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  • Articles  (29)
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  • Springer  (29)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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  • 2000-2004  (10)
  • 1995-1999  (19)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term waste water irrigation on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities in central Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Waste water irrigation ; Heavy metals ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO2 values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003749900188
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbiological and chemical changes in two arable soils after long-term sludge amendments (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 160-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Sludge ; Heavy metals ; Xenobiotica ; Soil quality ; Soil microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Sludge amendments increase the input of carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, the soil concentrations of heavy metals and xenobiotica can also increase due to sludge amendments, with possible effects on soil microorganisms and soil fertility. Therefore, we studied the effects on soil microorganisms and soil chemistry in two arable soils after 12 and 16 years of sewage sludge amendment (0, 1 and 3 dry matter ha–1 year–1). The sludge amendments were combined with nitrogen addition at three rates according to crop requirements, and all combinations were replicated 4 times, giving a total number of 36 parcels at each experimental site in a non-randomised block design. Univariate data evaluation as well as principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were used to identify differences between treatments in microbial and chemical parameters. The DFA showed that acid and alkaline phosphatase, potential ammonium oxidation and total nitrogen were the most important parameters to discriminate between a priori defined groups of sludge treatments. Among the heavy metals, copper showed the highest increase in soil concentration with sludge amendments, but this increase was still not high enough to have a significant influence on the measured parameters. None of the xenobiotica investigated was found in high soil concentrations. In conclusion, the present study showed that the sewage sludge affected several of the biological and chemical parameters investigated. However, no severe negative effects on soil microorganisms were detected at these moderate levels of sludge amendment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050603
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and function of the soil microbial community in microhabitats of a heavy metal polluted soil (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 390-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Particle-size fractions ; Heavy metals ; Phospholipid fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Particle-size fractionation of a heavy metal polluted soil was performed to study the influence of environmental pollution on microbial community structure, microbial biomass, microbial residues and enzyme activities in microhabitats of a Calcaric Phaeocem. In 1987, the soil was experimentally contaminated with four heavy metal loads: (1) uncontaminated controls; (2) light (300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd); (3) medium; and (4) heavy pollution (two- and threefold the light load, respectively). After 10 years of exposure, the highest concentrations of microbial ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen were found in the clay (2–0.1 μm) and silt fractions (63–2 μm), and the lowest were found in the coarse sand fraction (2,000–250 μm). The phospholipid fatty acid analyses (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separation of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the microbial biomass within the clay fraction was predominantly due to soil bacteria. In contrast, a high percentage of fungal-derived PLFA 18 : 2ω6 was found in the coarse sand fraction. Bacterial residues such as muramic acid accumulated in the finer fractions in relation to fungal residues. The fractions also differed with respect to substrate utilization: Urease was located mainly in the 〈2 μm fraction, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase in the 2–63 μm fraction, and xylanase activity was equally distributed in all fractions. Heavy metal pollution significantly decreased the concentration of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen of soil microorganisms in the silt and clay fraction and thus in the bulk soil. Soil enzyme activity was reduced significantly in all fractions subjected to heavy metal pollution in the order arylsulfatase 〉phosphatase 〉urease 〉xylanase. Heavy metal pollution did not markedly change the similarity pattern of the DGGE profiles and amino sugar concentrations. Therefore, microbial biomass and enzyme activities seem to be more sensitive than 16S rRNA gene fragments and microbial amino-sugar-N to heavy metal treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000268
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of inorganic and organic fertilization on soil microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and heavy metal bioavailability (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Organic fertilization ; Soil microbial biomass carbon ; Metabolic quotient ; Bioavailability ; Heavy metals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  We studied the long-term effects (12 years) of municipal refuse compost addition on the total organic carbon (TOC), the amount and activity of the microbial biomass (soil microbial biomass C, BC and metabolic quotient qCO2) and heavy metal bioavaiability in soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM). In addition, we studied the relationships between among the available fraction [Diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable] of heavy metals and their total content, TOC and BC. After 12 years of repeated treatments, the TOC and BC of control and mineral fertilized plots did not differ. Soils treated with FYM and composts showed a significant increase in TOC and BC in response to the increasing amounts of organic C added. Values of the BC/TOC ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2, without any significative differences among soil treatments. The qCO2 increased in the organic-amended soil and may have indicated microbial stress. The total amounts of metals in treated soils were lower than the levels permitted by the European Union in agricultural soils. DTPA-extractable metals increased in amended soils in response to organic C. A multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables was carried out in order to discriminate between the influence exerted on DTPA-extractable metals by their total content, TOC and BC. Results showed that each metal behaved quite differently, suggesting that different mechanisms might be involved in metal bioavailability
