of periodontal fibroblasts against mechanical forces caused by the occlusion, and in the initial mineralization by the odontoblasts through the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Enteric innervation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Galanin ; Striated muscle ; Esophagus ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between nitric oxide synthase (NOS)- and galanin-immunoreactive nerve terminals and the origin of NOS-immunoreactive nerve terminals on the motor endplates in the striated muscles of the rat esophagus was investigated. Double immunohistochemical staining revealed a dual innervation of motor endplates by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive axons and by axons that were immunoreactive for both NOS and galanin. On average, 91% of NOS terminals were galanin immunoreactive. NOS-immunoreactive fibers were revealed at 67% of endplates, identified by the presence of CGRP terminals. The left vagus and superior laryngeal nerve were cut and 15 days allowed for terminals to degenerate. This caused a significant loss of CGRP fibers, but did not affect the density of innervation of the striated muscle by NOS-immunoreactive fibers. Thus the NOS/galanin fibers are deduced to originate from ganglia in the esophageal wall. This is supported by our observation of numerous NOS-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the myenteric ganglia of the esophagus, 74% of which were galanin immunoreactive. There were no CGRP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the wall of the esophagus.
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    Cell & tissue research 295 (1999), S. 537-551 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Decapod ; Invertebrate ; Monoamine ; Immunohistochemistry ; Procambarus clarkii ; Pacifastacusleniusculus (Crustacea)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used whole-mount immunocytochemistry to characterize the distribution of serotonin in the stomatogastric nervous systems of seven species of crayfish representing three genera from the family Cambaridae (Orconectes, Cambarus, and Procambarus) and one from the family Astacidae (Pacifastacus). In all species, we observed serotonin-like immunoreactivity in four gastropyloric receptor (GPR) neurons located in the lateral ventricular nerves, with one pair of neurons in each nerve. As in other crustaceans, the GPR axons project to the stomatogastric ganglion and to the bilateral commissural ganglia. In three crayfishes, we observed the GPR axons crossing the commissural ganglia, and extending toward the thoracic nervous system. This feature was most clearly and consistently seen in Pacifastacus leniusculus. The number of stained somata in the commissural ganglia varied among crayfish species from two (in Procambarus clarkii) to five (in Pacifastacus leniusculus). The largest soma (the L cell) displayed both serotonin- and tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity in all species, suggesting that serotonin and dopamine are cotransmitters in this cell. The inferior esophageal nerve and a branch of this nerve (the inner labral nerve) contained several axons with serotonin-like immunoreactivity. These axons were clearly present in only one species (Procambarus clarkii). Serotonin acts as a neuromodulator of rhythms produced by circuits in the crab and lobster stomatogastric ganglion, and is likely to play a similar role in crayfish. Differences are apparent in the distribution of serotonin among crayfish species and between crayfish and other crustaceans, and could result in differences in the physiological action of this modulator.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Proopiomelanocortin ; Post-translational processing ; Novel neuropeptides ; Immunohistochemistry ; HPLC analysis ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Several vertebrate species which underwent duplication of their genome, such as trout, salmon and Xenopus, possess two proopiomelanocortin (POMC) genes. In the trout, one of the POMC molecules, called POMC-A, exhibits a unique C-terminal extension of 25 amino acids which has no equivalent in other POMCs characterized so far. This C-terminal peptide contains three pairs of basic residues, suggesting that it may be the source of novel regulatory peptides. The aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of these peptides in the brain of the trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by using specific antibodies raised against two epitopes derived from the C-terminal extension of POMC-A, i.e., EQWGREEGEE and YHFQ-NH2. Immunohistochemical labeling of brain sections revealed the presence of EQWGREEGEE- and YHFQ-NH2-immunoreactive cell bodies in the anterior part of the nucleus lateralis tuberis of the hypothalamus. Immunoreactive fibers were observed in the dorsal hypothalamus, the thalamus, the telencephalon, the optic tectum and the medulla oblongata. In contrast, no labeling was detected using antibodies against the non-amidated peptide YHFQG. Biochemical characterization was performed by combining high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with radioimmunoassay (RIA) quantification. Two peptides exhibiting the same retention time as synthetic EQWGREEGEE and ALGERKYHFQ-NH2 were resolved. However, no peptide co-eluting with YHFQ-NH2 or YHFQG could be detected. These results demonstrate that, in the trout brain, post-translational processing of POMC-A generates the two decapeptides EQWGREEGEE and ALGERKYHFQ-NH2. The wide distribution of immunoreactive fibers in the diencephalon, telencephalon, optic tectum and medulla oblongata suggests that these peptides may exert neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator activities.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Central nervous system ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Leech excitatory peptide ; Neuropeptide ; Whitmania pigra (Annelida)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  We have recently isolated a myoactive peptide, called leech excitatory peptide, belonging to the GGNG peptide family from two species of leeches, Hirudo nipponia and Whitmania pigra. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were employed to localize leech excitatory peptide-like peptide(s) and its gene expression in the central nervous system of W. pigra. A pair of neuronal somata were stained by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in the supraesophageal, subesophageal, and segmental ganglia. In addition, several other neurons showed positive signals by either immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization in these ganglia. An immunoreactive fiber was observed to run in the anterior root of segmental ganglion 6, which is known to send axons to the sexual organs, though we failed to detect immunoreactivity in possible target tissues. Antiserum specificity was established by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different leech excitatory peptide-related peptides. Leech excitatory peptide elicited muscular contraction of isolated preparations of penis and intestine at concentrations of 10–8 M. These results suggest that leech excitatory peptide is a neuropeptide modulating neuromuscular transmission in multiple systems, including regulation of reproductive behavior.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ; Immunohistochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Pituitary ; Rat (Wistar)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By means of double immunohistochemical techniques and a nonradioisotopic in situ hybridization method, we determined the colocalization pattern of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and pituitary hormones and the GR messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in the pituitaries of Wistar adult male rats. Immunoreactivity for GR was detected in the nuclei of cells in the anterior and posterior pituitary. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that the colocaliza- tion of GR and anterior pituitary hormones occurred in almost 99% of the growth hormone (GH)-producing cells and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing cells, and in 67% of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-producing cells. Almost all of the folliculostellate cells (93%), marginal layer cells (94%) in the anterior pituitary, and pituicytes (96%) in the posterior pituitary immunostained for S100 protein antibody were also immunostained with GR. GR mRNA was abundant in the cytoplasm of anterior and intermediate pituitary cells but scattered sparsely in that of the posterior pituitary. These results suggest that glucocorticoids directly influence certain pituitary cells in order to regulate cell function, including the synthesis and/or secretion of hormones.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 215 (1999), S. 37-47 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Ranunculaceae ; Aconitum ; Delphinium ; Helleborus ; Nigella ; Seed oil ; fatty acids ; phylogeny ; evolution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many members ofRanunculaceae contain unusual fatty acids in their seed oils. This leads to rather typical genus-specific fatty acid patterns or “fingerprints” in these seed oils. The members of theDelphinioideae and/orHelleboroideae, however, do not contain highly unusual fatty acids. Nevertheless, their seed oil fatty acid fingerprints are also fairly typical and genus-specific, and the patterns found are rather consistent throughout several species of one genus. It was found that species ofAconitum do not contain fatty acids with 20 carbon atoms.Delphinium, Consolida, Helleborus, Nigella and others do contain C20 fatty acids. In allHelleborus species, for example, there was a consistent C20 fatty acid pattern of 20:0≪20:1≫20:2〉20:3. Species ofNigella andGaridella contain high levels,Helleborus low levels, of 20:2n-6 in their seed oils.Delphinium andAconitum both contain low levels of 18:3n-3, whereasHelleborus spp. consistently show high levels of this fatty acid. The genus-specific fatty acid patterns found are discussed, and a correlation with the subfamily and tribe affiliation of the genera investigated here is attempted.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 216 (1999), S. 135-166 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Dipsacaceae ; Pseudoscabiosa ; Scabiosa ; Sixalix ; Lomelosia ; Pycnocomon ; Scabiosiopsis ; Tremastelma ; Epicalyx ; fruit anatomy ; evolution ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fruits ofDipsacaceae are single-seeded, have bristle-shaped calyx segments and are tightly enclosed by four fused bracts forming an epicalyx. Comparative morphological and anatomical studies reveal a great diversity of epicalyx and calyx, often relevant to fruit dispersal. The present contribution deals with theScabiosa group of genera, the core of theScabioseae tribe. Most of its taxa develop a diaphragma from a meristem on the inside of the epicalyx. This diaphragma, together with the lower part of the epicalyx encloses the fruit proper, whereas the upper parts form a so-called “epi-diaphragma” (ed) and a ± hyaline corona. Differences of the epicalyx with respect to the size and position of the ed, elaboration of the corona, origin of pits (=foveoles) and other morphological and anatomical specializations can be demonstrated. Together with palynological and karyological data these new facts support an improved concept of relationships and systematics for the taxa studied:Scabiosa sect.Scabiosa and sect.Cyrtostemma are closely related and should be united to form the genusScabiosa s. str.;Pycnocomon can be maintained as an independent genus, sister toScabiosa sect.Trochocephalus which then has to be treated as a genus,Lomelosia. In contrast, the following genera have to be included inLomelosia:Tremastelma asLomelosia sect.Callistemma, andScabiosiopsis as part ofLomelosia sect.Lomelosia. Pseudoscabiosa deviates in so many features that it has to be excluded from the redefinedScabioseae s. str.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Gymnosperms ; Pinaceae ; A. alba ; A. cephalonica ; A. borisii-regis ; A. bornmuelleriana ; A. nordmanniana ; A. equi-trojani ; A. pinsapo ; A. numidica ; A. cilicica ; Allozyme variation ; genetic diversity ; phylogenetic relationships ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Nineteen natural Mediterranean fir populations, belonging to eight species and to one natural hybrid (A. ×borisii-regis), were investigated by starch and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 31 alleles was scored at eight loci (IDH-B, ACP-A, PER-B, 6PGD-A, 6PGD-B, MNR-B, PGI-B, PGM-A. Great variation was observed in the heterozygosity among the population studied and ranged from 0.010 (A. pinsapo) to 0.328 (A. cephalonica). The interpopulation genetic diversity was about 26% of the total genetic diversity. From the dendrogram, new phylogenetic relationships were revealed. High affinity was observed between the Calabrian fir population and the one from north-west Greece as well as betweenA. equi-trojani grown in Asia Minor and the southern Greek populations. Species specific alleles were found inA. cilicica. From the findings of the present work, a new hypothesis concerning the taxonomy, distribution and evolution ofAbies species in the Balkan Peninsula is supported.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Chlorococcales ; Microsporales ; Microspora ; Absolute configuration ; classification ; evolution ; flagellar apparatus ; ultrastructure ; zoospore
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spatial configuration of the flagellar apparatus of the biflagellate zoospores of the green algal genusMicrospora is reconstructed by serial sectioning analysis using transmission electron microscopy. Along with the unequal length of the flagella, the most remarkable characteristics of the flagellar apparatus are: (1) the subapical emergence of the flagella (especially apparent with scanning electron microscopy); (2) the parallel orientation of the two basal bodies which are interconnected by a prominent one-piece distal connecting fiber; (3) the unique ultrastructure of the distal connecting fiber composed of a central tubular region which is bordered on both sides by a striated zone; (4) the different origin of the d-rootlets from their relative basal bodies; (5) the asymmetry of the papillar region which together with the subapical position of the basal bodies apparently cause the different paths of corresponding rootlets in the zoospore anterior; (6) the presence of single-membered d-rootlets and multi-membered s-rootlets resulting in a 7-1-7-1 cruciate microtubular root system which, through the different rootlet origin, does not exhibit a strict 180° rotational symmetry. It is speculated that the different basal body origin of the d-rootlets is correlated with the subapical implant of flagella. It is further hypothesized that in the course of evolution the ancestors ofMicrospora had a flagellar papilla that has migrated from a strictly apical position towards a subapical position. Simultaneously, ‘ancestral’ shift of flagella along the apical cell body periphery has taken place as can be concluded from the presence of an upper flagellum overlying a lower flagellum in the flagellar apparatus ofMicrospora. The basic features of the flagellar apparatus of theMicrospora zoospore resemble those of the coccoid green algal generaDictyochloris andBracteacoccus and also those of the flagellate green algal genusHeterochlamydomonas. This strengthens the general supposition thatMicrospora is evolutionarily closely related to taxa which were formerly classified in the traditionalChlorococcales.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; nutrient limitation ; phytoplankton ; photosynthesis ; quantum efficiency
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: intertidal areas ; photosynthetically active radiation ; photosynthesis ; Tagus estuary ; tides
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were measured continuously at the surface of estuarine intertidal sediments in the Tagus estuary, Portugal, along two spring-neap tidal cycles. PAR and temperature were strongly conditioned by the periodic tidal inundation, with large and abrupt variations occurring during flooding and ebbing. PAR levels reaching the sediment surface decreased very rapidly to zero or very low values during most of the daytime immersion. Inundation during high tide had the general effect of attenuating the amplitude of daily temperature fluctuation, with the incoming water usually warmer than the sediment during the night or early morning and cooler during the day. The daily progression of tidal emersion resulted in a clear fortnightly variation in total daily PAR reaching the sediment surface, while both daily mean temperature and mean temperature of diurnal low tide periods failed to exhibit a well-defined fortnightly periodicity. The obtained results indicate that the estuarine intertidal environment is dominated, at sub-seasonal time scales, by fortnightly periodicity in irradiance and temperature conditions favourable for benthic photosynthesis.
