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1

Electronic Resource

Minireviews: Exploring the Basic Ecological Unit: Ecosystem-like Concepts in Traditional Societies (1998)

Berkes, Fikret ; Kislalioglu, Mina ; Folke, Carl ; [et al.]

Springer

Ecosystems 1 (1998), S. 409-415

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ISSN: 1435-0629

Keywords: Key words: traditional ecological knowledge; human ecology; ecological anthropology; ecosystem; watershed.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: ABSTRACT Ancient conceptualizations of ecosystems exist in several Amerindian, Asia-Pacific, European, and African cultures. The rediscovery by scientists of ecosystem-like concepts among traditional peoples has been important in the appreciation of traditional ecological knowledge among ecologists, anthropologists, and interdisciplinary scholars. Two key characteristics of these systems are that (a) the unit of nature is often defined in terms of a geographical boundary, such as a watershed, and (b) abiotic components, plants, animals, and humans within this unit are considered to be interlinked. Many traditional ecological knowledge systems are compatible with the emerging view of ecosystems as unpredictable and uncontrollable, and of ecosystem processes as nonlinear, multiequilibrium, and full of surprises. Traditional knowledge may complement scientific knowledge by providing practical experience in living within ecosystems and responding to ecosystem change. However, the “language” of traditional ecology is different from the scientific and usually includes metaphorical imagery and spiritual expression, signifying differences in context, motive, and conceptual underpinnings.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100219900034

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2

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The common property resource problem and the fisheries of Barbados and Jamaica (1987)

Berkes, Fikret

Springer

Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 225-235

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ISSN: 1432-1009

Keywords: Common property resources ; Sustainable development ; Fisheries management ; Small-scale fisheries ; Local-level management ; Barbados ; Jamaica

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Notes: Abstract Common property resources (CPR) tend to be particularly susceptible to depletion and degredation. This creates problems for sustainable development and for resource stewardship in general since many of the key global resources are common property. The article explores the different definitions of CPR and the traps associated with the harvesting of CPR without understanding the social, economic, and environmental costs related to their exploitation. The commons problem may be approached in terms of a private property solution, the allocation of individual quotas to fishermen, or a communal property solution in which communities of fishermen basically manage their own fisheries. The offshore fishery of Barbados lends itself to the private property solution, and the inshore fishery of Jamaica, to the communal property solution. Drawing from case studies of Jamaica and Barbados fisheries, four principles of CPR use are proposed: (a) the solution of the CPR problem starts with the control of access to the resource, (b) increasing production from a CPR depends on the conservation of the resource base, (c) the sustainable utilization of a CPR is closely connected to the use of technology appropriate for the harvest, and (d) local-level management improves prospects for the sustainable use of a CPR. The case studies illustrate that there may be local, national, and international levels of interest over the resource. Hence, the successful management of such resources as Barbados and Jamaica fisheries requires that conflicting demands for the resources be taken into account, perhaps using a cooperative management approach.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867201

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3

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Mercury levels in fish in the La Grande River area, Northern Quebec (1975)

Smith, Eric C. ; Berkes, Fikret ; Spence, John A.

Springer

Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 13 (1975), S. 673-677

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ISSN: 1432-0800

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01721934

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4

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Transmission of Indigenous Knowledge and Bush Skills Among the Western James Bay Cree Women of Subarctic Canada (1997)

Ohmagari, Kayo ; Berkes, Fikret

Springer

Human ecology 25 (1997), S. 197-222

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ISSN: 1572-9915

Keywords: indigenous knowledge ; traditional skills ; knowledge transmission ; learning ; livelihood systems ; mixed economy, subsistence ; Cree ; James Bay ; subarctic Canada

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences

Notes: Abstract The transmission of 93 items of women's indigenous knowledge and bush skills was studied in two subarctic Omushkego (West Main) Cree Indian communities, Moose Factory and Peawanuck, Ontario, Canada. About half of all bush skills were still being transmitted at the “hands-on” learning stage. Some skills such as setting snares and fishnets, beadwork, smoking geese, and tanning moose and caribou hides were transmitted well. Many skills no longer essential for livelihoods, such as some fur preparation skills and food preservation techniques, were not. Loss of certain skills and incomplete transmission of others (a lower level of mastery than in older generations) were attributable to changes in the educational environment, diminished time available in the bush, problems related to learning bush skills at later ages, and changes in value systems. These factors seemed to impair the traditional mode of education based on participant observation and apprenticeship in the bush, which provided the essential self-disciplining educational environment. Policy measures to counteract these trends may include the institution of a hunters' income security program to provide incentives for family units to go on the land, rather than all-male hunting parties.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021922105740