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050506
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Climatic and anthropogenic influence on the stable isotope record from bulk carbonates and ostracodes in Lake Neuchâ, Switzerland, during the last two millennia (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 21 (1999), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: calcite ; ostracodes ; climate ; stable isotopes ; Lake Neuchåtel ; Switzerland ; Little Ice Age ; Holocene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Lake Neuchåtel is a medium sized, hard-water lake, lacking varved sediments, situated in the western Swiss Lowlands at the foot of the Jura Mountains. Stable isotope data (δ18O and δ13C) from both bulk carbonate and ostracode calcite in an 81 cm long, radiocarbon-dated sediment core represent the last 1500 years of Lake Neuchåtel's environmental history. Comparison between this isotopic and other palaeolimnologic data (mineralogical, geochemical, palynological, etc.) helps to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural factors most recently affecting the lake. An increase in lacustrine productivity (450–650AD ca), inferred from the positive trend in δ13C values of bulk carbonate, is related to medieval forest clearances and the associated nutrient budget changes. A negative trend in both the bulk carbonate and ostracode calcite δ18O values between approximately 1300 and 1500AD, is tentatively interpreted as due to a cooling in mean air temperature at the transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. Negative trends in bulk carbonate δ18O and δ13C values through the uppermost sediments, which have no equivalent in ostracode calcite isotopic values, are concomitant with the recent onset of eutrophication in the lake. Isotopic disequilibrium during calcite precipitation, probably due to kinetic factors in periods of high productivity is postulated as the mechanism to explain the associated negative isotopic trends, although the effect of a shift of the calcite precipitation towards the warmer months cannot be excluded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008005622256
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lake evolution in a semi-arid montane environment: response to catchment change and hydroclimatic variation (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 21 (1999), S. 325-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: pollen ; diatoms ; algae ; ostracods ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; Holocene ; Morocco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Pollen, geochemical and sedimentological data from Sidi Ali, a montane Moroccan lake, provide a 7000 yr record of changes in climate, catchment vegetation and soil erosion intensity. Diatoms, non-silicious algae, macrophyte fossils and ostracods from the same core record the dynamics of the lake ecosystem. Oxygen isotope and trace-element ratios of benthic ostracods appear to be relatively insensitive to climatic variation in this open lake with low water-residence time, but diatom plankton / periphyton (P/L) ratios show lake-level variations that are probably climate controlled. At least two superimposed processes are recorded, but at different timescales: catchment vegetation and soils show long-term changes due to climate and human impact, whereas P/L ratios suggest century-scale oscillations in lake depth. The timing of changes in algal and macrophyte productivity and carbon cycling within the lake broadly corresponds to changes in terrestrial vegetation, suggesting either that lake nutrient status is linked to catchment vegetation and soils, or that both were influenced by climate. The lack of a sensitive and independent (non-biological) climate proxy makes it more difficult to assess the lake's ecological response to short-term climate variation. Overall, the lake's evolution has been influenced both by catchment-mediated nutrient flux and by changes in water balance, thus having characteristics in common with both temperate and arid zone lakes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008099602205
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Late Quaternary palaeohydrology of the Konya Basin, Turkey, based on isotope studies of modern hydrology and lacustrine carbonates (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 187-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: stable isotopes ; authigenic carbonate ; ostracods ; palaeolimnology ; Konya Basin ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Konya plain in south central Anatolia, Turkey, which is now largely dry, was occupied around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum by a fresh-oligosaline lake covering more than 4000 km2. Sediment cores from three residual water bodies (Pinarbaşi, Akgöl and Süleymanhaci) within the larger Pleistocene lake basin, have been analysed using a multidisciplinary approach. The sediment sequences are dated as spanning the last 50 Ka years, although breaks in sedimentation mean that there is only partial chronological overlap between them. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on lacustrine carbonate from the three cores give contrasting isotope profiles which reflect the different ages and independent hydrological behaviour of different sub-basins through the late Quaternary. Distinguishing changes that are regional from local effects is aided by modern isotope hydrology studies and by comparing the carbonate δ13C and δ18O values to diatom and other analyses undertaken on the same cores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008024127346
