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  • Articles  (1,637)
  • Elsevier  (1,137)
  • American Geophysical Union  (345)
  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (155)
  • American Institute of Physics
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  • 1998  (1,637)
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  • Articles  (1,637)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRATEGIES FOR SEPARATING METALS FROM ACID MINE WATERS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Strategies for the precipitation and separation of the primary metal ions, Fe(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and Cd(II) in acid waste waters such as those in tributaries of the upper Sacramento River in northern California, are discussed. The strategies exploit the: (1) differential oxygen and hydrogen peroxide oxidation and precipitation properties of the metal ions as a function of pH, (2) the addition of ions, such as Mg2 + and Cl-, to reduce unfavorable coprecipitation, and (3) the facilitation of oxidation-reduction reactions between metal ions and the stabilization of particular oxidation states. This may be accomplished with specific complexing agents such as thiocyanate, SCN-, and thiourea (TU), S = C(NH2)2 in order to separate copper at low pH as Cu(I) using Fe(II) as a reducing agent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04153.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WIND GENERATED WAVES IN LAKE OKEECHOBEE (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The study of wind generated waves is important because waves affect sediment resuspension in lakes. Measurements of wind velocity and wave elevation were made at three different stations in Lake Okeechobee. Significant wave heights were computed using a direct count from the recorded data, and verified by the root-mean-square value approach. The correlation between wind stress and significant wave height also was analyzed. The data revealed a strong correlation. In addition to field measurements, a Boussinesq-type wind-wave model was developed to simulate wind-generated, long-propagating waves. This model included the effects of wind stress and bottom viscous dissipation. Wave elevation and velocity field were evaluated numerically. A six-day simulation using 1996 wind data was conducted. Simulated significant wave heights were found to agree reasonably well with measured values. A predictive wind-wave model provides information about wind generated waves, which is used to compute bottom shear stresses required for sediment resuspension studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04157.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MODELING TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF SAN DIEGO BAY, CALIFORNIA (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : In 1983, current data were collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration using mechanical current meters. During 1992 through 1996, acoustic Doppler current profilers as well as mechanical current meters and tide gauges were used. These measurements not only document tides and tidal currents in San Diego Bay, but also provide independent data sets for model calibration and verification. A high resolution (100-m grid), depth-averaged, numerical hydrodynamic model has been implemented for San Diego Bay to describe essential tidal hydrodynamic processes in the bay. The model is calibrated using the 1983 data set and verified using the more recent 1992–1996 data. Discrepancies between model predictions and field data in both model calibration and verification are on the order of the magnitude of uncertainties in the field data. The calibrated and verified numerical model has been used to quantify residence time and dilution and flushing of contaminant effluent into San Diego Bay. Furthermore, the numerical model has become an important research tool in ongoing hydrodynamic and water quality studies and in guiding future field data collection programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04159.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DETECTING CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON HEADWATER STREAMS IN THE ROUTT NATIONAL FOREST, COLORADO (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This study evaluated the use of a modified pebble count procedure (Bevenger and King, 1995) to detect cumulative watershed effects on headwater streams in the Routt National Forest in northcentral Colorado. The 42 sample reaches were stratified by disturbance (reference or disturbed) and geologic terrene (granitic or mixed sedimentary-volcanic). Water surface slope was a significant control on the number of fine particles in the reference reaches in both terranes, and the data from the disturbed reaches were adjusted accordingly. The disturbed reaches in the granitic terrene generally had a higher percentage of fine particles, and the adjusted number of fine particles was significantly correlated with the number of road crossings. Disturbed reaches in the sedimentary-volcanic (s-v) terrane generally did not have significantly more fine particles, nor were the adjusted numbers of fine particles significantly correlated with any management index. The lack of significant trends in the s-v streams is probably due to differences in weathering between the two rock types, and the location of the sample reach relative to sedimentary outcrops. Two other procedures were also used to assess cumulative watershed effects, with the Pfankuch channel stability rating yielding stronger and more consistent differences between the reference and the disturbed streams than the Tarzwell substrate ratio. We conclude that it may be difficult to define a standard reference condition, and that the number of road crossings is more strongly correlated with the number of fine particles than equivalent clearcut area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04162.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES USING EPIC (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper illustrates a method of using a hydrologic/water quality model to analyze alternative management practices and recommend best management practices (BMPs) to reduce nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) leaching losses. The study area for this research is Tipton, an agriculturally intensive area in southwest Oklahoma. We used Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC), a field-scale hydrologic/water quality model, to analyze alternative agricultural management practices. The model was first validated using observed data from a cotton demonstration experiment conducted in the Tipton area. Following that, EPIC was used to simulate fertilizer response curves for cotton and wheat crops under irrigated and dryland conditions. From the fertilizer response functions (N-uptake and N-leaching), we established an optimum fertilizer application rate for each crop. Individual crop performances were then simulated at optimum fertilizer application rates and crop rotations for the Tipton area, which were selected based on three criteria: (a) minimum amount of NO3--N leached, (b) minimum concentration of NO3--N leached, and (c) maximum utilization of NO3--M. Further we illustrate that by considering residual N from alfalfa as a credit to the following crop and crediting NO3--N present in the irrigation water, it is possible to reduce further NO3--N loss without affecting crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04165.