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5

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Competition between commercial and sport fishermen: An ecological analysis (1984)

Berkes, Fikret

Springer

Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 413-429

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ISSN: 1572-9915

Keywords: ecological competition ; user groups ; resource policy ; allocation ; fishery management ; Lake Erie ; Great Lakes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences

Notes: Abstract The competition between the two major user groups of fishermen in northeastern Lake Erie is analyzed in terms of models of interspecific competition used in animal ecology. Treating the two user groups as two “cultural species,” neither the fishing areas used (geographical distribution of the “species”) nor the composition of the catch (food of the “species”) shows significant overlap. Nevertheless, both parties believe that a conflict exists. There are two possible explanations for this discrepancy: (1) the conflict may be real in some areas and seasons, even though on the whole there is no significant competition under the usual standards used in ecological niche overlap studies, and (2) the conflict may be due to perceptions, and may therefore be of cultural rather than of ecological origin, suggesting that biological models provide incomplete tools for the analysis of problems in human ecology.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531126

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6

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The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-two years later (1990)

Feeny, David ; Berkes, Fikret ; McCay, Bonnie J. ; [et al.]

Springer

Human ecology 18 (1990), S. 1-19

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ISSN: 1572-9915

Keywords: co-management ; common property ; fisheries ; forests ; grazing lands ; sustainable development ; water resources ; wildlife

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences

Notes: Abstract Hardin's Tragedy of the Commons model predicts the eventual overexploitation or degradation of all resources used in common. Given this unambiguous prediction, a surprising number of cases exist in which users have been able to restrict access to the resource and establish rules among themselves for its sustainable use. To assess the evidence, we first define common-property resources and present a taxonomy of property-rights regimes in which such resources may be held. Evidence accumulated over the last twenty-two years indicates that private, state, andcommunal property are all potentially viable resource management options. A more complete theory than Hardin's should incorporate institutional arrangements and cultural factors to provide for better analysis and prediction.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889070

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7

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Fishery resource use in a subarctic Indian community (1977)

Berkes, Fikret

Springer

Human ecology 5 (1977), S. 289-307

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ISSN: 1572-9915

Keywords: fishery management ; subsistence resources ; subarctic ; Cree Indians ; James Bay

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences

Notes: Abstract Cree Indians of Fort George, James Bay, northern Canada, maintain a large and successful subsistence fishery. Methods used in the fishery, seasons and locations of catch, and yield levels were studied, together with the population biology of two sea-run Coregonus species, cisco and whitefish, that dominate the catch. The fishery was characterized by a high degree of order, social regulation of the fishing effort and the gillnet mesh size, and practices that were identified as adaptations to the subarctic ecosystem. Fishing methods used permit the Cree to control the magnitude of the harvest and the species and size composition of the catch. There is evidence that fishers can alter the scarcity-abundance patterns of the fish stocks, and have a biologically measurable effect on the populations.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889173

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8

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The common property resource problem and the creation of limited property rights (1985)

Berkes, Fikret

Springer

Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 187-208

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ISSN: 1572-9915

Keywords: common property resource theory ; steady-state fisheries ; resource policy ; allocation ; fishery management ; Lake Erie ; the Great Lakes

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences

Notes: Abstract Fish resources are generally considered common property and open to any user. This, the assumption goes, makes them susceptible to the “tragedy of the commons” in which selfish users are both the villains and the victims. While it is true that wild fish populations cannot readily be privatized, it hardly follows that they are completely open-access. In addition to social controls found in many traditional fishing communities, amply documented by anthropologists, many administrative controls in contemporary fisheries management also create limited property rights over fishery resources. This study focuses on Great Lakes fisheries of Ontario in Lakes Erie and St. Clair, and the kinds and diversity of limited property rights instituted in these areas: the formal and informal allocation of fishing areas, and the allocation of quantitative fishing rights (quotas), all of which serve as mechanisms to solve the common property resource problem. The Great Lakes fisheries suggest certain generalizations about the management of common property resources. The paper offers a “life-cycle” model of living resources use.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531095

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