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  • Articles  (19)
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  • Springer  (19)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observations of Leonid Meteors Using a Mid-Wave Infrared Imaging Spectrograph (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 81-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Ablation ; Leonids 1998 ; meteors ; meteoroids ; mid-IR emission
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report broadband 3–5.5 µm detections of two Leonid meteors observed during the 1998 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. Each meteor was detected at only one position along their trajectory just prior to the point of maximum light emission. We describe the particular aspects of the Aerospace Corp. Mid-wave Infra-Red Imaging Spectrograph (MIRIS) developed for the observation of short duration transient events that impact its ability to detect Leonid meteors. This instrument had its first deployment during the 1998 Leonid MAC. We infer from our observations that the mid-wave IR light curves of two Leonid meteors differed from the visible light curve. At the points of detection, the infrared emission in the MIRIS passband was 25 ± 4 times that at optical wavelengths for both meteors. In addition, we find an upper limit of 800 K for the solid body temperature of the brighter meteor we observed, at the point in the trajectory where we made our mid-wave IR detection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017026032709
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search for Extraterrestrial Origin of Atmospheric Trace Molecules — Radio Sub-MM Observations during the Leonids (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Early Earth ; H2O ; HCN ; Leonids 1999 ; lower thermosphere ; O3 ; mesosphere ; meteors ; micro-wave ; radio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract To identify the effect of meteor showers on the molecular content of the upper atmosphere of the Earth, we have carried out ground-based observations of atmospheric HCN. HCN radio observations at CSO (Hawaii) on Nov 18/19, 1999, the night after the second Leonid shower maximum, show unusually low HCN abundances above 45 km altitude, which are only recovered after sunrise. We also investigated UARS/HALOE satellite data on H2O and O3. No correlation appears of year round H2O and O3 around 55 km with annual meteor showers, nor with meteor activity at the time of the 1998 Leonid shower.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017075315388
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening of Meteoroids by Ablation Vapor in High-Velocity Meteors (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 109-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Ablation ; Leonids ; meteoroids ; meteors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The ablation is calculated of non-fragmenting 10−2 to 10 cm sized meteoroids for typical Leonids with a velocity of 72 km/s at altitudes of about 90–110 km. At altitudes below the onset of intensive evaporation, a dense vapor cloud is formed around the body. This vapor cloud screens the meteoroid surface from direct impacts of air molecules. A particle beam model is developed that describes the air meteoroid interaction. Based on this model, the physical parameters of the vapor cloud are calculated and compared with observations collected during the Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. General agreement with measured temperatures is found. In addition, boundaries of the model's applicability to specific encounter conditions are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017063007210
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FeO "Orange Arc" Emission Detected in Optical Spectrum of Leonid Persistent Train (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Airglow ; FeO ; Leonids 1999 ; mesosphere ; meteors ; persistent train
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report the detection of a broad continuum emission dominating the visual spectrum of a Leonid persistent train. A comparison with laboratory spectra of FeO "orange arc" emission at 1 mbar shows a general agreement of the band position and shape. The detection of FeO confirms the classical mechanism of metal atom catalyzed recombination of ozone and oxygen atoms as the driving force behind optical emission from persistent trains. Sodium and iron atoms are now confirmed catalysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017079725808
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dust Particles in the Atmosphere during the Leonid Meteor Showers of 1998 and 1999 (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 489-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Leonid meteor shower ; meteors ; terrestrial atmosphere ; twilight sounding method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract November twilight sounding experiments carried out in the Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory including the Leonid showers of 1998 and 1999 provided an opportunity to obtain height distributions of dust of meteoric origin between 20 km to 140 km altitudes. The formation of several dust layers and their subsequent descent and dissipation were observed during these periods. The layers at 117 km and 54 km were estimated to consist of particles of 0.01 µm and 21–23 µm radii respectively, according to settling velocities of these layers. The particle number density at 117 km altitude was estimated to be ∼30 p cm−3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017056531260