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RESEARCH ISSUES IN FOREST HYDROLOGY (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : This paper explores a range of forest hydrology issues and identifies my concepts of the field's most pressing research needs. I extend the topic to include teaching and education in the broader sense because current teaching is usually part of the researcher's portfolio and because education involves that of both the research scientist and a broader audience. I consider the primary research, education, and service roles of the forest hydrologist also within a range of domains or, as I prefer to identify them, scales: (1) the molecular or pore level; (2) hydrological process; (3) watershed function; (4) global considerations, and (5) the human dimension which, while not actually a scale itself, embraces, is important to, and is affected by the first four. All are topics screaming for attention by researchers, educators, and practitioners. I shall here focus on the middle three.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb01510.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FOREST HYDROLOGY ISSUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: A CONSULTANT'S VIEWPOINT (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : Forest hydrology should be a mature science with routine use of hydrological procedures to evaluate the effect of past, current and proposed harvesting practices on water resources. It is not. However, water users are pressuring forest managers to exercise their role in managing forested watersheds for water supply. Most forest managers are poorly equipped to carry out this role. Forestry schools need to ensure that their graduates, whether employed in forest management positions or as specialists in watershed management, understand that all forestry operations may affect instream or downstream water users. Specialists in forest hydrology should be fully aware of the following: (1) climate and watershed characteristics influence streamflow in separate ways; (2) forestry practices produce changes in water yield and quality, and that only these changes need to be evaluated to estimate their effects; (3) watershed storage is a critical factor in evaluating the effects of harvesting on streamflow; and (4) the effect of harvest on one watershed cannot be extrapolated to another without consideration of the processes affected. Research is needed to assist watershed managers in applying models to watersheds for which climate and streamflow data are insufficient. Research is also needed to incorporate climate, streamflow and other data for hydrological models into geographic information systems. Joint research projects are needed to develop physical relationships between stream channel characteristics of importance to fisheries biologists and streamflow characteristics affected by forest harvest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb01513.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CRITICAL DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PREDICTION OF EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION IN MOUNTAIN DRAINAGE BASINS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The potential for understanding and, where necessary, managing sedimentation in humid mountain drainage basins increases with awareness of the conditions that lead to shallow landsliding, debris flows, and catastrophic sedimentation in stream channels. Progress in understanding has involved: improved recognition of source areas and the potential for downstream effects of slope failure; improved understanding of hydrological conditions required for failure; and a general theory of slope stability in shallow colluvium, including the role of plants, fires, timber harvest, and other disturbances. The theory acknowledges spatial variability in topographic and geotechnical terrain characteristics, the stochastic nature of climatic triggering events such as forest fires and rainstorms, and the integrating nature of channel networks in modulating the cumulative effects of transient processes within a basin. Anthropogenic fire regimes, road effects, and timber harvest can readily be included. Continued application and modification of the theory over an expanded geographical range require improvements in field data and their systematic storage in spatial databases. Improvements in digital topographic data for mountain basins, systematic network-wide surveys of channel conditions, and new technology for rapid documentation of soil depths in landslide source areas would enhance the prediction of mass failure, its consequences for channel habitat, and the basin-wide or regional distribution of hillslope and channel conditions. Computations of the probabilities of transient effects throughout basins could then form the basis of ecological risk analyses. Large-scale spatial data sets of a few critical variables are required before this next level of understanding can be developed and applied to sedimentation impacts on ecosystems and other resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb01516.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPOSITE VS. DISTRIBUTED CURVE NUMBERS: EFFECTS ON ESTIMATES OF STORM RUNOFF DEPTHS (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The U.S. Department of Agriculture Curve Number (CN) method is one of the most common and widely used techniques for estimating surface runoff and has been incorporated into a number of popular hydrologic models. The CN method has traditionally been applied using compositing techniques in which the area weighted average of all curve numbers is calculated for a watershed or a small number of sub-watersheds. CN compositing was originally developed as a time saving procedure, reducing the number of runoff calculations required. However, with the proliferation of high speed computers and geographic information systems, it is now feasible to use distributed CNs when applying the CN method. To determine the effect of using composited versus distributed CNs on runoff estimates, two simulations of idealized watersheds were developed to compare runoff depths using composite and distributed CNs. The results of these simulations were compared to the results of similar analyses performed on an urbanizing watershed located in central Indiana and show that runoff depth estimates using distributed CNs are as much as 100 percent higher than when composited CNs are used. Underestimation of runoff due to CN compositing is a result of the curvilinear relationship between CN and runoff depth and is most severe for wide CN ranges, low CN values, and low precipitation depths. For larger design storms, however, the difference in runoff computed using composite and distributed CNs is minimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04150.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CLIMATE CHANGE, IRRIGATION, AND CROP RESPONSE (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A set of simulation models consisting of a weather generator, and irrigation supply, soil moisture and crop growth components was used to evaluate the impacts of climate change on irrigated corn in locations near Albany, New York, Indianapolis, Indiana, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The models evaluated the combined effects of modified water demand, supply and crop management (planting date, cultivar selection, irrigation). Simulations were duplicated for 100-year weather sequences based on current (1961–1988) weather statistics, and statistics modified by outputs from the GFDL GCM runs showing the effects from doubling of atmospheric CO2. Climate impacts differed greatly with location and management. Effects were most adverse in New York and least damaging in Indiana. At all sites, the beneficial effects of longer growing season and increased water supply were generally overcome by the detrimental impacts of increased evapotranspiration and reduced solar radiation during plant maturing stages. Adverse impacts of climate change can be substantially reduced by irrigation and appropriate selection of planting dates and cultivars.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb04155.x
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