ALBERT

Note: Contents Acknowledgement 1 Russian-German Co-operation 2 Expedition Itinerary 2.1 Working areas 2.2 General logistics and transportation 2.3 Technical Report of the Station Samoylov 2.4 Time tables of Working group 2.4.1 Team 1 (Samoylov Island) 2.4.2 Team 2 (Arga Complex) 2.4.3 Team 3 (Bykovsky Peninsula) 2.5 Participants of expedition 2.6 Participating institutions 3 Modern Processes in Permafrost Affected Soils 3.1 Objectives 3.2 Methods and field experiments 3.3 Preliminary results 3.3.1 Recent soil studies 3.3.2 Methane emission 3.3.3 In situ studies on CH4-Fluxes 3.3.4 Permafrost and ice wedge coring 3.4 Further investigations 3.5 References 4 Biological Research in the Lena Delta 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Zooplankton from Tundra Water Basin the Lena Delta 4.3 Avifauna of northwestern Lena Delta 4.4 Genetics Diversity and Taxonomy of Artic Lemming 5 Shore Erosion and Sediment Flux from Eroded Islands 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Methods 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussion and conclusions 6 Investigation of Run Off in the Sardakh-Trofimovsky Bifurcation Point of the Lena River Delta 6.1 Objectives 6.2 Previous Research 6.3 Measurements of 2001 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 References 7 Coastal Processes and Methane Dynamics in the Northwestern Part of the Lena Delta 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pecularities of coastal processes and shoreline dynamics of the accumulative-erosive coastal system 7.3 Bathymetric measurements 7.4 Methane-related investigations of soils and waters in the Sanga-Dzhie region 7.5 Bathymetry and biogeochemistry of Sanga-Dzhie lagoon and Sanga lake lagoon at the western coast of Arga Complex 7.6 References 8 Paleoecological and Permafrost Studies of the Ice Complex in the Laptev Sea area (Bykovsky Pensinsula) 8.1 Introduction. objectives and logistics 8.2 Methods and field measurements 8.3 Preliminary results 8.4 Further investigations 8.5 References 9 Appendix Table A3-1: Soil types of the central Lena Delta Table A3-2: Soil profiles descriptions Table A3-3: Classification of soils of Samoylov Island Table A3-4: Characteristics of soil subtypes Table A3-3 Table A3-5: List of soil and plant samples Table A3-6: List of sediment and water samples Table A3-7: List of ice wedge samples Table A3-8: List of permafrost sediment samples Table A3-9: List of gas samples Table A4-1 : List of birds and their status in the study area Table A4-2: List of trapped lemmings Table A7-1 : Water temperature vertical profiles Table A7-2: Active layer depth in the Arga region Table A7-3: Investigation sites in the Arga region Table A7-4: List of samples from Arga region Table A8-1: Description of sedimentary units and samples Table A8-2: List of macrofossil samples Table A8-3: List of sediment samples Table A8-4: Description of ice in the ice wedges transects Table A8-5: List of ice wedge samples for isotope study Table A8-6: List of mammal bones on Bykovsky Peninsula

Note: Chapter 1. The Crystal Structure of Apatite, Ca5(PO4)3(F,OH,Cl) by John M. Hughes and John Rakovan, p. 1 - 12 Chapter 2. Compositions of the Apatite-Group Minerals: Substitution Mechanisms and Controlling Factors by Yuanming Pana and Michael E. Fleet, p. 13 - 50 Chapter 3. Growth and Surface Properties of Apatite by John Rakovan, p. 51 - 86 Chapter 4. Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Monazite, Pretulite, and Xenotime by Lynn A. Boatner, p. 87 - 122 Chapter 5. The Crystal Chemistry of the Phosphate Minerals by Danielle M.C. Huminicki and Frank C. Hawthorne, p. 123 - 254 Chapter 6. Apatite in Igneous Systems by Philip M. Piccoli and Philip A. Candela, p. 255 - 292 Chapter 7. Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotine in Metamorphic Rocks by Frank S. Spear and Joseph M. Pyle, p. 293 - 336 Chapter 8. Electron Microprobe Analysis of REE in Apatite, Monazite and Xenotime: Protocols and Pitfalls by Joseph M. Pyle, Frank S. Spear, and David A. Wark, p. 337 - 362 Chapter 9. Sedimentary Phosphorites - An Example: Phosphoria Formation, Southeastern Idaho, U.S.A by Andrew C. Knudsen and Mickey E. Gunter, p. 363 - 390 Chapter 10. The Global Phosphorus Cycle by Gabriel M. Filippelli, p. 391 - 426 Chapter 11. Calcium Phosphate Biominerals by James C. Elliott, p. 427 - 454 Chapter 12. Stable Isotope Composition of Biological Apatite by Matthew J. Kohn and Thure E. Cerling, p. 455 - 488 Chapter 13. Trace Elements in Recent and Fossil Bone Apatite by Clive N. Trueman and Noreen Tuross, p. 489 - 522 Chapter 14. U-TH-Pb Dating of Phosphate Minerals by T. Mark Harrison, Elizabeth J. Catlos, and Jean-Marc Montel, p. 523 - 558 Chapter 15. (U-Th)/He Dating of Phosphates: Apatite, Monazite, and Xenotime by Kenneth A. Farley and Daniel F. Stockli, p. 559 - 578 Chapter 16. Fission Track Dating of Phosphate Minerals and the Thermochronology of Apatite by Andrew J.W. Gleadow, David X. Belton, Barry P. Kohn, and Roderick W. Brown, p. 579 - 630 Chapter 17. Biomedical Application of Apatites by Karlis A. Gross and Christopher C. Berndt, p. 631 - 672 Chapter 18. Phosphates as Nuclear Waste Forms by Rodney C. Ewing and LuMin Wang, p. 673 - 700 Chapter 19. Apatite Luminescence by Glenn A. Waychuna, p. 701 - 742

Note: Chapter 1. New Developments in Deformation Studies: High-Strain Deformation by Stephen J. Mackwell and Mervyn S. Paterson, p. 1 - 20 Chapter 2. New Developments in Deformation Experiments at High Pressure by William B. Durham, Donald J. Weidner, Shun-ichiro Karato, and Yanbin Wang, p. 21 - 50 Chapter 3. Deformation of Granitic Rocks: Experimental Studies and Natural Examples by Jan Tullis, p. 51 - 96 Chapter 4. Laboratory Constraints on the Rheology of the Upper Mantle by Greg Hirth, p. 97 - 120 Chapter 5. Partial Melting and Deformation by David L. Kohlstedt, p. 121 - 136 Chapter 6. Dislocations and Slip Systems of Mantle Minerals by Patrick Cordier, p. 137 - 180 Chapter 7. Instability of Deformation by Harry W. Green II and Chris Marone, p. 181 - 200 Chapter 8. Brittle Failure of Ice by Erland M. Schulson, p. 201 - 525 Chapter 9. Seismic Wave Attenuation: Energy Dissipation in Viscoelastic Crystalline Solids by Reid F. Cooper, p. 253 - 290 Chapter 10. Texture and Anisotropy by Hans-Rudolf Wenk, p. 291 - 330 Chapter 11. Modeling Deformation of Polycrystalline Rocks by Paul R. Dawson, p. 331 - 352 Chapter 12. Seismic Anisotropy and Global Geodynamics by Jean-Paul Montagner and Laurent Guillot, p. 353 - 386 Chapter 13. Theoretical Analysis of Shear Localization in the Lithosphere by David Bercovici and Shun-ichiro Karato, p. 387 - 420

Note: Contents: Contributors. - Preface. - Introduction and Scientific Background / J.C.R. Hunt, J. Norbury and I. Roulstone. - 1. A view of the equations of meteorological dynamics and various approximations / A. A. White. - 2. Extended-geostrophic Euler-Poincare models for mesoscale oceanographic flow / J. S. Allen, D. D. Holm and P. A. Newberger. - 3. Fast singular oscillating limits of stably-stratified 3D Euler and Navier-Stokes equations and ageostrophic wave fronts / A. Babin, A. Mahalov and B. Nicolaenko. - 4. New mathematical developments in atmosphere and ocean dynamics, and their application to computer simulations / M. J. P. Cullen. - 5. Rearrangements of functions with applications to meteorology and ideal fluid flow / R. J. Douglas. - 6. Statistical methods in atmospheric dynamics: probability metrics and discrepancy measures as a means of defining balance / S. Baigent and J. Norbury.

