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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Waste water irrigation ; Heavy metals ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  The effect of long-term waste water irrigation (up to 80 years) on soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass and its activities was studied in two agricultural soils (Vertisols and Leptosols) irrigated for 25, 65 and 80 years respectively at Irrigation District 03 in the Valley of Mezquital near Mexico City. In the Vertisols, where larger amounts of water have been applied than in the Leptosols, total organic C (TOC) contents increased 2.5-fold after 80 years of irrigation. In the Leptosols, however, the degradability of the organic matter tended to increase with irrigation time. It appears that soil organic matter accumulation was not due to pollutants nor did microbial biomass:TOC ratios and qCO2 values indicate a pollutant effect. Increases in soil microbial biomass C and activities were presumably due to the larger application of organic matter. However, changes in soil microbial communities occurred, as denitrification capacities increased greatly and adenylate energy charge (AEC) ratios were reduced after long-term irrigation. These changes were supposed to be due to the addition of surfactants, especially alkylbenzene sulfonates (effect on denitrification capacity) and the addition of sodium and salts (effect on AEC) through waste water irrigation. Heavy metals contained in the sewage do not appear to be affecting soil processes yet, due to their low availability. Detrimental effects on soil microbial communities can be expected, however, from further increases in pollutant concentrations due to prolonged application of untreated waste water or an increase in mobility due to higher mineralization rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (1999), S. 160-167 
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Sludge ; Heavy metals ; Xenobiotica ; Soil quality ; Soil microbial activity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Sludge amendments increase the input of carbon and nutrients to the soil. However, the soil concentrations of heavy metals and xenobiotica can also increase due to sludge amendments, with possible effects on soil microorganisms and soil fertility. Therefore, we studied the effects on soil microorganisms and soil chemistry in two arable soils after 12 and 16 years of sewage sludge amendment (0, 1 and 3 dry matter ha–1 year–1). The sludge amendments were combined with nitrogen addition at three rates according to crop requirements, and all combinations were replicated 4 times, giving a total number of 36 parcels at each experimental site in a non-randomised block design. Univariate data evaluation as well as principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were used to identify differences between treatments in microbial and chemical parameters. The DFA showed that acid and alkaline phosphatase, potential ammonium oxidation and total nitrogen were the most important parameters to discriminate between a priori defined groups of sludge treatments. Among the heavy metals, copper showed the highest increase in soil concentration with sludge amendments, but this increase was still not high enough to have a significant influence on the measured parameters. None of the xenobiotica investigated was found in high soil concentrations. In conclusion, the present study showed that the sewage sludge affected several of the biological and chemical parameters investigated. However, no severe negative effects on soil microorganisms were detected at these moderate levels of sludge amendment.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords Soil microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; Particle-size fractions ; Heavy metals ; Phospholipid fatty acids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  Particle-size fractionation of a heavy metal polluted soil was performed to study the influence of environmental pollution on microbial community structure, microbial biomass, microbial residues and enzyme activities in microhabitats of a Calcaric Phaeocem. In 1987, the soil was experimentally contaminated with four heavy metal loads: (1) uncontaminated controls; (2) light (300 ppm Zn, 100 ppm Cu, 50 ppm Ni, 50 ppm V and 3 ppm Cd); (3) medium; and (4) heavy pollution (two- and threefold the light load, respectively). After 10 years of exposure, the highest concentrations of microbial ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen were found in the clay (2–0.1 μm) and silt fractions (63–2 μm), and the lowest were found in the coarse sand fraction (2,000–250 μm). The phospholipid fatty acid analyses (PLFA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) separation of 16S rRNA gene fragments revealed that the microbial biomass within the clay fraction was predominantly due to soil bacteria. In contrast, a high percentage of fungal-derived PLFA 18 : 2ω6 was found in the coarse sand fraction. Bacterial residues such as muramic acid accumulated in the finer fractions in relation to fungal residues. The fractions also differed with respect to substrate utilization: Urease was located mainly in the 〈2 μm fraction, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase in the 2–63 μm fraction, and xylanase activity was equally distributed in all fractions. Heavy metal pollution significantly decreased the concentration of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen of soil microorganisms in the silt and clay fraction and thus in the bulk soil. Soil enzyme activity was reduced significantly in all fractions subjected to heavy metal pollution in the order arylsulfatase 〉phosphatase 〉urease 〉xylanase. Heavy metal pollution did not markedly change the similarity pattern of the DGGE profiles and amino sugar concentrations. Therefore, microbial biomass and enzyme activities seem to be more sensitive than 16S rRNA gene fragments and microbial amino-sugar-N to heavy metal treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Organic fertilization ; Soil microbial biomass carbon ; Metabolic quotient ; Bioavailability ; Heavy metals
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract  We studied the long-term effects (12 years) of municipal refuse compost addition on the total organic carbon (TOC), the amount and activity of the microbial biomass (soil microbial biomass C, BC and metabolic quotient qCO2) and heavy metal bioavaiability in soils as compared to manuring with mineral fertilizers (NPK) and farmyard manure (FYM). In addition, we studied the relationships between among the available fraction [Diethylenetriaminopentacetic acid (DTPA) extractable] of heavy metals and their total content, TOC and BC. After 12 years of repeated treatments, the TOC and BC of control and mineral fertilized plots did not differ. Soils treated with FYM and composts showed a significant increase in TOC and BC in response to the increasing amounts of organic C added. Values of the BC/TOC ratio ranged from 1.4 to 2, without any significative differences among soil treatments. The qCO2 increased in the organic-amended soil and may have indicated microbial stress. The total amounts of metals in treated soils were lower than the levels permitted by the European Union in agricultural soils. DTPA-extractable metals increased in amended soils in response to organic C. A multiple regression analysis with stepwise selection of variables was carried out in order to discriminate between the influence exerted on DTPA-extractable metals by their total content, TOC and BC. Results showed that each metal behaved quite differently, suggesting that different mechanisms might be involved in metal bioavailability
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Kīlauea Volcano ; Summit eruptions ; Radiocarbon dates ; Paleomagnetism ; Lava tubes ; Puna District ; Hawai'i ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The tube-fed pāhoehoe lava flows covering much of the northeast flank of Kīlauea Volcano are named the 'Ailā'au flows. Their eruption age, based on published and six new radiocarbon dates, is approximately AD 1445. The flows have distinctive paleomagnetic directions with steep inclinations (40°–50°) and easterly declinations (0°–10°E). The lava was transported ∼40 km from the vent to the coast in long, large-diameter lava tubes; the longest tube (Kazumura Cave) reaches from near the summit to within several kilometers of the coast near Kaloli Point. The estimated volume of the 'Ailā'au flow field is 5.2±0.8 km3, and the eruption that formed it probably lasted for approximately 50 years. Summit overflows from Kīlauea may have been nearly continuous between approximately AD 1290 and 1470, during which time a series of shields formed at and around the summit. The 'Ailā'au shield was either the youngest or the next to youngest in this series of shields. Site-mean paleomagnetic directions for lava flows underlying the 'Ailā'au flows form only six groups. These older pāhoehoe flows range in age from 2750 to 〈18,000 BP, and the region was inundated by lava flows only three times in the past 5000 years. The known intervals between eruptive events average ∼1600 years and range from ∼1250 years to 〉2200 years. Lava flows from most of these summit eruptions also reached the coast, but none appears as extensive as the 'Ailā'au flow field. The chemistry of the melts erupted during each of these summit overflow events is remarkably similar, averaging approximately 6.3 wt.% MgO near the coast and 6.8 wt.% MgO near the summit. The present-day caldera probably formed more recently than the eruption that formed the 'Ailā'au flows (estimated termination ca. AD 1470). The earliest explosive eruptions that formed the Keanakāko'i Ash, which is stratigraphically above the 'Ailā'au flows, cannot be older than this age.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): calcite ; ostracodes ; climate ; stable isotopes ; Lake Neuchåtel ; Switzerland ; Little Ice Age ; Holocene
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Lake Neuchåtel is a medium sized, hard-water lake, lacking varved sediments, situated in the western Swiss Lowlands at the foot of the Jura Mountains. Stable isotope data (δ18O and δ13C) from both bulk carbonate and ostracode calcite in an 81 cm long, radiocarbon-dated sediment core represent the last 1500 years of Lake Neuchåtel's environmental history. Comparison between this isotopic and other palaeolimnologic data (mineralogical, geochemical, palynological, etc.) helps to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural factors most recently affecting the lake. An increase in lacustrine productivity (450–650AD ca), inferred from the positive trend in δ13C values of bulk carbonate, is related to medieval forest clearances and the associated nutrient budget changes. A negative trend in both the bulk carbonate and ostracode calcite δ18O values between approximately 1300 and 1500AD, is tentatively interpreted as due to a cooling in mean air temperature at the transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age. Negative trends in bulk carbonate δ18O and δ13C values through the uppermost sediments, which have no equivalent in ostracode calcite isotopic values, are concomitant with the recent onset of eutrophication in the lake. Isotopic disequilibrium during calcite precipitation, probably due to kinetic factors in periods of high productivity is postulated as the mechanism to explain the associated negative isotopic trends, although the effect of a shift of the calcite precipitation towards the warmer months cannot be excluded.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): pollen ; diatoms ; algae ; ostracods ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; Holocene ; Morocco
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Pollen, geochemical and sedimentological data from Sidi Ali, a montane Moroccan lake, provide a 7000 yr record of changes in climate, catchment vegetation and soil erosion intensity. Diatoms, non-silicious algae, macrophyte fossils and ostracods from the same core record the dynamics of the lake ecosystem. Oxygen isotope and trace-element ratios of benthic ostracods appear to be relatively insensitive to climatic variation in this open lake with low water-residence time, but diatom plankton / periphyton (P/L) ratios show lake-level variations that are probably climate controlled. At least two superimposed processes are recorded, but at different timescales: catchment vegetation and soils show long-term changes due to climate and human impact, whereas P/L ratios suggest century-scale oscillations in lake depth. The timing of changes in algal and macrophyte productivity and carbon cycling within the lake broadly corresponds to changes in terrestrial vegetation, suggesting either that lake nutrient status is linked to catchment vegetation and soils, or that both were influenced by climate. The lack of a sensitive and independent (non-biological) climate proxy makes it more difficult to assess the lake's ecological response to short-term climate variation. Overall, the lake's evolution has been influenced both by catchment-mediated nutrient flux and by changes in water balance, thus having characteristics in common with both temperate and arid zone lakes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): stable isotopes ; authigenic carbonate ; ostracods ; palaeolimnology ; Konya Basin ; Turkey