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A late Holocene palaeolimnological record from central Mexico, based on faunal and stable-isotope analysis of ostracod shells (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 22 (1999), S. 383-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: ostracods ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; Holocene ; Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A late Holocene palaeolimnological record for central Mexico has been obtained from Lake Pátzcuaro, using recent and fossil ostracods. Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, is a closed-basin lake which responds rapidly to changes in the ratio of precipitation/evaporation in the region. The record from a single lake-sediment core, dated by AMS radiocarbon method, covers the last ~3,530 yrs, and is based on ostracod faunal palaeoecology coupled with analysis of the stable-isotope (18O/16O and 13C/12C) composition of ostracod valves. The faunal distribution is determined by the presence or absence of aquatic vegetation and, to a lesser extent, salinity. The 18O/16O and 13C/12C ratios in ostracod calcite show good agreement with palaeolimnological inferences from the faunal assemblages, principally recording changing precipitation/evaporation and primary-productivity levels, respectively. Wetter conditions existed in central Mexico between approximately ~3,600 and ~2,390 yr BP, between ~1,330 to ~1,120 yr BP, and from ~220 yr BP to present, characterised by fluctuating lake levels. A dilution of the sediment load in the lake reduced turbidity levels allowing for a marked increase in productivity. During these phases, the combination of a deeper lake and increased macrophyte cover reduced the degree of mixing of the waterbody. In the earliest of these phases there was sufficient stratification of the waterbody for methanogenesis to occur in the sediment interstices. The wet phases were separated by prolonged dry periods, during which time the climatic conditions were relatively stable. Good agreement was found between the findings of this study and others from the central Mexican/Caribbean region suggesting that abrupt climate changes occurred at least at a regional scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008058131159
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Late Pleistocene - Holocene palaeolimnology of Lake Victoria, East Africa, based upon elemental and isotopic analyses of sedimentary organic matter (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 23 (2000), S. 141-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: quartenary ; organic matter ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoclimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Three piston cores from Lake Victoria (East Africa) have been analysed for organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) content, stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), and Hydrogen Index (HI). These data are combined with published biogenic silica and water content analyses to produce a detailed palaeolimnological history of the lake over the past ca. 17.5 ka. Late Pleistocene desiccation produced a lake-wide discontinuity marked by a vertisol. Sediments below the discontinuity are characterised by relatively low TOC and HI values, and high C/N, δ13C and δ15N, reflecting the combined influence of abundant terrestrial plant material and generally unfavourable conditions for organic matter preservation. A thin muddy interval with lower δ13C and higher HI and water content indicates that dry conditions were interrupted by a humid period of a few hundred years duration when the lake was at least 35 m deep. The climate changed to significantly more humid conditions around 15.2 ka when the dry lake floor was rapidly flooded. Abundant macrophytic plant debris and high TOC and δ13C values at the upper vertisol surface probably reflect a marginal swamp. δ13C values decrease abruptly and HI begins to increase around 15 ka BP, marking a shift to deeper-water conditions and algal-dominated lake production. C/N values are relatively low during this period, suggesting a generally adequate supply of nitrogen, but increasing δ15N values reflect intense utilisation of the lake's DIN reservoir, probably due to a dramatic rise in productivity as nutrients were released to the lake from the flooded land surface. An abrupt drop in δ13C and δ15N values around 13.8-13.6 ka reflects a period of deep mixing. Productivity increased due to more efficient nutrient recycling, and δ13C values fell as 12C-rich CO2 released by bacterial decomposition of the organic material was brought into the epilimnion. A weak drop in HI values suggests greater oxygen supply to the hypolimnion at this time. Better mixing was probably due to increased wind intensity and may mark the onset of the Younger Dryas in the region. After the period of deep mixing, the water column became more stable. TOC, C/N, δ13C and HI values were at a maximum during the period between 10 and 4 ka, when the lake probably had a stratified water column with anoxic bottom waters. A gradual decrease in values over the last 4000 yrs suggest a change to a more seasonal climate, with periodic mixing of the water column. Rising sediment accumulation rates and a trend to more uniform surface water conditions over the last 2000 yrs are probably a result of increased anthropogenic impact on the lake and its catchment. Following a maximum at the time of the rapid lake-level rise during the terminal Pleistocene, δ15N has remained relatively low and displays a gradual but consistent trend to lower values from the end of the Pleistocene to the present. TN values have risen during the same period. The lack of correlation between δ13C and δ15N, and the absence of any evidence for isotopic reservoir effects despite the rise in TN, suggests that the atmosphere, rather than the lake's dissolved nitrogen pool has been the principal source of nitrogen throughout the Holocene. The importance of atmospheric N fixation to Lake Victoria's nitrogen cycle thus predates by a very considerable margin any possible anthropogenic eutrophication of the lake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008029400463
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of heavy metals in the Piscinas beach sediments (SW Sardinia, Italy) (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Sediments ; Mineralogy ; Geochemistry ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have studied sediments of the Piscinas beach (SW Sardinia, Italy), which is supplied by two streams that wash mine dumps of abandoned lead and zinc mines at Montevecchio and Ingurtosu, situated inland from the supply basin of the beach itself. A study of the texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments was conducted for the purpose of assessing the possible influence of the mine waste on the composition of the sediments, looking for any anomalous enrichments in heavy metals. Furthermore, to evaluate and quantify metal release into the sea, samples of Posidonia oceanica, a bioaccumulator marine plant, were also examined. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in the foreshore sediments is particularly affected by the contribution of the streams, while in the shoreface the distribution is affected by the currents that disperse the sediments both out to sea and southwards. The metal contents of the Posidonia oceanica are correlated with the different stages of activity of the mines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050405
