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  • Articles  (186)
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  • Cambridge University Press  (157)
  • Springer  (29)
  • American Geophysical Union
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  • 1995-1999  (186)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1997  (186)
  • Ethnic Sciences
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  • Articles  (186)
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  • 1995-1999  (186)
  • 1945-1949
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ASS volume 31 issue 4 Cover and Back matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00017157
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  • 2
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    ‘National Essence’ vs ‘Science’: Chinese Native Physicians' Fight for Legitimacy, 1912–37 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 847-877 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The medical profession in modern China comprised two radically different schools—modern (Western) medicine and native medicine. The difference in philosophy, theory, and technique made a conflict between the two schools almost inevitable, and the conflict was intensified by the modernization process that was quickened during the Republican period. Western-trained or modern doctors advocated national salvation through science and denounced native medicine as superstitious, unscientific, and an impediment to the development of medical science in China. On the other hand, native medical practitioners insisted that what they learned and practiced was part of the national essence (guocui) and should be protected against the cultural invasion of imperialism (diguo zhuyi wenhua qinlue) including Western medicine. To be sure, both sides used such rhetoric to camouflage the business competition between them, but this rivalry and its implications did point to a profound cultural conflict between Chinese tradition and Western influence in China's modernization. It epitomized a burning issue of the day: whether or not China's modernization meant Westernization and whether a respectable position for China in the modern world was to be achieved through Westernization or preservation of what was regarded or claimed as national heritage.
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  • 3
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    The Response to Rural Reform in an Overseas Chinese Area: Examples from Two Localities in the Western Pearl River Delta Region, South China1 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 31-59 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: AbstarctA major transformation has occurred in rural China since reform policies were initiated in 1979. It has been particularly dramatic in the highly commercialized Pearl River delta region of the southern province of Guangdong, provenance of most North Americans of Chinese origin. The delta region has become firmly incorporated into the global economy and its external linkages, especially to Hong Kong, have been central in the process of change. The responses to reform in the areas of the delta dominated by an Overseas Chinese presence have been distinctive. Varied family economic strategies have arisen to meet the opportunities implicit in the new policies for rural reform in a region in which remittances from abroad are significant. There has also been the revival of complex kinship groupings (lineages) energized by Overseas Chinese communities, which have assumed important roles in regional economic development.
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  • 4
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    The Urdu —English Controversy in Pakistan (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 177-207 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Pakistan is an ideologically inspired state and Urdu was a part of this ideology. During the development of Muslim separatism in British India it had become a symbol of Muslim identity and was the chief rival of Hindi, the symbol of Hindu identity (Brass, 1974: 119–81. Thus, after partition it was not surprising that the Muslim polemical and methodologically unreliable books. Some of them are, indeed, part of the pro-Urdu campaign by such official institutions as the National Language Authority, because of which they articulate only the official language policy (Kamran, 1992). Other books, especially by supporters of Urdu, invoke simplistic conspiracy theories for explaining the opposition to Urdu. One of them is that the elitist supporters of English have always conspired to protect it in their self-interest; the other that ethno-nationalists, supported by foreign governments, communists and anti-state agents, oppose Urdu (Abdullah, 1976; Barelvi 1987). While such assertions may be partly true, the defect of the publications is that no proof is offered in support of them.
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  • 5
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    Dalton, Dennis: Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action : New York, Columbia University Press, 1993 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 218-221 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
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    Transcending East—West Dichotomies: State and Culture Formation in Six Ostensibly Disparate Areas (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 463-546 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Although the question has assumed at least two principal forms, most scholars who would compare the history of Europe and Asia have long been absorbed with a single query: Why was Asia different?
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  • 7
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    The Birth of Europe as a Eurasian Phenomenon (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 583-601 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Although they still differ considerably in their willingness to acknowledge it, specialists in the history of north-western Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries CE are increasingly treating it as that of the emergence of a new civilization in what had previously been a peripheral region of the Mediterranean-based civilization of the classical west, rather than as a continuation or revival of that civilization itself. In this light Europe, or Latin Christendom as it saw itself, offers a number of striking resemblances to the developments which Lieberman discusses. The most dynamic regions of the new Europe—north-western France, Flanders and lowland England, north-eastern Spain, northern Italy, southern Italy and Sicily—were all peripheral, though in various senses, both to the long-defunct classical civilization and its direct successors, the Byzantine and Abbasid Empires, and to the transitional and much more loosely based ninth-and tenth-century empires of the Franks and Saxons (Ottonians). To this one might add that by the end of the twelfth century the remaining rimlands of the Eurasian continent in a purely geographical sense—Scandinavia, including Iceland, and still more the southern coast of the Baltic and the areas dominated by the rivers which drained into it—were developing very rapidly indeed.
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  • 8
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    Southeast Asia ‘Inside Out,’ 1300–1800: A Perspective from the Interior (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 689-709 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Despite the serious studies of the past century, the history of Mainland Southeast Asia is still poorly understood. This is not to say that we do not have numerous studies of particular countries and events in individual countries; but, despite the efforts of Victor Lieberman, Anthony Reid, and others, we still lack a comprehensive sense of the dynamics of the premodern history of long periods on a region-wide basis.
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  • 9
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    ASS volume 31 issue 2 Cover and Back matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X00014281
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  • 10
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    The Colonial State and Constructions of Indian Identity: An Example on the Northeast Frontier in the 1880s (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 245-283 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This is an essay about the establishment and expanding roles of the colonial state in India, and their probable correlation with developments of Indian identity. As I have argued elsewhere, identities are always multiple, contingent and continuously constructed, so that traditions, also continually reinvented, are shared and reiterated practices and beliefs which reflect the collective memories of previous constructions. There is no analytical contradiction therefore between long-term civilizational continuities and emerging forms of ‘constructed’ identity. This paper is about a particular form of identity that is currently associated with concepts of public space and rights, and with the nation-state, or at least political and territorial units. For convenience I refer to it as ‘modern Indian identity’ because it has been defined and been growing in significance in the modern era; but no inference should be drawn that I consider it to be the only form in India.
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  • 11
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    Education for National Efficiency: Constructive Nationalism in North India, 1909–1916 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 339-374 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Nationalist activity in India between the years 1909 and 1916 has generally received an inadequate treatment from historians. It seems, quite simply, that this period is not sensational enough and historical accounts tend to skip from the excitement of the Swadeshi movement, the ‘Moderate’—‘Extremist’ split, the so-called ‘Extremist’ movement in general, and the Morley—Minto reforms of 1909 only to stop at the emergence of the Home Rule leagues or, even more likely, the serious political emergence of Gandhi after 1917. For example, despite writing of ‘continuities’ from 1885 to 1947, even Sumit Sarkar sees the nationalist movement expanding ‘in a succession of waves and troughs, the obvious high-points being 1905–1908, 1919–1922, 1928–1934, 1942 and 1945–46.’ Effectively, he is saying that the years from 1908 to 1919 were characterized by a ‘trough’ or lull.
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  • 12
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    Was Early Modern Japan Culturally Integrated? (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 547-581 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In an earlier draft of his essay, Professor Lieberman quoted, with some bemusement, a remark by Edwin O. Reischauer that has flown from the text but stuck in memory. Japan during the Tokugawa era, observed E.O.R., achieved ‘a greater degree of cultural, intellectual, and ideological conformity ... than any other country in the world ... before the nineteenth century.’ The claim is remarkable—no less for its tone than for its unlikelihood (were we even remotely able to test it). Still, the claim is tantalizing, and versions of it, more hesitant, continue to resonate in the survey literature.