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    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: dense algal suspension ; light-harvesting pigment ; photosynthesis ; productivity ; cyanobacterium ; Synechocystis PCC 6714
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microalgal productivity was examined using both a wild type and a phycocyanin-deficient mutant of Synechocystis PCC 6714 (PD-1). The culture was conducted at various light intensities under low and high cell densities in a continuous culture system. At low light intensity, photosynthetic productivity was almost the same for both low and high cell densities. However, at higher light intensities photosynthetic productivity was higher in mutant PD-1 than in the wild type. At 2000 μmol photon m−2 s−1 the productivity was 50% higher in mutant PD-1. This result is consistent with our first report (Nakajima & Ueda, 1997), which showed that photosynthetic productivity can be improved by reducing the light harvesting pigment content in high cell density cultures at high light intensities. It is concluded that the technology for reducing LHP content is a useful method for improving photosynthetic productivity in algal mass production.
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    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 157-163 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: Euglena gracilis ; photosynthesis ; waste water ; pulp and paper industry ; ultraviolet-B radiation (280–320 nm) ; pentachlorophenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The green flagellate Euglena gracilis has been used as a model organism to elucidate the possible large-scale and short-term effects of waste substances from the pulp and paper industry on photosynthetic efficiency (PE). Different concentrations of waste substances before and after treatment in a cleaning system were studied. The uncleaned sample at concentrations up to 1:10 and the cleaned sample at concentrations up to 1:5 showed stimulating effects on the PE after 7 days of incubation compared to the control. The effects of waste substances on the PE of E. gracilis were also studied in combination with short-term studies (20 and 40 min) of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm). It was shown that increasing concentrations of the uncleaned sample had continuously stimulating effects on the PE and worked protectively against UV-B radiation. The cleaned sample exhibited no effects, or negative effects, on the PE of E. gracilis together with UV-B radiation compared to the experiments with only UV-B radiation. At the concentration 1:1 of the cleaned sample an increase in the PE was detected due to the high concentration of the coloured substances and a decrease in the UV-B penetration. PE revealed itself to be highly sensitive for detecting toxic effects on E. gracilis and is thus very promising for use in regular toxicity tests of waste water from pulp and paper industry.
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Keywords: Malthus ; Darwin ; evolution ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This is a rather impressionist report of my recollections of the history of the bioeconomics field.
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    Journal of bioeconomics 1 (1999), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 1573-6989
    Keywords: Darwinian world view ; evolution ; evolutionary economics ; development ; subjectivism ; natural selection ; analogy ; adaptation ; evolutionary progress ; preferences ; genetic endowment ; growth of consumption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Bioeconomics—the merging of views from biology and economics—on the one hand invites the 'export' of situational logic and sophisticated optimization developed in economics into biology. On the other hand, human economic activity and its evolution, not least over the past few centuries, may be considered an instance for fruitfully applying ideas from evolutionary biology and Darwinian theory. The latter perspective is taken in the present paper. Three different aspects are discussed in detail. First, the Darwinian revolution provides an example of a paradigm shift which contrasts most significantly with the 'subjectivist revolution' that took place at about the same time in economics. Since many of the features of the paradigmatic change that were introduced into the sciences by Darwinism may be desirable for economics as well, the question is explored whether the Darwinian revolution can be a model for introducing a new paradigm in economic theory. Second, the success of Darwinism and its view of evolution have induced economists who are interested in an evolutionary approach in economics to borrow, more or less extensively, concepts and tools from Darwinian theory. Particularly prominent are constructions based on analogies to the theory of natural selection. Because several objections to such analogy constructions can be raised, generalization rather than analogy is advocated here as a research strategy. This means to search for abstract features which all evolutionary theories have in common. Third, the question of what a Darwinian world view might mean for assessing long term economic evolution is discussed. Such a view, it is argued, can provide a point of departure for reinterpreting the hedonistic approach to economic change and development. On the basis of such an interpretation bioeconomics may not only go beyond the optimization-cum-equilibrium paradigm currently prevailing in economics. It may also mean adding substantial qualifications to the subjectivism the neoclassical economists, at the turn of the century, were proud to establish in the course of their scientific revolution.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 395-430 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptationism ; Daniel C. Dennett ; electric fish ; electroreception ; evolution ; evolutionary function ; indeterminism ; mental content ; neuroethology ; sensory modality ; underdetermination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Are attributions of content and function determinate, or is there no fact of the matter to be fixed? Daniel Dennett has argued in favor of indeterminacy and concludes that, in practice, content and function cannot be fixed. The discovery of an electrical modality in vertebrates offers one concrete instance where attributions of function and content are supported by a strong scientific consensus. A century ago, electroreception was unimagined, whereas today it is widely believed that many species of bony fish, amphibians, sharks, skates, and rays possess this non-human sensory modality. A look at the history of science related to this discovery reveals a highly interdisciplinary endeavor, encompassing ethology, behavioral analysis, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology. While each area provides important evidence, none is sufficient on its own to fix content and function. Instead, I argue that an interdisciplinary, neuroethological approach is required to carry out such determinations. Further, a detailed consideration of biological research suggests that while content and function claims are empirically underdetermined and uncertain, there is insufficient reason to believe in an additional problem of indeterminism. In particular, Dennett's indeterminism arises from a research methodology -- logical adaptationism -- that generates evidence from only one of the areas of neuroethology. However, logical adaptationism does not reflect adaptationism as it is practiced in contemporary biology. I conclude that Dennett is faced with a dilemma: On the one hand, he can hold to logical adaptationism and the indeterminism that results from it, while giving up the relevance of his arguments to biological practice. On the other, he can embrace a more accurate version of adaptationism -- one which plays a role in a larger neuroethological framework -- but from which no strong indeterminacy claims follow.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 561-584 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: change ; evolution ; evolutionary epistemology ; selection
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the debate in evolutionary epistemology about the nature of the evolutionary process at work in the development of science: whether it is Darwinian or Lamarckian. It is claimed that if we are to make progress through the many arguments that have grown up around this issue, we must return to an examination of the concepts of change and evolution, and examine the basic kinds of mechanism capable of bringing evolution about. This examination results in two kinds of processes being identified, dubbed ‘direct’ and ‘indirect’, and these are claimed to exhaust all possibilities. These ideas are then applied to a selection of the debates within evolutionary epistemology. It is shown that while arguments about the pattern and rate of evolutionary change are necessarily inconclusive, those concerning the origin of novel variations and the mode of inheritance can be resolved by means of the distinctions made here. It is claimed that the process of selection in the evolution of science can also be clarified. The conclusion is that the main process producing the evolution of science is a direct or Lamarckian one although, if realism is correct, an indirect or Darwinian process plays a vital role.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 65-82 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: adaptation ; explanation ; evolution ; preadaptation ; specialization
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    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The concept of preadaptation, though useful, continues to trouble evolutionary scientists. Usually, it is treated as if it were really adaptation, prompting such diverse theorists as Gould and Vrba, and Dennett to suggest its removal from evolutionary theory altogether. In this paper, I argue that the as-if sense is ill-founded, and that the sense of preadaptation as a process may be defended as unequivocal and generally useful in evolutionary explanations, even in such problem areas as human evolution.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 253-278 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: ancestry ; Bayesianism ; creationism ; Darwin ; evolution ; likelihood ; natural selection ; phylogeny ; probability ; Reichenbach
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Modus Darwin is a principle of inference that licenses the conclusion that two species have a common ancestor, based on the observation that they are similar. The present paper investigates the principle's probabilistic foundations.
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    Biology and philosophy 14 (1999), S. 39-54 
    ISSN: 1572-8404
    Keywords: experiment ; evolution ; industrial melanism ; natural selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract H. B. D. Kettlewell's field experiments on industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, have become the best known demonstration of natural selection in action. I argue that textbook accounts routinely portray this research as an example of controlled experimentation, even though this is historically misleading. I examine how idealized accounts of Kettlewell's research have been used by professional biologists and biology teachers. I also respond to some criticisms of David Rudge to my earlier discussions of this case study, and I question Rudge's claims about the importance of purely observational studies for the eventual acceptance and popularization of Kettlewell's explanation for the evolution of industrial melanism.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algal growth ; Porphyra ; inorganic carbon (Ci) ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthetic (oxygen evolution) and growth (biomass increase) responses to ambient pH and inorganic carbon (Ci) supply were determined for Porphyralinearis grown in 0.5 L glass cylinders in the laboratory, or in 40 L fibreglass outdoor tanks with running seawater. While net photosynthetic rates were uniform at pH 6.0–8.0, dropping only at pH 8.7, growth rates were significantly affected by pH levels other than that of seawater (c. pH 8.3). In glass cylinders, weekly growth rates averaged 76% at external pH 8.0, 13% at pH 8.7 and 26% at pH 7.0. Photosynthetic O2 evolution on a daily basis(i.e. total O2 evolved during day time less total O2 consumed during night time) was similar to the growth responses at all experimental pH levels, apparently due to high dark respiration rates measured at acidic pH. Weekly growth rates averaged 53% in algae grown in fibreglass tanks aerated with regular air (360 mg L-1 CO2) and 28% in algae grown in tanks aerated with CO2-enriched air (750 mg L-1 CO2). The pH of the seawater medium in which P. linear is was grown increased slightly during the day and only rarely reached 9.0. The pH at the boundary layer of algae submerged in seawater increased in response to light reaching, about pH 8.9 within minutes, or remained unchanged for algae submerged in a CO2-free artificial sea water medium. Photosynthesis of P. linearissaturated at Ci concentrations of seawater (K0.5560 μM at pH 8.2) and showed low photosynthetic affinity for CO2(K0.5 61 μM) at pH 6.0. It is therefore concluded that P. linearisuses primarily CO2 with HCO3 - being an alternative source of Ci for photosynthesis. Its fast growth could be related to the enzyme carbonic anhydrase whose activity was detected intra- and extracellularly.
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    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: CO2 ; inorganic carbon ; macroalgae ; photosynthesis ; PAM
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Photosynthesis and cell composition of Porphyraleucosticta discs grown at low (〈 0.0001% in air), current (control) and high (1% CO2 in air)inorganic carbon (Ci) concentrations were analyzed. Carbohydrate content in discs grown at high Ci increased (15.1 mg g-1 FW) with respect to the control (6.4 mg g FW-1), whereas soluble protein content decreased to one-third (5.6 to2.1 mg g-1 FW). Carbohydrate content was unaffected and soluble protein slightly increased in discs grown at low Ci. As a consequence of these changes, a lower C/N molar ratio (8.6) was found in the discs grown at low compared to high Ci(12.4). Nitrate reductase activity increased at high Ci from 0.3 ± 0.2 to 1.7 ± 0.4 μmolNO2 - g-1 FW h-1indicating that reduction and assimilation of nitrate were uncoupled. The response of photosynthesis to increasing irradiance, estimated from O2evolution vs. irradiance curves, was affected by the treatments. Maximum quantum yield (Φ O2°) and effective quantum yield (Φ O2) at 150 μmol photon m-2s-1 decreased by 20% and 50%, respectively, at low Ci. These differences could be due to changes in photosynthetic electron flow between PSII and PSI. Treatments also produced changes in maximal (Fv/Fm) and effective (ΔF/Fm′)quantum yield for photosystem II charge separation.
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  • 42
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    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 473-477 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: aquaculture ; light ; photosynthesis ; Porphyra
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due to their rapid growth and nutrient assimilation,Porphyra spp. are good candidates for bioremediation and polyculture. The production potential of two strains of P. purpurea and P. umbilicalis from north-east USA was evaluated by measuring rates of photosynthesis (as O2evolution) of material grown at 20 °C. Photosynthetic rates of P. umbilicalis were 80%higher than P. purpurea over the temperature range 5–20 °C, at both sub-saturating andsaturating irradiances (37 and 289 μmol photonm-2 s-1). Porphyra umbilicalis was more efficient at low irradiances (higher α) and had a higher Pmax (23.0 vs 15.6 μmolO2 g-1 DW min-1) than P.purpurea, suggesting that P. umbilicalis is a better choice for mass culture, where self-shading maybe severe.