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The Konya plain in south central Anatolia, Turkey, which is now largely dry, was occupied around the time of the Last Glacial Maximum by a fresh-oligosaline lake covering more than 4000 km2. Sediment cores from three residual water bodies (Pinarbaşi, Akgöl and Süleymanhaci) within the larger Pleistocene lake basin, have been analysed using a multidisciplinary approach. The sediment sequences are dated as spanning the last 50 Ka years, although breaks in sedimentation mean that there is only partial chronological overlap between them. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses on lacustrine carbonate from the three cores give contrasting isotope profiles which reflect the different ages and independent hydrological behaviour of different sub-basins through the late Quaternary. Distinguishing changes that are regional from local effects is aided by modern isotope hydrology studies and by comparing the carbonate δ13C and δ18O values to diatom and other analyses undertaken on the same cores.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): ostracods ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; Holocene ; Mexico
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract A late Holocene palaeolimnological record for central Mexico has been obtained from Lake Pátzcuaro, using recent and fossil ostracods. Lake Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, is a closed-basin lake which responds rapidly to changes in the ratio of precipitation/evaporation in the region. The record from a single lake-sediment core, dated by AMS radiocarbon method, covers the last ~3,530 yrs, and is based on ostracod faunal palaeoecology coupled with analysis of the stable-isotope (18O/16O and 13C/12C) composition of ostracod valves. The faunal distribution is determined by the presence or absence of aquatic vegetation and, to a lesser extent, salinity. The 18O/16O and 13C/12C ratios in ostracod calcite show good agreement with palaeolimnological inferences from the faunal assemblages, principally recording changing precipitation/evaporation and primary-productivity levels, respectively. Wetter conditions existed in central Mexico between approximately ~3,600 and ~2,390 yr BP, between ~1,330 to ~1,120 yr BP, and from ~220 yr BP to present, characterised by fluctuating lake levels. A dilution of the sediment load in the lake reduced turbidity levels allowing for a marked increase in productivity. During these phases, the combination of a deeper lake and increased macrophyte cover reduced the degree of mixing of the waterbody. In the earliest of these phases there was sufficient stratification of the waterbody for methanogenesis to occur in the sediment interstices. The wet phases were separated by prolonged dry periods, during which time the climatic conditions were relatively stable. Good agreement was found between the findings of this study and others from the central Mexican/Caribbean region suggesting that abrupt climate changes occurred at least at a regional scale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): quartenary ; organic matter ; stable isotopes ; palaeolimnology ; palaeoclimates
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Three piston cores from Lake Victoria (East Africa) have been analysed for organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) content, stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N), and Hydrogen Index (HI). These data are combined with published biogenic silica and water content analyses to produce a detailed palaeolimnological history of the lake over the past ca. 17.5 ka. Late Pleistocene desiccation produced a lake-wide discontinuity marked by a vertisol. Sediments below the discontinuity are characterised by relatively low TOC and HI values, and high C/N, δ13C and δ15N, reflecting the combined influence of abundant terrestrial plant material and generally unfavourable conditions for organic matter preservation. A thin muddy interval with lower δ13C and higher HI and water content indicates that dry conditions were interrupted by a humid period of a few hundred years duration when the lake was at least 35 m deep. The climate changed to significantly more humid conditions around 15.2 ka when the dry lake floor was rapidly flooded. Abundant macrophytic plant debris and high TOC and δ13C values at the upper vertisol surface probably reflect a marginal swamp. δ13C values decrease abruptly and HI begins to increase around 15 ka BP, marking a shift to deeper-water conditions and algal-dominated lake production. C/N values are relatively low during this period, suggesting a generally adequate supply of nitrogen, but increasing δ15N values reflect intense utilisation of the lake's DIN reservoir, probably due to a dramatic rise in productivity as nutrients were released to the lake from the flooded land surface. An abrupt drop in δ13C and δ15N values around 13.8-13.6 ka reflects a period of deep mixing. Productivity increased due to more efficient nutrient recycling, and δ13C values fell as 12C-rich CO2 released by bacterial decomposition of the organic material was brought into the epilimnion. A weak drop in HI values suggests greater oxygen supply to the hypolimnion at this time. Better mixing was probably due to increased wind intensity and may mark the onset of the Younger Dryas in the region. After the period of deep mixing, the water column became more stable. TOC, C/N, δ13C and HI values were at a maximum during the period between 10 and 4 ka, when the lake probably had a stratified water column with anoxic bottom waters. A gradual decrease in values over the last 4000 yrs suggest a change to a more seasonal climate, with periodic mixing of the water column. Rising sediment accumulation rates and a trend to more uniform surface water conditions over the last 2000 yrs are probably a result of increased anthropogenic impact on the lake and its catchment. Following a maximum at the time of the rapid lake-level rise during the terminal Pleistocene, δ15N has remained relatively low and displays a gradual but consistent trend to lower values from the end of the Pleistocene to the present. TN values have risen during the same period. The lack of correlation between δ13C and δ15N, and the absence of any evidence for isotopic reservoir effects despite the rise in TN, suggests that the atmosphere, rather than the lake's dissolved nitrogen pool has been the principal source of nitrogen throughout the Holocene. The importance of atmospheric N fixation to Lake Victoria's nitrogen cycle thus predates by a very considerable margin any possible anthropogenic eutrophication of the lake.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 24 (2000), S. 213-229 
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Schlagwort(e): plant macrofossils ; water depth reconstruction ; paleohydrology ; lake-levels ; taphonomy ; New England ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Paleohydrologists sometimes use macrofossils of aquatic vascular plants as one of several independent lines of evidence to infer changes in past lake-levels. Typically, this usage relies on an assumption that the seeds of aquatic species are not dispersed far from the source plants. The water depth over the coring site at the time the seeds were deposited is inferred from the water depth at which the species generally grows today. We determined the water depths at which particular plant-remain types are deposited, and tested whether they can be used successfully as proxy evidence for lake level. The results should aid the interpretation of fossil seeds in paleohydrological studies. A total of 189 surface sediment samples from 13 lakes in Maine and Massachusetts were examined for plant remains, and vegetation was surveyed in the immediate vicinity of each sediment sampling-site. The seeds of some taxa were found in sediment from water-depth ranges much broader than those in which living plants occur. However, in combination, even plant-remain types with broad depth ranges can be used effectively to reconstruct water depth. Presence of plant-remain types can be used to infer water depth regardless of abundance. Test samples indicate that inferring water depth from plant remains works well for shallow, alkaline lakes in New England.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Sediments ; Mineralogy ; Geochemistry ; Heavy metals ; Biogeochemistry
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have studied sediments of the Piscinas beach (SW Sardinia, Italy), which is supplied by two streams that wash mine dumps of abandoned lead and zinc mines at Montevecchio and Ingurtosu, situated inland from the supply basin of the beach itself. A study of the texture, mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments was conducted for the purpose of assessing the possible influence of the mine waste on the composition of the sediments, looking for any anomalous enrichments in heavy metals. Furthermore, to evaluate and quantify metal release into the sea, samples of Posidonia oceanica, a bioaccumulator marine plant, were also examined. The results indicate that the distribution of heavy metals in the foreshore sediments is particularly affected by the contribution of the streams, while in the shoreface the distribution is affected by the currents that disperse the sediments both out to sea and southwards. The metal contents of the Posidonia oceanica are correlated with the different stages of activity of the mines.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1015-1028 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Contaminants ; Heavy metals ; Organochlorines ; Fluvial sediments
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Sediments have been used to detect sources of contamination in a catchment of the Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) estuary and to evaluate the effects of different land-use practices on the fluvial environment. Mean enrichment (mean concentrations over pre-anthropogenic background) of size-normalized (〈62.5 μm) aquatic sediment is 10 × for Cu, 20× for Pb and 90× for Zn adjacent to industrialized areas and 2×, 7× and 7×, respectively for these metals in highly urbanized subcatchments. Diffuse sources contribute minor metals to fluvial sediment even in the most underdeveloped subcatchment (2×, 3× and 3× for Cu, Pb and Zn respectively). Organochlorine pesticide residue concentrations parallel heavy-metal trends due to a common mixed industrial base. Effects-based sediment criteria suggest that some adverse biological impacts are probably occurring in streams flowing through the industrial areas. This interpretation is supported by sequential extraction data which show that a moderate proportion of total heavy metals, especially Zn, is associated with the more bioavailable exchangeable/adsorbed phases in these aquatic sediments. High total suspended solid loads in water downstream of one of the industrial centers, and high particle-bound Cu and Pb concentrations, suggest that most contaminants exiting the catchment do so in association with the solid phase.
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1059-1062 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words River water ; Bed sediment ; Trace metal ; Heavy metals ; River pollution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The water and bed-sediment pollution status of the Padma River was determined by analysis of representative samples for selected metals and ions. Water and bed-sediment samples were collected at a T-dam, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, for 7 months. Water and silt-metal content analysis was performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry or other analytical methods. The data showed the variation of the metal ion-levels in water as follows: Ca 17.11–48.37 ppm, Na 17.51–20.09 ppm, K 1.00–3.60 ppm, Cr 2.80–7.00 ppm, and SO4 4.17–5.48 ppm; in bed sediment, the levels were Cr 35–1050 ppm and Pb 12–48 ppm. The occurrence of Na, K and Ca was in the normal range (US EPA permissible limit), but the levels of Cr in water were much higher than the permissible limit. The SO4 ion content was well below the pollution level. The concentration of Pb in the bed sediment was within the permissible limit for the standard International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Soil-5a, but the concentration of Cr in the bed sediment was significantly higher than the permissible limit for the standard IAEA Soil-5a. Thus the Padma river water was polluted with Cr. The occurrence of some ions showed a monthly variation.