Note: Contents Prologue Acknowledgments List of Symbols PART I Foundations 1 INTRODUCTION: The Basic Challenge 1.1 The Climate System 1.2 Some Basic Observations 1.3 External Forcing 1.3.1 Astronomical Forcing 1.3.2 Tectonic Forcing 1.4 The Ice-Age Problem 2 TECHNIQUES FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTION 2.1 Historical Methods 2.1.1 Direct Quantitative Measurements 2.1.2 Descriptive Accounts of General Environmental Conditions 2.2 Surficial Biogeologic Proxy Evidence 2.2.1 Annually Layered Life Forms 2.2.2 Surface Geomorphic Evidence 2.3 Conventional Nonisotopic Stratigraphic Analyses of Sedimentary Rock and Ice 2.3.1 Physical Indicators 2.3.2 Paleobiological Indicators (Fossil Faunal Types and Abundances) 2.4 Isotopic Methods 2.4.1 Oxygen Isotopes 2.4.2 Deuterium and Beryllium in Ice Cores 2.4.3 Stable Carbon Isotopes 2.4.4 Strontium and Osmium Isotopes 2.5 Nonisotopic Geochemical Methods 2.5.1 Cadmium Analysis 2.5.2 Greenhouse Gas Analysis of Trapped Air in Ice Cores 2.5.3 Chemical and Biological Constituents and Dust Layers in Ice Cores 2.6 Dating the Proxy Evidence (Geochronometry) 3 A SURVEY OF GLOBAL PALEOCLIMATIC VARIATIONS 3.1 The Phanerozoic Eon (Past 600 My) 3.2 The Cenozoic Era (Past 65 My) 3.3 The Plio-Pleistocene (Past 5 My) 3.4 Variations during the Last Ice Age: IRD Events 3.5 The Last Glacial Maximum (20 ka) 3.6 Postglacial Changes: The Past 20 ky 3.7 The Past 100 Years 3.8 The Generalized Spectrum of Climatic Variance 3.9 A Qualitative Discussion of Causes 4 GENERAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 4.1 The Fundamental Equations 4.2 Time Averaging and Stochastic Forcing 4.3 Response Times and Equilibrium 4.4 Spatial Averaging 4.5 Climatic-Mean Mass and Energy Balance Equations 4.5.1 The Water Mass Balance 4.5.2 Energy Balance 5 SPECIAL THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PALEOCLIMATE: Structuring a Dynamical Approach 5.1 A Basic Problem: Noncalculable Levels of Energy and Mass Flow 5.2 An Overall Strategy 5.3 Notational Simplifications for Resolving Total Climate Variability 5.4 A Structured Dynamical Approach 5.5 The External Forcing Function, F 5.5.1 Astronomical/Cosmic Forcing 5.5.2 Tectonic Forcing 6 BASIC CONCEPTS OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS: Prototypical Climatic Applications 6.1 Local (or Internal) Stability 6.2 The Generic Cubic Nonlinearity 6.3 Structural (or External) Stability: Elements of Bifurcation Theory 6.4 Multivariable Systems 6.4.1 The Two-Variable Phase Plane 6.5 A Prototype Two-Variable Model 6.5.1 Sensitivity of Equilibria to Changes in Parameters: Prediction of the Second Kind 6.5.2 Structural Stability 6.6 The Prototype Two-Variable System as a Stochastic-Dynamical System: Effects of Random Forcing 6.6.1 The Stochastic Amplitude 6.6.2 Structural Stochastic Stability 6.7 More Than Two-Variable Systems: Deterministic Chaos PART II Physics of the Separate Domains 7 MODELING THE ATMOSPHERE AND SURFACE STATE AS FAST-RESPONSE COMPONENTS 7.1 The General Circulation Model 7.2 Lower Resolution Models: Statistical-Dynamical Models and the Energy Balance Model 7.2.1 A Zonal-Average SDM 7.2.2 Axially Asymmetric SDMs 7.2.3 The Complete Time-Average State 7.3 Thermodynamic Models 7.3.1 Radiative-Convective Models 7.3.2 Vertically Averaged Models (the EBM) 7.4 The Basic Energy Balance Model 7.5 Equilibria and Dynamical Properties of the Zero-Dimensional (Global Average) EBM 7.6 Stochastic Resonance 7.7 The One-Dimensional (Latitude-Dependent) EBM 7.8 Transitivity Properties of the Atmospheric and Surface Climatic State: Inferences from a GCM 7.9 Closure Relationships Based on GCM Sensitivity Experiments 7.9.1 Surface Temperature Sensitivity 7.10 Formal Feedback Analysis of the Fast-Response