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  • 43
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    Journal of applied phycology 11 (1999), S. 535-541 
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: cyanobacterium ; Nostoc flagelliforme ; nutrients ; photosynthesis ; potassium ; re-hydration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of nutrients on the photosynthetic recovery of Nostoc flagelliforme during re-hydration were investigated in order to see if their addition was necessary. Net photosynthesis was negligible in distilled water without nutrient-enrichment. Addition of K+ resulted in significant enhancement of net photosynthesis, whereas other nutrients (Fe3+, Mg2+, Na+, NO3 -, PO4 3-, Cl-) and trace-metals (A5) showed little effect. The recovered net photosynthetic activity increased with the increased K+, and reached the maximum at concentrations above 230 μM. Desiccation and re-hydration did not affect the dependence of photosynthetic recovery on K+. It was concluded that dried field populations of N. flagelliforme require exogenous addition of potassium for photosynthetic recovery and that growth may be potassium-limited in nature.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Histidine decarboxylase ; Tetrahymena ; gene sequencing ; evolution ; histamine
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract RNA was isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis GL and using human histidine decarboxylase (HDC) gene primers, the RT-PCR product was sequenced. A fraction containing 207 base pairs was compared to the published sequences of prokaryotic and mammalian (rat, mouse and human) HDC cDNA (exons). The HDC-cDNA fraction of Tetrahymena was similar to the mammalian cDNA-s and it was completely different from the prokaryotic HDC-gene. The results indicate the presence of a mammalian-like HDC-gene already in a unicellular eukaryote organism and demonstrates also that the divergence of the prokaryotic–eukaryotic common gene took place already at this low evolutionary level.
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  • 45
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    Bioscience reports 19 (1999), S. 499-509 
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: Arabidopsis ; auxiliary enzymes ; light stress ; photosynthesis ; protein phosphorylation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An improved cultivation system for Arabidopsis thaliana was developed, allowing advanced biochemical studies in vitro and in vivo of this important model plant. Highly functional Arabidopsis thylakoids were isolated and used to study both basic and regulatory photosynthetic functions with the aim to create a platform for the characterization of mutants deficient in auxiliary proteins. Light-induced proteolytic degradation of the D1 protein could be followed and shown to be a subsequent event to photoinactivation of electron transport. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of thylakoid proteins resembled that seen in spinach leaves although phospho-CP43 revealed an unusual regulatory behavior.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: D. melanogaster ; evolution ; frameshifting ; retrotransposon
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Earlier related to parasitic elements, retrotransposons of eukaryotes have been demonstrated to participate in general cell processes such as chromosome repair and evolution of gene expression (Teng et al., 1996; McDonald, 1993). Here, we report the existence of two class of genomic copies of retrotransposon 1731 with different expression strategies, one of which might be driven by natural selection. The first class uses conventional translation frameshifting known to ensure expression of revere transcriptase (RT) open reading frame (ORF), depending on the efficiency of frameshifting. The bulk of genomic copies are related to the second class where the frameshift is prevented as a result of the substitution of a rare codon recoginsing rare tRNA by a codon preferred by host genome, whereas the RT ORF is restored by downstream single nuclotide deletion. We suggest that natural selection has driven the switching of 1731 expression strategy from retrovirus-like to the fussion-ORF expression. This observation is in accordance with the detection in testes of fused Gag-RT polypetide encoded by 1731. The abundance of RT in testes may serve for normal development of host tissue.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Medicago ; Systematics ; evolution ; allozymes ; isozymes
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    Notes: Abstract Medicago intertexta andM. ciliaris have been controversially recognized as separate species. The only reliable diagnostic character, gland-tipped trichomes on the fruits inM. ciliaris, is controlled by presence of a single dominant allele, and such one-character taxonomies are debatable. Contributing to the difficulty,M. muricoleptis andM. granadensis, the other two species ofMedicago sectionSpirocarpos subsectionIntertextae, are sometimes confusingly similar toM. intertexta or to each other. Allozyme differences provided 95% verification of the suitability of the gland-tipped trichome character for separatingM. intertexta andM. ciliaris, thus corroborating their recognition as separate taxa. Several measures of allozyme variation indicated thatM. intertexta is more polymorphic than its sister species. Heterozygosity was also highest inM. intertexta, suggestive of a higher outcrossing rate, which is also consistent with larger floral size. Heterozygosity ofM. intertexta was concentrated in Sicily and nearby countries. Taxonomic difficulties in identifying SicilianM. intertexta are well known, and may be the result of interspecific hybridization and introgression.Medicago muricoleptis differed from the above two species in the frequency of several alleles, whileM. granadensis possessed numerous unique alleles consistent with its complete absence of genetic exchange with the other three substantially interfertile species.
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  • 48
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    Plant systematics and evolution 214 (1999), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Malvales ; Sterculiaceae ; Tiliaceae ; Bombacaceae ; Malvaceae ; Inflorescence morphology ; epicalyx ; systematics ; homology ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract A broad comparative analysis reveals that the inflorescences of coreMalvales, familiesSterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae andMalvaceae, include characteristic repeating units. The basic repeating unit is called bicolor unit (afterTheobroma bicolor, where it was first observed). It is determinate and bears three bracts, one of which is invariably sterile, whereas the others subtend lateral cymes or single flowers. Through the demonstration of intermediate steps in closely related taxa the triad of bracts within a bicolor unit and the trimerous malvalean epicalyx are shown to be homologous. Various possibilities for an origin of the bicolor unit are discussed. Bicolor units are variously arranged to form complete inflorescences. In many taxa they are terminal on modules that comprise two (or fewer) prophylls. These modules may be arranged in elongated anthocladia or condensed sympodia, which in turn may constitute components of higher order inflorescence structures. The presence of the bicolor unit or its derivatives linksSterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae andMalvaceae. It is absent from all other families included in a broader defined orderMalvales and represents one of the rare morphological synapomorphies of coreMalvales. Furthermore, inflorescence morphology provides characters of systematic significance for various taxa within coreMalvales.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Salicaceae ; Salix alba ; S. fragilis ; Allozymes ; clones ; population structure ; hybridization ; polyploidy ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Genetic variability was estimated by enzyme electrophoresis in 239 Belgian clones from theSalix alba-S. fragilis complex. This morphological complex suggested a high frequency of hybrids. To test this hypothesis, the clones were pooled as a single co-adapted species complex and secondly as belonging to either species, i.e. beingS. alba-like orS. fragilis-like. The standard genetic variability measures showed higher values for the complex than for the separate species. However, the observed mean heterozygosity was lower in the putative hybrid complex than for each of the species separately. The fixation indices were more variable at the species level and indicated that mostS. fragilis locations appeared fixed forlap-1, whereas no fixation occured inS. alba locations. Averaged at the regional (i.e. catchment) level, this difference between the two species remained and values ranged from 0.457 to 0.617 inS. alba and were much higher, fixed homozygous or monomorph inS. fragilis. Hierarchical F-statistics revealed that most of the differentiation occured at the lower levels of localities and tributaries and that there was no further differentiation between catchments. Tributaries which are 10–25km in length were proposed as the most likely entities for further examination of putative hybridization and events of allelic fixations. By considering the two abovementioned approaches of data input, it could be suggested that most of the allozyme differentiation was between the species and less between the regions.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 218 (1999), S. 43-54 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fabaceae ; Phaseolus ; Phaseolus lunatus ; Taxonomy ; germplasm ; evolution ; origin ; allozyme ; Latin America
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    Notes: Abstract An investigation was made of the phylogenetic relationships among wild accessions of Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and wild allies of Mesoamerican and Andean origins, using electrophoresis of seed storage proteins and isozymes. Mesoamerican wild species are phylogenetically more distant fromP. lunatus than Andean species, and apparently belong to the tertiary gene pool of Lima bean. The Andean wild species, which are investigated for the first time, reveal a high similarity to the Lima bean, and particularly with its Mesoamerican gene pool. These Andean species probably constitute a secondary gene pool of Lima bean, and are thus of considerable interest in the context of genetic improvement of the crop. Based on these observations, an Andean origin is suggested for the Andean wild species and forP. lunatus. These results point out the importance of collecting and conserving AndeanPhaseolus germplasm.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 217 (1999), S. 279-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Arecaceae ; Phytelephantoideae ; Aleocharinae ; Baridinae ; Derelomini ; Mystrops ; Xanthopygus ; Brood-site pollination ; dioecy ; evolution ; floral scents ; flower-breeding ; pollination ; thermogenesis
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    Notes: Abstract The subfamilyPhytelephantoideae comprises three genera (Ammandra, Aphandra, andPhytelephas) and seven species of dioecious palms. The floral scents ofAmmandra dasyneura, A. decasperma, Aphandra natalia, Phytelephas aequatorialis, P. macrocarpa, andP. seemannii were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We studied the pollination biology ofA. natalia, P. aequatorialis, andP. macrocarpa, and tested how the synthetically produced main constituents of the floral scents ofAphandra andPhytelephas attracted insects in two natural populations ofPhytelephas. The genera are distinct in terms of floral scents.Ammandra has sesquiterpenes,Aphandra (+)-2-methoxy-3-sec-butylpyrazine, andPhytelephas p-methyl anisol. These constituents dominated the scents quantitatively and qualitatively. The similarity between scents of male and female inflorescences was 76.5% inAmmandra, 84.2% inAphandra, and 〉99% inPhytelephas. Different species ofAleocharinae (Staphylinidae) pollinateAphandra natalia andPhytelephas species and reproduce in their male inflorescences.Derelomini (Curculinoidae) andMystrops (Nitidulidae) only visit and pollinatePhytelephas in which male inflorescences they reproduce. A species ofBaridinae (Curculionidae) only visits and pollinatesAphandra natalia, and reproduces in its female inflorescence. The apparent reliance on one or a few floral scent constituents as attractants and few and specific pollinators may indicate co-evolution. Sympatric species ofPhytelephantoideae have different scents. We suggest that species with similar scents have allopatric distributions due to the absence of a pollinator isolation mechanism.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Asteraceae ; Brachycome ; B chromosome ; polymorphism ; evolution ; karyotyping ; centromere
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    Notes: Abstract The A and B chromosomes of different karyotype variants (cytodemes A1, A2, A3 and A4) ofBrachycome dichromosomatica were analysed by computer-aided chromosome image analysis and fluorescencein situ hybridisation (FISH). Ribosomal DNA and the B chromosome-specific sequence Bd49 were detected on all B chromosomes. In addition to minor size variation of the Bs, polymorphism of the rDNA and Bd49 position and copy number revealed two major types of B chromosomes. The B chromosomes of all the cytodemes were indistinguishable from each other in length, but that of A3 showed evidence of rearrangements consistent with its long-term geographic isolation. The results presented suggest a monophyletic origin of the B chromosomes ofB. dichromosomatica.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Hymenophyllopsis ; Lophosoria ; molecular systematics ; evolution ; rbcL ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract Nucleotide sequences fromrbcL were used to infer relationships of Lophosoriaceae and Hymenophyllopsidaceae. The phylogenetic positions of these two monotypic fern families have been debated, and neither group had been included in recent molecular systematic studies of ferns. Maximum parsimony analysis of our data supported a sister relationship betweenLophosoria andDicksonia, and also betweenHymenophyllopsis andCyathea. Thus, both newly-examined families appear to be part of a previously characterized and well-supported clade of tree ferns. The inferred relationships ofLophosoria are consistent with most (but not all) recent treatments. However,Hymenophyllopsis includes only small delicate plants superficially similar to filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae), very different from the large arborescent taxa. Nevertheless, some synapomorphic characteristics are shared with the tree fern clade. Further studies on gametophytes ofHymenophyllopsis are needed to test these hypotheses of relationship.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: green algae ; high-CO2 stress ; photosynthesis ; regulation ; Rubisco activase
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    Notes: Abstract cDNA and the corresponding genomic DNA region encoding Rubisco activase were isolated from the unicellular green alga Chlorococcum littorale. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by the cDNA was 403 amino acids long and exhibited important homology with those of other known Rubisco activases. Its N-terminal sequence was similar to the chloroplastic transit peptides in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The mature protein had a predicted molecular mass of 42 kDa. Five introns were located inside the genomic gene encoding Rubisco activase (rca). Genomic Southern blots indicated that two copies of the rca gene were present in the genome of C. littorale. The level of rca messenger RNA increased when cells of C. littorale were subjected to high-CO2 stress (i.e. grown under at least 20% CO2). Hsp70 heat-shock protein was also induced under high-CO2 conditions and, as expected, was also induced at 35 °C. The rca gene, in contrast, was not induced at 35 °C, indicating that this gene was induced in response to the high CO2 concentration and not to general stress. A search of the promoter-binding proteins by a gel retardation assay showed that, under the high-CO2 conditions, a protein(s) which was probably an activator of the rca transcription was synthesized.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cysteine positions ; evolution ; gene duplication ; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ; isoform classes ; redox regulation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper (Wenderoth et al., J Biol Chem 272: 26985–26990, 1997) we reported that the positions of the two redox regulatory cysteines identified in a plastidic G6PD isoform from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) differ substantially from those conserved in cyanobacterial G6PDH sequences. To investigate the origin of redox regulation in G6PDH enzymes from photoautotrophic organisms, we isolated and characterized several G6PD cDNA sequences from higher plants and from a green and a red alga. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that the cysteine residues cluster in the coenzyme-binding domain of the plastidic isoforms and are conserved at three out of six positions. Comparison of the mature proteins and the signal peptides revealed that two different plastidic G6PDH classes (P1 and P2) evolved from a common ancestral gene. The two algal sequences branch off prior to this class separation in higher plants, sharing about similar amino acid identity with either of the two plastidic G6PDH classes. The genes for cytosolic plant isoforms clearly share a common ancestor with animal and fungal G6PDH homologues, whereas the cyanobacterial isoforms branch within the eubacterial G6PDH sequences. The data suggest that cysteine-mediated redox regulation arose independently in G6PDH isoenzymes of eubacterial and eukaryotic lineages.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cyanobacteria ; immunogold labelling ; light-harvesting complexes ; photosynthesis ; phycobilins ; phytoplankton
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An intrinsic divinyl-chlorophyll a/b antenna and a particular form of phycobiliprotein, phycoerythrin (PE) III, coexist in the marine oxyphotobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus CCMP 1375. The genomic region including the cpeB/A operon of P. marinus was analysed. It encompasses 10 153 nucleotides that encode three structural phycobiliproteins and at least three (possibly five) different polypeptides analogous to cyanobacterial or red algal proteins involved either in the linkage of subunits or the synthesis and attachment of chromophoric groups. This gene cluster is part of the chromosome and is located within a distance of less than 110 kb from a previously characterized region containing the genes aspA-psbA-aroC. Whereas the Prochlorococcus phycobiliproteins are characterized by distinct deletions and amino acid replacements with regard to analogous proteins from other organisms, the gene arrangement resembles the organization of phycobiliprotein genes in some other cyanobacteria, in particular marine Synechococcus strains. The expression of two of the Prochlorococcus polypeptides as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli allowed the production of individual homologous antisera to the Prochlorococcus α and β PE subunits. Experiments using these sera show that the Prochlorococcus PEs are specifically associated to the thylakoid membrane and that the protein level does not significantly vary as a function of light irradiance or growth phase.