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  • 13
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    Merciful Father, Impersonal State: Russian Autocracy in Comparative Perspective (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 635-663 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Comparative analyses traditionally have done Russian history no favors. Invidious comparisons have situated Russia firmly in a context of backwardness relative to the West. The term ‘medieval’ customarily applies to Russia until the era of Peter the Great, that is, until the early eighteenth century, and even the least condemnatory scholars point out similarities between Muscovite Russia of the fourteenth through seventeenth centuries and early medieval tribal formations of northern Europe. Along with ‘backwardness,’ comparative history has customarily found in Russia an example of extraordinarily oppressive autocratic despotism, while at the same time, and omewhat contradictorily, decrying the incompetence and rampant corruption of the central state apparatus. These and other unflattering comparative generalizations arose in the observations of Western travellers who recorded their impressions of Russia in the early modern period and have continued in the writings of scholars and journalists to this day.
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  • 14
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    Irrigation and the Rise of the State in Hunza: A Case for the Hydraulic Hypothesis (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 995-1017 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The former princely state of Hunza (now part of Pakistan's Northern Areas District) commands one of the largest and most complex irrigation systems in the whole of the western Karakoram mountain range. Built during the 18th century, Hunza's hydraulic works contributed significantly to the emergence of this small Central Asian state. Few writers, however, have explored the role of irrigation in Hunza's political evolution. Müller-Stellrecht (1981:55) has made some passing observations about the economic importance of irrigation in her paper on traditional Hunzakut society, Kreutzmann (1988) has provided some historical facts concerning the building of the canals and the present-day water distribution system in Hunza, while the French geographer Charles (1985) presents a significant body of data on Hunza's hydraulic works, but entirely from a physical perspective. In this paper, which is based on ethnohistorical data gathered during field research in Hunza, in 1990 and 1991, I examine the role of irrigation in the process of state formation in Hunza.
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  • 15
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    Introduction (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 449-461 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The contributions in this collection, with one exception, are revised versions of papers prepared for a workshop on ‘The Eurasian Context of the Early Modern History of Mainland South East Asia, 1400–1800,’ which was held at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) of the University of London, 22–24 June, 1995. This gathering was organized thanks to the imagination and infectious enthusiasm of Dr Ian Brown, then Director of the Centre of South East Asian Studies at SOAS, and was funded with grants from SOAS, Modern Asian Studies and Cambridge University Press, and the British Academy.
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  • 16
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    State Building in Early-Modern Europe: the Case of France (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 603-633 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries, Western European political units shared with political units elsewhere in Eurasia both underlying structural factors—population trends, bullion influx, an increasingly integrated world economy—and challenges, above all the rising costs of military activity. Western Europe reacted in ways similar to other regions to the stresses of the fifteenth through eighteenth centuries: greater territorial integration (most notably in France, England, and Spain), stepped-up efforts to establish cultural hegemony in given territorial units, higher levels of taxation, increased military spending and larger military forces, sharply more standardized institutions and administration.
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  • 17
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    ASS volume 31 issue 2 Cover and Front matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 18
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    Civilization on Loan: The Making of an Upstart Polity: Mataram and its Successors, 1600–1830 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 711-734 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This paper focuses on the south-central Javanese state of Mataram and its late seventeenth- and mid-eighteenth-century successors—Kartasura (1680–1746), and Surakarta (founded 1746) and Yogyakarta (founded 1749). It concentrates principally on the administrative, military and cultural trends of the period, looking at the ways in which Mataram and its heirs imported their cultural styles from the defeated east Javanese and pasisir (north-east coast) kingdoms, while developing a Spartan polity dominated by the exigencies of war and military expansion. The disastrous reign of Sultan Agung's successor, Sunan Amangkurat I (r. 1646–77), and the emergence of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) as a major political force in Java led to the rapid eclipse of Mataram/Kartasura's military influence duringJava's ‘Eighty Years War’ (1675–1755) when the heritage of the great early Mataram rulers was squandered. This period of turmoil ended in the permanent division (paliyan) of south-central Java between the courts of Surakarta (Kasunanan, founded 1746, and Mangkunegaran, founded 1757) and Sultan Mangkubumi's new kingdom of Yogyakarta, which, in terms of its martial traditions, was the principal inheritor of the early Mataram polity. At the same time, the political authority of the courts continued to face challenges from regional power centres, not least the powerful administrators of Yogyakarta's eastern outlying provinces (mancanagara)based in Madiun and Maospati, and the networks of Islamic schools (pesantrèn) and tax-free religious villages (perdikan), which drew their strength both from court patronage and the piety of local communities.
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  • 19
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    In Search of the Collective Self: How Ethnic Group Concepts were Cast through Conflict in Colonial India (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 285-315 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: When the concept of Western nationalism travelled to India in the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century it was carried by British officialdom and an increasingly mobile and articulate Indian élite that was educated in English and in the tradition of British society. Not only did it inspire the all-India nationalist movement, but it encouraged regional politics as well, mainly in ethnic and religious terms. Most of today's ethnic and religious movements in South Asia could be traced back to their antecedents before independence. Looking closer at the three major regional movements of pre-independence India, the Pathans, the Sikhs and the Tamils, one finds a striking similarity in patterns of mobilization, conflict and concept irrespective of their association with the national movement (Red Shirt movement of the Pathans, Sikh movement of the Akalis) or independent existence in opposition to Congress (non-Brahmin/Tamil movement)
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  • 20
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    ASS volume 31 issue 4 Cover and Front matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-2 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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  • 21
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    Rewriting Cambodian History to ‘Adapt’ it to a New Political Context: The Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party's Historiography (1979–1991) (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 807-846 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In the midst of Pol Pot's struggle for the control of the Cambodian Communist Party in the 1970s, the subject of the Party's history came to assume a crucial importance. In 1976, the date of the foundation of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) became so important an issue that veteran Party members who remembered that the Party had been founded at a date previous to that claimed by Pol Pot, were tortured and killed for that reason. History was rewritten to suit the interests of Pol Pot's faction and the political circumstances of the time. A particularly sensitive subject was the role played by the Vietnamese in the formation of the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party, the predecessor of the CPK in the 1950s. After the relations between the Vietnamese and Cambodian Parties turned sour in the mid-1970s, the CPK deleted all allusions to the Vietnamese role from its official Party History.
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  • 22
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    Unsettled Settlers: Migrant Workers and Industrial Capitalism in Calcutta (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 919-949 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: In 1880, the area north of Calcutta was a ‘jungle’, an area with swamps and marshes and a few scattered villages. With the expansion of the jute industry, the area was rapidly transformed. Factories were set up, and large numbers of people came to the area in search of work. Until the late 1920s, the industry prospered and the population of the industrial area increased enormously, but since then employment growth has stagnated and the population has increased only moderately. At present, the industrial area still shows the features described in the reports at the beginning of this century: ‘mill lines’ crowded with migrant labourers, bad housing conditions, particularly in the private bastis, small houses with little ventilation and light, open drains, public bathing places.