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of sediments to detect human impact on the fluvial system (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1015-1028 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Contaminants ; Heavy metals ; Organochlorines ; Fluvial sediments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Sediments have been used to detect sources of contamination in a catchment of the Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) estuary and to evaluate the effects of different land-use practices on the fluvial environment. Mean enrichment (mean concentrations over pre-anthropogenic background) of size-normalized (〈62.5 μm) aquatic sediment is 10 × for Cu, 20× for Pb and 90× for Zn adjacent to industrialized areas and 2×, 7× and 7×, respectively for these metals in highly urbanized subcatchments. Diffuse sources contribute minor metals to fluvial sediment even in the most underdeveloped subcatchment (2×, 3× and 3× for Cu, Pb and Zn respectively). Organochlorine pesticide residue concentrations parallel heavy-metal trends due to a common mixed industrial base. Effects-based sediment criteria suggest that some adverse biological impacts are probably occurring in streams flowing through the industrial areas. This interpretation is supported by sequential extraction data which show that a moderate proportion of total heavy metals, especially Zn, is associated with the more bioavailable exchangeable/adsorbed phases in these aquatic sediments. High total suspended solid loads in water downstream of one of the industrial centers, and high particle-bound Cu and Pb concentrations, suggest that most contaminants exiting the catchment do so in association with the solid phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900075
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic pollutants in the Padma River, Bangladesh (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1059-1062 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words River water ; Bed sediment ; Trace metal ; Heavy metals ; River pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The water and bed-sediment pollution status of the Padma River was determined by analysis of representative samples for selected metals and ions. Water and bed-sediment samples were collected at a T-dam, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, for 7 months. Water and silt-metal content analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry or other analytical methods. The data showed the variation of the metal ion-levels in water as follows: Ca 17.11–48.37 ppm, Na 17.51–20.09 ppm, K 1.00–3.60 ppm, Cr 2.80–7.00 ppm, and SO4 4.17–5.48 ppm; in bed sediment, the levels were Cr 35–1050 ppm and Pb 12–48 ppm. The occurrence of Na, K and Ca was in the normal range (US EPA permissible limit), but the levels of Cr in water were much higher than the permissible limit. The SO4 ion content was well below the pollution level. The concentration of Pb in the bed sediment was within the permissible limit for the standard International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Soil-5a, but the concentration of Cr in the bed sediment was significantly higher than the permissible limit for the standard IAEA Soil-5a. Thus the Padma river water was polluted with Cr. The occurrence of some ions showed a monthly variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900098
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Status of anthropogenically induced metal pollution in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region of the Ganga Plain, India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 25-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Anthropogenic pollution ; Heavy metals ; Ganga Plain ; Monsoon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Ganga Plain is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories of the Earth. For several decades, the drainage basin of the Ganga Plain has been used for the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes which has adversely affected the quality of water, sediments and agricultural soils of the plain. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and organic carbon were determined in river sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in 1994 and 1995 (pre-monsoon period of April–May). High contents (maximum values) of C-org (12.0 wt. %), Cr (3.40 wt. %), Sn (1.92 wt. %), Zn (4000 mg/kg), Pb (646 mg/kg), Cu (408 mg/kg), Ni (502 mg/kg) and Cd (9.8 mg/kg) in sediments (〈20 μm fraction); and C-org (5.9 wt. %), Cr (2.16 wt. %), Sn (1.21 wt %), Zn (975 mg/kg) and Ni (482 mg/kg) in soils (〈20 μm) in the pre-monsoon period of 1994 were found. From 1994 to 1995 the contents of Fe and Sn in sediments increase whereas those of C-org, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn decrease. Considering the analytical errors, Al, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb do not show any change in their concentrations. In soils, the contents of Cd, Fe and Sn increase whereas those of Ni decrease from 1994 to 1995. Aluminium, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn do not show any change in their concentrations from 1994 to 1995. About 90% of the contents of Cd, Cr and Sn; 50–75% of C-org, Cu and Zn; and 25% of Co, Ni and Pb in sediments are derived from the anthropogenic input in relation to the natural background values, whereas in soils this is the case for about 90% of Cr and Sn; about 75% of Cd; and about 25% of C-org, Cu, Ni and Zn. The sediments of the study area show enrichment factors of 23.6 for Cr, 14.7 for Cd, 12.2 for Sn, 3.6 for C-org, 3.2 for Zn, 2.6 for Cu and 1.6 for Ni. The soils are enriched with factors of 10.7 for Cr, 9.0 for Sn, 3.6 for Cd, 1.8 for Ni and 1.5 for Cu and Zn, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050397