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    Photosynthesis research 62 (1999), S. 1-29 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chloroplast ; chlorosome ; chromatophore ; granules ; inositol ; Neurospora ; path of carbon ; photosynthesis ; polythdroxyalkanoate (PHA) ; prokaryote cellular inclusions ; protozoan biochemistry ; ribulose 1 ; 5-bis-phosphate ; Tetrahymena
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    Notes: Abstract What follows is a very personal account of my professional life and the early years that preceded it. I have described the social and economic conditions in America and how the nineteen twenties and thirties nurtured our scientific future. The description of the early part of post-World War II research covers my experience in the areas of nutritional biochemistry, biochemical genetics and proceeds to photosynthesis. The latter era lasted around 35 years. For me the most memorable research accomplishments in which I was a participant during this period was the first demonstration of the primary carboxylation enzyme in an in vitro system in algal and higher plants as well to show that it was structurally associated with the chloroplast.Our group while at Oak Ridge and the University of Massachusetts assembled data that described the complete macromolecular assembly of the photosynthetic apparatus of the unusual photosynthetic green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus and created a model of that system which differed greatly from the chomatophore system for the purple bacteria. For the last decade, my scientific journey, with numerous new colleagues has turned to the exciting area of biomaterials.We characterized and modeled the completely new bacterial intracellular inclusions responsible for the synthesis and degredation of biosynthetic, biodegradable and biocompatible bacterial polyesters in the cytoplasm of Pseudomonads.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: (bacterio)chlorophyll ; energy transfer ; light harvesting ; membrane proteins ; photosynthesis
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    Notes: Abstract Unlike the α and β polypeptides of the core light-harvesting complex (LH1) of Rhodobacter (Rb.) sphaeroides, the α and β polypeptides of the peripheral light-harvesting complex (LH2) of this organism will not form a subunit complex by in vitro reconstitution with bacteriochlorophyll. Guided by prior experiments with the LH1 β polypeptides of Rb. sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum, which defined a set of interactions required to stabilize the subunit complex, a series of mutations to the Rb. sphaeroides LH2 β polypeptide was prepared and studied to determine the minimal changes necessary to enable it to form a subunit-type complex. Three mutants were prepared: Arg at position −10 was changed to Asn (numbering is from the conserved His residue which is known to be coordinated to bacteriochlorophyll); Arg at position −10 and Thr at position +7 were changed to Asn and Arg, respectively; and Arg at position −10 was changed to Trp and the C-terminus from +4 to +10 was replaced with the amino acids found at the corresponding positions in the LH1 β polypeptide of Rb. sphaeroides. Only this last multiple mutant polypeptide formed subunit-type complexes in vitro. Thus, the importance of the C-terminal region, which encompasses conserved residues at positions +4, +6 and +7, is confirmed. Two mutants of the LH1 β polypeptide of Rb. sphaeroides were also constructed to further evaluate the interactions stabilizing the subunit complex and those necessary for oligomerization of subunits to form LH1 complexes. In one of these mutants, Trp at position −10 was changed to Arg, as found in LH2 at this position, and in the other His at position −18 was changed to Val. The results from these mutants allow us to conclude that the residue at the −10 position is unimportant in subunit formation or oligomerization, while the strictly conserved His at −18 is not required for subunit formation but is very important in oligomerization of subunits to form LH1.
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    Hydrobiologia 402 (1999), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; spiral cleavage ; Spiralia ; cell lineage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is clear that the spiralian developmental program represents a highly flexible platform for the generation of diverse larval and adult body plans. The widespread occurrence of this pattern of early development attests to its tremendous evolutionary success. Despite the large degree of conservation in the spiral cleavage pattern and other basic aspects of early development, changes in cell fate maps and in the mechanisms of blastomere specification have arisen. While we have learned a great deal about this mode of development, a number of important questions remain to be answered. To what extent do these conditions apply to the lesser studied spiralian phyla? What constraints have led to the preservation of the early spiral cleavage program? How has this developmental program been adapted for the construction of the various spiralian body plans (e.g. the segmental body plans of annelids or to the potential secondary loss of segmentation)? Are most changes associated with the elaboration of these different larval and adult body plans restricted to the late period of development? What molecular/genetic processes underlie this developmental program? Clearly, the spiralian phyla represent an important group of organisms for further studies on development and evolution.
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    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 281-290 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; Branchiobdellida ; Hirudinea ; Clitellata ; Lumbriculidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The debates about the relationship among clitellate taxa at research conferences on aquatic oligochaetes have provided two alternative hypotheses. While both involve cladistic analyses, the differences focus on questions of homology. A single unique synapomorphy supports a taxon consisting of Branchiobdellida plus Lumbriculidae. Muscle ultrastructure provides a potential autapomophy for Lumbriculidae within the clade, while Branchiobdellida has many autapomophies. Some proposed synapomorphies for a Branchiobdellida plus Hirudinea grouping (jaws, oral sucker) are not based on homologous structures. Others (loss of chaetae, median male pore) are not unique, or are based on potentially convergent characters. Initial molecular analyses support a Branchiobdellida - Hirudinea grouping. A preliminary manually drawn cladogram based on re-evaluated characters supports Lumbriculidae, Branchiobdellida, Acanthobdella and Euhirudinea as a monophyletic taxon. Observations on sperm ultrastructure support this hypothesis. If substantiated, a very considerable change in nomenclature will result. However, before any nomenclatural changes are proposed, a resolution of the apparently paraphyletic Oligochaeta is necessary.
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    Environmental biology of fishes 56 (1999), S. 17-38 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: embryo ; larva ; metamorphosis ; indirect or direct development ; life-history model ; altricial ; precocial ; allometry ; fish biologists vs. fishery biologists ; alprehost ; ontogeny ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Lack of knowledge of early and juvenile development often makes it difficult to decide when a fish becomes a juvenile or, for that matter, a definitive phenotype. According to the established life-history model, a fish develops naturally in a saltatory manner, its entire life consisting of a sequence of stabilized self-organizing steps, separated by distinct less stabilized thresholds. Changes are usually introduced during thresholds. In principle, there are two ways to reach the juvenile period: by indirect or by direct development. Indirectly developing fishes have a distinct larva period that ends in a cataclysmic or mild remodeling process, called metamorphosis, from which the fishes emerge as juveniles. During metamorphosis, most temporary organs and structures of the embryos and larvae are replaced by definitive organs and structures that are also possessed by the adults. In contrast, directly developing fishes have no larvae. Their embryos develop directly into juveniles and do not need major remodeling. Consequently, the beginning of their juvenile period is morphologically and functionally less distinct than in indirect development. The life-history model helps to find criteria that identify the natural boundaries between the different periods in the life of a fish, among them, the beginning of the juvenile period. Looking at it from a different angle, when ontogeny progresses from small eggs with little yolk, larvae are required as the necessary providers of additional nutrients (‘feeding entities’ similar to amphibian tadpoles or butterfly caterpillars) in order to accumulate materials for the metamorphosis into the definitive phenotypes. Directly developing fishes start with large demersal eggs provided with an adequate volume of high density yolk and so require no or little external nutrients to develop into the definitive phenotype. These large eggs are released and develop in concentrated clutches. It therefore becomes possible and highly effective to guard them in nests or bear them in external pouches, gill chambers or the buccal cavity. Viviparity is the next natural step. Now the maternal investment into large yolks can be supplemented or replaced by direct food supply to the developing embryos like, for example, the secretion of uterine histotrophe or nutrient transfer via placental analogues. When the young of guarders and bearers start exogenous feeding, they are much larger or better developed than larvae of nonguarders and the larva period in the former is reduced to a vestige or eliminated entirely. In the latter case, the juvenile period begins with the first exogenous feeding. Such precocial fishes are more specialized and able to survive better in competitive environments. In contrast, altricial forms retain or revert to a life-history style with indirect development and high fecundity when dispersal is advantageous or essential. Fishes become juveniles when the definitive phenotype is formed in most structures, either indirectly from a larva via metamorphosis or directly from the embryo.
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  • 62
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    Hydrobiologia 412 (1999), S. 191-212 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Branchiopoda ; paleontology ; phylogeny ; evolution ; classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We present a cladistic analysis of all branchiopod groups, using a total of 42 morphological characters. The class Branchiopoda is composed of five superorders and 11 orders (nine recent, two fossil). The orders Ctenopoda, Anomopoda and Onychopoda form a monophyletic group, combined in the superorder Cladocera. The order Haplopoda, the fourth so-called cladoceran order (s. lat.), belongs to a new monotypic superorder, the Leptodorida. The circumtropical Cyclesteria hislopi is the sole representative of a new conchostracan order, the Cyclestherida.
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  • 63
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    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 361-373 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: production ; mathematical model ; Ecklonia cava ; light ; temperature ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The dependence of photosynthesis on light and temperature is modelled through analysis of transition probabilities of photosystems. In the model, two transition probabilities are functions of light, and one transition probability is a function of temperature. The estimated light-saturated photosynthesis of Ecklonia cava blades at 20 °C was 0.037 mg C cm−2 h−1. The value of the activation energy, the standard enthalpy and the standard entropy were estimated to be 56.5 kJ mol−1, 204 kJ mol−1 and 678 J mol−1 K−1, respectively. A production model (an integral photosynthesis model) for an E. cava stand was developed using the photosynthesis model. Production calculated by the model agreed well with observed data during the growing period of an E. cava stand at a field observation site on the west side of Miura Peninsula, Japan. Results of the analysis of the effects of irradiance and temperature on the production of the E. cava community by the model are: 1. Production decreased with irradiance decrease. The estimated compensation irradiance was 26.5 μmol photons m−2 s−1 when the biomass was 3 kg wet mass m−2 (blade:stipe ratio = 2 kg m−2:1 kg m−2) and the temperature was 20 °C. 2. The optimum temperature decreased when irradiance decreased and when biomass increased. The highest estimated value for the optimum temperature was 24.0 °C. The estimated optimum temperature was 18.2 °C when the biomass was 12 kg wet mass m−2 and the photon irradiance was 200 μmol photons m−2 s−1. 3. The amount of biomass that resulted in the maximum production was influenced by irradiance and temperature. At 400 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 20 °C, the estimated value of the biomass (blade:stipe = 2:1) giving the maximum pr oduction was about 5.3 kg wet mass m−2. However, at 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1 and 24 °C, the estimated value was about 3.0 kg wet mass m−2. The estimated values of the maximum production under the two conditions were 1.05 and 0.30 g C m−2 h−1, respectively.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: chromosome painting ; evolution ; karyotype ; marsupials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 2n = 14 karyotype is shared by some species in each of the marsupial orders in Australian and American superfamilies, suggesting that the ancestral marsupial chromosome complement was 2n = 14. We have used chromosome painting between distantly related marsupial species to discover whether genome arrangements in 2n = 14 species in two Australian orders support this hypothesis. Cross-species chromosome painting was used to investigate chromosome rearrangements between a macropodid species Macropus eugenii (2n = 16) and a wombat species in a different suborder (Lasiorhinus latifrons, 2n = 14), and a dasyurid species in a different order (Sminthopsis macroura, 2n = 14). We demonstrate that many chromosome regions are conserved between all three species, and deduce how the similar 2n = 14 karyotypes of species in the two orders are related to a common ancestral 2n = 14 karyotype.