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  • 23
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    Gandhiji on the Central Vista: A Postcolonial Refiguring (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 967-994 
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    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Monuments, memorials and statues, so commonplace in squares and parks of late twentieth-century cities, have interesting histories and convey particular historiographies. In public arenas planned and maintained by state administrations, symbolic representations situated for the purpose of communicating messages to passersby, visitors, and residents often mark the state's attempt to control space, history and popular memory. By extension, changes in statuary or monumental architecture over time may reflect shifts in rulers and their representations of rule. As Hung (1991) demonstrates, the ‘war of monuments’ in Tiananmen Square reflected struggles for power and demands by those excluded from power for rights and access. The ‘statumania’ of post-revolutionary France personalized contests for power and representation (Agulhon 1985). On the other hand, monuments that remain fixed on landscapes can be variously interpreted over time, forming, as Young (1989:70) has noted, ‘a kind of screen across which the projected shadows of a world's preoccupations continue to flicker and dance.’
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  • 24
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    Xin Xi Guxiang: A Study of Regional Associations as a Bonding Mechanism in the Chinese Diaspora. The Hong Kong Experience (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 375-397 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The Chinese migrant's strong sense of attachment to the guxiang (native place) is well recognized, and literature on overseas Chinese generally proceeds on this assumption. There is, however, little discussion on the mechanisms which have bonded the migrant to the native place, either by helping him express his longing and concern for it, or by reminding him of his obligations as a native son. Family ties, ownership of land and business connections as well as pure sentimental attachment, so poignant in centuries of Chinese poetry, naturally make migrants feel concerned for its well-being and eager for its news. Overseas Chinese in most cases continue to communicate with the native place on an individual basis, for there are levels of activities where the scale and complexity are such that only organizational efforts would suffice. At the same time, an easily identifiable institution enables those at home to contact and rally more effectively its migrant fellow-regionals, when the need for spiritual or material help arises.
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  • 25
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    Banskota, Purushottam: The Gurkha Connection: A History of the Gurkha Recruitment in the British Indian Army : Jaipur, Nirala Publications, 1994 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 445-448 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    Dr Alexander Maclean Mackay: Profile of a China Medical Missionary (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 415-444 
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    ISSN: 0026-749X
    Source: Cambridge Journals Digital Archives
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Compared to missionaries like Timothy Richard (1845–1919) and Hudson Taylor (1832–1905), Dr Alexander Maclean Mackay is a name almost unknown in the annals of Christian evangelism in China. The personnel roster of the London Missionary Society, to which he initially belonged, did boast of such luminaries as Robert Morrison (1782–1834), a pioneering Protestant preacher in early nineteenth-century China and James Legge (1815–1897), a missionary turned Sinologist and Oxford don. But Mackay, as one of the Mission's numerous field workers, is not likely to be found in such distinguished company. In fact, his sojourn in China, in comparison, was relatively brief. It lasted not quite six years, from January 1891 to September 1896, when he died of cholera and was buried in China. In many ways, he was merely another missionary, one of the many men and women, Catholic and Protestant, who had toiled in China, then faded into oblivion, and have since eluded the eye of the historical researcher.
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    Zhisui, Li: The Private Life of Chairman Mao: The Memoirs of Maoʼns Personal Physician : London, Chatto and Windus, 1994 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 209-215 
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    Gordon, Stewart: The New Cambridge History of India II.4. The Marathas, 1600–1818 : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 215-218 
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    Self as Other: Amar Singh's Diary as Reflexive ‘Native’ Ethnography (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 143-175 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Amar Singh at twenty began writing on a daily basis. His diary extends over 44 years, from 1898 to 1942. Its last entry is dated 1 November 1942. He died that night. These days, the 89 quarto-size bound volumes averaging 800 manuscript pages can be found at Kanota Fort, ten miles east of Jaipur off the Agra road, where Mohan Singh, his nephew and heir, keeps them in glass-fronted Victorian cabinets in one of the several rooms Amar Singh called his library. In the essay that follows1 I try to show why and how Amar Singh, a diarist writing reflexively about himself, constructed a ‘self as other’ethnography of turn-of-the-century princely and British India. Through the medium of his diary he becomes a participant, an observer, an informant, a narrator, and an author. I set the stage for Amar Singhʼns self-as-other ethnography by examining the separation and alienation in anthropological discourse of self and other. Common to ethnography since Malinowskiʼns invented participant-observer field work, the separation was questioned, then challenged by postcolonial Indian and by postmodern Western anthropologists. I then show how Amar Singh, a self-conscious and critical ‘native’ self, constitutes the other in constituting himself. It is a story about how a native came to represent, speak for, and know himself.
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    Israel, Milton: Communications and Power: Propaganda and the Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle, 192O–1947 : Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 221-223 
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    ‘Japan’ in an English Mirror (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 763-806 
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    Notes: ‘The rise of Japan is surely one of the great epics of modern world history’. Yet it is not easy to obtain an overview of the development of Japanese civilization. Since the 1960s there has been an explosion of research which has overturned many of the older orthodoxies. The Cambridge History of Japan provides us with an unique chance to take stock. Here I will consider the four volumes covering the period from the twelfth to the later twentieth century.
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    The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar Pradesh (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 879-918 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh has the dubious distinction of being the heartland of communalism in India. The years between the two world wars, in particular, saw the most widespread and unprecedented outbreak of communal conflict in this state. One of the significant factors underlying this escalation of communal tensions was Hindu religious resurgence and a gradual, but radical, transformation in the nature of Hinduism. Hinduism became increasingly militant and martial in its public expression. Indeed, some of the roots of so-called ‘muscular Hinduism’ that characterizes Hindu nationalism of recent years can be traced back to the 1920s and '30s. The public face of Hinduism, from this period, appeared less and less to be that of devotion and religious worship and more and more that of aggressive chants and armed displays. The dominant image of Hinduism emerged to be one of very large crowds of people, wielding staffs, flags, swords and other arms, marching in processions during religious festivals. These festivals imparted an aura of triumphant and aggressive expansionism to Hinduism, which in turn, elicited counter Muslim reactions, and contributed to the aggravation of communal tension and violence. The spread of communalism in north India in this period was marked by another, equally significant, development. Communal conflicts came to be increasingly concentrated in urban centres and a section of the urban poor came to play a pivotal role in the upsurge of Hindu martial militancy.
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    The Writer's Truth: Representation of Identities in Indian Fiction (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 951-965 
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    Notes: It is widely believed that nationalism in India stemmed from European domination. Imperialism, for the first time, generated the sentiment of ‘nationhood’ that brought together people of diverse religions, languages, and lifestyles to demand home rule. The process involved cultural revivalism, yet retained strong ties with the inheritance of two centuries of foreign domination. The spur to the writing of cultural tracts was sharp and the attempt to rewrite the ‘true’ history of their country became the leading preoccupation of intellectuals. Consequently, indigenous histories of different kinds emerged over a period of years preceding independence and in the years after 1947. Different generic models were used in an attempt to replace the ‘inauthentic’ historical accounts compiled by Europeans, featuring instead themes or motifs of writing that emphasized an assertion of a culture which was comparable, if not superior, to that of their European peers. Correspondingly, historiography and fiction-writing depicted national heroes, full of deeds of valour and bravery, engaged in wresting their ‘nation’ from the aggressor by an emphasis on indigenous themes. Models of writing structured around the earlier epics, the use of local dialects, the emphasis on ancient rituals and practices, all went into the making of a ‘pure’ tradition.
