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  • Chemical Engineering  (418)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • 1995-1999  (419)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
  • 1997  (419)
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  • 1995-1999  (419)
  • 1965-1969
  • 1955-1959
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Process Safety Progress 16 (1997), S. 231-236 
    ISSN: 1066-8527
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical simulation of the convection process in a thermally unstable solid storage container has been carried out. The obtained results show that natural convection shifts the thermal ignition to higher induction times. Beyond a critical Rayleigh number, natural convection can prevent the system against thermal ignition. Temperature and velocity fields are calculated. The influence of the dependence of Biot numbers on temperature and the radius/height ratios on the induction times for thermal ignition has been also examined.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 475-485 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Strong intraparticle diffusion resistance was observed and the apparent effectiveness factors were measured for the hydrogenation of 3-hydroxypropanal (HPA) to 1,3-propanediol (PD) over Ni/SiO2/Al2O3 catalyst pellets at 45 to 80°C and 2.60 to 5.15 MPa in a stirred reactor with a spinning basket. A mathematical model was proposed to describe the intraparticle diffusion and to estimate the effective diffusion coefficients of HPA, PD and hydrogen under reaction conditions by a maximum likelihood function of the apparent effectiveness factors of HPA and PD. The calculated concentration distributions of HPA, PD and hydrogen in catalyst particles reveal an excess of hydrogen at 80°C and higher temperatures, but an excess of HPA at 45°C. It results in a weak dependence of the consumption formation rate of HPA and PD on the partial pressure of hydrogen at high temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 2657-2664 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Silica and stannic (tin) oxide powders were synthesized by oxidation of their respective chlorides in single and double (inverse) diffusion flame reactors. The effect of reac-tant gas mixing on the characteristics of these powders (size and morphology) was investigated by altering the position of the fuel (CH4) and oxidant (air or O2) streams in the burner. Reactant gas mixing plays a key role in controlling particle size since it affects the temperature history, residence time, and initial particle concentration in the flame, thus, yielding a simple technique for particle-size control over a wide size range in flame reactors. The different material properties (such as sintering) of silica and stannic oxide result in particles of different size and morphology, although they were made at nearly identical flame conditions. Moreover, the oxidant composition affects significantly the properties of silica particles.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 2960-2969 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The algebraic solution for linear, ideal simulated moving-bed (SMB) chromatography derived previously revealed important new properties of the SMB process. This solution was validated by comparing with experimental data and with the results of numerical solutions of the equilibrium-dispersive and the lumped kinetic model. This earlier solution, however, was limited to the simple case in which the safety factor was assumed to be the same for the flow rates in all four sections. An extension of this solution to the case in which the safety factors differ and allow an independent selection of the four different flow rates (within limits) is derived. This solution accounts well for most practical situations. It permits the discussion of the influence of different flow rates on the performance of an SMB unit, an issue of critical importance for the optimization of the design and operation of these separators.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1265-1277 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A compartmental model is used to study imperfect mixing and its effects on polymer properties. Examples of imperfect feed mixing caused by a rapidly decomposing initiator are shown for styrene polymerization, high-pressure ethylene polymerization, and vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate solution copolymerization. Continuation analysis indicates mixing can change reactor steady states and stability. A composite approach is proposed to construct full molecular weight distribution (MWD) under imperfect mixing. In linear polymerization imperfect mixing broadens MWD; however, in nonlinear polymerization mixing can cause either broader or narrower MWD. By changing the dominant chaintermination mechanism to chain transfer, the influence of imperfect mixing on the MWD can be reduced. Depending on reactivity ratio and monomer composition, mixing also affects copolymer composition and chain sequence length.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 2793-2801 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hexagonally-packed mesoporous Nb-doped silica molecular sieves were hydrothermally synthesized with various siliceous sources and dopant concentration levels. The microstructure of mesoporous materials was characterized by a variety of physico-chemical methods. The pore packing order of the Nb-doped material depended strongly on the synthesis conditions such as aging temperature, pH of reaction mixture, surfactantto-Si ratio, and dopant concentration. Different silica precursors gave rise to different reactivity with the Nb dopants and interactions with the surfactants. The pore size and surface area of the materials can be systematically varied. The chemical environment of the Nb dopants in the silica framework was studied by XPS, EPR, PA-FTIR, UV-Vis, and 29Si MAS NMR. The results indicated that the Nb5+ ions were well dispersed in the framework of the mesoporous silica. The diffuse-reflectance UV-Vis spectrum of the mesoporous Nb-doped silica is red-shifted with respect to pure mesoporous silica. The 29Si MAS NMR spectrum contained a broad component at about -105 ppm, which may have been attributed to the presence of Nb-O-Si bonding in the mesostructure.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 1684-1690 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this study back-propagation, feed-forward neural networks are applied to estimate mass-transfer parameters in fast fluidized beds of fine solids. These networks are trained to predict mass-transfer rates using measurements of the sublimation rate of coarse naphthalene balls in fast fluidized beds of fine glass beads at several solid-to-gas mass flow rates within the relevant superficial gas-velocity range. When tested to predict the effective diffusivities from a coarse particle to the bulk of the fast bed of fine solids, trained neural networks calculated the Sherwood number with high accuracy. It is demonstrated that back-propagation, feed-forward neural networks provide a more accurate correlation for the mass-transfer coefficient compared to those obtained by the currently used heuristic models.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 935-945 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simulated moving bed (SMB) was operated for the separation of mixtures of 2-phenyl ethanol and 3-phenyl-1-propanol on columns packed with Zorbax C18 bonded silica, using a 60:40 (v/v) solution of methanol and water as the mobile phase. Series of four or eight columns were used. The experiments were carried out with low concentration mixtures, that is, under linear conditions. Band profiles of both compounds eluted from one of the columns during successive periods after steady state had been reached were recorded, as were the concentration histories at the extract and raffinate ports. These experimental results are compared to those predicted by two models: the linear ideal and the linear equilibrium-dispersive models of chromatography, applied to the SMB separator. These two models give excellent agreement between the experimental profiles and those calculated with the model. As expected, the profiles predicted by the ideal and the equilibrium-dispersive models differ only by the lack of dispersion in the profiles given by the former. The latter model is demonstrated to be a solid, reliable tool for further studies of the SMB design and optimization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 2970-2983 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Sorbex-type SMB separation instrument was operated for the separation of mixtures of 2-phenyl ethanol and 3-phenyl-l-propanol on a series of eight columns packed with Zorbax C18 bonded silica, using a 60:40 (u/v) solution of methanol and water as the mobile phase. The experiments were carried out with low-concentration mixtures under linear conditions. The elution profiles of both compounds between any two successive columns of the set under steady-state conditions were recorded while compositions of the raffinate and extract were measured. The four safety margin factors, βj, were divided into two groups: β1 and β4; β2 and β3 with different influence. Within the framework of the linear, ideal model of chromatography, a range of flow rates enables an SMB to operate successfully by completely separating the feed into its two components. The influence of different flow rates on the performance of the separator was studied by calculations and experiments with excellent agreement between both sets. With a simple optimization strategy, the four flow rates are selected to maximize the production rate or the concentration of extract and raffinate products, or to minimize the desorbent consumption. These optimum conditions are obtained by controlling the locations of concentration profiles inside the SMB. A reliable model for SMB operation allows a rapid and easy selection of the optimum experimental conditions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 43 (1997), S. 3117-3120 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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