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of heavy metal pollution in the Tinto-Odiel estuary in southwestern Spain using factor analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1095-1101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Factorial analysis ; Heavy metals ; Estuarine waters ; Huelva coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The estuary of Odiel and Tinto rivers, located on the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, receives acidic fluvial water discharges with high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals from these rivers. In addition, a big industrial complex which efflues directly on the system is located in the same estuary. The effluents induce the presence in the estuary of high concentrations of heavy metals and phospates (nutrients). The application of factorial analysis techniques on the nutrients and heavy metal concentrations in 46 water samples taken from 32 different sampling stations located along the estuary, allows three groups of elements and compounds with a distinct origin to be determinated. So, Cu and Zn have a clear fluvial provenance, whereas PO4 and As are clearly industrial wastes and Cl, K, Ca, Li, Rb and Sr come from the sea. From the factorial analyses we can deduce the existence of two agents controlling the behavior of the analyzed elements, which are: the tidal exchange with the open sea and the fluvial supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Reservoir sediments – a witness of mining and industrial development (Malter Reservoir, eastern Erzgebirge, Germany) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1341-1351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words East Germany ; Erzgebirge ; Eutrophication ; Heavy metals ; Lake sediments ; Mining ; Pollution development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. The Malter Reservoir is situated about 30 km south of Dresden (eastern Germany) in a historical mining area of the eastern Erzgebirge. It was built in 1913 for the protection from floodwaters, droughts and for generating electricity. The river Rote Weißeritz is the main source of clastic input into the lake. Geochemical and sedimentological data of gravity-and piston-cores, recovered from the deepest point of the lake, document the environmental history of the drainage area since 1963. 137Cs dating gives an average sedimentation rate of ∼2.9 cm/year. Within the whole core, heavy metals are strongly enriched (parentheses refer to enrichment factors as compared with average shale): cadmium (290), silver (140), bismuth (90), antimony (25), lead (21), zinc (14), tin (13), uranium (9), tungsten (9), molybdenum (5), copper (4), thallium (3) and chromium (2). Enrichments are detectable for the whole registered time-period of 81 years. Peaks of up to 27 mg/kg silver, 37 mg/kg bismuth, 91 mg/kg cadmium, 410 mg/kg chromium, 240 mg/kg copper, 20 mg/kg molybdenum, 14000 mg/kg phosphorus, 740 mg/kg lead, 6,5 mg/kg antimony, 74 mg/kg tin, 52 mg/kg tungsten and 1900 mg/kg zinc reflect local events caused by human impact. Inputs from different pollution sources at different times are represented by highly variable elemental concentrations and ratios within the core. High pH values within the water and the sediment column, the large adsorption capacity of the fine-grained Corg.-rich sediment, and the presence of low Eh-values and sulphide ions in the sediment prevent the remobilisation of the toxic elements. Erosion of these contaminated sediments during floods, channel flows or resuspension during removal of the sediments may lead to a downstream transfer of pollutants. Contents of P and Corg., as well as diatom abundance, indicate a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions in the lake during ∼1940–1950. This was mainly caused by high agricultural activity in the drainage area. Reduced contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr since the reunification of East and West Germany are obviously caused by increasing environmental protection measures, such as wastewater purification and especially the closing of contaminating industries.
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    Seasonal variation of particulate heavy metals in the Lower Paraíba do Sul River, R.J., Brazil (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 297-302 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Particulate matter ; Heavy metals ; Tropical river ; Seasonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Temporal and spatial variability of particulate metal concentrations (Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe) were investigated in the lower drainage basin of the Paraíba do Sul River. The results showed that the spatial variability was not important for all the studied metals, however, temporal variations seems to be considerable. In general, two distinct behaviors were observed for particulate heavy metals: (1) metal concentration increase together with water flow (Fe and Cu) and (2) concentration decrease with increasing water flux (Zn, Cr and Mn). The Fe and Cu behavior is probably due to the strong association of these metals with surface runoff, although their sources seem to be distinct. Iron probably originates from the regional soils rich in iron oxides, and Cu is possibly associated to the large-scale use of copper fungicides in the sugar cane plantations. The opposite trend observed for Zn, Cr and Mn probably reflects the importance of the industrial and urban effluents as a secondary source of these elements for the system. Their behavior is probably associated with the dilution effect caused by the input of a suspended matter poor in these metals originated from the surface runoff during the rainy season.
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    Metal retention in a thin karstic soil, Christian County, Missouri (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 107-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Karst ; Heavy metals ; Soil contamination ; Sequential extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The response of a Wilderness cherty loam series soil to repeated dosages of metals (as sewage sludge) using a two-step sequential extraction procedure was investigated. Variations in metal content between amended and control soils were related to organic matter, clay content, and clay mineralogy. Of the four metals investigated, Cu was found to accumulate in the top 20 cm of amended soils; Pb and Zn were present in even smaller amounts with respect to the control soils, and Cr concentrations were unaffected with respect to both depth and amendment. None of the metals indicated accumulation in deeper (〉20 cm) parts of the soil profile. Overall, results suggest that the metals remobilize in the top 20 cm, being readily uptaken by the fescue grass growing in this lot. Precipitation of insoluble forms of metal into deeper parts of the soil profile was proven unlikely based on the distribution of metal concentrations throughout the profile.