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    ASS volume 31 issue 3 Cover and Back matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-8 
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    ASS volume 31 issue 3 Cover and Front matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-2 
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    Literati Culture and Integration in Dai Viet, c. 1430–c. 1840 (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 665-687 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The land of Dai Viet, whose political and cultural heartland lay in what is now northern Vietnam, followed patterns somewhat analogous to those posited in other Eurasian ‘rimland’ states. The fifteenth to nineteenth centuries saw administrative centralization, territorial expansion, population growth, economic elaboration, a greater emphasis on textuality and moral orthodoxy, and growing cultural standardization. In contrast to France and West European states, however, the Vietnamese achieved this integration less by refining patterns established during the prior ‘charter age’ (c. 900–1400 c.e.) than by adopting a radically new model, that of the contemporary Ming government in China.
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    Connected Histories: Notes towards a Reconfiguration of Early Modern Eurasia (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 735-762 
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    Notes: The majority of Japanese even today believe that the politico-cultural universe of the Edo period was fundamentally determined by the closure of the country. They also think that the opening of Japan can be reduced to the development of exchanges with the West, following the birth of the Meiji regime. It is hard for them to imagine that Japan developed in relation with other Asian countries, since they are hardly used to appreciating Asian cultures.
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    British Annexation of Sind in 1843: An Economic Perspective (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 225-244 
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    Notes: Generally speaking, there are two dominant schools of thought with regard to the British annexation of Sind in the Indian sub-continent in 1843. One takes the view that individuals on the spot make history. It was a harsh, bitter and frustrated soldier by the name of General Sir Charles Napier who was determined to seek glory and wealth for himself by annexing Sind. In this respect, the eminent historian and former Special Commissioner for Sind (1943–46), H. T. Lambrick, has put his case extremely well. The other school interprets the annexation in strategic terms, as part of a search for a defence system which would safeguard British India from the dangers of attack from the northwest. In about 600 pages, the distinguished historian M. E. Yapp has achieved his goal with remarkable success. Furthermore, Yapp has done so without discounting the first school of thought. Indeed, the two are not mutually exclusive. In this paper I wish to suggest that there is a third dimension, an economic one; and that the three are not mutually exclusive either. Indeed, all three appear to have different weights at different levels of the policy-making process.
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    British Society in India under the East India Company (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 89-108 
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    Notes: The British in India have always fascinated their fellow countrymen. From the eighteenth century until the demise of the Raj innumerable publications described the way of life of white people in India for the delectation of a public at home. Post-colonial Britain evidently still retains a voracious appetite for anecdotes of the Raj and accounts of themores of what is often represented as a bizarre Anglo-Indian world. Beneath the welter of apparent triviality, historians are, however, finding issues of real significance.
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    Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 317-338 
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    Notes: The formation of the Dalit Panthers and the flourishing of Dalit literature in the 1970s saw the advent of a new connotation for the Marathi word ‘Dalit’. Chosen by the Mahar community leaders themselves, the title ‘Dalit’ was used by them to replace the titles of untouchable, Backward or Depressed Classes and Harijans, which had been coined by those outside the Dalit communities to describe the Mahar and Chambhar jatis. ‘Dalit’ identified those whose culture had been deliberately ‘broken’, ‘crushed to pieces’ or ‘ground down’ by the varna Hindu culture above them. As such, it contained an explicit repudiation of all the Hindu cultural norms of untouchability, varna structure and karma doctrine which varna Hindu society had imposed. The adoption of this new title was an affirmation of the Dalit community's struggle for cultural independence and separate identity. Yet this struggle for an independent cultural identity was not merely a cultural struggle of the 1970s, but one which stretched back almost a century to what, retrospectively, must be seen as the inception of Dalit literature and culture in the activities of the Anarya Dosh Pariharak Mandal and the first Dalit writings of Gopal Baba Valangkar in 1888. This article aims to recover this much-neglected early history of the Dalit communities of western India at the turn of the twentieth century. In particular, it examines how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture.
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    ASS volume 31 issue 1 Cover and Front matter (1997)
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    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-2 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    The KMT Party's Enterprises in Taiwan (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 399-413 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: AbstractThis article explores the origins and development of the Kuomintang (KMT, the Chinese Nationalist Party) party's enterprises in Taiwan. Because the KMT party's enterprises are categorized in the private sector in all the statistical data, we should be very careful when we discuss the contributions of private enterprise to economic growth in Taiwan.This article aims to inspect the scale of the party's enterprises, the reasons why KMT runs its own enterprises, and what influence they exert on the economic growth and political democratization of Taiwan. Obviously, these questions are significant for further economic and political reforms in Mainland China.
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    ASS volume 31 issue 1 Cover and Back matter (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-5 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
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    The Embourgeoisement of the Kerala Farmer (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 61-87 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: A new class is emerging in rural Kerala. Though it was christened a bourgeoisie by E. M. S. Namboodiripad, the chief minister of Kerala state during the two phases of land reform (1957–59 and 1967–69), it is not an extension of the modern industrial bourgeoisie into a rural society. Rather it is a distinctly new social formation emerging from among the farmers. The opportunities for farmers to adopt bourgeois aspirations have been created by the particular form of Keralaʼns capitalism interacting with recent changes in localized agrarian society.
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    The Politics of the Forest in Colonial Malaya (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 1-29 
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , History , Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The notion that tribal peoples are destructive of the forest environment is not a new one. The political struggles that fostered it are only just beginning to engage the attention of historians. This essay is a preliminary exploration of the experience of the indigenous minorities—the Orang Asli—of peninsular Malaysia during the period of colonial rule. It examines their relationship to the society outside the forest. The politics of the forest it addresses are not narrowly environmental. Indeed, what follows is based on the assumption that the relationship of the aborigines to their environment was transformed, not so much by the changing ecological conditions of the forest as the colonial economy expanded, but by the changing political circumstances of the frontier as the Orang Asli were drawn into a widening orbit of relations with external powers. ‘Orang Asli’ means literally ‘original people’. It is a polite term that took on a legal status from the 1950s. Before then, in common parlance, the aborigines were ‘Sakai‘—a derogatory term synonymous with ‘slave’. The term Orang Asli encompasses three basic types of communities: the Negritos, nomadic hunters and gatherers of the northern forests; the Senoi —whose two main subdivisions, the Temiar and the Semai, together make up the larger part of the Orang Asli population of the central highlands, following more settled forms of swidden agriculture; and the proto-Malays of the south, fishermen and cultivators with a more similar economy to neighbouring Malays.1 Their shared history has become an issue of great sensitivity in modern Malaysia, and Malaysian politicians have in recent years bitterly questioned the legitimacy of western criticism of the present circumstances of the Orang Asli. To explain why this is so, I want to examine the preoccupations of British administration during the period when it was trustee of the forests of the peninsula and directly responsible for the welfare of their inhabitants. Three themes dominate the discussion that follows.