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note on the Reaction of the Upper Atmosphere Potassium Layer to the 1999 Leonid Meteor Storm (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 555-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: lower thermosphere ; Leonids 1999 ; mesosphere ; meteors ; neutral atom debris layer ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have performed an experiment to study the impact of the 1999 Leonid meteor storm on the upper atmosphere potassium layer. For the experiment, we used a ground-based K-lidar located at the Observatorio del Teide on the island of Tenerife (28°N, 17°W). As is now known from external sources, the activity of the storm exhibited a sharp peak of activity on November 18, 1999 close to 02:05 UT with a full width at half maximum of only 45 min. Due to unfavorable weather conditions at our lidar site, we could not observe the behavior of the K layer immediately before or during the meteor storm. However, about 1 h past the peak of the Leonid storm, the clouds above the site started to show small holes. Hence, between 03:24 and 05:22 UT, we were able to perform lidar soundings of the K layer above our site. From those we can conclude that the 1999 Leonid meteor storm has not led to an outstanding enhancement of the upper atmosphere potassium layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017085305760
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Observation and Interpretation of Meteoroid Impact Flashes on the Moon (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 575-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Hypervelocity impacts ; Leonids 1999 ; luminous efficiencies ; lunar craters ; meteoroids ; meteors ; Moon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The first unambiguous detection of meteoroids impacting the night side of the Moon was obtained during the 1999 Leonid storm. Up to eight optical flashes were recorded with CCD video cameras attached to small telescopes on November 18, 1999. Six impacts were videotaped by at least two independent observers at the same times and lunar locations, which is perhaps the strongest evidence for their collisional nature. The flashes were clearly above the noise and lasted for less than 0.02 s. Although previous observational efforts did not succeed in detecting impact flashes, additional candidates have been reported in the literature. The evidence accumulated so far implies that small telescopes equipped with high speed cameras can be used as a new tool for studying meteoroid streams, sporadic meteoroids, and hypervelocity collisions. In this review we discuss the various intervening parameters for detectability of flashes on the night side of the Moon (geometrical effects, contamination by scattered light from the day side, and properties of the meteoroids such as speed and flux of particles). Particular emphasis is placed on the analysis of the observations in order to derive relevant physical parameters such as luminous efficiencies, impactor masses, and crater sizes. Some of these parameters are of interest for constraining theoretical impact models. From a simple analysis, it is possible to derive the mass distribution of the impactors in the kg range. A more elaborate analysis of the data permits an estimate of the fraction of kinetic energy converted to radiation (luminous efficiency) if the meteoroid flux on the Moon is known. Applied to the 1999 lunar Leonids, these methods yield a mass index of 1.6 ± 0.1 and luminous efficiencies of 2 × 10−3 with an uncertainty of about one order of magnitude. Predictions of visibility of the major annual meteor showers are given for the next few years. These include the forthcoming 2001 Leonid return, for which we estimate detection rates in the visible.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017097724416
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1997 Leonid Shower from Space (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Flux ; Leonids 1999 ; meteors ; meteor shower ; MSX ; population index ; space
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In November 1997, the Midcourse Space Experiment satellite (MSX) was deployed to observe the Leonid shower from space. The shower lived up to expectations, with abundant bright fireballs. Twenty-nine meteors were detected by a wide-angle, visible wavelength, camera near the limb of the Earth in a 48-minute interval, and three meteors by the narrow field camera. This amounts to a meteoroid influx of 5.5 ± 0.6 10−5 km−2 hr−1 for masses 〉 0.3 gram. The limiting magnitude for limb observations of Leonid meteors was measured at Mv = −1.5 magn. The Leonid shower magnitude population index was 1.6 ± 0.2 down to Mv = −7 magn., with no sign of an upper mass cut-off.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017034815755
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ESOC "Meteor Alert Center" (MALC) and Its Application during the 1999 Leonid Shower (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 39-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Leonids 1999 ; meteors ; spacecraft hazards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Spacecraft operators were concerned that the high number density of meteoroid particles during the anticipated 1999 Leonid meteor storm might result in damage to spacecraft. Switching off a spacecraft is expensive and operators try to avoid it, which created a need for real time monitoring systems. At the Space Science Department of ESA, we designed a near-real time meteor monitoring system, displaying observational information at the European Space Operations Center (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany. The system consisted of software tools that connect automatic video systems in the field with a central data node. Here, we describe the design, implementation, setup and results of the system. Wireless communication was implemented by means of the Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication. Unfortunately, during the operational phase this communication system failed. Conventional transmission by telephone was used instead. Results of the near real time reporting are presented and discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017053309511