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 38 (1999), S. 25-33 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Anthropogenic pollution ; Heavy metals ; Ganga Plain ; Monsoon
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The Ganga Plain is one of the most densely populated regions and one of the largest groundwater repositories of the Earth. For several decades, the drainage basin of the Ganga Plain has been used for the disposal of domestic and industrial wastes which has adversely affected the quality of water, sediments and agricultural soils of the plain. The concentrations of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn and organic carbon were determined in river sediments and soils of the Ganga Plain in the Kanpur-Unnao industrial region in 1994 and 1995 (pre-monsoon period of April–May). High contents (maximum values) of C-org (12.0 wt. %), Cr (3.40 wt. %), Sn (1.92 wt. %), Zn (4000 mg/kg), Pb (646 mg/kg), Cu (408 mg/kg), Ni (502 mg/kg) and Cd (9.8 mg/kg) in sediments (〈20 μm fraction); and C-org (5.9 wt. %), Cr (2.16 wt. %), Sn (1.21 wt %), Zn (975 mg/kg) and Ni (482 mg/kg) in soils (〈20 μm) in the pre-monsoon period of 1994 were found. From 1994 to 1995 the contents of Fe and Sn in sediments increase whereas those of C-org, Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn decrease. Considering the analytical errors, Al, Co, Cr, Mn and Pb do not show any change in their concentrations. In soils, the contents of Cd, Fe and Sn increase whereas those of Ni decrease from 1994 to 1995. Aluminium, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn do not show any change in their concentrations from 1994 to 1995. About 90% of the contents of Cd, Cr and Sn; 50–75% of C-org, Cu and Zn; and 25% of Co, Ni and Pb in sediments are derived from the anthropogenic input in relation to the natural background values, whereas in soils this is the case for about 90% of Cr and Sn; about 75% of Cd; and about 25% of C-org, Cu, Ni and Zn. The sediments of the study area show enrichment factors of 23.6 for Cr, 14.7 for Cd, 12.2 for Sn, 3.6 for C-org, 3.2 for Zn, 2.6 for Cu and 1.6 for Ni. The soils are enriched with factors of 10.7 for Cr, 9.0 for Sn, 3.6 for Cd, 1.8 for Ni and 1.5 for Cu and Zn, respectively.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1095-1101 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Factorial analysis ; Heavy metals ; Estuarine waters ; Huelva coast
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract The estuary of Odiel and Tinto rivers, located on the southwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, receives acidic fluvial water discharges with high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals from these rivers. In addition, a big industrial complex which efflues directly on the system is located in the same estuary. The effluents induce the presence in the estuary of high concentrations of heavy metals and phospates (nutrients). The application of factorial analysis techniques on the nutrients and heavy metal concentrations in 46 water samples taken from 32 different sampling stations located along the estuary, allows three groups of elements and compounds with a distinct origin to be determinated. So, Cu and Zn have a clear fluvial provenance, whereas PO4 and As are clearly industrial wastes and Cl, K, Ca, Li, Rb and Sr come from the sea. From the factorial analyses we can deduce the existence of two agents controlling the behavior of the analyzed elements, which are: the tidal exchange with the open sea and the fluvial supply.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words East Germany ; Erzgebirge ; Eutrophication ; Heavy metals ; Lake sediments ; Mining ; Pollution development
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract. The Malter Reservoir is situated about 30 km south of Dresden (eastern Germany) in a historical mining area of the eastern Erzgebirge. It was built in 1913 for the protection from floodwaters, droughts and for generating electricity. The river Rote Weißeritz is the main source of clastic input into the lake. Geochemical and sedimentological data of gravity-and piston-cores, recovered from the deepest point of the lake, document the environmental history of the drainage area since 1963. 137Cs dating gives an average sedimentation rate of ∼2.9 cm/year. Within the whole core, heavy metals are strongly enriched (parentheses refer to enrichment factors as compared with average shale): cadmium (290), silver (140), bismuth (90), antimony (25), lead (21), zinc (14), tin (13), uranium (9), tungsten (9), molybdenum (5), copper (4), thallium (3) and chromium (2). Enrichments are detectable for the whole registered time-period of 81 years. Peaks of up to 27 mg/kg silver, 37 mg/kg bismuth, 91 mg/kg cadmium, 410 mg/kg chromium, 240 mg/kg copper, 20 mg/kg molybdenum, 14000 mg/kg phosphorus, 740 mg/kg lead, 6,5 mg/kg antimony, 74 mg/kg tin, 52 mg/kg tungsten and 1900 mg/kg zinc reflect local events caused by human impact. Inputs from different pollution sources at different times are represented by highly variable elemental concentrations and ratios within the core. High pH values within the water and the sediment column, the large adsorption capacity of the fine-grained Corg.-rich sediment, and the presence of low Eh-values and sulphide ions in the sediment prevent the remobilisation of the toxic elements. Erosion of these contaminated sediments during floods, channel flows or resuspension during removal of the sediments may lead to a downstream transfer of pollutants. Contents of P and Corg., as well as diatom abundance, indicate a change from oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions in the lake during ∼1940–1950. This was mainly caused by high agricultural activity in the drainage area. Reduced contents of Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr since the reunification of East and West Germany are obviously caused by increasing environmental protection measures, such as wastewater purification and especially the closing of contaminating industries.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Particulate matter ; Heavy metals ; Tropical river ; Seasonal variation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Temporal and spatial variability of particulate metal concentrations (Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn and Fe) were investigated in the lower drainage basin of the Paraíba do Sul River. The results showed that the spatial variability was not important for all the studied metals, however, temporal variations seems to be considerable. In general, two distinct behaviors were observed for particulate heavy metals: (1) metal concentration increase together with water flow (Fe and Cu) and (2) concentration decrease with increasing water flux (Zn, Cr and Mn). The Fe and Cu behavior is probably due to the strong association of these metals with surface runoff, although their sources seem to be distinct. Iron probably originates from the regional soils rich in iron oxides, and Cu is possibly associated to the large-scale use of copper fungicides in the sugar cane plantations. The opposite trend observed for Zn, Cr and Mn probably reflects the importance of the industrial and urban effluents as a secondary source of these elements for the system. Their behavior is probably associated with the dilution effect caused by the input of a suspended matter poor in these metals originated from the surface runoff during the rainy season.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Karst ; Heavy metals ; Soil contamination ; Sequential extraction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The response of a Wilderness cherty loam series soil to repeated dosages of metals (as sewage sludge) using a two-step sequential extraction procedure was investigated. Variations in metal content between amended and control soils were related to organic matter, clay content, and clay mineralogy. Of the four metals investigated, Cu was found to accumulate in the top 20 cm of amended soils; Pb and Zn were present in even smaller amounts with respect to the control soils, and Cr concentrations were unaffected with respect to both depth and amendment. None of the metals indicated accumulation in deeper (〉20 cm) parts of the soil profile. Overall, results suggest that the metals remobilize in the top 20 cm, being readily uptaken by the fescue grass growing in this lot. Precipitation of insoluble forms of metal into deeper parts of the soil profile was proven unlikely based on the distribution of metal concentrations throughout the profile.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 37 (1999), S. 54-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Oka River ; Spain ; Sediments ; Heavy metals ; Geochemical fractionation ; Lithogenic effects ; Anthropogenic inputs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The Oka River basin is located in the Urdaibai National Biosphere Reserve, North Spain. In order to obtain a preliminary view of its environmental conditions, nitric acid extractable Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni and Co, organic matter content (L.O.I.), geochemical fractionation of heavy metals and mineralogical composition were analysed in surficial sediments (fraction 〈63 μm) collected in October 1991. Relatively high concentrations of metals occurred in a sampling site upstream, due to a local natural enrichment controlled by weathering of volcanic rocks. Geochemical fractionation confirmed the lithogenic origin of metals, which were mainly associated to the detrital phase. The significant increase of heavy metals found in some samples collected in the municipal area of Gernika suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Large amounts of metallic slags have been found mixed with the sediments upstream from this locality. Nevertheless, in view of their composition, it is unlikely that these slags constitute a significant source of heavy metals in the studied area. In a second sampling in October 1997 an apparent decreasing trend in some heavy metal levels was noted, particularly for Pb and Cu. Nowadays, enrichment factors relative to background values confirm moderate anthropogenic influence on Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr and Ni concentrations. However, heavy metal levels in the Oka river sediments are much lower than those detected in other major rivers of the Basque Country (Nervión, Urumea, Deba).
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 945-950 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Water quality ; Heavy metals ; Pollution ; Groundwater ; Canal water ; Soils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Damodar River ; Heavy metals ; Grain size ; Chemical fractionation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  The distribution of Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cr in different grain-size fractions and geochemical association of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn with 〈63-μm size fraction of bed sediments of Damodar River has been studied. In general, concentrations of heavy metals tend to increase as the size fractions get finer. However at two sites, near mining areas, the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones. The higher residence time and/or presence of coarser particles from mining wastes are possibly responsible for higher metal content in the coarser size fractions. The chemical fractionation study shows that lithogenic is the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Fe and Mn are the major elements of the lithogenic lattice, constituting 34–63% and 22–59%, respectively, of total concentrations. Fe-Mn oxide and organic bound fractions are significant phases in the non-lithogenic fraction. The carbonate fraction is less significant for heavy metal scavenging in the present environment and shows the following order of abundance Zn〉Cu〉Mn〉Fe. The exchangeable fraction of the Damodar sediments contains very low amounts of heavy metals suggesting poor bioavailability of metals.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1216-1226 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Bioaccumulation ; Heavy metals ; Oyster ; Sediment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Oysters and sediment have been collected from most major US Gulf of Mexico bays and estuaries each year since 1986. Selected samples of oyster soft tissue, shell and sediments were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn for this study. Concentrations varied considerably from place to place but ratios of metals remained relatively constant. Cu and Zn are greatly enriched in oyster tissues, which is related to their physiological function. Cd is enriched in oyster shell because of the easy substitution between Cd and Ca. The concentrations of Pb and Cr in oysters are significantly lower than that in sediment, suggesting a good discrimination against these metals by oysters. Metal variations are a result of both nature and human activity.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 603-610 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Soils ; Heavy metals ; Anthropogenic impacts ; Vietnam
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  This work is part of a research study which is intended to study the degree of anthropogenic influences of the trace metal distribution of soils from Danang-Hoian area (Vietnam). Cu, Ni, Zn and Zr show significant effects in most of the cultivated soil categories, especially in the industrial soils. Extremely high levels of Pb (up to 742 μg/g) are observed in the industrial soil category, which shows an enrichment factor 114 as compared to rural soils. Cd shows only a relative local enrichment with the maximum level of 4.6 μg/g in urban soils. Sequential extraction was performed in selected samples to evaluate the geochemical trace metals. The result indicates that Zn and Cr are mainly found in the crystal and amorphous Fe oxide bounded forms. The contents of Cr in these fractions comprise more than 94% of total extractable Cr. In the case of Zn, 85% of total extractable Zn is in fractions FV and FVI. Cu is mainly found in the organic fraction at an average of 39.3% of total extractable content. On the other hand, heavy metal contents show an increasing tendency in the fine fraction (silt and clay).