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    Heavy metals in Oka river sediments (Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, northern Spain): lithogenic and anthropogenic effects (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 54-63 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Oka River ; Spain ; Sediments ; Heavy metals ; Geochemical fractionation ; Lithogenic effects ; Anthropogenic inputs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The Oka River basin is located in the Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, North Spain. In order to obtain a preliminary view of its environmental conditions, nitric acid extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co, organic matter content (L.O.I.), geochemical fractionation of heavy metals and mineralogical composition were analysed in surficial sediments (fraction 〈63 μm) collected in October 1991. Relatively high concentrations of metals occurred in a sampling site upstream, due to a local natural enrichment controlled by weathering of volcanic rocks. Geochemical fractionation confirmed the lithogenic origin of metals, which were mainly associated to the detrital phase. The significant increase of heavy metals found in some samples collected in the municipal area of Gernika suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Large amounts of metallic slags have been found mixed with the sediments upstream from this locality. Nevertheless, in view of their composition, it is unlikely that these slags constitute a significant source of heavy metals in the studied area. In a second sampling in October 1997 an apparent decreasing trend in some heavy metal levels was noted, particularly for Pb and Cu. Nowadays, enrichment factors relative to background values confirm moderate anthropogenic influence on Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, heavy metal levels in the Oka river sediments are much lower than those detected in other major rivers of the Basque Country (Nervión, Urumea, Deba).
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    Impact of polluted canal water on adjacent soil and groundwater systems (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 945-950 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Groundwater ; Canal water ; Soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002549900069
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    Grain size and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar River – a tributary of the lower Ganga, India (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 90-98 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Damodar River ; Heavy metals ; Grain size ; Chemical fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The distribution of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in different grain-size fractions and geochemical association of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn with 〈63-μm size fraction of bed sediments of Damodar River has been studied. In general, concentrations of heavy metals tend to increase as the size fractions get finer. However at two sites, near mining areas, the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones. The higher residence time and/or presence of coarser particles from mining wastes are possibly responsible for higher metal content in the coarser size fractions. The chemical fractionation study shows that lithogenic is the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Fe and Mn are the major elements of the lithogenic lattice, constituting 34–63% and 22–59%, respectively, of total concentrations. Fe-Mn oxide and organic bound fractions are significant phases in the non-lithogenic fraction. The carbonate fraction is less significant for heavy metal scavenging in the present environment and shows the following order of abundance Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Fe. The exchangeable fraction of the Damodar sediments contains very low amounts of heavy metals suggesting poor bioavailability of metals.
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    Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue and shell (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1216-1226 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Bioaccumulation ; Heavy metals ; Oyster ; Sediment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Oysters and sediment have been collected from most major US Gulf of Mexico bays and estuaries each year since 1986. Selected samples of oyster soft tissue, shell and sediments were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn for this study. Concentrations varied considerably from place to place but ratios of metals remained relatively constant. Cu and Zn are greatly enriched in oyster tissues, which is related to their physiological function. Cd is enriched in oyster shell because of the easy substitution between Cd and Ca. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in oysters are significantly lower than that in sediment, suggesting a good discrimination against these metals by oysters. Metal variations are a result of both nature and human activity.
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    Distribution of heavy metals in urban soils – a case study of Danang-Hoian Area (Vietnam) (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 603-610 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Soils ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic impacts ; Vietnam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  This work is part of a research study which is intended to study the degree of anthropogenic influences of the trace metal distribution of soils from Danang-Hoian area (Vietnam). Cu, Ni, Zn and Zr show significant effects in most of the cultivated soil categories, especially in the industrial soils. Extremely high levels of Pb (up to 742 μg/g) are observed in the industrial soil category, which shows an enrichment factor 114 as compared to rural soils. Cd shows only a relative local enrichment with the maximum level of 4.6 μg/g in urban soils. Sequential extraction was performed in selected samples to evaluate the geochemical trace metals. The result indicates that Zn and Cr are mainly found in the crystal and amorphous Fe oxide bounded forms. The contents of Cr in these fractions comprise more than 94% of total extractable Cr. In the case of Zn, 85% of total extractable Zn is in fractions FV and FVI. Cu is mainly found in the organic fraction at an average of 39.3% of total extractable content. On the other hand, heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency in the fine fraction (silt and clay).