Equilibrium State 7.11 Paleoclimatic Simulations 8 THE SLOW-RESPONSE "CONTROL" VARIABLES: An Overview 8.1 The Ice Sheets 8.1.1 Key Variables 8.1.2 Observations 8.2 Greenhouse Gases: Carbon Dioxide 8.3 The Thermohaline Ocean State 8.4 A Three-Dimensional Phase-Space Trajectory 9 GLOBAL DYNAMICS OF THE ICE SHEETS 9.1 Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions 9.2 A Scale Analysis 9.3 The Vertically Integrated Ice-Sheet Model 9.4 The Surface Mass Balance 9.5 Basal Temperature and Melting 9.6 Deformable Basal Regolith 9.7 Ice Streams and Ice Shelves 9.8 Bedrock Depression 9.9 Sea Level Change and the Ice Sheets: The Depression-Calving Hypothesis 9.10 Paleoclimatic Applications of the Vertically Integrated Model 9.11 A Global Dynamical Equation for Ice Mass 10 DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 10.1 The Air-Sea Flux, Q↑ 10.1.1 Qualitative Analysis of the Factors Affecting Q↑ 10.1.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Ocean Carbon Balance 10.1.3 A Parameterization for Q↑ 10.2 Terrestrial Organic Carbon Exchange, W↑G 10.2.1 Sea Level Change Effects 10.2.2 Thermal Effects 10.2.3 Ice Cover Effects 10.2.4 Long-Term Terrestrial Organic Burial, W↓G 10.2.5 The Global Mass Balance of Organic Carbon 10.3 Outgassing Processes, V↑ 10.4 Rock Weathering Downdraw, W↓ 10.5 A Global Dynamical Equation for Atmospheric CO2 10.6 Modeling the Tectonically Forced CO2 Variations, µˆ : Long-Term Rock Processes 10.6.1 The Long-Term Oceanic Carbon Balance 10.6.2 The GEOCARB Model 10.7 Overview of the Full Global Carbon Cycle 11 SIMPLIFIED DYNAMICS OF THE THERMOHALINE OCEAN STATE 11.1 General Equations 11.1.1 Boundary Conditions 11.2 A Prototype Four-Box Ocean Model 11.3 The Wind-Driven, Local-Convective, and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.3.1 The Wind-Driven Circulation: Gyres and Upwelling 11.3.2 Local Convective Overturnings and Baroclinic Eddy Circulations 11.4 The Two-Box Thermohaline Circulation Model: Possible Bimodality of the Ocean State 11.4.1 The Two-Box System 11.4.2 A Simple Model of the TH Circulation 11.4.3 Meridional Fluxes 11.4.4 Dynamical Analysis of the Two-Box Model 11.5 Integral Equations for the Deep Ocean State 11.5.1 The Deep Ocean Temperature 11.5.2 The Deep Ocean Salinity 11.6 Global Dynamical Equations for the Thermohaline State: θ and Sφ PART III Unified Dynamical Theory 12 THE COUPLED FAST- AND SLOW-RESPONSE VARIABLES AS A GLOBAL DYNAMICAL SYSTEM: Outline of a Theory of Paleoclimatic Variation 12.1 The Unified Model: A Paleoclimate Dynamics Model 12.2 Feedback-Loop Representation 12.3 Elimination of the Fast-Response Variables: The Center Manifold 12.4 Sources of Instability: The Dissipative Rate Constants 12.5 Formal Separation into Tectonic Equilibrium and Departure Equations 13 FORCED EVOLUTION OF THE TECTONIC-MEAN CLIMATIC STATE 13.1 Effects of Changing Solar Luminosity and Rotation Rate 13.1.1 Solar Luminosity (S) 13.1.2 Rotation Rate (Ω) 13.2 General Effects of Changing Land-Ocean Distribution and Topography (h) 13.3 Effects of Long-Term Variations of Volcanic and Cosmic Dust and Bolides 13.4 Multimillion-Year Evolution of CO2 13.4.1 The GEOCARB Solution 13.4.2 First-Order Response of Global Ice Mass and Deep Ocean Temperature to Tectonic CO2 Variations 13.5 Possible Role of Salinity-Driven Instability of the Tectonic-Mean State 13.6 Snapshot Atmospheric and Surficial Equilibrium Responses to Prescribed y-Fields Using GCMs 14 THE LATE CENOZOIC ICE-AGE DEPARTURES: An Overview of Previous Ideas and Models 14.1 General Review: Forced vs. Free Models 14.1.1 Models in Which Earth-Orbital Forcing Is Necessary 14.1.2 Instability-Driven (Auto-oscillatory) Models 14.1.3 Hierarchical Classification in Terms of Increasing Physical Complexity 