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  • 65
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    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 15-25 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: DDE signature ; env ; evolution ; gag ; transposable elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution of transposable element structures can be analyzed in populations and species and by comparing the functional domains in the main classes of elements. We begin with a synthesis of what we know about the evolution of the mariner elements in the Drosophilidae family in terms of populations and species. We suggest that internal deletion does not occur at random, but appears to frequently occur between short internal repeats. We compared the functional domains of the DNA and/or amino acid sequences to detect similarities between the main classes of elements. This included the gag, reverse transcriptase, and envelope genes of retrotransposons and retroviruses, and the integrases of retrotransposons and retroviruses, and transposases of class II elements. We find that each domain can have its own evolutionary history. Thus, the evolution of transposable elements can be seen to be modular.
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  • 66
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    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 31 (1999), S. 15-27 
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: archaea ; methanogens ; bioenergetics ; ATPases ; ATP synthases ; evolution ; proteolipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Recent molecular studies revealed nine to ten gene products involved infunction/assembly of the methanoarchaeal ATPase and unravel a closerelationship of the A1A0-ATPase and theV1V0-ATPase with respect to subunit composition and thestructure of individual subunits. Most interestingly, there is anastonishing variability in the size of the proteolipids in methanoar chaealA1A0-ATPases with six, four, or two transmembranehelices and a variable number of conserved protonizable groups per monomer.Despite the structural similarities the A1A0-ATPasediffers fundamentally from the V1V0-ATPase by itsability to synthesize ATP, a feature shared withF1F0-ATPases. The discovery of duplicated andtriplicated versions of the proteolipid in A1A0-ATPsynthases questions older views of the structural requirements for ATPsynthases versus ATP hydrolases and sheds new light on the evolutionof these secondary energy converters.
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    Genetica 107 (1999), S. 209-238 
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: evolution ; genomic symbionts ; host defense ; impact on genomes ; retronuons ; reverse transcription ; template switching
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Retroposition is an efficient route to move coding regions around the genome ‘in search’ of novel regulatory elements and to shotgun regulatory elements into the genome ‘in search’ of new target genes. The templates for such retrogenes are mRNAs, and for regulatory retronuons (nuon=any definable nucleic acid sequence) usually small non-mRNAs. An example in support of the ‘master gene’ model for SINEs (short interspersed repetive elements) is provided with neuronal BC1 RNA. Furthermore, an alternative explanation of LINE (long interspersed repetive elements) involvement in the generation of SINEs is given. I will also argue that the status of transposable elements with respect to the host resembles more symbiosis than parasitiasis and that host defense is often lenient as if even to ‘tolerate or support’ retronuons. Finally the paradox of evolution's lack of foresight and the future exaptive use of retronuons is being dealt with by referring to W.F. Doolittle's ‘Hierarchical Approaches to Genome Evolution’.
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  • 68
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    Journal of mammalian evolution 6 (1999), S. 129-159 
    ISSN: 1573-7055
    Keywords: acoustic communication ; cats ; evolution ; Felidae ; vocalization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of the three friendly close-range vocalization types known in the Felidae was plotted on a recently published phylogeny of the cat family (Felidae) based on sequence comparisons of two mitochondrial DNA genes and other molecular and biochemical characters, with extrapolated divergence ages of its various lineages. It was found to be congruent with this phylogeny. One of the sound types is likely to be present in 30 species of the family (documented in 22 so far), another is present in 4, and the third in 2 species only; these sound types represent a phylogenetic transformation series. The latter two vocalization types also differ considerably from the first in the mode of sound production. From this, evolutionary conservatism over a long epoch for the one widespread vocalization type can be inferred, and less conservatism in the type present in four species, while the emergence of the least common type is evidence of relatively considerable and rapid evolutionary change. Thus, acoustic communication signals in a group of taxa can evolve at considerably different rates, and for a specific character this rate can differ between different lineages of that group. The ultimate causes of the evolutionary stability or of the subsequent relatively rapid change in sound structure and mode of sound production in these felid vocalizations are unknown.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; nasuta-albomicans ; complex ; cytoraces ; body size ; fertility ; ovariole number ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our long range interracial hybridization experiments between a pair of cross fertile races, Drosophila nasuta (2n = 8) and D.albomicans (2n = 6) have resulted in the evolution of two new karyotypic strains under laboratory conditions, which are named as Cytorace 1 and Cytorace 2. These Cytoraces harbor chromosomes from both parents. Here, we compare the body size of the parental races and newly evolved Cytoraces and the relationship between the body size and fitness. Analysis reveals that the parental races have reduced fertility and are larger in body size than newly evolved Cytoraces. Thus, the newly evolved Cytoraces show reduced body size and better fitness in the course of their evolution.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; cyclic electron flow ; high temperature ; light scattering ; photosynthesis ; Photosystems II and I
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In illuminated intact spinach chloroplasts, warming to and beyond 40 °C increased the proton permeability of thylakoids before linear electron transport through Photosystem II was inhibited. Simultaneously, antimycin A-sensitive cyclic electron transport around Photosystem II was activated with oxygen or CO2, but not with nitrite as electron acceptors. Between 40 to 42 °C, activation of cyclic electron transport balanced the loss of protons so that a sizeable transthylakoid proton gradient was maintained. When the temperature of darkened spinach leaves was slowly increased to 40°C, reduction of the quinone acceptor of Photosystem II, QA, increased particularly when respiratory CO2 production and autoxidation of plastoquinones was inhibited by decreasing the oxygen content of the atmosphere from 21 to 1%. Simultaneously, Photosystem II activity was partially lost. The enhanced dark QA reduction disappeared after the leaf temperature was decreased to 20 °C. No membrane energization was detected by light-scattering measurements during heating the leaf in the dark. In illuminated spinach leaves, light scattering and nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence increased during warming to about 40 °C while Photosystem II activity was lost, suggesting extra energization of thylakoid membranes that is unrelated to Photosystem II functioning. After P700 was oxidized by far-red light, its reduction in the dark was biphasic. It was accelerated by factors of up to 10 (fast component) or even 25 (slow component) after short heat exposure of the leaves. Similar acceleration was observed at 20 °C when anaerobiosis or KCN were used to inhibit respiratory oxidation of reductants. Methyl viologen, which accepts electrons from reducing side of Photosystem II, completely abolished heat-induced acceleration of P700+ reduction after far-red light. The data show that increasing the temperature of isolated chloroplasts or intact spinach leaves to about 40 °C not only inhibits linear electron flow through Photosystem II but also activates Photosystem I-driven cyclic electron transport pathways capable of contributing to the transthylakoid proton gradient. Heterogeneity of the kinetics of P700+ reduction after far-red oxidation is discussed in terms of Photosystem I-dependent cyclic electron transport in stroma lamellae and grana margins.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: bacteriochlorophyll a ; electron transfer ; light harvesting ; photosynthesis ; Rhodobacter sphaeroides ; reaction center
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the light harvesting 1 (LH1) antenna complex on the driving force for light-driven electron transfer in the Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction center has been examined. Equilibrium redox titrations show that the presence of the LH1 antenna complex influences the free energy change for the primary electron transfer reaction through an effect on the reduction potential of the primary donor. A lowering of the redox potential of the primary donor due to the presence of the core antenna is consistently observed in a series of reaction center mutants in which the reduction potential of the primary donor was varied over a 130 mV range. Estimates of the magnitude of the change in driving force for charge separation from time-resolved delayed fluorescence measurements in the mutant reaction centers suggest that the mutations exert their effect on the driving force largely through an influence on the redox properties of the primary donor. The results demonstrate that the energetics of light-driven electron transfer in reaction centers are sensitive to the environment of the complex, and provide indirect evidence that the kinetics of electron transfer are modulated by the presence of the LH1 antenna complexes that surround the reaction center in the natural membrane.
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    Photosynthesis research 59 (1999), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; CO2 ; oxygen ; photosynthesis ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The kinetic properties of photosynthesis (both transient and steady-state) were monitored using three non-invasive techniques to evaluate limitations on triose-phosphate (triose-P) conversion to carbohydrate in rice. These included analyzing the O2 sensitivity of CO2 fixation and the assimilatory charge (AC) using gas exchange (estimate of the ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate pool) and measuring Photosystem II activity by chlorophyll fluorescence analysis under varying light, temperature and CO2 partial pressures. Photosynthesis was inhibited transiently upon switching from 20 to 2 kPa O2 (reversed O2 sensitivity), the degree of which was correlated with a terminal, steady-state suppression of low O2 enhancement of photosynthesis. Under current ambient levels of CO2 and moderate to high light, the transient pattern was more obvious at 18 °C than at 26 °C while at 34 °C no tra nsient response was observed. The transient inhibition at 18 °C ranged from 15% to 31% depending on the pre-measurement temperature. This pattern, symptomatic of feedback, was observed with increasing light and CO2 partial pressures with the degree of feedback decreasing from moderate (18 °C) up to high temperature (34 °C). Under feedback conditions, the rate of assimilation is shifted from being photorespiration limited to being triose-P utilization limited. Transitory changes in CO2 assimilation rates (A) under low O2 indicative of feedback coincided with a transitory drop in assimilatory charge (AC) and inhibition of electron transport. In contrast to previous studies with many C3 species, our studies indicate that rice shows susceptibility to feedback inhibition under moderate temperatures and current atmospheric levels of CO2.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; Macaranga gigantea ; Neobalanocarpus heimii ; photosynthesis ; Shorea leprosula ; tropical rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Interspecific ecophysiological differences in response to different light environments are important to consider in regeneration behavior and forest dynamics. The diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of two dipterocarps, Shorea leprosula (a high light-requiring) and Neobalanocarpus heimii (a low light-requiring), and a pioneer tree species (Macaranga gigantea) growing in open and gap sites were examined. In the open site, the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (δ; F/Fm′), and relative electron transport rate (r-ETR) through PSII at a given photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) was higher in S. leprosula and M. gigantea than in N. heimii, while non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) at a given PPFD was higher in N. heimii. The maximum values of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in M. gigantea and S. leprosula was higher in the open site (8–11 μmol m−2 s−1) than in the gap site (5 μmol m−2 s−1), whereas that in N. heimii was lower in the open site (2 μmol m−2 s−1) than in the gap site (4 μmol m−2 s−1), indicating that N. heimii was less favorable to the open site. These data provide evidence to support the hypothesis that ecophysiological characteristics link with plant’s regeneration behavior and successional status. Although Pn and stomatal conductance decreased at midday in M. gigantea and S. leprosula in the open site, both r-ETR and leaf temperature remained unchanged. This indicates that stomatal closure rather than reduced photochemical capacity limited Pn in the daytime. Conversely, there was reduced r-ETR under high PPFD conditions in N. heimii in the open site, indicating reduced photochemical capacity. In the gap site, Pn increased in all leaves in the morning before exposure to direct sunlight, suggesting a relatively high use of diffuse light in the morning.