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (1999), S. 61-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Acid mine drainage ; Heavy metals ; Contamination ; Bioavailability ; Rehabilitation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Past mining and smelting of sulphide ore (pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite) at the abandoned Gulf Creek mine has resulted in a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (pH: 2.2–3.4), as well as degradation of local soil and vegetation. Physical dispersion of secondary metal-bearing minerals from abandoned ore and waste dumps into Gulf Creek and adsorption and coprecipitation of dissolved metals and metalloids in the stream bed cause elevated Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn values in stream sediments. The bioavailability of individual heavy metals to freshwater organisms changes downstream, however, selective bioaccumulation processes in algae reject readily bioavailable Zn and concentrate less bioavailable Cu. Polluted soils in the vicinity of the mine and smelter sites are subject to continuing soil erosion and either support no vegetation, or a depauperate flora with certain species showing bioaccumulation of metals and resistance to high metal contents. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas should involve covering and sealing sulphidic mine waste or removal of ore and waste dumps, installation of a physical and chemical plant or construction of a wetland environment (plus anoxic lime drains), and import of topsoil and planting of local, metal-tolerant plant species.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more 15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in 15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words paleohydrology ; conceptual model ; numerical modeling ; free surface ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Une simulation numérique a été réalisée pour conforter l'approche conceptuelle de l'hydrogéologie, au cours du post-Pléistocène, d'une séquence litée de sédiments clastiques et évaporitiques. Ce travail fait partie d'une étude entreprise pour évaluer la faisabilité de l'installation pilote de confinement de déchets (Nouveau Mexique, États-Unis), pour le stockage de déchets transuraniens. Le modèle numérique est tri-dimensionnel; il prend en compte latéralement des formes de surface qui constituent les limites réelles du système aquifère régional; il est enfin constitué d'une surface libre constituant une surface de recharge par infiltration comme condition aux limites supérieure, dans le but de simuler les effets de changements du régime d'alimentation sur la position de la surface piézométrique. Les résultats de la simulation laissent penser que le champ d'écoulement actuel est encore commandé par l'assèchement du climat qui s'est produit à la fin du Pléistocène. En effet, un climat plus humide à la fin du Pléistocène a fait remonter la nappe près de la surface; l'organisation des écoulements souterrains était alors contrôlée par les formes de surface intermédiaires. Lorsque le climat est devenu de plus en plus sec et que le niveau de la nappe est descendu, l'écoulement souterrain a commencéà s'ajuster de plus en plus à la topographie de la surface à l'échelle de l'aquifère dans son ensemble. L'organisation actuelle des écoulements n'a pas encore atteint l'équilibre ni avec la recharge actuelle, ni avec la position de la surface piézométrique.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen La simulación numérica se ha usado como método para mejorar el modelo conceptual de la hidrogeología de una secuencia de sedimentos clásticos y evaporíticos del post-Pleistoceno. Este trabajo se engloba en los estudios para evaluar la viabilidad del Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), Nuevo México, EEUU, como centro de almacenamiento de residuos transuránicos. El modelo numérico es tridimensional, se extiende lateralmente hasta encontrar contornos naturales del sistema hidrogeológico natural y usa una condición de contorno de superficie libre para simular el cambio en la posición del nivel freático debido a las variaciones en la recarga. Las simulaciones numéricas reflejan que el esquema de flujo actual refleja la historia climática desde finales del Pleistoceno hasta la actualidad, con un clima progresivamente más seco. El clima que se tenía a finales del Pleistoceno, más húmedo, dio lugar a un nivel freático muy somero, de modo que el flujo subterráneo estaba controlado por los relieves topográficos a escala intermedia. Conforme el clima se fue haciendo más seco, el nivel freático empezó a deprimirse y el flujo subterráneo empezó a responder al esquema clásico de flujo regional a escala de cuenca dominado por la topografía. El flujo actual corresponde todavía a un estado transitorio, sin que se haya alcanzado el equilibrio con los valores actuales de recarga.
    Notizen: Abstract Numerical simulation was used to enhance conceptual understanding of the post-Pleistocene hydrogeology of a layered sequence of clastic and evaporite sediments. This work is part of an effort to evaluate the suitability of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), New Mexico, USA, as a repository for transuranic waste. The numerical model is three-dimensional, extends laterally to topographic features that form the actual boundaries of a regional groundwater system, and uses a free surface with seepage face as an upper boundary condition to simulate the effect of change in recharge rate on the position of the water table. Simulation results suggest that the modern-day flow field is still adjusting to the drying of the climate that has occurred since the end of the Pleistocene Epoch. A wetter climate at the end of the Pleistocene resulted in a shallow water table, and patterns of groundwater flow were controlled by the intermediate features of the land-surface topography. As the climate became drier and the water table declined, groundwater flow began to increasingly reflect the land-surface topography at the scale of the entire groundwater basin. The modern-day flow pattern has not equilibrated with either the present recharge rate or the position of the water table.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 540-545 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Turkey ; hydrochemistry ; stable isotopes ; thermal springs
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Cette étude présente les caractéristiques chimiques et isotopiques des sources thermales minéralisées de Mahmutlu et de Bağdatoğlu, dans la province de Kırşehir, un champ géothermal d'Anatolie centrale (Turquie). Un fonctionnement hydrogéologique est proposéà partir de ces caractéristiques, permettant d'expliquer le système géothermal de Mahmatlu-Bağdatoğlu. La relation entre les teneurs en deutérium et celles en oxygène-18 des eaux est semblable à celle des eaux météoriques mondiales, ce qui indique que l'eau est d'origine météorique. Les caractéristiques géochimiques des eaux de ces deux sources montrent qu'elles appartiennent au même système hydrogéologique. Ce système hydrogéologique est constitué d'un ensemble calcaire fracturé, appartenant à la formation d'Evirme, et la formation de Kervansaray, qui forment le réservoir, et la formation de Deliceırmak, qui est l'imperméable de couverture. Les eaux de Mahmutlu et de de Bağdatoğlu sont essentiellement de faciès Na-Cl-SO4, dont l'origine est l'évaporite de Pohrenk. Les eaux thermales sont sous-saturées par rapport à la calcite, à la dolomite, à la halite et au gypse. Les teneurs en δ 18O et en δ 2H indiquent un fractionnement de δ 18O dans les eaux de ces sources. La gamme de températures des deux réservoirs est estimée à 98-158 °C, à partir des géothermomètres Na+K+Ca et SiO2.
    Notizen: Abstract The present study identifies the hydrochemical and isotopic properties of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu mineralized thermal springs in Kırşehir province, a geothermal field in central Anatolia, Turkey. Based on these properties, a hydrogeological regime is proposed in order to explain the Mahmutlu–Bağdatoğlu geothermal system. The relation between the concentrations of the environmental stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18 in the water is similar to the relationship in global meteoric water, indicating that the water is of meteoric origin. Evaluation of the geochemical characteristics of the water reveals that these two thermal springs belong to the same hydrogeological system. The hydrogeological system comprises a fractured limestone member of the Çevirme Formation and the Kervansaray Formation as reservoir rocks, and the Deliceırmak Formation as an overlying aquitard. The waters of the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu springs are mainly of the Na-Cl-SO4 type that originate from the Pohrenk evaporite. The thermal waters are undersaturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, halite, and gypsum. The δ 18O and δ 2H contents indicate a δ 18O shift in the Mahmutlu and Bağdatoğlu waters. The temperature range of the two reservoirs is estimated to be 98–158 °C, on the basis of Na+K+Ca and SiO2 geothermometers.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Schlagwort(e): N15 ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; plants ; stable isotopes ; soil ; temperate forest ; tropical forest
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Several lines of evidence suggest that nitrogen in most tropical forests is relatively more available than N in most temperate forests, and even that it may function as an excess nutrient in many tropical forests. If this is correct, tropical forests should have more open N cycles than temperate forests, with both inputs and outputs of N large relative to N cycling within systems. Consequent differences in both the magnitude and the pathways of N loss imply that tropical forests should in general be more15N enriched than are most temperate forests. In order to test this hypothesis, we compared the nitrogen stable isotopic composition of tree leaves and soils from a variety of tropical and temperate forests. Foliar δ15N values from tropical forests averaged 6.5‰ higher than from temperate forests. Within the tropics, ecosystems with relatively low N availability (montane forests, forests on sandy soils) were significantly more depleted in15N than other tropical forests. The average δ15N values for tropical forest soils, either for surface or for depth samples, were almost 8‰ higher than temperate forest soils. These results provide another line of evidence that N is relatively abundant in many tropical forest ecosystems.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Turkey ; carbonate rocks ; tracer tests ; groundwater/surface-water relations ; stable isotopes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Cette étude avait pour but d'analyser les relations entre les eaux du lac Girdev et les eaux souterraines des unités calcaires allochtones affleurant dans la région comprise entre le lac Girdev et les sources de Kazanpinari (sud-ouest de la Turquie). Les phénomènes étudiés concernent la direction de l'écoulement et la vitesse apparente de l'écoulement souterrain, les relations avec le lac Girdev et le rôle de la lithologie et de la structure sur les écoulements. Les résultats d'un traçage à la fluorescéine indiquent que l'eau souterraine s'écoule vers le nord-est et que la vitesse apparente moyenne est comprise entre 26.2 et 35.6 m h–1, entre le point d'injection et les différents points d'émergence. Les données de tritium suggèrent que l'eau du lac de Girdev et l'eau souterraine ont probablement le même âge; les données d'oxygène-18 indiquent que l'eau du lac Girdev est la principale alimentation de l'aquifère. L'aquifère est alimenté non seulement par le lac Girdev, mais aussi par les précipitations alimentant l'infiltration dans les calcaires allochtones; ces deux types de recharge assurent l'écoulement aux sources du poljé d'Elmalı. La perméabilité dans l'aquifère des calcaires allochtones a été interprétée comme étant due aux fissures et aux failles.