14.2 Forced Ice-Line Models (Box 1, Fig. 14-1) 14.3 Ice-Sheet Inertia Models 14.3.1 The Simplest Forms (Box 2) 14.3.2 More Physically Based Ice-Sheet Models: First Applications 14.3.3 Direct Bedrock Effects (Box 3) 14.3.4 Bedrock-Calving Effects (Box 4) 14.3.5 Basal Meltwater and Sliding (Box 5) 14.3.6 Ice Streams and Ice Shelf Effects 14.3.7 Continental Ice-Sheet Movement (Box 6) 14.3.8 Three-Dimensional (λ, φ, hI) Ice-Sheet Models 14.4 The Need for Enhancement of the Coupled Ice-Sheet/Atmospheric Climate Models 14.5 Ice-Sheet Variables Coupled with Additional Slow-Response Variables 14.5.1 Regolith Mass, mr (Box 7) 14.5.2 The Deep Ocean Te

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einführung 1.1 Übersicht 1.2 Modernes naturwissenschaftliches Klimaverständnis 1.3 Modelle in der Klimaforschung 2 Klimarelevante Prozesse 2.1 Energie und Strahlung 2.1.1 Strahlung 2.1.2 Wärmetrausporte 15 2.1.3 Transport von Energie im Wasserkreislauf 2.2 Dynamik der Atmosphäre 2.2.1 Erzeugung von Bewegung 2.2.2 Vertikalstruktur der Atmosphäre 2.2.3 Allgemeine Zirkulation 2.2.4 Regionale Strukturen 2.2.5 Turbulenz 2.2.6 Aerosolpartikel 2.2.7 Wolken und Niederschlag 2.3 Zirkulation des Ozeans 2.3.1 Meeresoberflächenströmungen 2.3.2 Tiefenzirkulation 2.3.3 Wellen und Wirbel 2.4 Spurenstoffkreisläufe 2.4.1 Wasserdampf 2.4.2 Kohlendioxid 2.4.3 Methan 2.4.4 Stickstoffverbindungen 2.5 Kryosphäre 3 Natürliche Klimavariabilität 3.1 Jahres- und Tagesgang 3.2 Wetter 3.3 Interannuale Klimaschwankungen 3.3..1 ENSO-Phänomen 3.3.2 Nordatlantische Oszillation 3.3.3 Temperaturentwicklung seit 1900 3.3.4 Die Frage der Sonnenflecken 3.1 Homogenitätsproblematik 3.5 Historische Klimavariationen 3.6 Paläoklimatologie 3.6.1 Vereisungen 3.6.2 Klimarekonstruktion der Kalt- und Warmzeiten 3.6.3 Milanković-Theorie 4 Konzeptionelle Modelle 4.1 Klimazonen 4.2 Ein exemplarisches Energiebilanzmodell 4.2.1 Vereinfachte Bilanzgleichung für Energie 4.2.2 Diskretisierung 4.2.3 Schließung der Gleichung 4.2.4 Berechnungen: Integration 4.3 Physikalisch orientierte Modelle 4.4 Nichtlinearität und Chaos 4.5 Fluktuationen als stochastische Vorgänge 4.6 Wechselwirkungen verschiedener Prozesse 4.6.1 Gedämpftes System mit Störungen 4.6.2 Wirkung von positiven Rückkopplungen 5 Grundlagen von Strömungsmodellen 5.1 Grundgleichungen der Strömungs- und Thermodynamik 5.1.1 Zustandsvariablen 5.1.2 Gesetz der Massenerhaltung 5.1.3 Prinzip der Energieerhaltung 5.1.4 Impulserhaltung 5.1.5 Massenbilanzen für Beimengungen 5.1.6 Zustandsgleichungen 5.1.7 Zusammenfassung 5.2 Diskretisierung 5.2.1 Räumliche Diskretisierung 5.2.2 Zeitliche Diskretisierung 5.3 Parametrisierung und subskalige Prozesse 5.3.1 Schließungsproblem 5.3.2 Beispiel 1: Turbulenz 5.3.3 Beispiel 2: Konvektion und Wolkenbildung 5.3.4 Kritische Übersicht 5.4 Numerische Integration 6 Realitätsnahe Modelle des Klimasystems 6.1 Wettervorhersagemodelle 6.2 Modelle zur Klimasimulation 6.2.1 Methodik von Simulationen 6.2.2 Wechselwirkung von Atmosphäre und Ozean 6.2.3 Klimadrift und Flußkorrektur 6.2.4 Technische Details 6.2.5 Modellierung von Stoffkreisläufen und Biosphäre 6.3 Simulationen von Klimazuständen 6.3.1 Kontrollsimulationen des derzeitigen Klimas 6.3.2 Rekonstruktion von Paläoklimaten 6.3.3 Klimate anderer Planeten 6.3.1 Regionale und lokale Strukturen 6.4 Numerische Experimente mit Modellen 6.1.1 Zielsetzung 6.4.2 Wirksamkeit von Prozessen 6.4.3 Einschwingzeit der Atmosphäre 6.4.4 Sensitivität gegenüber Randbedingungen 6.5 Anwendung zur Klimavorhersage 6.5.1 Prognosen des ENSO-Phänomens 6.5.2 Großskalige Ölbrände in Kuwait 6.6 Beurteilung der Klimamodelle 7 Anthropogene Klimänderung 7.1 Übersicht 7.2 Emissions- und Konzentrations-Szenarien 7.2.1 Szenarien zukünftiger Emissionen 7.2.2 Erwartete