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Search for Organic Matter in Leonid Meteoroids (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Astrobiology ; CN ; exobiology ; Leonids 1999 ; meteors ; meteoroids ; origin of life ; spectroscopy ; ultraviolet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Near-ultraviolet 300–410 nm spectra of Leonid meteoroids were obtained in an effort to measure the strong B → X emission band of the radical CN in Leonid meteor spectra at 387 nm. CN is an expected product of ablation of nitrogen containing organic carbon in the meteoroids as well as a possible product of the aerothermochemistry induced by the kinetic energy of the meteor. A slit-less spectrograph with objective grating was deployed on FISTA during the 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. Fifteen first-order UV spectra were captured near the 02:00 UT meteor storm peak on November 18. It is found that neutral iron lines dominate the spectrum, with no clear sign of the CN band. The meteor plasma contains less than one CN molecule per 3 Fe atoms at the observed altitude of about 100 km.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017021929075
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jet-Like Structures and Wake in Mg I (518 nm) Images of 1999 Leonid Storm Meteors (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 379-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Fragmentation ; jet-like ; Leonids 1999 ; meteoroids ; meteors ; structures ; wake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Small meteoric fragments are ejected at significant transverse velocities from some (up to ∼8%) fast Leonid meteors. We reach this conclusion using low light intensified image measurements obtained during the 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign. High spatial resolution, narrow band image measurements of the Mg I emission at 518 nm have been used to clearly identify jet-like features in the meteor head that are the same as first observed in white light by LeBlanc et al. (1999). We postulate that these unusual structures are caused by tiny meteoroid fragments (containing metallic grains) being rapidly ejected away from the core meteoroid as the constituent glue evaporates. Marked curvature observed in the jet-like filaments suggest that the parent meteoroids are spinning and as the whirling fragments are knocked away by the impinging air molecules, or by grain-grain collisions in the fragment ensemble, they ablate quickly generating an extended area of structured luminosity up to about 1–2 km from the meteoroid center. Fragments with smaller transverse velocity components are thought to be responsible for the associated beading evident in the wake of these unusual Leonid meteors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017063322173
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ELF/VLF Radiation Produced by the 1999 Leonid Meteors (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 545-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Electrophonics ; ELF ; Leonids 1999 ; meteors ; radio waves ; VLF
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract For more than 200 years large meteors entering the atmosphere have been observed to produce audible sounds simultaneously with the optical flash. Since sound waves travel much slower that visible light, the only explanation was that electromagnetic waves produced by the meteors induce a vibration in a transducer close to the observer, producing an audible sound, known as electrophonics. To check this hypothesis, continuous measurements of low frequency electromagnetic waves were performed during the Leonids meteor storm on the night of 18 November, 1999. The analyses of the data indicate distinct electromagnetic pulses produced by the incoming meteors. Many of the weaker incoming meteors that could not be seen visibly were also detected electromagnetically, with a peak rate of approximately 15,000 meteors per hour occurring at the peak of the storm, nearly 50 times the visible rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017033320782
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From Comets to Meteors (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 313-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: comets ; dust ; meteors ; meteoroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A summary of comet nucleus and dust properties is used to suggest a basis for predicting the properties of meteor shower particles originating as comet debris.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017086832593
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign - An Early Review (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 1-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Airborne astronomy ; astrobiology ; chemistry ; comets ; composition ; elves ; exobiology ; instrumental techniques ; Leonid MAC ; Leonids 1999 ; lower thermosphere ; meteoroids ; meteor storm ; meteors ; mesosphere ; orbital dynamics ; satellite impact hazard ; sprites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two B707-type research aircraft of the 452nd Flight Test Squadron at Edwards Air Force Base were deployed to study the Leonid meteor storm of 1999 over the Mediterranean Sea on Nov. 18. The mission was sponsored by various science programs of NASA, and offered an international team of 35 researchers observing conditions free of clouds and low altitude extinction at a prime location for viewing the storm. This 1999 Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign followed a similar effort in 1998, improving upon mission strategy and scope. As before, spectroscopic and imaging experiments targeted meteors and persistent trains, but also airglow, aurora, elves and sprites. The research aimed to address outstanding questions in astrobiology, planetary science, astronomy, and upper atmospheric research. In addition, USAF co-sponsored the mission to provide near real-time flux measurements for space weather awareness. First results are presented in these issues of Earth, Moon, and Planets in preparation for future missions that will target the exceptional Leonid returns of 2001 and 2002. An early review of the scientific achievements in the context of campaign objectives is given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017020106785