    Notizen: Abstract  The aim of the study is to investigate the interaction between waters of Lake Girdev and groundwater in the allochthonous limestone units exposed in the area between Lake Girdev and Kazanpınarı Spring, southwestern Turkey. The features analyzed include the flow direction and apparent groundwater velocity, their relationship with Lake Girdev, and the effect of lithological and structural features on the groundwater circulation. The results of a fluorescein tracer test indicate that groundwater flows east-northeast and the apparent flow velocity ranges from 26.2 to 35.6 m h–1 between the injection site and various observation points. Tritium data suggest that the water of Lake Girdev and groundwater are probably similar in age, and oxygen-18 isotope data indicate that water derived from Lake Girdev is the main source of recharge to the aquifer. The aquifer is fed not only by Lake Girdev but also by rainfall percolating through allochthonous limestones; together, these provide the discharge of springs in Elmalı Polje. The permeability of the allochthonous limestone aquifer has been enhanced as a result of jointing and faulting.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 7 (1999), S. 561-575 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words coalfield hydrogeology ; subsidence ; mining ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les aquifères situés au-dessus de mines de charbon et soumis à de forts pompages ne sont pas affectés par le drainage minier, mais peuvent montrer des modifications du chimisme des eaux souterraines dues à celles de l'écoulement souterrain provoquées par l'abaissement piézométrique au niveau de la mine. Dans deux sites miniers en activité de l'Illinois (États-Unis), des aquifères de moraines glaciaires n'ont pas, de façon générale, été affectés par l'exploitation minière; mais la géochimie des aquifères du substratum s'est modifiée lors de la remontée de la nappe, après arrêt de l'exploitation. Sur le site de Jefferson, où l'exploitation était pratiquée sur un large front, des eaux saumâtres, fortement sulfatées, existant dans les marnes du sommet du substratum, ont présenté très brièvement de plus faibles minéralisations après l'arrêt de la mine, du fait de l'accroissement de la recharge à partir de l'aquifère sus-jacent, tandis que la minéralisation et les sulfates ont augmenté dans les eaux bicarbonatées sodiques des grès sous-jacents, à cause de la drainance des marnes et de venues latérales d'eaux dans les grès. Sur le site de Saline, les grès contenaient des eaux de minéralisation variant de saumâtre à faciès chloruré sodique à douce à faciès bicarbonaté sodique. La remontée de la nappe après l'arrêt de l'exploitation a été minimale et les eaux ont subi des changements de qualité mineurs. L'exploitation minière sur un large front de taille affecte le chimisme des eaux à cause de la fracturation liée à l'effondrement, qui favorise l'augmentation de la drainance à l'aval à partir des formations sus-jacentes, et à cause de la dépression piézométrique temporaire et de la remontée consécutive, lorsque les eaux des zones voisines de l'aquifère rechargent la zone affectée au-dessus et à côté de la mine.
    Notizen: Abstract  Aquifers above high-extraction underground coal mines are not affected by mine drainage, but they may still exhibit changes in groundwater chemistry due to alterations in groundwater flow induced by mine subsidence. At two active longwall mine sites in Illinois, USA, glacial-drift aquifers were largely unaffected by mining, but the geochemistry of the bedrock aquifers changed during the post-mining water-level recovery. At the Jefferson site, brackish, high-sulfate water present in the upper bedrock shale briefly had lower values of total dissolved solids (TDS) after mining due to increased recharge from the overlying drift, whereas TDS and sulfate increased in the sodium-bicarbonate water present in the underlying sandstone due to downward leakage from the shale and lateral inflow of water through the sandstone. At the Saline site, sandstones contained water ranging from brackish sodium-chloride to fresh sodium-bicarbonate type. Post-mining recovery of the potentiometric levels was minimal, and the water had minor quality changes. Longwall mining affects geochemistry due to subsidence-related fracturing, which increases downward leakage from overlying units, and due to the temporary potentiometric depression and subsequent recovery, whereby water from surrounding areas of the aquifer recharges the affected zone above and adjacent to the mine.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words microbiology ; thermal conditions ; hydrothermal fluids ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La région géothermale du massif de Tortugas fait partie du système hydrothermal plus vaste du rift du Rio Grande (sud du Nouveau Mexique, États-Unis). Les caractéristiques chimiques et microbiologiques des eaux thermales échantillonnées indiquent qu'elles proviennent d'une zone de mélange entre une eau profonde anérobie et une eau météorique d'un système aquifère alluvial voisin, non thermal. Une analyse des acides gras phospholipidiques des microorganismes (PLFA) indique que la biomasse et la diversité dans l'aquifère thermal sont très pauvres, alors que l'eau thermale en surface est diversifiée et que les bactéries présentent une phase de croissance rapide. Une analyse de l'ADN dans l'eau thermale a permis l'identification d'une bactérie vraie et de deux Archaea (archéobactérie); la bactérie vraie et l'un des Archaea étaient jusqu'à présent inconnus. L'Archaea qui a pu être rapproché d'une espèce connue est une méthanobactérie halophile extrême. La présence de l'Archaea halophile et de l'autre espèce d'Archaea conforte l'hypothèse que la région géothermale du massif de Tortugas est la zone de décharge de circulations souterraines profondes à l'intérieur d'un système aquifère régional dans le socle.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen El área geotérmica de Montaña Tortugas forma parte del sistema hidrotermal de la Dorsal del Río Grande, al Sur de Nuevo México (EEUU). Los parámetros químicos y microbiológicos indican que el agua muestreada procede de una mezcla de agua profunda en condiciones anaerobias con agua meteórica de un sistema acuífero aluvial adyacente, no termal. Mediante análisis con el método del ácido graso fosfolípido microbiano (PLFA) se ha deducido que tanto la cantidad de biomasa como la diversidad del flujo subterráneo hidrotermal son escasas, mientras que el agua superficial hidrotermal presenta una diversidad mayor y las bacterias se hallan en fase de crecimiento rápido. Por medio de un análisis del ácido nucleico (ADN) del agua hidrotermal se pudo identificar una eubacteria y dos Archaea (arqueobacterias). Únicamente una de estas dos últimas ha podido ser relacionada con una especie conocida; se trata de una microbacteria metanogénica, halófíla extrema. La presencia de las dos especies de Archaea sustenta la hipótesis de que el área geotérmica de Montaña Tortugas es la zona de descarga de las aguas subterráneas de un sistema regional profundo en roca.
    Notizen: Abstract The Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area is part of the larger hydrothermal system of the Rio Grande Rift, southern New Mexico, USA. Chemical and microbial parameters indicate that the sampled hydrothermal water derives from a mixture zone of deep, anaerobic water with meteoric water from an adjacent alluvial, non-thermal groundwater flow system. A microbial phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis indicates that biomass and diversity of hydrothermal groundwater are very low, whereas hydrothermal surface water is diverse and bacteria are in a rapid growth phase. A nucleic acid (DNA) analysis of the hydrothermal groundwater resulted in the identification of one eubacterium and two Archaea (archaebacteria); the eubacterium and one Archaea were previously unknown. The one Archaea that could be related to a known species is an extreme halophilic methanomicrobacterium. The presence of the halophilic Archaea and the other Archaea species supports the hypothesis of the Tortugas Mountain Geothermal Area being the discharge area of deep circulating groundwater within a bedrock-hosted regional groundwater flow system.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words agriculture ; capillary barrier ; USA ; contamination ; unsaturated zoneRID=""ID=""This project was supported by a summer fellowship from the University of Northern Iowa. The author also acknowledges the cooperation of the Geological Survey Bureau of the Iowa Department of Natural Resources in this project by providing geological information on existing wells.
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans le bassin de la rivière du Cèdre, au nord-est de l'Iowa (États-Unis), la qualité de l'eau de 17 puits particuliers sur 20 montre que l'eau souterraine est contaminée par des nitrates provenant de lessivages agricoles. Dans 9 de ces puits, la concentration en nitrates dépasse la concentration maximale recommandée par l'Agence américaine de protection de l'environnement (EPA), fixée à 45 mg NO3/L pour l'eau potable. Des études sur le transport de solutés ont montré que les sédiments détritiques (loamy) superficiels, les dépôts quaternaires de sables et de graviers et les dépôts morainiques constituent une formation hétérogène litée sous la surface. Le contraste de conductivité résultant constitue une barrière capillaire qui modifie les mécanismes réglant le mouvement vertical du traceur. Le traçage de l'eau d'une averse par du bromure de potassium, un engrais du maïs et de la fluorescéine indique que l'écoulement dans les macropores se produit uniquement dans les premiers 90 cm des sédiments détritiques (loamy). Une concentration moyenne de la restitution de 204 mg/L de bromure à 30 cm de profondeur le troisième jour après l'averse va dans le sens de l'hypothèse d'un écoulement dans les macropores des sols superficiels. La restitution de la fluorescéine s'est produite à 30 cm de profondeur par un pic à une concentration de 650 μg/L environ 5 jours après l'averse. La couche de sédiments détritiques est recouverte par la couche de galets de l'Iowa, un niveau postglaciaire de galets mêlés à du sable. Au cours des expériences de terrain, un écoulement préférentiel des traceurs a été verticalement prédominant dans les sédiments détritiques (loamy), mais s'est rapidement changé en un écoulement matriciel horizontal en entrant dans les matériaux à plus forte conductivité hydraulique saturée dans la couche de galets de l'Iowa. Cette couche de galets est recouverte (underlain) par des dépôts à faible conductivité de la moraine pré-illinoyenne. Même si la partie supérieure oxydée de la moraine paraît posséder des macropores, la couche à galets empêche l'infiltration de l'eau de l'averse en introduisant une forte composante dans le gradient hydraulique horizontal. Les données chimiques montrent que la couche à galets se présente comme une limite de conductivité hydraulique qui change brutalement le mécanisme d'écoulement non saturé d'un écoulement en macropore en un écoulement matriciel.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Se ha detectado una contaminación por lixiviados de nitrato de origen agrícola en 17 de los 20 pozos particulares muestreados en la cuenca del río Cedar, al Nordeste de Iowa (EEUU). En nueve de los pozos, el contenido en nitrato es superior a la concentración máxima admitida para agua potable (45 mg/L), de acuerdo con los criterios de la Agencia Medioambiental de los Estados Unidos (USEPA). Mediante investigaciones de transporte de solutos, se ha podido caracterizar la heterogeneidad del subsuelo debido al contraste de conductividad hidráulica entre las tres capas identificadas: sedimentos margosos superficiales, depósitos Cuaternarios de arena y grava, y depósitos de till glacial. El contraste de materiales origina una barrera capilar que altera los mecanismos del desplazamiento vertical de trazador. Se ha utilizado bromuro de potasio, fertilizante de maíz y fluoresceína como trazadores del agua de tormenta. De esta forma se ha observado que el flujo a través de macroporos es significativo únicamente en la capa superior margosa de 0.9 m. Prueba de ello es que se registró una concentración promedio de 204 mg/L de bromuro, a una profundidad de 0.3 m, tres días después del episodio de lluvia. Se midió asimismo un pico de fluoresceína de 650 μg/L, también a 0.3 m, al cabo de cinco días. Bajo las margas se encuentra el nivel de cantos rodados de Iowa (Iowan Pebble Band), desarrollado en un período post-glacial, que consiste en cantos rodados mezclados con arena. Gracias a los experimentos de campo se pudo comprobar que hay un flujo vertical preferente de trazador en el estrato superior margoso, el cual se convierte de inmediato en horizontal (en la matriz) al encontrar el nivel de cantos rodados, cuya conductividad hidráulica saturada es mayor. Por debajo de los cantos hay depósitos de tillita pre-Illinoiense de baja conductividad. Aunque se han identificado macroporos en la parte superior oxidada de los depósitos glaciales, la existencia de un marcado gradiente horizontal en el nivel de cantos rodados actúa impidiendo la infiltración del agua de tormenta. Los datos químicos indican que el nivel de cantos rodados se comporta como un contorno de conductividad hidráulica que altera abruptamente el mecanismo de flujo no saturado, inicialmente a través de los macroporos del suelo, para convertirlo en flujo en medio poroso.