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    Environmental geochemistry of the Gulf Creek copper mine area, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 61-74 
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    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Acid mine drainage ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Bioavailability ; Rehabilitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Past mining and smelting of sulphide ore (pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite) at the abandoned Gulf Creek mine has resulted in a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (pH: 2.2–3.4), as well as degradation of local soil and vegetation. Physical dispersion of secondary metal-bearing minerals from abandoned ore and waste dumps into Gulf Creek and adsorption and coprecipitation of dissolved metals and metalloids in the stream bed cause elevated Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn values in stream sediments. The bioavailability of individual heavy metals to freshwater organisms changes downstream, however, selective bioaccumulation processes in algae reject readily bioavailable Zn and concentrate less bioavailable Cu. Polluted soils in the vicinity of the mine and smelter sites are subject to continuing soil erosion and either support no vegetation, or a depauperate flora with certain species showing bioaccumulation of metals and resistance to high metal contents. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas should involve covering and sealing sulphidic mine waste or removal of ore and waste dumps, installation of a physical and chemical plant or construction of a wetland environment (plus anoxic lime drains), and import of topsoil and planting of local, metal-tolerant plant species.
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    Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: Tropical versus temperate forests (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 46 (1999), S. 45-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more 15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in 15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006100128782
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    Hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu mineralized thermal springs, Kırşehir, Turkey (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 540-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Turkey ; hydrochemistry ; stable isotopes ; thermal springs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude présente les caractéristiques chimiques et isotopiques des sources thermales minéralisées de Mahmutlu et de Bağdatoğlu, dans la province de Kırşehir, un champ géothermal d'Anatolie centrale (Turquie). Un fonctionnement hydrogéologique est proposéà partir de ces caractéristiques, permettant d'expliquer le système géothermal de Mahmatlu-Bağdatoğlu. La relation entre les teneurs en deutérium et celles en oxygène-18 des eaux est semblable à celle des eaux météoriques mondiales, ce qui indique que l'eau est d'origine météorique. Les caractéristiques géochimiques des eaux de ces deux sources montrent qu'elles appartiennent au même système hydrogéologique. Ce système hydrogéologique est constitué d'un ensemble calcaire fracturé, appartenant à la formation d'Evirme, et la formation de Kervansaray, qui forment le réservoir, et la formation de Deliceırmak, qui est l'imperméable de couverture. Les eaux de Mahmutlu et de de Bağdatoğlu sont essentiellement de faciès Na-Cl-SO4, dont l'origine est l'évaporite de Pohrenk. Les eaux thermales sont sous-saturées par rapport à la calcite, à la dolomite, à la halite et au gypse. Les teneurs en δ 18O et en δ 2H indiquent un fractionnement de δ 18O dans les eaux de ces sources. La gamme de températures des deux réservoirs est estimée à 98-158 °C, à partir des géothermomètres Na+K+Ca et SiO2.
    Notes: Abstract The present study identifies the hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu mineralized thermal springs in Kırşehir province, a geothermal field in central Anatolia, Turkey. Based on these properties, a hydrogeological regime is proposed in order to explain the Mahmutlu–Bağdatoğlu geothermal system. The relation between the concentrations of the environmental stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18 in the water is similar to the relationship in global meteoric water, indicating that the water is of meteoric origin. Evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of the water reveals that these two thermal springs belong to the same hydrogeological system. The hydrogeological system comprises a fractured limestone member of the Çevirme Formation and the Kervansaray Formation as reservoir rocks, and the Deliceırmak Formation as an overlying aquitard. The waters of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu springs are mainly of the Na-Cl-SO4 type that originate from the Pohrenk evaporite. The thermal waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum. The δ 18O and δ 2H contents indicate a δ 18O shift in the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu waters. The temperature range of the two reservoirs is estimated to be 98–158 °C, on the basis of Na+K+Ca and SiO2 geothermometers.
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    Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: Tropical versus temperate forests (1999)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 46 (1999), S. 45-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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    Groundwater circulation in the allochthonous limestone units between Lake Girdev and Kazanpınarı Spring, Antalya, southwestern Turkey (1999)
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 483-489 
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    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Keywords: Key words Turkey ; carbonate rocks ; tracer tests ; groundwater/surface-water relations ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cette étude avait pour but d'analyser les relations entre les eaux du lac Girdev et les eaux souterraines des unités calcaires allochtones affleurant dans la région comprise entre le lac Girdev et les sources de Kazanpinari (sud-ouest de la Turquie). Les phénomènes étudiés concernent la direction de l'écoulement et la vitesse apparente de l'écoulement souterrain, les relations avec le lac Girdev et le rôle de la lithologie et de la structure sur les écoulements. Les résultats d'un traçage à la fluorescéine indiquent que l'eau souterraine s'écoule vers le nord-est et que la vitesse apparente moyenne est comprise entre 26.2 et 35.6 m h–1, entre le point d'injection et les différents points d'émergence. Les données de tritium suggèrent que l'eau du lac de Girdev et l'eau souterraine ont probablement le même âge; les données d'oxygène-18 indiquent que l'eau du lac Girdev est la principale alimentation de l'aquifère. L'aquifère est alimenté non seulement par le lac Girdev, mais aussi par les précipitations alimentant l'infiltration dans les calcaires allochtones; ces deux types de recharge assurent l'écoulement aux sources du poljé d'Elmalı. La perméabilité dans l'aquifère des calcaires allochtones a été interprétée comme étant due aux fissures et aux failles.