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    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 393-417 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: Orientation system ; compass mechanisms ; mosaic map ; navigational map ; migration program ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein erster Versuch von Bellrose, die Evolution des Orientierungssystems der Vögel zu beschreiben, ging von der Annahme aus, Kompaßorientierung und die Fähigkeit zur Navigation habe sich im Zusammenhang mit dem Vogelzug entwickelt. Kompaßmechanismen sowie die Mosaik- und die Navigationskarte spielen jedoch bereits bei der Orientierung im Heimbereich entscheidende Rollen, müssen sich also dort entwickelt haben unter dem Selektionsdruck, die täglichen Flugwege zu optimieren, vielleicht schon bei den Vorfahren der Vögel. Magnetkompaßorientierung erscheint als der einfachste Orientierungsmechanismus und müßte deshalb an den ältesten Orientierungsstrategien beteiligt gewesen sein. Ein Magnetkompaß ist bei Wirbeltieren weit verbreitet, doch gibt es Hinweise auf unterschiedliche Funktionsprinzipien. Es ist deshalb offen, ob die Vögel ihn von ihren Vorfahren übernommen oder eigenständig entwickelt haben. Das gleiche gilt für den Sonnenkompaß. Die entscheidende Rolle des Magnetkompaß bei der ontogenetischen Entwicklung des Sonnenkompaß läßt eine ähnliche Beziehung bei der phylogenetischen Entwicklung vermuten. Über kurze Entfernungen kann man sich Orientierung durch Wegumkehr allein mit Kompaßmechanismen vorstellen, wobei Umwege integriert werden müssen. Bei dieser Strategie akkumulieren sich jedoch die Fehler; die bei größeren Entfernungen resultierende Ungenauigkeit erzeugte einen Selektionsdruck, der das Benutzen von Ortsinformation begünstigte. Dies führte zur Entstehung der Mosaikkarte, die auf Kompaßorientierung und Landmarken beruht. Sie ist heute als eigenständiger Mechanismus anzusehen, der nach angeborenen Regeln aufgebaut wird. Die Navigationskarte entsteht, indem die gleichen Regeln auf Faktoren mit Gradienten-Charakter angewandt werden; sie hat sich offenbar aus der Mosaikkarte entwickelt. Ob sie eine Sonderentwicklung der Vögel infolge ihrer Flugfähigkeit ist, muß offen bleiben. Da die Vögel die Grundelemente ihres Orientierungssystems wahrscheinlich von ihren Vorfahren übernommen haben, würden wir erwarten, daß diese Mechanismen bei allen Vögel gleich sind bzw. nach den gleichen Regeln erstellt werden. Vorstufen des Vogelzugs waren zunächst ungerichtete Flüge auf der Suche nach günstigeren Bedingungen; in diesem Stadium reichten die vorhandenen Navigationsmechanismen zur Orientierung zwischen den verschiedenen Gebieten aus. Als aus diesen ersten Ortsbewegungen ein regelmäßiger Zug zwischen zwei Regionen wurde, begann sich das Zugprogramm zu entwickeln, wobei sich zunächst eine spontane Richtungstendenz herausbildete. Der Magnetkompaß konnte als erstes Referenzsystem für diese Zugrichtung dienen. Später erhielt die Himmelsrotation ihre entscheidende Bedeutung, wobei die Vögel die Referenzrichtung Süd zunächst aus dem Polarisationsmuster am Tage ableiteten. Im Laufe der Zeit entstanden die differenzierten Zugprogramme mit Richtungsfolgen, steuernden Zeitprogrammen und Triggermechanismen. Die Zugrichtung und Länge der Zugstrecke unterliegen auch weiterhin einer ständigen Selektion, die für optimale Anpassung an die jeweiligen Umweltbedingungen sorgt. Der Übergang vom Tag- zum Nachtzug bereitete keine Probleme, denn die Vögel mußten zunächst keine neuen Orientierungsmechanismen entwickeln, da sich der Magnetkompaß zu jeder Tageszeit einsetzen läßt. Später entstand der Sternkompaß, der in seinen Funktionseigenschaften hervorragend auf die Bedürfnisse von Zugvögeln angepaßt ist und als eigenständige Entwicklung der Nachtzieher angesehen werden muß. Dazu erwarben die Nachtzieher die Fähigkeit, die Information der Himmelsrotation aus der Bewegung der Sterne abzuleiten und direkt auf den Sternkompaß zu übertragen. Da das Zugverhalten bei Vögeln mehrfach unabhängig voneinander entstanden ist, muß man Entsprechendes auch von den Mechanismen der Zugorientierung annehmen. Das bedeutet, daß sich die betreffenden Mechanismen bei den verschiedenen Arten unterschiedlich entwickelt haben könnten, doch ist mit konvergenten Entwicklungen zu rechnen.
    Notes: Summary In a first attempt to explain the evolution of the avian navigational system, Bellrose suggested that compass mechanisms and the ability for true navigation had developed in connection with migration across increasing distances. Yet birds use compasses, the mosaic and the navigational maps even close to home and for homing. This means that those mechanisms must have developed for orientation within the home range, with the necessity to optimize the everyday flights acting as selective pressure. In view of this, any attempt to reconstruct the evolution of the avian navigational system must start out with the non-flying ancestors of birds. Considering the requirements of orientation by landmarks and by using a compass, compass orientation with the help of the magnetic field appears to be the simplest mechanism; consequently, it must be assumed to belong to the most ancient orientation strategies. The magnetic compass is wide-spread among animals, but it appears to function according to different principles among the various groups of vertebrates so that it is unclear whether birds inherited their magnetic compass from their reptilian ancestors or developed a mechanism of their own. The same is true for the sun compass. The crucial role of the magnetic compass in the ontogenetic development of the sun compass might indicate a similar relationship for the phylogenetic development. Over short distances within the home range, orientation based solely on compass orientation appears possible, using the strategy of route reversal, with non-straight routes being integrated. Since this strategy accumulates errors, it becomes inaccurate over longer distances, thus causing selective pressure to use local site-specific information. This leads to the formation of the mosaic map, a mechanism that includes landmarks as well as compass orientation. Today, the mosaic map of landmarks is a mechanism by itself, established according to innate learning principles that associate information on path integration with site-specific information, thus forming a directionally oriented mental representation of the distribution of landmarks. The navigational map is formed by applying the same principles to factors of the nature of gradients; it thus appears to have developed from the mosaic map. Whether or not it is a special development of birds associated with their flying ability is unclear. Because the birds probably inherited the basic mechanisms of orientation from their ancestors, one would expect these mechanisms to be similar in all birds. For the mechanisms involving learned components, this means that they are established following common rules. Birds improved those mechanisms and adapted them to their specific needs. Migration is assumed to have begun with non-directed search movements for regions offering better conditions. At this stage, the already existing mechanisms of homing were sufficient for navigation between the various areas. When these first movements turned into regular migration between two regions, the migratory program began to evolve, starting out with spontaneous tendencies in a preferred direction. The magnetic compass may have served as first reference system for the migratory direction; later, celestial rotation, indicated by the changing pattern of polarized light during the day, obtained its important role in indicating the reference direction geographic South. In the course of time, sophisticated migration programs with changes in direction, controlling time programs, responses to trigger mechanisms etc. developed. The migratory direction and distance, i.e. the amount of migratory activity, continue to be subject to selective pressure so that birds can respond to the environmental conditions in an optimal way. The transition from daytime migration to night migration did not require new mechanisms, as the magnetic compass can be used at any time of the day. Later, however, the star compass evolved, which is to be considered a special development of night-migrating birds, with its way of functioning well adapted to the specific needs of migrants. Birds also developed the ability to derive information on celestial rotation from the rotating stars at night and to transfer this information directly to the star compass. Since migratory habits evolved many times independently among birds, the same has to be assumed for the specific mechanisms of migratory orientation. This means that they need not necessarily be identical in all bird migrants. We are to expect convergent developments, however, leading to mechanisms of the most suitable type.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2779-2792 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Douglas fir ; ponderosa pine ; anaerobic respiration ; fermentation ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), west of the Oregon Cascades, and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), east of the Cascades, were cut during the fall in conjunction with various forest management practices. Trees cut varied in size and age, and the stumps were exposed to disparate winter temperatures and precipitation patterns. Nevertheless, the stumps showed similar responses in their synthesis and accumulation of ethanol. The following spring, ethanol concentrations in above-ground tissues of both species ranged from 3 to 116 times higher than in their corresponding root tissues. We suggest that this difference results from the above-ground tissues being more hypoxic than roots because they were exposed to more water from precipitation and warmer temperatures. Ethanol concentrations in the above-ground tissues of ponderosa pine stumps were about two to six times higher than in Douglas fir, and root tissues from pine stumps usually contained more ethanol after anaerobic incubation than roots from Douglas fir. Ethanol and volatile terpenes released from stumps can attract various beetle species that not only vector root diseases, but can also damage or kill seedlings and saplings. Understanding the dynamics of ethanol synthesis and accumulation in stumps and slash might contribute to new alternatives for managing these insects.
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    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2793-2809 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pseudotsuga menziesii ; Gnathothrichus spp. ; ethanol ; host selection ; anaerobic respiration ; fermentation ; Coleoptera ; Scolytidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Logs from the base of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) trees cut in October 1993 were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: (1) wet logs—cut from the fallen tree and left exposed to rain, (2) dry logs—cut from the fallen tree, placed on blocks, and protected from rain under a plastic tent, and (3) crown logs—left attached to the fallen tree with its branches intact and exposed to rain. The following May, ethanol concentrations were highest in the phloem and sapwood of wet logs (0.24 and 0.35 μmol/g fresh wt, respectively). Ethanol concentrations in tissues from dry and crown logs were similar to each other (ranging from 0.002 to 0.03 μmol/g fresh wt), but were significantly lower than in wet logs. It appears that rain absorbed by the outer bark of wet logs creates a barrier to gas exchange between living tissues and the atmosphere, which facilitates the development of hypoxic conditions necessary for ethanol synthesis and accumulation. Branches on crown logs exposed to rain help maintain low ethanol concentrations in the log tissues; we discuss several potential mechanisms to explain this response. By early September, the densities of Gnathothrichus spp. gallery entrance holes were high on wet logs (21.5/m2) and low on dry (2.5/m2) and crown logs (5.8/m2), indicating their preference for logs with higher ethanol concentrations. Protecting logs from rain will significantly reduce ethanol concentrations and the density of ambrosia beetle galleries. Leaving branches attached to logs will produce similar results, but its effectiveness may vary depending on the environmental conditions. Host selection by secondary scolytid beetles that use ethanol as a kairomone can be manipulated and possibly managed by controlling the production of ethanol in the host resource.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Conidia ; cultures ; fermentation ; G. fujikuroi ; morphological ; strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Strain H-984 of G. fujikuroi grown for 38 h in a shake flask with medium containing 20 g glucose l−1, 3 g yeast extract l−1, 2.5 g NH4NO3 l−1, 0.5 g KH2PO4 l−1, 0.1 g MgSO4 l−1, 1 g CaCO3 l−1, and inoculated into a bioreactor with medium containing 60 g glucose l−1; 1 g NH4Cl l−1; 3 g KH2PO4 l−1 and 1.5 g MgSO4 l−1 produced 1100 mg gibberellic acid l−1.
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  • 78
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    Experimental and applied acarology 23 (1999), S. 181-216 
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Keywords: Microarthropods ; canalized ; evolution ; constraint ; reproductive biology ; spermatophore.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates how the course of evolutionary change of an organismal pattern is canalized by organismal properties. As an example we use the mechanisms of indirect sperm transfer of some microarthropod groups. Miniaturized droplet spermatophores, characterized by a rather similar pattern of structural and functional components, are shown to have evolved independently in the Acari–Actinotrichida and the Pseudoscorpiones within the Arachnida and in the Entognatha (Collembola and Diplura–Campodeoidea), Symphyla, Pauropoda and Pselaphognatha within the Antennata. At least in the phylogenetic lineages leading to the various antennatan groups, evolution of miniaturized spermatophores took place in a similar sequence of transformation steps. It is likely that – originally – large sac spermatophores with a rigid sheath were deposited on the ground. The subsequent sequence of evolution involved carrying structures, a viscous sheath of the spermatophore-droplets, a stable water balance of the spermatophore under habitat conditions and miniaturized spermatophore droplets with immobilized sperm cells. Finally, mate dissociation became a common mode of behaviour in all groups mentioned. Each of the transformation steps was not only an adaptation to a particular selective condition, but additionally a precondition for further adaptive innovation. In this way the sequence of evolutionary change was rigidly determined. Moreover, integration of subsequently evolved components of the spermatophores into a complex network of interacting components obviously caused constraints of interaction, which in turn have caused a remarkable evolutionary stability of the character patterns. Using water mites as an example, it is shown how in a changed environment few behavioural changes have initiated an evolutionary sequence which has finally led convergently in several lineages to semi-direct or direct sperm transfer and to a massive repatterning of the original reproduction pattern. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: β-lactam antibiotics ; biosynthetic genes ; clusters ; evolution ; chromosome resolution ; genome plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genes pcbAB, pcbC and penDE encoding enzymes that catalyze the three steps of the penicillin biosynthesis have been cloned from Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans. They are located in a cluster in Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium notatum, Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium nalgiovense. The three genes are clustered in chromosome I (10.4 Mb) of P. chrysogenum, in chromosome II of P. notatum (9.6 Mb) and in chromosome VI (3.0 Mb) of A. nidulans. The cluster of the penicillin biosynthetic genes is amplified in strains with high level of antibiotic production. About five to six copies of the cluster are present in the AS-P-78 strain and 11 to 14 copies in the E1 strain (an industrial isolate), whereas only one copy is present in the wild type (NRRL 1951) strain and in the low producer Wis 54-1255 strain. The amplified region in strains AS-P-78 and E1 is arranged in tandem repeats of 106.5 or 57.6-kb units, respectively. In Acremonium chrysogenum the genes involved in cephalosporin biosynthesis are separated in at least two clusters. The pcbAB and pcbC genes are linked in the so-called ‘early cluster’ of genes involved in the cephalosporin biosynthesis. The ‘late cluster’, which includes the cefEF and cefG genes, is involved in the last steps of cephalosporin biosynthesis. The ‘early cluster’ was located in chromosome VII (4.6 Mb) in the C10 strain and the ‘late cluster’ in chromosome I (2.2 Mb). Both clusters are present in a single copy in the A. chrysogenum genome, in the wild-type and in the high cephalosporin-producing C10 strains.