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of 1998 and 1999 Leonid Light Curve Morphology and Meteoroid Structure (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 351-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comets ; dust ; Leonids 1999 ; lightcurves ; meteoroids ; meteors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Photometric low-light level video observations of 1999 Leonid storm meteors have been obtained from two airborne platforms during the Leonid multi-instrument aircraft campaign (Leonid MAC). The 1999 Leonid light curves tend to be skewed towards the end point of the trajectory, while the 1998 Leonid light curves were not. The variation in the light curves from 1998 and 1999 can be explained as an overall reduction in the mass distribution index, α from ∼ 1.95 in 1998 to ∼ 1.75 in 1999. We have interpreted this behaviour as being either indicative of a gradual loss of the "glue" that keeps the grains together, or the fact that the meteoroids sampled in 1998 had a different morphological structure to those sampled in 1999. The early fragmentation of a dustball meteoroid results in a light curve that peaks sooner than that predicted by classical single body ablation theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017003019448
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First Results of High-Definition TV Spectroscopic Observations of the 1999 Leonid Meteor Shower (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 369-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle ; high definition TV ; interplanetary dust ; Leonids 1999 ; meteor spectroscopy ; meteors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract During the 1999 Leonids, an intensified HDTV camera was used for slitless meteor spectroscopy at visible and near-UV wavelengths in three night flights of the Leonid Multi-instrument Aircraft Campaign. The IIDTV system provided a high dynamic range (digital 10-bit) and a wide field of view of 37 × 21 degrees. The maximum spectral sensitivity is at 405 nm, while the resolving power of the spectrograph was λ/Δλ ∼ 250. Here, we report on the results for one particularly nice spectrum from a Leonid meteor at 03:24:40 UT. Numerous atomic emission lines of magnesium and iron were detected, with an excitation temperature of T = 5,000 ± 1,000. It is confirmed that sodium is released from the meteoroid earlier than iron and magnesium, just as in meteors of the 1998 Leonid shower. Rovibrational bands of N2 dominate the spectrum in the visible and near-IR. We searched for CN band emission at 389 nm, but could not detect it due to the overlap of numerous iron lines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017055120356
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual Observations of the 1998 and 1999 Leonids in Israel (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Dust trail ; Leonids 1999 ; meteors ; meteor shower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results from visual observations of the Leonid showers in 1998 and 1999 in Israel are presented. They were processed by the method which was developed at Engelhardt Astronomical Observatory (Kazan, Russia). The values of the mass index and the Zenithal hourly rate (ZHR) are estimated for both showers. The peak of the 1999 shower was over the Middle East and the conditions for observation were optimal. The calculated ZHR for 1999 Leonid shower was up to ZHR ∼ 3,700 based on 2-minute intervals, while the peak time was at solar longitude λo = 235.281 ± 0.001 (J2000), which corresponds to 1h57m ± 2m UT November 18. The shower width was 0.032 ± 0.002 ° solar longitude. The population index was higher during the storm of 1999 than in 1998.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017059221265
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Winds at Middle Europe and Northern Scandinavia during the Leonid 1999 Meteor Storm (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 565-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Leonids 1999 ; Lower thermosphere ; mesosphere ; meteors ; winds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We report observations of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the Leonid meteor storm of November 17/18, 1999. The observations were obtained at five radar sites in Middle Europe and Northern Scandinavia using meteor radars in Germany and Northern Sweden, Medium Frequency (MF) radars in Germany and Northern Norway and Low Frequency (LF) wind measurements in Germany. We present hourly means of zonal and meridional winds covering the altitude range 82 km to 106 km. At mid-latitudes (52° – 54°N) we observe strong eastward and southward directed winds during the storm phase of the Leonid shower in the early morning hours of November 18 whereas eastward and northward directed winds are dominating at high latitudes (67° – 69°N). Strong semidiurnal and weaker diurnal tidal oscillations are observed in the wind field at both latitudes at altitudes above 90 km.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017041523507
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photographic Leonids 1998 Observed at Modra Observatory (1998)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 82-83 (1998), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Fireball ; flux ; Leonids 1998 ; meteoroids ; meteors ; meteor shower
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results of photographic observations of the 1998 Leonids performed at Modra Observatory (Slovakia) are presented and discussed. During an exposure time of 7 hr 14 min on November 16/17 a total of 168 meteors were recorded. Photographic rates of bright Leonid meteors as well as their magnitude distribution are presented and compared with the results obtained by other techniques. The photographic 1998 Leonids exhibit a maximum at the solar longitude 234.52°, Equinox 2000.0 (Nov. 17, 01:40 UT).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017078614847
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