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of the study is to investigate the interaction between waters of Lake Girdev and groundwater in the allochthonous limestone units exposed in the area between Lake Girdev and Kazanpınarı Spring, southwestern Turkey. The features analyzed include the flow direction and apparent groundwater velocity, their relationship with Lake Girdev, and the effect of lithological and structural features on the groundwater circulation. The results of a fluorescein tracer test indicate that groundwater flows east-northeast and the apparent flow velocity ranges from 26.2 to 35.6 m h–1 between the injection site and various observation points. Tritium data suggest that the water of Lake Girdev and groundwater are probably similar in age, and oxygen-18 isotope data indicate that water derived from Lake Girdev is the main source of recharge to the aquifer. The aquifer is fed not only by Lake Girdev but also by rainfall percolating through allochthonous limestones; together, these provide the discharge of springs in Elmalı Polje. The permeability of the allochthonous limestone aquifer has been enhanced as a result of jointing and faulting.
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    Environmental impact of mining activity on the pollution of the Medjerda River, north-west Tunisia (1999)
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 273-280 
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    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Keywords: Key words Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Arsenic ; Mine tailings ; River Medjerda ; Tunisia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans le district minier de Fej Hcine, situé dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie, l'oued Medjerda et son principal affluent El Melah sont pollués par les métaux lourds et l'arsenic. Les études géochimiques réalisées ont montré une nette diminution des concentrations en métaux depuis l'arrêt des activités minières, et cela bien que les sédiments des oueds contiennent encore des teneurs élevées par rapport au fond géochimique local, particulièrement en arsenic et en zinc. À la frontière tuniso-algérienne, la concentration en arsenic dans les eaux de l'oued Medjerda peut excéder 1 mg/l. Les tests de lixiviation effectués sur des échantillons de minerai, de rejets de flottation et d'amas arsénifère, montrent que les teneurs en Zn, Pb, Cu et Cd ne dépassent pas 1 mg/l dans les solutions de lixiviation, alors que celles de l'arsenic atteignent respectivement 5, 344 et 9400 mg/l. L'étude a montré que la pollution a pour origine non seulement les activités minières mais aussi les occurrences minérales présentes dans le district minier, ainsi qu'une autre source située en Algérie.
    Notes: Abstract  In the Fej Hcine mining area of north-west Tunisia, the Medjerda River and its principal tributary, El Melah, are polluted by heavy metals and arsenic. The geochemical studies undertaken have indicated pronounced falls in the concentrations of metals since the mining activities ceased, although the river sediments still contain higher levels than the local host rocks, particularly arsenic and zinc. At the Tunisia/Algeria border, arsenic concentrations in the Medjerda waters can exceed 1 mg/l. Leaching tests on samples of ore, flotation tailings and an arseniferous mass indicate that whilst Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd concentrations do not exceed 1 mg/l in the leachate solutions, arsenic levels reach 5, 344 and 9,400 mg/l respectively. The study has shown that the pollution originates not only from the mining activities but also from the mineral occurrences present in the mining district and from another source within Algeria.
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    The lead content and isotopic composition of british coals and their implications for past and present releases of lead to the UK environment (1999)
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 21 (1999), S. 257-272 
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    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Keywords: coal ; lead content ; emissions ; stable isotopes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract More than 60 coal samples, predominantly from the principal coalfields of England and Wales (25) and Scotland (30), were analysed for lead by AAS and for stable lead isotopes by ICP‐MS. While the average lead content of Scottish coal, 23.9 mg kg−1, was more than double that of coal from England and Wales, 11.0 mg kg−1, the corresponding mean 206Pb/207Pb ratios (± 1 s.d.) were nearly identical, at 1.181±0.011 and 1.184±0.006, respectively. In the light of the lead isotopic signatures of British coals and of both indigenous (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.17) and imported Australian (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.04) lead ores, an approach based on estimated lead emissions from these sources and the deconvolution of the historical lead and 206Pb/207Pb records preserved in lake sediments, peat bogs and archival herbage material indicates that coal combustion became an increasingly significant contributor to atmospheric lead deposition in the UK during the period 1830–1930, especially after the onset of England’s decline as a major location of lead mining and smelting in the late‐19th Century. Since 1930 and the introduction of leaded petrol, the atmospheric 206Pb/207Pb ratio in the UK has been strongly influenced by car‐exhaust emissions of comparatively 206Pb‐depleted lead of predominantly Australian origin, counter‐balanced to some extent by coal‐combustion emissions of lead, although these have fallen dramatically since the mid‐1950s. Nevertheless, with the introduction and substantial uptake of unleaded petrol in the UK during the last decade, even the declining releases from coal, along with contributions from other sources, are continuing to affect the atmospheric lead content and 206Pb/207Pb ratio.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006688515919
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