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  • 80
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    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 58 (1999), S. 31-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: carbohydrates ; chlorophylls ; photosynthesis ; tissue culture ; Vitis vinifera L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Grapevine plantlets multiplied in vitro were acclimatized at 40 or 90 μmol m−2 s−1 photon flux density for 12 or 16 h per day, respectively. In the high-light regime a decrease in total chlorophyll and an increase in chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b ratio occurred. However, at high-light intensity lower photosynthetic capacities and higher apparent photosynthesis were measured than at the low-light regime. In leaves expanded during acclimatization, the light compensation point was higher in plantlets under high-light while quantum yield was higher in low-light conditions. High-light also gave rise to an increase in carbohydrate concentration. As a whole, the results suggest that high-light increases carbon assimilation and growth although with a low investment in the photosynthetic apparatus.
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  • 81
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    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 29-42 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: enzyme catalysis ; evolution ; genetic engineering ; photosynthesis ; protein assembly ; protein degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) has played a central role in our understanding of chloroplast biogenesis and photosynthesis. In particular, its catalysis of the rate-limiting step of CO2 fixation, and the mutual competition of CO2 and O2 at the active site, makes Rubisco a prime focus for genetically engineering an increase in photosynthetic productivity. Although it remains difficult to manipulate the chloroplast-encoded large subunit and nuclear-encoded small subunit of crop plants, much has been learned about the structure/function relationships of Rubisco by expressing prokaryotic genes in Escherichia coli or by exploiting classical genetics and chloroplast transformation of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. However, the complexity of chloroplast Rubisco in land plants cannot be completely addressed with the existing model organisms. Two subunits encoded in different genetic compartments have coevolved in the formation of the Rubisco holoenzyme, but the function of the small subunit remains largely unknown. The subunits are posttranslationally modified, assembled via a complex process, and degraded in regulated ways. There is also a second chloroplast protein, Rubisco activase, that is responsible for removing inhibitory molecules from the large-subunit active site. Many of these complex interactions and processes display species specificity. This means that attempts to engineer or discover a better Rubisco may be futile if one cannot transfer the better enzyme to a compatible host. We must frame the questions that address this problem of chloroplast-Rubisco complexity. We must work harder to find the answers.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: absorption ; Kennard–Stepanov theory ; photosynthesis ; spectral equilibration ; thermal equilibration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Absorption and fluorescence spectra of chlorophyll a have been analyzed on the basis of an extended version of Kennard–Stepanov (KS) theory. It is proposed that at least one new electronic state lies just below the normal S1 − S0 transition (Qy), borrowing approximately 2–4% of its strength and contributing to the fluorescence in the tail. The KS anomalies leading to this hypothesis occur in a wide variety of cases, including chlorophyll a in solution and protein-bound chlorophyll a, suggesting that the phenomenon is an intrinsic property of the molecule. Natural candidates for the new state(s) are the second and third triplet states. The relationship of the fluorescence excitation spectrum to KS theory is investigated and applied to explain a red drop in yield.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: ESR ; electron transport ; FTIR ; lipid ; membrane structure ; protein ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The specific effects exerted by different heavy metals on both the function and the structure of the photosynthetic apparatus were addressed. The functional analysis performed via the fluorescence induction kinetics revealed that the applied toxic heavy metals can be classified into two groups: Cd and Ni had no significant effect on the photosynthetic electron transport, while Cu, Pb and Zn strongly inhibited the Photosystem II (PS II) activity, as evidenced by the dramatic decreases in both the variable (Fv) and the maximal (Fm) fluorescence. The structural effects of the heavy metal ions on the thylakoid membranes were considered in three relations: (1) lipids, (2) proteins — studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and (3) lipid—protein interactions — investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using spin-labeled probe molecules. The studied heavy metal ions had only a non-specific rigidifying effect on the thylakoid lipids. As regards proteins, Cd and Ni had no effect on the course of their heat denaturation. The heat denaturation of the proteins was accompanied by a decrease in the α-helix content (1656 cm-1), a parallel increase in the disordered segments (1651 cm-1), a decrease in the intramolecular β-sheet (1636 cm-1) content and the concomitant appearance of an intermolecular β-structure (1621 cm-1). In contrast with Cd and Ni, Cu and Zn blocked the appearance of the intermolecular β-structure. Pb represented an intermediate case. It seems that these heavy metals alter the native membrane structure in such a way that heat-induced aggregation becomes more limited. The ESR data revealed that certain heavy metals also affect the lipid—protein interactions. While Cd and Ni had hardly any effect on the solvation fraction of thylakoid lipids, Cu, Pb and Zn increased the fraction of lipids solvating the proteins. On the basis of the FTIR and ESR data, it seems that Cu, Pb, and Zn increase the surfaces available for lipid—protein interactions by dissociating membrane protein complexes, and that these ‘lipidated’ proteins have a smaller chance to aggregate upon heat denaturation. The data presented here indicate that the damaging effects of poisonous heavy metals are element-specific, Cu, Pb and Zn interact directly with the thylakoid membranes of the photosynthetic apparatus, while Cd and Ni interfere rather with other metabolic processes of plants.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: CO2 assimilation ; metabolic control analysis ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to explain the mechanisms of Calvin-cycle regulation, the general properties of metabolic systems under homeostatic flux control are analyzed. It is shown that the main characteristic point for an enzyme in such a system can be the value of a sharp transition from some constant homeostatic flux to a limitation by this enzyme. A special method for the quantitative treatment of the experimental dependence of a metabolic flux such as photosynthesis on enzyme content is developed. It is pointed out that reactions close to a thermodynamic equilibrium under normal conditions can considerably limit the homeostatic fluxes with a decrease of the enzyme content. Calvin-cycle enzymes are classified as non-limiting, near-limiting and limiting. The deduced rules for the regulation of a homeostatic metabolic pathway are used to explain the data obtained for transgenic plants with reduced activities of Calvin-cycle enzymes. The role of compensating mechanisms that maintain the photosynthesis rate constant upon the changes of enzyme contents is analyzed for the Calvin cycle. The developed analysis explains the sharp transitions between limiting and non-limiting conditions that can be seen in transgenic plants with reduced content of some Calvin-cycle enzymes, and the limiting role of such reversible enzymes as aldolase, transketolase and others. The attempt is made to predict the properties of plants with increased enzyme contents in the Calvin cycle.
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    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: biodiversity ; carboxylase ; genetic selection ; photosynthesis ; regulation ; specificity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Marine and terrestrial photosynthetic and chemoautotrophic microorganisms assimilate considerable amounts of carbon dioxide. Like green plastids, the predominant means by which this process occurs is via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham reductive pentose phosphate pathway, where ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) plays a paramount role. Recent findings indicate that this enzyme is subject to diverse means of control, including specific and elaborate means to guarantee its high rate and extent of synthesis. In addition, powerful and specific means to regulate Rubisco activity is a characteristic feature of many microbial systems. In many respects, the diverse properties of microbial Rubisco enzymes suggest interesting strategies to elucidate the molecular basis of CO2/O2 specificity, the ‘holy grail’ of Rubisco biochemistry. These systems thus provide, as the title suggests, ‘different perspectives’ to this fundamental problem. These include vast possibilities for imaginative biological selection using metabolically versatile organisms with well-defined genetic transfer capabilities to solve important issues of Rubisco specificity and molecular control. This review considers the major issues of Rubisco biochemistry and regulation in photosynthetic microoganisms including proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, marine nongreen algae, as well as other interesting prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial systems recently shown to possess this enzyme.
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  • 86
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    Photosynthesis research 60 (1999), S. 247-256 
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: irradiance ; kinetics ; method ; photosynthesis ; regulation ; rubisco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An in vivo method for the estimation of kinetic parameters of partial reactions of carboxylation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) catalyzed by ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is described. Rubisco in barley, wheat and bean is different in the ability of its active centers to bind RuBP. The rate constant of the formation of the Rubisco-RuBP complex in these plants at 25 °C is 0.414, 0.245 and 0.660 mM-1 s-1, respectively. The rate constant of the reaction of the Rubisco-bound enediol with CO2 does not differ significantly in barley and wheat, and averages 66 mM-1 s-1. Decreased irradiance inhibits Rubisco in two ways: by reducing the concentration of operating catalytic sites and by decreasing the rate constant of binding of RuBP to Rubisco. High concentrations of CO2 inhibit Rubisco by decreasing the concentration of competent carboxylation centers, without any s ignificant influence upon the rate constants of partial reactions.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: EPR ; iron-sulphur ; photosynthesis ; P700 ; reaction center
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A site directed mutant of the Photosystem I reaction center of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been described previously. [Hallahan et al. (1995) Photosynth Res 46: 257–264]. The mutation, PsaA: D576L, changes the conserved aspartate residue adjacent to one of the cysteine ligands binding the Fe-SX center to PsaA. The mutation, which prevents photosynthetic growth, was observed to change the EPR spectrum of the Fe-SA/B centers bound to the PsaC subunit. We suggested that changes in binding of PsaC to the PsaA/PsaB reaction center prevented efficient electron transfer. Second site suppressors of the mutation have now been isolated which have recovered the ability to grow photosynthetically. DNA analysis of four suppressor strains showed the original D576L mutation is intact, and that no mutations are present elsewhere within the Fe-SX binding region of either PsaA or PsaB, nor within PsaC or PsaJ. Subsequent genetic analysis has indicated that the suppressor mutation(s) is nuclear encoded. The suppressors retain the altered binding of PsaC, indicating that this change is not the cause of failure to grow photosynthetically. Further analysis showed that the rate of electron transfer from the quinone electron carrier A1 to Fe-SX is slowed in the mutant (by a factor of approximately two) and restored to wild type rates in the suppressors. ENDOR spectra of A1 ·– in wild-type and mutant preparations are identical, indicating that the electronic structure of the phyllosemiquinone is not changed. The results suggest that the quinone to Fe-SX center electron transfer is sensitive to the structure of the iron-sulfur center, and may be a critical step in the energy conversion process. They also indicate that the structure of the reaction center may be modified as a result of changes in proteins outside the core of the reaction center.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; photosynthetic induction ; sunflecks
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of CO2 concentration and the effects of growth-light conditions on Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) deactivation were examined for Spinacea oleracea (spinach). Rubisco deactivation kinetics and the degree that Rubisco activation limited the rise in photosynthesis following an increase in photon flux density (PFD) were determined from gas-exchange time courses. There were no significant differences in the apparent relaxation time for Rubisco deactivation among leaves exposed to high or low CO2 (50 or 1000 μmol mol-1) and low PFD (170 μmol m-2 s-1) or darkness. However, when PFD was increased to 1700 μmol m-2 s-1 following a period of low PFD or darkness, leaves exposed to low CO2 × low PFD showed a lower contribution to the photosynthetic induction process by the activation of Rubisco than leaves exposed to the other treatments. For the growth-light experiments, spinach was grown under high PFD × high red:far-red ratio (R:FR), low PFD × high R:FR, or low PFD × low R:FR light environments. Leaves that matured under the low PFD × low R:FR treatment showed a lower percent change in photosynthesis due to Rubisco activation than leaves exposed to the other growth-light treatments. However, there were no significant differences among the growth-light treatments in the maximum contribution of Rubisco activation to the induction response or in the apparent relaxation time for Rubisco deactivation during shade events.