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    ‘Those Noble Exemplars of the True Military Tradition’; Constructions of the Indian Army in the Mid-Victorian Press (1997)
    Cambridge : Cambridge University Press
    Modern Asian studies 31 (1997), S. 109-142 
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    Notes: This paper is directed first at identifying where and by whom military influences or topics manifested themselves in the periodical pressʼns coverage of India in the period up to the Indian Rebellion. How such manifestations changed over time, as well as the convergence of Anglo-Indian and British newspapers and magazines on Indian topics, will form an important component of this study. Stemming from these initial enquiries, I will further suggest that the model often employed to comprehend such representations —namely ‘orientalism’ —is, as it is often configured, too simplistic and reductionist to account for all the forces at work in the production of images of India. Instead, the mid-Victorian image of India was produced by a very fractured discourse. Racial stereotypes and affirmations of British superiority were certainly to the forefront, but these were frequently inflected by quite separate agendaʼns, such as the military's pursuit of political and professional status and influence, publishers’ search for profits, and the quest for suitable middle-class role models. Moreover, it was a discourse constrained by the dominant contemporary literary conventions and tropes, notably the historical romance in fiction and didacticism in history and biography. Yet there is one strand that runs through these various agendas and literary strategies and that is the one provided by the Indian army. India was by the third decade of the nineteenth-century as much a military as it was a commercial site. In 1850, the then reigning governor-general, Lord Dalhousie, was reminded by John Lawrence of this fact when the latter insisted that ‘public opinion is essentially military in India. Military views, feelings and interests are therefore paramount’.
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    The Economic Importance of Communal Net Hunting Among the BaAka of the Central African Republic (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 71-89 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter–gathers ; time allocation ; hunting returns ; tropical rainforest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This article examines current net hunting practice by BaAka Pygmies of central Africa. In terms of time allocation, net hunting remains the single most important activity for the BaAka, But net hunting is only one in a range of subsistence and economic activities among which individuals switch on a daily basis. Returns from net hunting are roughly equivalent to those from competing activities. Several factors encourage the decline of net hunting and its replacement with snare hunting: enforcement of park regulations, higher individual returns to snare hunting, and greater involvement in formal employment and agriculture. However, net hunting has not been abandoned completely for several reasons: the local market demand for bushmeat is growing, numerous forest products besides meat are collected on net hunts, and economic alternatives remain irregular and unreliable.
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    “Predatory Sedentism”: Intimidation and Intensification in the Nigerian Savanna (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 223-242 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: agriculture ; population ; settlement ; land tenure ; conflict ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract While many studies have explored how agriculture changes when population density rises, this paper examines actions farmers may take to control whether population density rises. Using information from ethnographic fieldwork, colonial archives, and air photography, two agricultural groups migrating into an agricultural frontier in the Nigerian savanna are compared. Population density in Kofyar communities has risen to over 100/km 2 ; Tiv communities, although older, have maintained population densities of around 50/km 2 , in part through intimidation of encroachers. This use of intimidation is a component of a distinctive adaptive strategy that includes settlement stability, high population mobility tied to witchcraft accusations, relatively extensive cultivation allowing considerable off-time, and reliance on social networks to facilitate residential mobility and land access. Population pressure must be seen as an integral part of this adaptive strategy, rather than as cause or consequence.
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    The Politics of Managing the Maine Lobster Industry: 1860 to the Present (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 3-27 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: fisheries ; lobster ; resource management ; Maine history ; co-management ; fisheries history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Marine fisheries are in a state of crisis. One of the few successfully managed fisheries is the Maine lobster industry where catches are at an all time high. An important factor in this success is the effectiveness of regulations which were developed during three periods over the course of the past 125 years. In all cases, the regulations are the result of heavy lobbying activity by various factions in the industry. Both strong commercial rivalry and genuine concern for the well-being of the lobster resource played a role in generating these regulations. However, history did not repeat itself. In each period, the players, circumstances, and goals were very different. The result, however, is a set of effective regulations which are largely self-enforcing.
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    Book Reviews (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 145-156 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
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    Aboriginal Resource Utilization and Fire Management Practice in Western Arnhem Land, Monsoonal Northern Australia: Notes for Prehistory, Lessons for the Future (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 159-195 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: northern Australia ; Arnhem Land ; Australian Aborigine ; food resources ; yams ; fire management ; floodplains ; savanna ; monsoon rain forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper considers traditional resources and fire management practices of Aboriginal people living in a near-coastal region of western Arnhem Land, monsoonal northern Australia. The data illustrate that before the arrival of Europeans freshwater floodplains and riverine habitats provided the major proportion of food resources over much of the seasonal cycle. By contrast, the extensive lowland woodlands and open forests, the sparser vegetation of the Arnhem Land escarpment and plateau, and the generally small patches of rain forest (“jungle”), provided relatively few resources, although jungle yams were of critical importance through the relatively lean wet season. The paper then considers burning as a management tool through the seasonal cycle. In broad terms, burning commenced in the early dry season and was applied systematically and purposefully over the landscape. Burning in the late dry season was undertaken with care, and resumed in earnest with the onset of the first storms of the new wet season, particularly on floodplains. These general patterns of resource use and fire management are shown to have applied widely over much of near-coastal northern Australia. The implications of these data for prehistory and for contemporary land management practices in the region, are considered. It is suggested that pre-European patterns of fire management in the region are likely to have been practiced only over the past few thousand years, given the development of abundant food resources in the late Holocene. It is shown that traditional burning practice offers a generally useful, conservative model for living in and managing a highly fire-prone savanna environment.
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    Does It Matter that Madagascar is an Island? (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 481-489 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural evolution ; island ; isolation ; archaeology ; Madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Being an island has been important for Madagascar's archaeology in two ways. First, its insularity was probably responsible for the lateness and some features of its first human colonizers, as well as for its highly endemic flora and fauna. The earliest coastal communities continued to interact with the Indian Ocean trade network, but the latterly settled interior eventually saw the greatest population increases, eclipsing the coastal communities in power. Second, it may be that as an island, archaeologists have unconsciously been predisposed to interpret Malagasy prehistory in terms of a tree-like model of evolution from a single ancestral culture. Yet if, as seems probable, Malagasy culture has seen contributions from many others, such a single “proto-culture” may never have existed.
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    Herding Strategies of the Datoga Pastoralists of Tanzania: Is Household Labor a Limiting Factor (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 519-544 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; herding strategies ; cattle dynamics ; labor requirements ; Tanzania ; seasonality ; grazing patterns ; Datoga
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Datoga herding follows a cyclical pattern depending on the availability of grazing and water. This analysis focuses on two questions: (a) Is the herding strategy followed by individual households limited by the amount of labor available to that household? and (b) does the herding strategy followed by individual households influence the dynamics of cattle herds? The results show that the availability of labor on a household level does not influence either the herding strategies used by individual households, or the dynamics of cattle herds. This suggests that once minimum labor requirements are met, livestock productivity is insensitive to additional labor inputs.
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    Living on the Margins: Livelihood Strategies of Bedouin Herd-Owners in the Northern Negev, Israel (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 567-591 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoral economy ; Bedouin ; Israel ; herd management ; household data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Information collected on herding practices and economic activities of nine Bedouin households is used to define livelihood strategies and examine their economic viability. Large variations found in herding practices and other means of subsistence are a response to external policies and constraints which limit herding space and sources of income. Differential access to resources and different sociocultural norms are important factors. The identification and analysis of different livelihood strategies is a useful point of departure for discussing the development of Bedouin herding in the Negev and for formulating policy that is more effective and empathetic.