Konzentrationen der Treibhausgase 7.3 Klimaszenarien realitätsnaher Modelle 7.3.1 Transiente Szenarienrechnungen 7.3.2 Ergebnisse eines exemplarischen Klima-Szenarios 7.3.3 Problem Kaltstart 7.3.4 2 x CO2-Simulationen 7.3.5 Informationswert von Szenarienrechnungen 7.3.6 Kritische Bewertung der Szenarien 7.4 Nachweis anthropogener Klimabeeinflussung 7.4.1 Zielsetzung 7.4.2 Natürliche Variabilität 7.4.3 Gewichtungsmuster und Nachweisvariable 7.4.4 Nachweis 7.4.5 Beurteilung 7.5 Lokale und regionale Szenarien 7.5.1 Hochaufgelöste Zeitscheibenexperimente 7.5.2 Regionalmodelle 7.5.3 Empirische Modelle 7.5.4 Implikationen 8 Klima und Gesellschaft 8.1 Übersicht 8.2 Historischer Überblick : gesellschaftliche Vorstellungen zum Einfluß von Klima 8.3 Klimafolgenforschung 8.3.1 Grundproblematik 8.3.2 Direkt beeinflußte Systeme 8.3.3 Indirekt beeinflußte Systeme 8.4 Ökonomische Aspekte des Klimawandels 8.4.1 Klimaänderung als Kostenfaktor 8.4.2 Ein zeitabhängiges Sechs-Komponenten-Modell 8.4.3 Beurteilung 8.4.4 Übersicht Klimapolitik 8.5 Vorstellungen von Klimawandel 8.5.1 Problemstellung 8.5.2 Natürliche Variabilität versus Kausalitätsdenken 8.5.3 Die Kempton-Studie 8.5.4 Soziale Interpretationsmechanismen 9 Résumé 10 Anhang 11 Literatur Stichwortverzeichnis

Note: CD-ROM-Ausg

Note: Zugl.: Köln, Univ., Diss., 1998

Note: Zugl.: Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 1998

Note: CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION TO STUDIES ON THE VEGETATION OF MONGOLIA. - NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS AND THE DYNAMICS OF VEGETATION DISTRIBUTION IN MONGOLIA. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Natural features of Mongolia. - 1.3 Landscape-ecological regions. - 1.4 Landscape and ecological factors of vegetation dynamics. - 1.5 Conclusion. - LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION HISTORY OF MONGOLIA. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 An overview of previous studies. - Studies on the vegetation history of Mongolia. - Modern pollen spectra: problems of interpretation. - Pollen preservation. - Long distant transport and re-deposition of pollen. - 2.3 Data used in this study. - Modern data. - Fossil data. - 2.4 Regional pollen records from individual sites. - Hoton-Nur Lake. - Achit-Nur Lake. - Dood-Nur Lake. - Daba-Nur Lake. - Yamant-Nur Lake. - Gun-Nur Lake. - 2.5 Holocene changes in the distribution of tree and shrub taxa in Mongolia validated by plant macrofossil records. - Results. - Interpretation and discussion. - 2.6 Spatial reconstruction and mapping of Mongolian vegetation during the last 15,000 years using a «biornization» method. - Summary of the method. - Implementation for Mongolia. - Validation of the method: present-day pollen-derived biome reconstruction. - Application to the fossil pollen data. - 2.7 General discussion and conclusions. - ASSESSING PRESENT-DAY PLANT COVER DYNAMICS. - 3.1 Introduction. Modern Methods for Studying and Monitoring Plant Cover. - 3.2 Mountain Plant Community Dynamics. - 3.3 Plant Community Dynamics in Plains and Rocky Areas. - 3.4 Dynamics of Water-Associated Vegetation. - 3.5 Conclusions. - ANALYSIS OF PRESENT-DAY VEGETATION DYNAMICS. - 4.1 Basic changes in vegetation. - 4.2 Regressive plant community successions. - 4.3 Progressive plant community regeneration. - 4.4 Mapping vegetation dynamics. - 4.5 Conclusions. - STRATEGIES FOR NATURE MANAGEMENT AND VEGETATION CONSERVATION. - 5.1 Introduction. Methods for vegetation conservation. - 5.2 Restoration and conservation of botanical successions. - 5.3 Systems for the conservation of botanical diversity. - 5.4 Conclusions. - SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. - References. - Appendix 1. - Appendix 2. - Index.