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  • 89
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    Hydrobiologia 406 (1999), S. 243-251 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: anterior regeneration ; evolution ; fission ; asexual reproduction ; Naididae ; Annelida
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Agametic reproduction by fission has evolved numerous times in the Annelida. In this group, as well as others, the developmental processes of fission appear to be based on those of regeneration. Thus far, all fissiparous annelids whose regenerative abilities have been investigated fully are capable of regenerating both anteriorly and posteriorly. However, in this paper, I describe a unique exception to this association between fission and regenerative abilities. Regeneration experiments demonstrate that the fissiparous annelid Paranais litoralis (Oligochaeta: Naididae) has lost the capacity for full anterior regeneration. The four anterior segments of P. litoralis are produced routinely during each round of fission, yet this species is incapable of producing these same segments by anterior regeneration. I propose that fissiparous reproduction, possibly coupled with a low susceptibility to amputation in nature, may have relaxed selection for anterior regeneration in P. litoralis. The decoupling of fission and regenerative abilities suggests that some steps in the developmental trajectories that lead to fission and regeneration may have diverged in this species.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: 18S rDNA ; biogeography ; Bryopsidales ; evolution ; Halimeda ; phylogeny ; Tethys ; vicariance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Partial 18S rDNA sequences, including a 102 base pair insertion, were used to infer a phylogeny among 48 samples across all sections in Halimeda Lamouroux, 1812. The phylogeny reveals a separation of the monophyletic section Rhipsalis into a western Atlantic and a western Pacific clade. Consequently, morphologically similar species within this section such as H. monile (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux (western Atlantic), and H. cylindracea Decaisne (western Pacific), are not sister taxa. Vicariant events that separated the tropical regions of the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans can explain the observed biogeographical pattern in section Rhipsalis.
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  • 91
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    Hydrobiologia 398-399 (1999), S. 355-359 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: CO2 ; emersion ; macroalgae ; photosynthesis ; seaweeds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the ecological impacts of the atmospheric CO2 increase on the intertidal macroalgae during emersion, the photosynthesis of Enteromorpha linza (a green alga), Ishige okamurae (a brown alga) and Gloiopeltis furcata (a red alga) was investigated in air as a function of CO2 concentrations and water loss. Their photosynthesis was not saturated at the present atmospheric CO2 level (350 μl l −1 or 15.6 μM), the CO2 compensation point and $$K_{[{\text{mCO}}_{\text{2}} ]} $$ increased with increasing desiccation, showing that desiccation lowers the CO2 affinity of the intertidal macroalgae. It was concluded that E. linza, I. okamurae and G. furcata, while exposed to air, can benefit from atmospheric CO2 rise, especially when the algae have lost some water.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: photosynthesis ; respiration ; Gelidiella acerosa ; culture ; tidal habitat ; salinity ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several samples of the red seaweed, Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk.) Feldmann & Hamel occurring in tidepools, high intertidal rocks, and shallow subtidal areas on a reef flat in Ilocos Norte, northern Philippines were studied in terms of their photosynthetic and respiratory responses (μl O2 gDW−1 h−1) to four salinity (22, 28, 34, 40‰) and three temperature (22, 28, 34 °C) combinations. The upper intertidal plants tolerated low salinities (22–28‰) better than high salinities (34–40‰), while tidepool and subtidal plants were not affected. Temperatures of 22 through 34 °C resulted in a one-fold increase in their photosynthetic rates and insignificant differences in their respiratory rates while tidepool and subtidal plants almost doubled their photosynthetic rates and their respiration rates increased by about 5–50 times. There were no interaction effects. Therefore, intertidal plants appe ared to be more tolerant to wide temperature fluctuations and low salinity levels; while tidepool and subtidal plants were least affected by salinity variations but were quite sensitive to temperature fluctuations. Vegetative and tetrasporic plants had similar photosynthetic and respiratory responses to salinity and temperature variations, although vegetative plants had significantly higher net photosynthesis under the minimum and maximum temperatures tested (22 and 34 °C). Reproductive G. acerosa showed greater tolerance to temperature fluctuations. These responses indicated that physiological changes may have occurred when the species became reproductive. Tolerance of G. acerosa to low salinities suggests that lowering the salinities in culture tanks could be used to eradicate contaminants, i.e., dinoflagellates and filamentous green algae. Temperature of 28 °C appeared to be optimum for all plant types as reflected by their high photosynthetic and low respiratory rates .
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    Hydrobiologia 402 (1999), S. 21-37 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: evolution ; Annelida ; nephridia ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In Annelida, nearly each segment contains a pair of ducts that either are protonephridia or metanephridia. These segmental organs function as excretory organs and, after having been modified, they may also act as gonoducts during maturity. In certain polychaetous annelids and especially in clitellates this function has been adopted by additional gonoducts which generally are formed at the begining of maturity. At the end of the last century the gonocoel theory tried to explain the relation between gonads, coelomic cavities and nephridia. Using the gonocoel theory axiomatically, Goodrich (1945) assumed that in annelids a pair of protonephridia and a pair of gonoducts represent the primary condition. Evolution of metanephridia on the one hand and the fusion of gonoducts and nephridia on the other hand occurred within the Annelida. Based on recent ultrastructural investigations into the development of different segmental organs, this paper re-evaluates Goodrich′s hypothesis. According to these data the segmental organs differentiate from a single anlage. Each consists of three or four cells which line a small lumen filled with microvilli. The duct becomes ciliated and the most proximal cells are separated when the coelom extends by fluid accumulation between the lining cells. During enlargement of the coelomic cavity the proximal part of the anlage is passively opened, so that the cilia face the coelom, to form the funnel. If separation of the proximal duct cells is suppressed, the anlage differentiates into a protonephridium, which secondarily may acquire a funnel during maturity by proliferation of proximal duct cells. Thus, different pathways in nephridial development lead to completely different segmental organs in the fertile adult. Additional gonoducts evolve in different lineages within the annelids.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Acomys ; CENP-B box ; evolution ; satellite DNA ; speciation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Satellite DNAs (stDNAs) of four Acomys species (spiny-mice), A. cahirinus, A. cineraceus, A. dimidiatus and A. russatus, belong to closely related sequence families. Monomer sizes range from 338 to 364 bp. Between-species sequence identity was from 81.0% to 97.2%. The molecular phylogeny of the sequences helps to clarify the taxonomy of this ‘difficult’ group. The A. dimidiatus genome contains about 60 000 repeats. According to the restriction patterns, repeats are arranged in tandem. The stDNA maps to the centromeric heterochromatin of most autosomes, both acrocentric and metacentric, but appears to be absent in the centromeric region of Y chromosomes. A well-conserved centromere protein B (CENP-B) box is present in the stDNA of A. russatus while it is degenerated in the other species.
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    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 9 (1999), S. 325-352 
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: evolution ; nomenclature ; phylogeny ; species ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract It is argued, with selected examples from freshwaterfish systematics, that species should be viewed as anexpression of self-perpetuated clustered variation innature, conforming to the phylogenetic speciesconcept. The importance of species lies in thefunctional and structural significance of theirdiagnostic characters. Species can be nested by theircharacters into a tree diagram (phylogeny) orhierarchical alignment structure (classification) ofcharacter distribution, which may be taken to reflectevolution, the unifying theory of organismaldiversification. The phylogenetic species concept,which emphasizes recognition of a pattern ofvariation, describes better than any other proposedconcept the units called species by systematists.Other concepts are based on processes and normally donot permit recognition of particular taxa. Specieshave unique histories, and speciation may proceed bydifferent mechanisms. Whereas it may be postulatedthat speciation entails an irreversible change in thegenetic structure of taxa, recognized by phenotypicexpression and apparently also maintained to a largeextent by selection for a particular phenotype,species recognition must remain independent ofassumptions about species history and spatialdistribution. Species are monophyletic taxa and thespecies category does not differ significantly inphylogenetic regard from other systematic categories.Species as such are not necessarily evolutionaryunits. It is recommended to apply species names withreference to the diagnostic characters of the speciesand to abandon the type specimen described by theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature as anomenclatural reference unit.
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    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 321-331 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Calvin cycle enzymes ; chlorophyll ; chloroplast structure ; heavy metals ; photosynthesis ; photosystems ; plant growth ; uptake of mineral elements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cadmium is one of the most dangerous environmental pollutants, affecting, among other things, plant mineral composition. It easily interacts with iron, one of the most important elements for plant growth and metabolism. This interaction, including modifying effects of lowered or excessive Fe supply on Cd-exposed plants and its consequences for the photosynthetic apparatus is reviewed. The influence of modified Fe and Cd supply on the uptake of both metals, their distribution, plant growth, and photosynthesis is also explained. Moderate Fe excess has a beneficial influence on Cd-treated plants, resulting in more intensive growth, photosynthetic pigments accumulation, and more efficient light phase of photosynthesis. Nutrient-medium Fe deficiency increases plant susceptibility to Cd. The main open questions of Cd/Fe interaction are: (1) the strong Fe-dependency of Cd mobility within the plant, and (2) photosynthetic dark phase adaptation to Cd stress.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: chloroplast dimensions ; electron microscopy ; peripheral reticulum ; photosynthesis ; plastoglobuli ; starch ; stereology ; stroma ; thylakoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in Hill reaction activity (HRA) and ultrastructure of mesophyll cell (MC) chloroplasts were studied during the ontogeny of third leaf of maize plants using polarographic oxygen evolution measurement, transmission electron microscopy, and stereology. The chloroplast ultrastructure was compared in young (actively growing), mature, and senescing leaves of two different inbreds and their reciprocal F1 hybrids. Statistically significant differences in both HRA and MC chloroplast ultrastructure were observed between different stages of leaf ontogeny. Growth of plastoglobuli was the most striking characteristic of chloroplast maturation and senescence. The chloroplasts in mature and senescing leaves had a more developed system of thylakoids compared to the young leaves. Higher HRA was usually connected with higher thylakoid volume density of MC chloroplasts.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: carbon partitioning ; photosynthesis ; plant growth ; microbial biomass ; respiration rate ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the carbon budget of young winter wheat plants and their associated microorganisms as affected by a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 concentration (700 µmol mol-1). Plants were grown hydroponically in pre-sterilised sand at a controlled irradiance and temperature regime. Net photosynthesis (PN) and respiration (RD) rates of roots and shoots were measured continuously, plant growth and carbon distribution in the plant-root medium-associated microorganism system were determined destructively in interval-based analyses. PN in elevated CO2 grown plants (EC) was 123% of that in the control (AC) plants when averaged over the whole life span (39-d-old plants, 34 d in EC), but the percentage varied with the developmental stage being 115, 88, and 167% in the pretillering, tillering, and posttillering phase, respectively. There was a transient depression of PN, higher amplitude of day/night fluctuations of the chloroplast starch content, and depression of carbon content in rhizosphere of EC plants during the period of tillering. After 34 d in EC, carbon content in shoots, roots, and in rhizodepositions was enhanced by the factors 1.05, 1.28, and 1.96, respectively. Carbon partitioning between above and belowground biomass was not affected by EC, however, proportionally more C in the belowground partitioning was allocated into the root biomass. Carbon flow from roots to rhizodepositions and rhizosphere microflora was proportional to PN; its fraction in daily assimilated carbon decreased from young (17%) to order (3-4%) plants.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: Amphisorus ; Amphistegina ; chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics ; electron transport ; irradiance ; photosynthesis ; photosystem 2 ; quantum yield ; Sorites ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coral reef bleaching is a global phenomenon poorly understood today. We investigated during 7 d the photosynthetic behaviour of symbionts of coral reef and temperate foraminifers in hospite, by means of the JIP-test. By this screening test the fast fluorescence rise O-J-I-P, measured by a Plant Efficiency Analyser (PEA) with 10 µs time resolution and 12 bit signal resolution, was analysed. It informs about the structure and function of photosystem 2 being at different physiological states established by adaptation to different irradiance and temperature. The test needs a measuring time in vivo of only 1 to 5 s, and thus many samples can be analysed. The measurements can be done continuously even on a single cell in a test tube or on the reef. The reef foraminifers tested here were Amphistegina and Amphisorus, freshly collected in Mauritius. As a temperate foraminifer, Sorites from the Mediterranean Sea was tested. The cells are very sensitive to slight temperature changes (25 to 32 °C). The comparison showed that the more the foraminifers live in an environment with constant temperature the less they are able to respond to temperature changes and, thus, the less they can adapt. Rising the temperature increases in general the sensitivity to different stress factors, such as high irradiance, pH, CO2, etc. After the test series, the cells recovered fully and were kept in an aquarium for long time observation.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 36 (1999), S. 259-266 
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence ; fern ; fertilization ; growth ; photosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants grown at low irradiance were fertilized with 0, 60, and 600 g m-3 NH4NO3 once every fortnight. Plants treated with high N concentrations showed an increased growth, producing longer and broader fronds with larger areas, and were darker green in colour. Nitrogen also increased the content of chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids per leaf area unit. Different N treatments did not affect the photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem 2, as reflected by the high values of Chl fluorescence kinetics Fv/Fm, ranging between 0.81 to 0.84, and Fv/F0 of 4.30 to 5.10. An increase in photochemical quenching (qP), accompanied by a decrease in non-photochemical quenching (qN), was observed in sporophytes fertilized with increased concentrations of NH4NO3. Nitrogen availability allowed sporophytes of Acrostichum aureum to become more established under natural condi tions.
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