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    Tapirs, Tractors, and Tapes: The Changing Economy and Ecology of the Xavánte Indians of Central Brazil (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 545-566 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: South American Indians ; Brazil ; Amazonia ; development ; human ecology ; land use ; Xavánte ; agriculture ; land use ; nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the process of change in a Brazilian indigenous community, relating it to historical, economical, and political forces at the regional and national levels, as well as to environmental variables. In the light of current fieldwork, we examine the predictions of a model constructed 20 years ago based on fieldwork in this and three other Indian communities of Central Brazil by Daniel Gross and collaborators. This model ascribed involvement in the market economy of small-scale communities primarily to land circumscription and resulting environmental degradation, increasing the labor cost of subsistence food production. We find that in the case of the Xavánte community entry into the market was more the result of a top-down government plan to implement mechanized rice production on Xavánte reservations. With the collapse of the project the Xavánte have, on the one hand, returned to a more “traditional” economy based on hunting, gathering, and swidden agriculture and, on the other hand, are innovating by marketing their cultural image through connections with national and international environmentalist organizations.
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    Environmentally-Displaced Peoples and the Cascade Effect: Lessons from Tanzania (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 593-618 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: environmental displacement ; degradation and resource scarcity ; rural–rural migration ; Nyakyusa ; Sukuma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper investigates the links between migration and ecological change by focusing on environmentally-displaced populations. The discussion is based on a case study from the Usangu Plains, Tanzania, a receiving area for displaced herders and cultivators from elsewhere in Tanzania. I focus on two of these groups—the Nyakyusa and the Sukuma—in analyzing the ecological causes and consequences of rural–rural migration. The spread of cash crop production, leading to degradation and resource scarcity, was a key factor underlying displacement from both locations. I emphasize social and cultural variables influencing resource use and management in assessing the ecological impact of migration on the Usangu Plains. Migration is not always ecologically destructive; this paper indicates some of the conditions under which it can have this outcome. In this case study, environmental displacement caused environmental problems to be transferred elsewhere, to be translated into new forms, and to increase in complexity, a phenomenon I call the “cascade effect.”
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    Natural Resource Management, Paradigm Shifts, and the Decentralization Reform in Mali (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 121-143 
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    Keywords: natural resource management ; paradigm shifts ; common property ; decentralization ; Mali
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The mainstream view in natural resource management in African drylands has been that local people are responsible for natural resource degradation. Today, alternative views or new paradigms are emerging in several fields. These new paradigms, which support decentralization of natural resource management, are discussed in relation to the ongoing decentralization process in Mali. During the colonial period, heavily centralized governments were installed in all the French colonies. This structure was maintained by Malian governments after independence. However, following the recent transition to democracy, a decentralizing reform is being implemented. It is presently not clear whether these reforms will lead to mere deconcentration, involving the redistribution of administrative responsibilities within the central government, or whether Mali is heading toward real decentralization, devolving decision making powers to local communities. The gestion de terroir approach, which may be a useful tool in achieving decentralization in farming communities, would, in pastoral areas, cause more damage than benefit.
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    A Role for Biology in the Cultural Ecology of Ladakh (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 273-295 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Ladakh ; high altitude ; demography ; infant mortality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human ecology research in the high-altitude region of Ladakh (northern India) has tended to focus on the adaptive significance of Ladakhi social institutions given a natural environment characterized by numerous challenges. This research appears to lead to the conclusion that traditionally-living Ladakhis are in a state of well-being and harmonious balance with their environment, as social institutions such as polyandry constrain fertility to keep the population size in check relative to constrained resources. There has been little research on biological adaptation in Ladakh, and the view from biology presents a very different picture of the relationship between Ladakhis and their environment. Data presented here show that the health of reproductive women and infants is compromised by both natural and social factors. Since reproductive health is crucial to the production of future generations, it is argued that mortality plays a major role in constraining population growth in Ladakh, and may be due to the limited biological history that Ladakhis have in this high-altitude region. This may also help us understand Ladakhi patterns in relation to those observed in the Andes.
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    Ethnobotany of Atlantic Forest Coastal Communities: II. Diversity of Plant Uses at Sepetiba Bay (SE Brazil) (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 353-360 
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    Keywords: ethnobotany ; diversity ; island biogeography theory ; fishing community ; Atlantic Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This is an ethnobotanical study of Atlantic Forest coastal communities located at Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Atlantic Forest remnants are top priority conservation areas, and include native communities that depend on fish and small-scale agriculture. We conducted fieldwork in the community of Calhaus (Jaguanum Island) from 1989 to 1991, and interviewed adults on their use of plants. We examined the diversity of medicinal plants used among communities of different islands and found results similar to previous research at Gamboa (Itacuruçá Island); communities living in smaller islands and on islands further from the coast use a lower diversity of plants. Also, older islanders show a deeper knowledge of medicinal plants than younger islanders.
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    Introduction: Islands as Laboratories: Archaeological Research in Comparative Perspective (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 379-383 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021867425111
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    The Western Aleutians: Cultural Isolation and Environmental Change (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 459-479 
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    Keywords: Aleutian Islands ; subarctic ; cultural exchange ; Holocene ; environmental change ; maritime adaptations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Recent research in the western Aleutians addresses two primary issues: the nature and extent of cultural exchange along the Aleutian chain, and Holocene environmental change and its effects on the development of Aleut culture. Cultural isolation is a major paradigm of researchers working in the Aleutians. Review of the distribution of several cultural traits suggests the Aleuts adopted many cultural elements originating outside the chain, but the distribution of these to the western islands was uneven.
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    Tropical Islands as Paleoecological Laboratories: Gauging the Consequences of Human Arrival (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 437-457 
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    Keywords: islands ; paleoecology ; palynology ; extinctions ; human impacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Inter-island paleoecological comparisons have provided useful information concerning the role of humans vs. background-level disturbance in tropical ecosystems. Major ecological changes have occurred since human arrival in Madagascar, the West Indies, the Hawaiian Islands, and elsewhere. Prehuman vegetation changes and disturbances have also been documented for many islands. Instructive inter-island similarities and differences have been detected in the chronology, distribution, and extent of human activities, vegetation changes, and biotic extinctions. The earliest stratigraphic proxy evidence for initial human impacts (including increased charcoal particle influx to sediments, first appearance of exotic pollen, increase in ruderal pollen, and paleolimnological evidence for cultural eutrophication of lake waters) generally confirm but sometimes predate the earliest conventional archaeological evidence for human activity. Carefully chosen sites permitting the close integration of palynological, paleontological, and archaeological data from a variety of island settings with differing geographic and historical contingencies can enable investigators to more fully evaluate the importance of a range of human and ecological variables in determining the overall character and dynamics of ecosystems.
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    Raiding the Landscape: Human Impact in the Scandinavian North Atlantic (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 491-518 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: historical ecology ; human impacts ; Norse North Atlantic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Between ca. A.D. 800–1000, Scandinavian chiefly societies with a mixed maritime and agricultural economy expanded into the North Atlantic, colonizing Shetland, Orkney, Caithness, Hebrides, Faeroes, Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland. The settlers brought continental European economics and expectations to a widely varied set of island ecosystems. In many regions, rapid degradation of flora and soils took place associated with social and climate change. Recent research coordinated by the North Atlantic Bicultural Organization (NABO) highlights the extent of pre-modern impacts.