Note: INHALT Einführung / Günter Myrell Gigant aus Eis und Schnee / Ole Marquardt und Jens-Christian Manniche Grönland Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Grönland / Robert McGhee Aufbruch ins Unbekannte / William R. Morrison Kanadas Norden Die Nordwestpassage Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Kanada / Robert McGhee Im Land des Weißen Todes / Peter P. Schweitzer Sibirien Die Nordostpassage Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Sibirien / Robert McGhee Sturm auf Alaska / James R. Gibson Kamtschatka und Russisch-Amerika Das Große Land / Stephen Haycox Alaska, USA Die Frühgeschichte der Polarvölker, Alaska / Robert McGhee Die Völker des Nordens / Peter P. Schweitzer Von kolonialer Vergangenheit zu selbstbestimmter Zukunft Ein Wort zum Ausklang / Jürgen F. Boden Hinweise auf unsere Autoren Hinweise zu weiterführender Literatur Personen- und Ortsregister Der Blick aus dem Weltraum

Note: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction: sedimentology and stratigraphy. - 1.1 Sedimentology and stratigraphy in Earth sciences. - 1.2 Stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 1.3 See the world in just one grain of sand. - 1.4 Processes and products. - 1.5 Sedimentary environments and facies. - 1.6 Modem and ancient sedimentary environments. - 1.7 Geographical distribution of environments and facies. - 1. 8 Changing environments and facies through time. - 1.9 The stratigraphic record and geological time. - 1.10 Earth history, global tectonics, climate and evolution. - 2 Terrigenous clastic sediments: gravel, sand and mud. - 2.1 The components of sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.2 Classification and nomenclature of terrigenous clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. - 2.3 Gravel and conglomerate. - 2.4 Sand and sandstone. - 2.5 Clay, silt and mudrock. - 2.6 Description of the textures of terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks. - 2.7 Granulometric and clast shape analysis. - 2.8 Maturity of terrigenous clastic material. - 2.9 Terrigenous clastic sediments: summary. - Further reading. - 3 Biogenic, chemical and volcanogenic sediments. - 3.1 Limestone. - 3.2 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 3.3 Evaporite minerals. - 3.4 Cherts. - 3.5 Phosphates. - 3.6 Sedimentary ironstone. - 3.7 Carbonaceous (organic) deposits. - 3.8 The description of sedimentary rocks in hand specimen. - 3.9 Examination of sedimentary rocks under the microscope. - Further reading. - 4 Processes of transport and sedimentary structures. - 4.1 Transport media. - 4.2 The behaviour of fluids and particles in fluids. - 4.3 Flows, sediment and bedforms. - 4.4 Waves. - 4.5 Sedimentary structures in sand-mud mixtures. - 4.6 Mass flows. - 4.7 Mudcracks. - 4.8 Erosional sedimentary structures. - 4.9 Sedimentary structures and sedimentary environments. - Further reading. - 5 Environments and facies. - 5.1 Interpreting past depositional environments. - 5.2 The concept of 'facies'. - 5.3 Distribution of palaeoenvironments in time and space. - 5.4 Palaeocurrents. - 5.5 Provenance. - 5.6 Graphic sedimentary logs. - 5.7 Facies and environments: summary. - Further reading. - 6 Continents: sources of sediment and environments of deposition. - 6.1 From source of sediment to formation of strata. - 6.2 The formation of mountains and hills. - 6.3 Continental climatic regimes. - 6.4 Surface processes. - 6.5 Weathering processes. - 6.6 Erosion and transport. - 6.7 Factors which influence erosion rates. - 6.8 Continental environments of deposition. - 6.9 Continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 7 Glaciers and ice caps. - 7.1 Formation of glaciers. - 7.2 Erosion by glaciers. - 7.3 Glacial deposits. - 7.4 Distribution of glacial deposits. - 7.5 Recognition of glacial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 8 Arid continental depositional environments. - 8.1 Deserts. - 8.2 Wind in deserts. - 8.3 Water in a desert. - 8.4 Alluvial fans. - 8.5 Playa lakes. - 8.6 Life in the desert. - 8.7 Characteristics of the deposits of arid continental environments: summary. - Further reading. - 9 Rivers: the fluvial environment. - 9.1 River forms and patterns. - 9.2 Modern rivers. - 9.3 Floodplains. - 9.4 Ancient fluvial deposits. - 9.5 Palaeocurrents in fluvial systems. - 9.6 Fossils in fluvial environments. - 9.7 Soils and palaeosols. - 9.8 Recognition of fluvial deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 10 Lacustrine environments: fresh and saline lakes. - 10.1 Modern lakes. - 10.2 Morphology and processes in