    Notizen: Abstract In the Cedar River watershed of northeastern Iowa, USA, water quality in 17 out of 20 private wells indicates that groundwater is contaminated with nitrate from agricultural leachates. In nine of the wells, nitrate concentration exceeds the US Environmental Protection Agency recommended maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 45 mg/L (as NO3 −) for drinking purposes. Solute-transport investigations determined that the surficial loam sediments, the Quaternary sand and gravel deposits, and the glacial till deposits form layered heterogeneity in the subsurface. The resulting conductivity contrast causes a capillary barrier, thereby altering the mechanisms of vertical tracer movement. Storm-water tracing with potassium bromide, corn fertilizer, and fluorescein dye indicates that macropore flow occurs only within the upper 0.9 m of loamy sediments. An average breakthrough concentration of 204 mg/L bromide at 0.3 m depth on day 3 after the storm event supports the hypothesis of macropore flow in the surficial soils. Fluorescein dye was recovered at a depth of 0.3 m with a peak concentration of 650 μg/L at approximately 5 days after the storm event. The loamy sediment layer is underlain by the Iowan Pebble Band, a pebbly layer admixed with sand, developed in post-glacial time. In the field experiments, preferential flow of the tracers was predominantly vertical within the loamy sediments but rapidly changed to a horizontal matrix flow upon entering the materials of higher saturated hydraulic conductivity in the Pebble Band. The Pebble Band is underlain by low-conductivity deposits of pre-Illinoian till. Even though the upper oxidized portion of the glacial till is reported to have macropores, the Pebble Band prevented deeper infiltration of storm water by maintaining a strong component of horizontal hydraulic gradient. Chemical data indicate that the Pebble Band is a hydraulic-conductivity boundary that abruptly changes the unsaturated-flow mechanism from macropore flow to matrix flow.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words barrier-island hydrogeology ; numerical modeling ; USA ; conceptual models ; coastal aquifers
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Sur l'île d'Hatteras (Caroline du Nord, États-Unis), la stratigraphie complexe résulte du recouvrement d'une plate-forme héritée du Pléistocène par des sédiments superficiels. Des simulations numériques mises en œuvre pour simuler les profils de la nappe dans l'île illustrent l'influence de cette stratigraphie complexe sur les cotes de la nappe. Les données de terrain consistent en des profils de la surface piézométrique obtenus dans des puits le long de sections traversant l'île. Ces profils montrent des cotes de la surface de la nappe anormalement hautes dans la partie centre sud de l'&île d'Hatteras. Des données géophysiques ont été utilisées pour contraindre la stratigraphie du sous-sol. Des solutions analytiques simples de l'équation d'écoulement souterrain utilisant des taux de recharge variant latéralement n'arrivent pas à un ajustement des profils moyens de la nappe. Des solutions numériques plus complexes, qui ne s'ajustent pas aux profils, indiquent que les cotes élevées de l'eau sont produites par une unitéà faible perméabilité qui s'étend sur plusieurs kilomètres le long de l'axe longitudinal de l'île. La géomorphologie de l'île et les données de radar géologique (GPR) indiquent que cette unité est une ancienne zone humide enterrée sous un ensemble de dunes paraboliques.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen En la isla de Hatteras, perteneciente a Carolina del Norte (EEUU), existe una estratigrafía complicada como resultado de la superposición de sedimentos superficiales sobre una plataforma del Pleistoceno. Mediante simulaciones numéricas de los perfiles freáticos en la isla, se ha puesto de manifiesto la influencia de la estratigrafía en las elevaciones del nivel. Los datos de campo consisten en perfiles freáticos medidos en los pozos situados en un corte transversal de la isla, los cuales muestran niveles inusualmente elevados en la zona central-meridional. Se han utilizado datos geofísicos para delimitar la estratigrafía subsuperficial. No se han podido ajustar los niveles freáticos medios con soluciones analíticas sencillas de la ecuación de flujo en las que se ha introducido una recarga variable en el espacio. Simulaciones numéricas más complejas, que sí logran ajustar los perfiles, indican que los niveles más elevados se deban a la existencia de una unidad de baja permeabilidad que se extiende varios kilómetros a lo largo del eje longitudinal de la isla de Hatteras. Los datos geomorfológicos de la isla y de radar penetrante apuntan a que esta unidad es un humedal antiguo enterrado bajo una serie de dunas parabólicas.
    Notizen: Abstract  On Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA, complex stratigraphy results from surficial sediments being superimposed on an inherited Pleistocene platform. Numerical simulations used to simulate water-table profiles on the island illustrate the influence that the complex stratigraphy has on water-table elevations. Field data consist of water-table profiles collected from a cross-island transect of wells. These profiles show unusually high water-table elevations in the south-central portion of Hatteras Island. Geophysical data are used to constrain the subsurface stratigraphy. Simple analytical solutions to the groundwater flow equation using laterally varying recharge rates cannot match mean water-table profiles. More complex numerical simulations, which do match the profiles, indicate that the elevated water levels result from a low-permeability unit that extends several kilometers along the longitudinal axis of the island. Island geomorphology and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data suggest that this unit is a former interdunal wetland that has been buried by a series of parabolic dunes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 447-450 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords comment ; conceptual model ; confining units ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 47-62 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): microbial processes ; USA ; scale effects ; hydrochemistry ; biodegradation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dans l'aquifère libre pollué du fluvio-glaciaire près de Bemidji (Minnesota, États-Unis), la chimie des carbonates est influencée d'abord à l'échelle macroscopique. Sous des conditions oxiques, la respiration d'hétérotrophes indigènes aérobies produit du dioxyde de carbone en excès, qui provoque la dissolution de la calcite et de la dolomite. Les micro-organismes aérobies ne colonisent pas la surface de la dolomite et sont peu présentes sur la calcite. Dans les eaux souterraines anoxiques, la croissance de la calcite forme sur la calcite non colonisée des plans de clivages, probablement dus à la consommation d'acidité par des bactéries simulant la réduction du fer. Comme la concentration d'oxygène moléculaire augmente en aval de la pollution pétrolière, les organismes aérobies dominent à nouveau et les hydrocarbures résiduels et le fer ferreux sont oxydés, ce qui provoque la dissolution des minéraux carbonatés et la précipitation du fer à l'échelle macroscopique. Les feldspaths au contraire sont altérés uniquement à l'échelle microscopique à proximité des micro-organismes fixés, principalement dans la partie anoxique du panache. Les organismes indigènes colonisent de préférence les feldspaths qui contiennent des traces de phosphore sous forme d'inclusions d'apatite, apparemment à cause de la faible concentration en P des eaux souterraines. Ces feldspaths s'altèrent rapidement, tandis que les feldspaths voisins sans traces de P ne sont ni colonisés, ni altérés. La dissolution des feldspaths s'accompagne de la précipitation de minéraux secondaires, quelquefois sur la paroi cellulaire elle-même de ces bactéries. Ces observations suggèrent un système de faible lien biogéochimique dans lequel les processus microbiens contrôlent la diagenèse minérale à plusieurs échelles d’interaction, de même que la minéralogie et la chimie minérale influencent l’écologie microbienne. Seule l’interaction à l’échelle macroscopique est cependant observable par les méthodes géochimiques classiques; l’obtention d’informations sur les interactions à l’échelle microscopique exige des analyses microscopiques des micro-organismes sur les surfaces des minéraux et des réactions diagénétiques localement intenses qui en résultent.
    Kurzfassung: El acuífero libre, de origen glacio-fluvial, y localizado cerca de Bemidji, Minnesota, EEUU, es un ejemplo de acuífero contaminado donde la química del carbono está influida principalmente por procesos macroescalares. En condiciones óxicas, la respiración de los organismos aerobios heterótrofos produce un exceso de CO2 que da lugar a la disolución de calcita y dolomita. Los microorganismos anaerobios no aparecen en las dolomitas y apenas en las calcitas. En las aguas subterráneas anóxicas se forman recrecimientos de calcita en zonas de fracturación preferente no colonizadas previamente. Estos recrecimientos posiblemente se deban al consumo de la acidez por bacterias ferro-reductoras. Como la concentración de oxígeno crece hacia aguas abajo del penacho de petróleo, los microorganismos aerobios vuelven a dominar, oxidando los hidrocarburos residuales y el Fe(II), produciendo disolución de carbonatos y precipitación de hierro. Por el contrario, los feldespatos se meteorizan sólo al nivel de microescala, principalmente en la región anóxica del penacho. Los organismos colonizan y meteorizan de modo preferente aquellos feldespatos en los que aparecen trazas de fósforo en forma de inclusiones de apatita, aparentemente como consecuencia de las bajas concentraciones de fósforo en las aguas subterráneas. Los feldespatos sin fósforo no son colonizados ni meteorizados. La disolución de los feldespatos está acompañada por la precipitación de minerales secundarios, algunas veces en la propia pared celular de la bacteria. En resumen existe un sistema biogeoquímico estrechamente ligado, donde los procesos microbianos controlan la diagénesis mineral a diversas escalas, y donde la mineralogía y la geoquímica influencian la ecología microbiana. Sin embargo, sólo las interacciones macroescalares son observables con métodos estándar, mientras que las microescalares requieren el uso de microscopio para examinar la presencia de microorganismos en las superficies y las reacciones diagenéticas.