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    Market Incorporation, Agricultural Change, and Sustainability Among the Machiguenga Indians of the Peruvian Amazon (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 319-351 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: commercialization ; deforestation ; sustainability ; Machiguenga ; markets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract By marshaling empirical data from five Machiguenga communities studied over 20 years, this paper disputes two common assumptions about the behavior of indigenous peoples in the face of increasing commercialization. First, many Amazonian researchers suggest that the social and ecological deterioration confronting native populations results from externally-imposed political, legal and market structures that compel local groups to pursue short-term, unstable economic strategies. Second, these structural explanations are combined with the increasing recognition that indigenous peoples possess a substantial agroecological knowledge to suggest that, if indigenous people receive control of adequate land and resources, they will implement their traditional knowledge in conservative resource management practices. In contrast to these assumptions, this analysis shows that the Machiguenga are not compelled by external forces (such as land tenure, migration policies or economic trends), but instead are active enthusiastic participants seeking to engage the market in order to acquire western goods. Further, despite highly adaptive traditional subsistence patterns and a vast agroecological knowledge, households and communities facing increasing degrees of market integration are progressively altering their traditional cropping strategies, planting practices, labor allocation and land use patterns toward a greater emphasis on commodity crop production and domesticated animal breeding. This increasing concentration on income generating activities subverts the environmentally-friendly nature of traditional productive practices and creates a socially, economically, and ecologically unsustainable system.
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    The Postponed Agenda: Archaeology and Human Biogeography in the Twenty-First Century (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 419-436 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: biogeography ; human diversity ; phylogenetic model ; islands ; Oceania
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Scholarly views on the prehistory of the Pacific Islanders are currently undergoing a major shift in perspective and underlying assumptions. This shift is driven by new research data and a need for new theoretical perspectives on space, time, and causal process. A new research agenda is coming to the fore, replacing the agenda guiding Pacific studies since the 1950s. Instead of looking at these islands as remote, undeveloped human colonies scattered across a vast and empty expanse of sea, we are finding that the Pacific was a notably early sphere of human accomplishments, on land and sea, where the ocean was more an avenue than a barrier for cultural interchange. The roots of this new perspective can be traced back, in part, to the Wenner-Gren/Smithsonian conference on human biogeography held in Washington, D.C., in 1974.
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    Endangered Forest, Endangered People: Environmentalist Representations of Indigenous Knowledge (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 47-69 
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    Keywords: rainforests ; environmentalism ; indigenous knowledge ; Penan ; Borneo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Since 1987, Penan foragers in Malaysia have been increasingly affected by the activities of logging companies, and have protested this with blockades. Simultaneously, they have become the focus of a broad-based international environmental campaign. This paper examines the rhetoric of that campaign. In particular, I examine the ways in which Western environmentalists have constructed Penan land rights with reference to Penan knowledge of the landscape and of the biotic elements which exist there. Further, I consider how environmentalists have drawn on ethnographic accounts, and how those accounts are transformed in the process of generating images deployed in the campaign.
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    Participatory Management, Popular Knowledge, and Community Empowerment: The Case of Sea Urchin Harvesting in the Vieux-Fort Area of St. Lucia (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 29-46 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: co-management ; fisheries management ; sea urchin ; St. Lucia ; Caribbean ; participatory development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Participatory management approaches are increasingly recognized as an effective strategy for enabling the sustainable use of natural resources. The southeast coast of St. Lucia is one of the sites where a particular form of participatory management, a co-management regime, was recently developed to control the sea urchin fishery. The Caribbean Natural Resources Institute (CANARI), a NGO based in Vieux-Fort, St. Lucia, played a key role in the development of this co-management arrangement. This case study of the sea urchin fishery in Vieux-Fort examines the extent of the devolution of authority to locally-based sea urchin harvesters, explores the potential contribution of local knowledge to the understanding of sea urchin behavior, and points to elements of a strategy aimed at strengthening the organizational capacity of the core group of sea urchin harvesters. The study addresses both present practice and future possibilities in response to concrete questions raised by participants in the study.
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    The Value of Forests to World Food Security (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 91-120 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: forests ; food ; economics ; environment ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract We assembled information on the contribution and value of forests to world food security. An assessment was made of the role of forests and non-timber products in the food system of developing countries. We estimated that upwards of 300 million people annually earn part or all of their livelihood and food from forests. A total of about $90 billion in non-timber products are harvested each year. Forests also help to protect land, water, and biological resources, and they play an important role in maintaining the productivity of agricultural and environmental systems.
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    Transmission of Indigenous Knowledge and Bush Skills Among the Western James Bay Cree Women of Subarctic Canada (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 197-222 
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    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: indigenous knowledge ; traditional skills ; knowledge transmission ; learning ; livelihood systems ; mixed economy, subsistence ; Cree ; James Bay ; subarctic Canada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The transmission of 93 items of women's indigenous knowledge and bush skills was studied in two subarctic Omushkego (West Main) Cree Indian communities, Moose Factory and Peawanuck, Ontario, Canada. About half of all bush skills were still being transmitted at the “hands-on” learning stage. Some skills such as setting snares and fishnets, beadwork, smoking geese, and tanning moose and caribou hides were transmitted well. Many skills no longer essential for livelihoods, such as some fur preparation skills and food preservation techniques, were not. Loss of certain skills and incomplete transmission of others (a lower level of mastery than in older generations) were attributable to changes in the educational environment, diminished time available in the bush, problems related to learning bush skills at later ages, and changes in value systems. These factors seemed to impair the traditional mode of education based on participant observation and apprenticeship in the bush, which provided the essential self-disciplining educational environment. Policy measures to counteract these trends may include the institution of a hunters' income security program to provide incentives for family units to go on the land, rather than all-male hunting parties.
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    Patchwork, Pastoralists, and Perception: Dune Sand as a Valued Resource Among Herders of Inner Mongolia (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 297-317 
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    Keywords: China ; desertification ; environmental perception ; grasslands ; place consciousness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Scholars have rarely reflected upon dune sand in any context other than that of environmental hazard. Yet recent anthropological research conducted among ethnic Mongol herders in the Keerqin Sandy Lands of Northeast China indicates that native inhabitants exhibit a surprising degree of tolerance, appreciation, and even preference for dune sand at specific spatio-temporal scales. Survey data, gathered primarily through the use of photographic prompts and pile sort exercises during household interviews, reveal that many residents even regard dune sand as the constituent element of a distinctive home environment and cherished way of life. This research underscores the relevance of perception to the policies and practices of human resource management. It also calls into question the authority with which officials and scholars in China and elsewhere indiscriminantly depreciate the various social utilities of dune sand in stock-herding populations.