lakes. - 10.3 Lacustrine sediments and facies. - 10.4 Saline lakes. - 10.5 Life in lakes. - 10.6 Lake environments: summary. - Further reading. - 11 The marine realm: morphology and processes. - 11.1 Marine environments. - 11.2 Tides. - 11.3 Wave and storm processes. - 11.4 Thermo-haline currents. - 11.5 Divisions of the marine realm. - 11.6 Chemical and biochemical sedimentation in oceans. - 11.7 Ecology of the seas. - 11.8 Marine environments: summary. - Further reading. - 12 Deltas and estuaries. - 12.1 Deltas. - 12.2 Controls on deltas. - 12.3 Coarse-grained deltas. - 12.4 Delta 'cycles'. - 12.5 Post- and syndepositional effects on deltas. - 12.6 Recognition of deltaic deposits: summary. - 12.7 Estuaries. - 12.8 Recognition of estuarine deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 13 Coastlines: beaches, barriers and lagoons. - 13.1 Coastal environments. - 13.2 Morphological features of coastlines. - 13.3 Clastic coastlines. - 13.4 Carbonate coastlines. - 13.5 Arid coastlines. - 13.6 Recognition of coastal deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 14 Shallow seas. - 14.1 Sediment supply to shallow seas. - 14.2 Shallow marine clastic environments. - 14.3 Storm-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.4 Tide-dominated shallow clastic seas. - 14.5 Shallow marine carbonate environments. - 14.6 Carbonate ramps. - 14.7 Rimmed carbonate shelves. - 14.8 Epeiric, drowned and isolated carbonate platforms. - 14.9 Barred basins and saline giants. - 14.10 Criteria for the recognition of shelf sediments. - Further reading. - 15 Deep marine environments. - 15.1 Modem and ancient oceans. - 15.2 Deep marine mass flows. - 15.3 Submarine fans. - 15.4 Contourites. - 15.5 Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation. - 15.6 Other features of deep ocean sediments. - 15.7 Fossils in deep ocean sediments. - 15.8 Ancient deep ocean deposits. - 15.9 Recognition of deep ocean deposits: summary. - Further reading. - 16 Volcanic environments. - 16.1 Volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.2 Lavas. - 16.3 Volcaniclastic rocks. - 16.4 Environments of deposition. - 16.5 Recognition of volcanigenic deposits: summary. - 16.6 Volcanic rocks in stratigraphy: flows, dykes and sills. - Further reading. - 17 Sediments into rocks: postdepositional processes. - 17.1 Post-depositional modification of sedimentary layers. - 17.2 Post-depositional physical and chemical processes. - 17.3 Nodules and concretions. - 17.4 Clastic diagenesis. - 17.5 Carbonate diagenesis. - 17.6 Post-depositional changes to evaporites. - 17.7 Diagenesis of volcaniclastic sedirnents. - 17.8 Formation of coal and hydrocarbons. - 17.9 Diagenetic processes: summary. - Further reading. - 18 Stratigraphy: concepts and lithostratigraphy. - 18.1 Stratigraphy and geological time. - 18.2 Chronostratigraphy. - 18.3 Physical stratigraphy. - 18.4 Lithostratigraphy. - 18.5 Lithostratigraphic nomenclature. - 18.6 Lithostratigraphy and environments. - 18.7 Lithostratigraphy and geological maps. - 18.8 Lithostratigraphy and correlation. - Further reading. - 19 Biostratigraphy. - 19.1 Strata and fossils. - 19.2 Fossils in stratigraphy. - 19.3 Taxa used in biostratigraphy. - 19.4 Correlating different environments. - 19.5 Biostratigraphic nomenclature. - 19.6 Biostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy. - Further reading. - 20 Dating and correlation techniques. - 20.1 Radiometric dating. - 20.2 Magnetostratigraphy. - 20.3 Other dating methods. - 20.4 Dating in the Quaternary. - 20.5 Correlation. - Further reading. - 21 Sequence stratigraphy and sea level changes. - 21.1 Introduction. - 21.2 Depositional sequences and systems tracts. - 21.3 Facies patterns in depositional sequences. - 21.4 Sequences in carbonate depositional environments. - 21.5 Subdivision of depositional sequences and systems tracts: parasequences. - 21.6 Sequence stratigraphy and depositional environments. - 21.7 Practical sequence stratigraphy. - 21.8 Causes of sea level fluctuations. - Further reading. - 22 Subsurface stratigraphy. - 22.1 Seismic reflection profiles. - 22.2 Interpreting seismic reflections. - 22.3 Structural features on seismic profiles. - 22.4 Seismic facies. - 22.5 Relating seismic profiles to geological cross-sections. - 22.6 Borehole stratigraphy and sedimentology. - 22.7 Subsurface facies analysis. - 22.8 Use of borehole data. - Further reading. - 23 Sedimentary basins. - 23.1 Tectonics of sedimentary basins. - 23.2 Basins related to crustal extension. - 23.3 Basins related to subduction. - 23.4 Basins related to continen