    Notizen: macroscale processes that perturb general groundwater chemistry and therefore mineral–water equilibria; and microscale interactions, where attached organisms locally perturb mineral–water equilibria, potentially releasing limiting trace nutrients from the dissolving mineral. In the contaminated unconfined glacio-fluvial aquifer near Bemidji, Minnesota, USA, carbonate chemistry is influenced primarily at the macroscale. Under oxic conditions, respiration by native aerobic heterotrophs produces excess carbon dioxide that promotes calcite and dolomite dissolution. Aerobic microorganisms do not colonize dolomite surfaces and few occur on calcite. Within the anoxic groundwater, calcite overgrowths form on uncolonized calcite cleavage surfaces, possibly due to the consumption of acidity by dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria. As molecular oxygen concentration increases downgradient of the oil pool, aerobes again dominate and residual hydrocarbons and ferrous iron are oxidized, resulting in macroscale carbonate-mineral dissolution and iron precipitation. Feldspars, in contrast, weather exclusively at the microscale near attached microorganisms, principally in the anoxic region of the plume. Native organisms preferentially colonize feldspars that contain trace phosphorus as apatite inclusions, apparently as a consequence of the low P concentration in the groundwater. These feldspars weather rapidly, whereas nearby feldspars without trace P are uncolonized and unweathered. Feldspar dissolution is accompanied by the precipitation of secondary minerals, sometimes on the bacterial cell wall itself. These observations suggest a tightly linked biogeochemical system whereby microbial processes control mineral diagenesis at many scales of interaction, and the mineralogy and mineral chemistry influence microbial ecology. Only the macroscale interaction, however, is easily observable by standard geochemical methods, and documentation of the microscale interactions requires microscopic examination of microorganisms on mineral surfaces and the locally intense diagenetic reactions that result.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 161-176 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): arsenic ; contamination ; sedimentary rocks ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé De fortes concentrations en arsenic, jusqu'à 12000 μg/L, ont été mesurées dans l'eau souterraine d'un aquifère gréseux captif, dans l'est du Wisconsin. La principale source d'arsenic est un horizon à cimentation secondaire (SCH) comportant des sulfures, dont l'épaisseur, la morphologie et les concentrations en arsenic sont variables. L'arsenic est présent dans la pyrite et dans la marcassite, de même que dans des oxy-hydroxydes de fer, mais non pas dans une phase séparée d'arsénopyrite. Les signatures isotopiques du soufre presque identiques dans la pyrite et dans les sulfates dissous et la corrélation entre les concentrations en sulfates, en fer et en arsenic dissous laissent penser que l'oxydation des sulfures est le processus dominant contrôlant la libération de l'arsenic dans les eaux souterraines. Cependant, les oxy-hydroxydes contenant de l'arsenic sont susceptibles d'être une autre source d'arsenic si des conditions réductrices apparaissent ou s'ils sont transportés dans l'aquifère sous forme de colloïdes. L'analyse des données provenant de puits montre que l'intersection entre le SCH et les niveaux statiques des puits domestiques est fortement corrélée à de fortes concentrations en arsenic dans les eaux souterraines. Des données de terrain et de laboratoire conduisent à penser que la contamination en arsenic la plus forte est causée par l'interaction localisée aux forages entre l'air, l'eau et les sulfures. Bien que la contamination en arsenic soit causée par l'oxydation de sulfures présents naturellement, elle est influencée par les fluctuations du niveau piézométrique causées par les pompages du captage municipal ou par les variations climatiques, ce qui peut conduire au déplacement des zones géographiques où se produisent les contaminations.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Se han medido concentraciones de arsénico muy altas (de hasta 12000 μg/L) en las aguas subterráneas de un acuífero confinado, en areniscas, localizado en la parte oriental de Wisconsin (EEUU). La fuente principal de arsénico es un horizonte de cementación secundaria (SCH) con un alto contenido en sulfuros, y con una gran variabilidad en espesor, morfología y concentraciones de As. El arsénico aparece en piritas y marcasitas, además de en oxihidróxidos de hierro, pero no como una fase independiente de arsenopiritas. El hecho que la marca isotópica de piritas y sulfatos disueltos sea muy similar, y que exista una gran correlación entre las concentraciones de sulfato disuelto, hierro y arsénico sugiere que la oxidación de sulfuros es el proceso que controla la aportación de arsénico al agua subterránea. Sin embargo, los oxihidróxidos con alto contenido en arsénico podrían suponer otra fuente de arsénico si se llegaran a desarrollar condiciones reductoras o si se transportaran como coloides por el acuífero. De los datos procedentes de pozos, se ve una fuerte correlación entre la presencia de altas concentraciones de As en el agua y que el nivel freático intersecte el SCH. Los datos de campo y de laboratorio indican que los puntos con mayor contaminación de arsénico son debidos a interacciones de carácter local y en los propios pozos entre aire, agua y sulfuros. Aunque la contaminación por As está causada por la oxidación de sulfuros presentes de manera natural, también está muy influenciada por las fluctuaciones en los niveles freáticos causadas por bombeos o cambios climáticos.
    Notizen: Abstract High arsenic concentrations (up to 12,000 μg/L) have been measured in groundwater from a confined sandstone aquifer in eastern Wisconsin. The main arsenic source is a sulfide-bearing secondary cement horizon (SCH) that has variable thickness, morphology, and arsenic concentrations. Arsenic occurs in pyrite and marcasite as well as in iron oxyhydroxides but not as a separate arsenopyrite phase. Nearly identical sulfur isotopic signatures in pyrite and dissolved sulfate and the correlation between dissolved sulfate, iron, and arsenic concentrations suggest that sulfide oxidation is the dominant process controlling arsenic release to groundwater. However, arsenic-bearing oxyhydroxides can potentially provide another arsenic source if reducing conditions develop or if they are transported as colloids in the aquifer. Analysis of well data indicates that the intersection of the SCH with static water levels measured in residential wells is strongly correlated with high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater. Field and laboratory data suggest that the most severe arsenic contamination is caused by localized borehole interactions of air, water, and sulfides. Although arsenic contamination is caused by oxidation of naturally occurring sulfides, it is influenced by water-level fluctuations caused by municipal well pumping or climate changes, which can shift geographic areas in which contamination occurs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Key words contamination ; field techniques ; trace metals ; groundwater monitoring ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé L'utilisation simultanée de la purge et de l'échantillonnage à faible débit et des techniques sans traces de métaux permet d'obtenir des mesures de concentrations en éléments en traces dans les eaux souterraines plus représentatives que les résultats fournis par les techniques classiques. L'utilisation de la purge et de l'échantillonnage à faible débit donne des échantillons d'eau souterraine relativement peu perturbés qui sont plus représentatifs des conditions in situ, et le recours aux techniques sans éléments en traces limite l'introduction accidentelle de contaminants au cours de l'échantillonnage, du stockage et de l'analyse. Lorsque ces techniques sont appliquées, les concentrations résultantes en éléments en traces sont nettement plus faibles que les résultats obtenus par les techniques d'échantillonnage classique. Dans une comparaison de données concernant des puits contaminés et des puits de contrôle d'un site de Californie (États-Unis), les concentrations en éléments en traces de cette étude ont été de 2 à 1000 fois plus faibles que celles déterminées par les techniques conventionnelles utilisées pour l'échantillonnage des mêmes puits cinq mois auparavant et un mois après ces prélèvements. En particulier, les concentrations en cadmium et en chrome obtenues par les techniques classiques de prélèvements dépassent les teneurs maximales admises en Californie, alors que les concentrations obtenues pour ces deux éléments dans cette étude sont nettement au-dessous de ces teneurs maximales. Par conséquent, le recours à des techniques à faible débit et sans traces de métal peut faire apparaître que la publication de contamination d'eaux souterraines par des éléments en traces était erronée.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen El uso combinado del purgado y muestreo a bajo caudal con las técnicas limpias de metales traza proporcionan medidas de la concentración de elementos traza en las aguas subterráneas que son más representativas que las obtenidas con técnicas tradicionales. El purgado y muestreo a bajo caudal proporciona muestras de agua prácticamente inalteradas, representativas de las condiciones en el terreno. Las técnicas limpias de metales traza limitan la no deseada introducción de contaminantes durante el muestreo, almacenamiento y análisis. Las concentraciones de elementos traza resultantes suelen ser bastante menores que las obtenidas por técnicas tradicionales. En una comparación entre los datos procedentes de pozos en California, las concentraciones obtenidas con el nuevo método fueron entre 2–1000 menores que las obtenidas mediante técnicas tradicionales en campañas anteriores (5 meses) y posteriores (1 mes) llevadas a cabo en los mismos pozos. Específicamente, las concentraciones de cadmio y cromo obtenidas mediante técnicas tradicionales superaban los Límites Máximos de Concentración en California (LMC), mientras que los valores obtenidos en este estudio estaban claramente por debajo de estos límites para ambos elementos. Esto demuestra la utilidad del método combinado.