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    Book Reviews (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 361-377 
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    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
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    Important Announcement (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 1-1 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Announcement (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 157-158 
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    Hunting Primates and Managing Forests: The Case of Iban Forest Farmers in Indonesian Borneo (1997)
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    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 243-271 
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    Keywords: wildlife conservation ; primatology ; hunting ; indigenous management ; Indonesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Hunting by Iban forest farmers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia, is an important part of their subsistence economy, and as such became a focus of study as part of a conservation project in the Danau Sentarum Wildlife Reserve. In this paper, we examine Iban hunting of nonhuman primates with comparison to other large mammals. We analyze rates of encounter and capture, comparing encounters, hunting trips, and animal numbers. Information on habitats hunted shows the importance of secondary and old growth forest. Also examined are Iban attitudes, game preferences, and taboos. The significance of these findings is discussed with regard to the threats to wildlife from increases in the use of shotguns, human population, and habitat destruction, showing that conservation may be aided by promoting or enhancing certain aspects of the traditional Iban agroforestry system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021926206649
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    Biogeographical Archaeology in the Eastern North American Arctic (1997)
    Springer
    Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 385-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: arctic ; biogeography ; culture ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Environmental conditions of the Eastern North American Arctic make this region suitable for biogeographical approaches to culture. Although composed of a vast assemblage of large and small islands, the Eastern Arctic differs from other “oceanic” environments where modern biogeographical work has been pioneered. This paper outlines conditions which make the Eastern Arctic suitable for biogeographical study and considers the nature of “islands” as analytical constructs rather than as discrete entities. Biogeographical concepts are considered in relation to the “core-periphery model” that has been the organizing principle for interpreting patterns of Eastern Arctic culture history. Abstractions, aspects, and conclusions reached from these studies outline some of the opportunities available for application of more directed anthropological biogeographical work in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021819509181
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    The Schirmacher Oasis, Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica, and its surroundings. Peter Bormann and Diedrich Fritzsche (Editors). 1996. Gotha: Justus Perthes Verlag. 448 p + 8 annexes in separate volume, illustrated, hard cover. ISBN 3-623-00760-9. DM128.00. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
    Electronic ISSN: 1475-3057
    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    A Tasmanian memorial to Robert Falcon Scott (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Measurements of calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the neonatal dentine of Weddell and crabeater seals using energy-dispersive x-ray analysis (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
    Description: Concentrations of calcium and phosphorus were measured in the neonatal dentine of 11 crabeater and 11 Weddell seal postcanine teeth with an energy-dispersive x-ray analyser. The extent of variation in elemental concentrations in different parts of the tooth, differences between species and individuals, and whether variation in elemental concentrations can provide information about dentine deposition mechanisms were assessed. No consistent patterns in elemental deposition in different parts of the tooth were found, but there were differences in concentrations between and within species. Post-natal dentine is composed of layers that appear alternately bright and dark in backscattered electron images. The elemental composition of neonatal dentine was closer to the dark bands than to those that appeared bright. It is suggested that the composition of neonatal dentine is more similar to the dark than the bright layers of dentine because of nutritional stresses that were occurring during mineral deposition.
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Lobsticks and Stone Cairns: Human Landmarks in the Arctic. Richard C. Davis (Editor). 1996. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, xiv + 326 p, illustrated. Hard cover: ISBN 1-895176-88-3; $Can44.95. Soft cover: ISBN 1-895176-69-7. $Can29.95. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Morphology and infraciliature of some soil ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from continental Antarctica, with notes on the morphogenesis of Sterkiella histriomuscorum (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Description: The morphology of seven soil ciliate species from continental Antarctica was investigated using live observation and protargol impregnation. Observations on two populations of Protospathidium serpens corroborate the view that this species usually has a single, more-or-less nodular, macronucleus distinguishing it from P. muscicola, which possesses 10–30 nodules. The Antarctic specimens of Protospathidium terricola differ inconspicuously from the type population in that they are slightly larger, have fewer ciliary rows (17 vs 21), and the fragments of the circumoral kinety are less distinctly separated from each other. Spathidium seppelti nov. spec, resembles 5. bavariense, but has 100–200 macronuclear nodules and a conical depression in the dorsal third of the oral bulge. Odontochlamys wisconsinensis nov. comb, (basionym: Chilodonella wisconsinensis Kahl, 1931) has four right field kineties and an oral basket consisting of 14 rods; the dorsal brush is near the anterior margin and usually consists of four cilia. The Antarctic population of Pseudochilodonopsis mutabilis possesses a regular dorsal hump and only 12–14 (about 15 in Austrian type population) phary ngeal rods. Oxytricha opisthomuscorum has six dorsal kineties with long cilia and a buccal cirrus near the anterior end of the paroral membrane. The Antarctic specimens of Sterkiella histriomuscorum have fïve transverse cirri. Their morphogenesis differs slightly from that of a population having four transverse cirri in that the daughter's anlagen are more distinctly separated and some temporal sequences are different.
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Working Group on Glaciology (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
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    Essays on the Ethnography of the Aleuts. Roza G. Liapunova (translated by Jerry Shelest). 1996. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press (Rasmuson Library Historical Translation Series 9). xxii + 256 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 0-912006-85-4. $US18.00. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    The Northern Copper Inuit: A History. Richard G. Condon with Julia Ogina. 1996. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, xxii + 216 p, illustrated, hard cover. ISBN 0-8020-0849-6. $Can45.00. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Management, Technology and Human Resources Policy in the Arctic (the North). Lise Lyck and V.I. Boyko (Editors). 1996. Dordrecht, London, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, xvi+491 p, hard cover. ISBN 0-7923-4023-X. £169.00; $US249.00; Dfl 375.00. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Fedor Petrovich Litke. A.I. Alekseev. Translated by Serge LeComte. Edited by K.L. Arndt. 1996. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, xvii + 262 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 0-912006-86-2. $US18.00. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Twenty-fourth Meeting of SCAR, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 12–16 August 1996 (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-04-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Obituaries (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Terra Incognita: Travels in Antarctica. Sara Wheeler. 1996. London: Random House, xii + 306 p, hard cover. ISBN 0-224-04184-3. £16.99. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Les Armateurs Du Rêve/the Shipowners of the Dream. Patrick M. Arnaud and Jean Beurois. 1996. Marseille: Mme F. Jambois. 116 p, illustrated, soft cover. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    An international polar navigation code for the twenty-first century (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Working Group on Human Biology and Medicine (WGHB&M) (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
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    George Marston (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-01-01
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    In Brief (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Summary Reports to XXIV SCAR Cambridge, United Kingdom, 12–16 August 1996 (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law. Donald R. Rothwell. 1996. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xxxii + 498 p, hard cover. ISBN 0-521-56182-5. £60.00; $US95.00. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    New intercontinental air route: Cape Town to Antarctica (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Obituaries (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Polar Bears: Living with the White Bear. Nikita Ovsyanikov. 1996. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press. 144 p, illustrated, hard cover. ISBN 1-85310-807-3. £ 19.95. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    Boundaries and Passages: Rule and Ritual in Yup'ik Eskimo Oral Tradition. Ann Fienup-Riordan. 1995. London and Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, xxiv + 389 p, illustrated, soft cover. ISBN 0-8061-2646-9. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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    Topics: Ethnic Sciences , Geography
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    The Vanishing Arctic. Bryan and Cherry Alexander. 1996. London: Blandford/Cassell. 192 p, illustrated. Hard cover: ISBN 0-7137-2530-3-20.00. Soft cover: ISBN 0-7137-2699-7-14.99. (1997)
    Cambridge University Press
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    Publication Date: 1997-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0032-2474
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