    Notizen: Abstract  The combined use of both (1) low-flow purging and sampling and (2) trace-metal clean techniques provides more representative measurements of trace-element concentrations in groundwater than results derived with standard techniques. The use of low-flow purging and sampling provides relatively undisturbed groundwater samples that are more representative of in situ conditions, and the use of trace-element clean techniques limits the inadvertent introduction of contaminants during sampling, storage, and analysis. When these techniques are applied, resultant trace-element concentrations are likely to be markedly lower than results based on standard sampling techniques. In a comparison of data derived from contaminated and control groundwater wells at a site in California, USA, trace-element concentrations from this study were 2–1000 times lower than those determined by the conventional techniques used in sampling of the same wells prior to (5 months) and subsequent to (1 month) the collections for this study. Specifically, the cadmium and chromium concentrations derived using standard sampling techniques exceed the California Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCL), whereas in this investigation concentrations of both of those elements are substantially below their MCLs. Consequently, the combined use of low-flow and trace-metal clean techniques may preclude erroneous reports of trace-element contamination in groundwater.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 39
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 451-454 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords reply ; conceptual model ; confining units ; hydrochemistry ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Hydrogeology journal 8 (2000), S. 430-446 
    ISSN: 1435-0157
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords conceptual models ; fractured rock ; hydrogeochemistry ; sedimentary rocks ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Ce papier présente un modèle conceptuel spécifique d'un site pour l'écoulement souterrain dans des zones fracturées perturbées associées à des failles dans un ensemble de roches sédimentaires. Le modèle est basé sur les résultats d'études de terrain et de laboratoire. Des intrusions d'eau souterraine et de méthane se sont produites de façon de plus en plus grave, dans la mine de charbon de West Elk (Colorado, États-Unis), à partir de systèmes de failles et de fractures. Des venues d'eau de 6, 160, et 500 L s−1 sont apparues presque instantanément à partir de trois failles distinctes traversées par les travaux miniers à environ 460 m sous le niveau du sol. Ces failles sont séparées d'environ 600 m. Les concentrations en δ 2H et δ 18O des eaux provenant de ces failles et les réponses hydrodynamiques de chacune de ces venues d'eau indiquent que les eaux souterraines proviennent de systèmes hydrauliquement isolés. Les données de carbone-14 indiquent que les eaux souterraines sont âgées d'au moins 10500 ans. La température des écoulements est géothermale (30°C), ce qui pourrait indiquer une remontée depuis la profondeur. Toutefois, des calculs de gradients géothermiques, des analyses de concentrations en solutés de l'eau souterraine dans les réservoirs potentiels, des calculs de géothermomètres et des résultats de tests entre packers montrent que le réservoir fracturé est constitué par les grès de Rollins, épais de 120 m, situés directement sous le gisement de charbon. Le test entre packers montre également que le méthane provient des couches de charbon. Un gradient géothermique de 70 à 80°C km−1, liéà une intrusion sous-jacente, est probablement responsable des températures légèrement élevées des venues d'eau. Les importants volumes déchargés, atteignant 8,2 105 m3à partir de la faille “Headgate 14 sud-est” (14 SEHG), la décroissance rapide des écoulements et la perméabilité horizontale et verticale (la perméabilité de matrice est en général inférieure à 0,006 Darcy) indiquent un écoulement en fracture. Un essai de pompage dans la mine montre que la faille 14 SEHG présente une excellente connexion hydraulique avec des fractures à 50 m de la faille. Un levé aéromagnétique indique que les failles sont tectoniquement liées à un corps intrusif présent àplusieurs centaines de mètres sous le gisement de charbon. Un forage de reconnaissance a confirmé l'existence d'une quatrième faille et deux failles supplémentaires sont supposées à partir du levé aéromagnétique. Le modèle conceptuel décrit un ensemble de systèmes aquifères parallèles, hydrauliquement séparés, associés à des zones affectées par des failles. Les failles sont distantes d'environ 600 m. L'eau souterraine stockée dans des grès fracturés est en condition captive à cause de couches d'argiles situées dessus et dessous.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen En este artículo se presenta un modelo conceptual del flujo de agua subterránea en un macizo sedimentario fracturado. El modelo está basado en investigaciones en campo y en laboratorio. En la mina de carbón de West Elk, Colorado, EEUU, se han venido registrando filtraciones de agua y metano de intensidad creciente. A una profundidad de 460 m se han medido caudales de 6, 160, y 500 L s−1, procedentes de la descarga de tres fallas bien diferenciadas, separadas entre sí alrededor de 600 m. Los datos de δ 2H y δ 18O en las aguas filtradas a la mina y la respuesta hidrodinámica de cada fractura indican que cada descarga está alimentada por un sistema hidráulico independiente. Los datos de 14C indican que la edad de las aguas subterráneas es de unos 10500 años. Las temperaturas de descarga son geotermales (≈30°C), lo que puede indicar la presencia de flujos verticales ascendentes. Sin embargo, los gradientes geotermales, la composición química de las aguas, cálculos con geotermómetros y ensayos hidráulicos indican que la fuente de donde procede el agua filtrada es la Arenisca de Rollins (unos 120 m de espesor), localizada directamente bajo las vetas de carbón, que a su vez constituyen la fuente del metano. La temperatura a las que se produce la descarga es debida probablemente a la existencia de un gradiente geotermal de 70–80°C km−1. Los grandes volúmenes de descarga, de hasta 8.2×105 m3 en el caso de la falla 14 South East Headgate (14 SEHG), los rápidos descensos en los caudales de descarga y las permeabilidades medidas (la K de la matriz 〈0.006 Darcy) son indicaciones claras de que el flujo discurre preferentemente por las fracturas. Un ensayo de bombeo realizado en la mina muestra que la falla 14 SEHG está muy bien comunicada con otras fallas localizadas a unos 50 m de distancia. Los datos de geofísica magnética indican que las fallas están tectónicamente relacionadas con un cuerpo ígneo localizado a una profundidad de varios miles de metros. Las perforaciones han confirmado la presencia de una cuarta falla, mientras que la geofísica apunta la presencia de otras dos. El modelo conceptual adoptado supone una serie de zonas de fractura paralelas, pero separadas hidráulicamente a distancias de unos 600 m. Las areniscas están confinadas a techo y a suelo por unas capas arcillosas.
    Notizen: Abstract  This paper presents a site-specific conceptual model of groundwater flow in fractured damage zones associated with faulting in a package of sedimentary rocks. The model is based on the results of field and laboratory investigations. Groundwater and methane gas inflows from fault-fracture systems in the West Elk coal mine, Colorado, USA, have occurred with increasing severity. Inflows of 6, 160 and 500 L s−1 discharged almost instantaneously from three separate faults encountered in mine workings about 460 m below ground level. The faults are about 600 m apart. The δ 2H and δ 18O compositions of the fault-related inflow waters and the hydrodynamic responses of each fault inflow indicate that the groundwaters discharge from hydraulically isolated systems. 14C data indicate that the groundwaters are as much as 10,500 years old. Discharge temperatures are geothermal (≈30°C), which could indicate upwelling from depth. However, calculations of geothermal gradients, analysis of solute compositions of groundwater in potential host reservoirs, geothermometer calculations, and results of packer testing indicate that the fractured groundwater reservoir is the Rollins Sandstone (120 m thick) directly beneath the coal seams. The packer test also demonstrates that the methane gas is contained in the coal seams. A geothermal gradient of 70–80°C km−1, related to an underlying intrusion, is probably responsible for the slightly elevated discharge temperatures. Large discharge volumes, as great as 8.2×105 m3 from the 14 South East Headgate fault (14 SEHG), rapid declines in discharge rates, and vertical and horizontal permeability (matrix permeability generally 〈0.006 Darcy) indicate fracture flow. An in-mine pumping test demonstrates that the 14 SEHG fault has excellent hydraulic communication with fractures 50 m from the fault. Aeromagnetic data indicate that the faults are tectonically related to an igneous body that is several thousand meters below the coal seams. Exploratory drilling has confirmed a fourth fault, and two additional faults are projected, based on the aeromagnetic data. The conceptual model describes a series of parallel, hydraulically separate groundwater systems associated with fault-specific damage zones. The faults are about 600 m apart. Groundwater stored in fractured sandstone is confined above and below by clayey layers.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment 57 (1999), S. 273-280 
    ISSN: 1435-9537
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pollution ; Heavy metals ; Arsenic ; Mine tailings ; River Medjerda ; Tunisia
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Dans le district minier de Fej Hcine, situé dans le Nord-Ouest de la Tunisie, l'oued Medjerda et son principal affluent El Melah sont pollués par les métaux lourds et l'arsenic. Les études géochimiques réalisées ont montré une nette diminution des concentrations en métaux depuis l'arrêt des activités minières, et cela bien que les sédiments des oueds contiennent encore des teneurs élevées par rapport au fond géochimique local, particulièrement en arsenic et en zinc. À la frontière tuniso-algérienne, la concentration en arsenic dans les eaux de l'oued Medjerda peut excéder 1 mg/l. Les tests de lixiviation effectués sur des échantillons de minerai, de rejets de flottation et d'amas arsénifère, montrent que les teneurs en Zn, Pb, Cu et Cd ne dépassent pas 1 mg/l dans les solutions de lixiviation, alors que celles de l'arsenic atteignent respectivement 5, 344 et 9400 mg/l. L'étude a montré que la pollution a pour origine non seulement les activités minières mais aussi les occurrences minérales présentes dans le district minier, ainsi qu'une autre source située en Algérie.
    Notizen: Abstract  In the Fej Hcine mining area of north-west Tunisia, the Medjerda River and its principal tributary, El Melah, are polluted by heavy metals and arsenic. The geochemical studies undertaken have indicated pronounced falls in the concentrations of metals since the mining activities ceased, although the river sediments still contain higher levels than the local host rocks, particularly arsenic and zinc. At the Tunisia/Algeria border, arsenic concentrations in the Medjerda waters can exceed 1 mg/l. Leaching tests on samples of ore, flotation tailings and an arseniferous mass indicate that whilst Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd concentrations do not exceed 1 mg/l in the leachate solutions, arsenic levels reach 5, 344 and 9,400 mg/l respectively. The study has shown that the pollution originates not only from the mining activities but also from the mineral occurrences present in the mining district and from another source within Algeria.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Schlagwort(e): coal ; lead content ; emissions ; stable isotopes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract More than 60 coal samples, predominantly from the principal coalfields of England and Wales (25) and Scotland (30), were analysed for lead by AAS and for stable lead isotopes by ICP‐MS. While the average lead content of Scottish coal, 23.9 mg kg−1, was more than double that of coal from England and Wales, 11.0 mg kg−1, the corresponding mean 206Pb/207Pb ratios (± 1 s.d.) were nearly identical, at 1.181±0.011 and 1.184±0.006, respectively. In the light of the lead isotopic signatures of British coals and of both indigenous (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.17) and imported Australian (206Pb/207Pb ∼ 1.04) lead ores, an approach based on estimated lead emissions from these sources and the deconvolution of the historical lead and 206Pb/207Pb records preserved in lake sediments, peat bogs and archival herbage material indicates that coal combustion became an increasingly significant contributor to atmospheric lead deposition in the UK during the period 1830–1930, especially after the onset of England’s decline as a major location of lead mining and smelting in the late‐19th Century. Since 1930 and the introduction of leaded petrol, the atmospheric 206Pb/207Pb ratio in the UK has been strongly influenced by car‐exhaust emissions of comparatively 206Pb‐depleted lead of predominantly Australian origin, counter‐balanced to some extent by coal‐combustion emissions of lead, although these have fallen dramatically since the mid‐1950s. Nevertheless, with the introduction and substantial uptake of unleaded petrol in the UK during the last decade, even the declining releases from coal, along with contributions from other sources, are continuing to affect the atmospheric lead content and 206Pb/207Pb ratio.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Environmental geochemistry and health 22 (2000), S. 219-232 
    ISSN: 1573-2983
    Schlagwort(e): flood hazard ; heavy metals ; Idaho ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The link between sediment contamination and flooding is not well established, since flooding may exacerbate problems by spreading pollutants throughout the floodplain, or alternatively may dilute contaminants in source areas. To determine the substance of such relationships, the pattern of sediment contamination was examined in a small Idaho town following flooding in 1996. Four heavy metals were tested, nickel, chromium, zinc and copper, in 97 soil samples obtained from sites across the floodplain of the St. Joe River. Flood history and land-uses at each sample site were noted. Results showed that contamination levels generally were not high, with flood areas having lower concentrations than non-flood areas. A stronger relationship could be argued for land-use, with higher concentrations of contamination associated with some industrial sites. High levels of contamination were also found in several samples taken from recreational areas. Further research looking at the potential sources of contamination in relation to characteristics of the flood hydrology would seem pertinent.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Netherlands journal of geosciences 78 (1999), S. 281-300 
    ISSN: 1573-9708
    Schlagwort(e): Belgium ; comparative osteology ; Late Cretaceous ; Mosasauridae ; the Netherlands ; USA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Geologie und Paläontologie
    Notizen: Abstract Cranial and postcranial elements of the mosasaurid reptiles Mosasaurus hoffmanni Mantell 1829 and Plioplatecarpus marshi Dollo 1882 from the Maastrichtian type area, and of Mosasaurus maximus Cope 1869 and Plioplatecarpus depressus (Cope 1869) from New Jersey are compared. Views held by previous authors are discussed. It is concluded that these European and North American taxa are conspecific.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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