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  • Articles  (432)
  • Emerald  (432)
  • 1995-1999  (432)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1997  (432)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (339)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (93)
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  • Articles  (432)
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  • 1995-1999  (432)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 12-14 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nutrition is one of the critical factors which influence health, growth and development among small children, but which also affects the health of those children when they become adults. Attitudes towards foods are often determined very early in life and the promotion of "healthy" eating patterns among all age groups depends partly on understanding the factors which influence food choice decision making and the factors which determine attitudes towards food and food choice. Food choice, however, is still often characterized by an "all or nothing" approach, whereas a balance which allows a child to feel "normal" while healthy eating patterns are discretely promoted is often of greater long-term benefit. This article highlights some recent controversies in nutrition for very young children and indicates what recent research in this area means in practice.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 23-25 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reports on the use of peer education in the form of drama, as a nutrition education medium in secondary schools. Describes the process of devising a forum theatre show - "The Food Show" - as part of the formal and informal curriculum, using drama and PSHE lessons. Short-term evaluation demonstrates increased food and health awareness in year 9 pupils, to whom the show is performed, and identifies positive trends towards healthier eating behaviour at school. Details an ongoing programme of long-term evaluation in researching effective nutrition interventions in schools.
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  • 3
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 32-38 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dietary phytoestrogens are currently being extensively investigated because of the possibility that they may protect against disease. Soya isoflavones, in particular, are attracting considerable attention because there is increasing evidence that they may protect against breast and prostate cancers and heart disease and osteoporosis. Considers the evidence for disease prevention by phytoestrogens and the biological mechanisms by which they may act. Explores dietary sources of phytoestrogens and the production of both traditional and non-traditional soya foods. Considers the potential hazards of dietary phytoestrogens, including their use in infant formulas and associated, possibly harmful, developmental effects, and the possibility that they may display the harmful oestrogenic effects of oral contraceptives by increasing risk of deep vein thrombosis (blood clots). Finally, assesses the benefits versus the risk of dietary phytoestrogens.
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  • 4
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 58-65 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Reviews the potential impact of processing procedures on carotenoid form and content. Fruit and vegetables, in particular, are abundant sources of carotenoids in the diet. Many fruit and vegetables are subjected to various types of processing prior to consumption. Fruit may be canned, dried or processed into juices, while vegetables may be blanched, dehydrated, frozen, canned and also processed into juices. Factors such as heat, light and oxygen exposure may have detrimental effects (including destruction and isomerization, with loss of vitamin A activity), while some procedures may bring benefits (such as increased unit content and retention, breakdown of inhibitory structures and enhanced bioavailability). Concludes that the extent and nature of processing can have a significant impact on the form and content of carotenoids in processed fruit and vegetables.
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  • 5
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Looks mainly at issues raised during an investigation based on hospital "feeding" of Bengali and British patients in a large general hospital. Particularly considers a range of factors relating to the carrying out of such an investigation, including recruitment of patients, type of dietary survey, duration of survey and implications of the Food Safety Act. Concludes that problems relating to nutrition in hospital are complex and relate not only to the food itself but also to factors such as the delivery of the food.
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  • 6
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The majority of peptic ulcers are associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and it is now clear that eradication of H. pylori dramatically reduces ulcer recurrence. Other important outcomes of H. pylori infection include chronic gastritis (which may be asymptomatic), gastric cancer and lymphoma. Aims to give a brief overview of the discovery, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori associated disease.
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  • 7
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 168-171 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Considers the relevance of the National Food Guide to vegans. Looks at various groupings, e.g. meat, fish and alternatives, and suggests improvements to the information currently presented in the guide, e.g. an increased emphasis on the protein value of pulses. Concludes that an alternative guide would be a good idea for people on a strict vegetarian diet, mentioning the Vegan Food Guide to be presented in a later issue of the journal.
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  • 8
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 172-174 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Looks at the nutritional element of the Healthy Schools Award, which has been developed to promote health in schools. Gives some background details about the award and outlines how schools work towards the award. Considers the criteria for food which is based on The Balance of Good Health. Concludes that the award contains positive elements for schools.
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  • 9
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 192-193 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Focuses on research and teaching in the field of bakery technology, including aspects involving food nutrition. Main research activities involve the transfer of research findings and associated technology to small and medium sized enterprises under the Teaching Company Initiative. One of these involves the development of foods for sufferers of coeliac syndrome.
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  • 10
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 208-211 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Briefly outlines the main objectives of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) research programme on optimal nutrition status. Summarizes the project portfolio and lists recent, current and future research topics in the programme. Also looks at future plans in the light of the major nutrition review of MAFF-funded research in 1996 and the research requirements requested that will take the programme into the next millennium.
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  • 11
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 194-195 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Looks at CaterClean, a new service from Rentokil Hygiene Division, which combines deep cleaning with rapid-result testing. Outlines what the programme involves and concludes that this service will help operators to satisfy themselves, their customers and the enforcement authorities that they reach the required hygiene standards.
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  • 12
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 218-220 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Looks at the relationship between folate intake, elevated plasma total homocysteine and cardiovascular disease. Notes that the mechanisms between plasma homocysteine levels and cardiovascular disease are the subject of intense research activity. Suggests that increased folate intakes can reduce plasma homocysteine and subsequently help prevent cardiovascular disease.
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  • 13
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 236-238 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Notes difficulties related to devising specific functional tests of vitamin C status. Looks at approaches used in the study of the mechanisms of vitamin C absorption and their limitations. Outlines the goals of a MAFF project to begin in 1997; these being, for example, to improve current analytical procedures in this area.
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  • 14
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 5-11 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is well known that the foundations for food choice are laid down in childhood. Poor dietary habits learned in childhood may persist into adult life. The dietary awareness of children is subject to a range of complex interacting forces, for example, peer group pressure, social factors and television advertising. Many investigators have developed innovative methodologies to record these parameters. Reviews, therefore, the methodological issues of studies which have attempted to elicit pre-adolescent attitudes, knowledge and beliefs in food. Finally, makes recommendations about methodological issues that should be considered when studying pre-adolescent children's food choice.
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  • 15
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 20-22 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Notes the damaging effects of legal changes relating to the provision of school meals. Also points out that the National Curriculum has limited the time devoted to the development of nutritional awareness in children. Looks at the reasons why these factors are so important for children's health and focuses on action being taken to improve the situation. Considers various initiatives of the School Meals Campaign and cites some localized activities such as the use of a healthmobile in East Sussex and a health promotion pantomime in South Yorkshire. Concludes that moves such as these need, however, to be backed by national policies.
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  • 16
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 39-43 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Describes statistical methods applied to two-sample significance tests. Discusses independent, related and paired samples, Wilcoxon, sign, Mann-Whitney U and t-tests and illustrates their application.
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  • 17
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 66-70 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: States that lactose intolerance can occur in both healthy and diseased individuals and presents a literature review of work undertaken examining this condition. Describes briefly the development and distribution of lactose intolerance throughout the world.
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  • 18
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 76-77 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summarizes the main recommendations of a new report from the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) entitled Obesity in Scotland: Integrating Prevention with Weight Management. Describes how being overweight carries an increased risk of a wide range of health problems and how the report is especially concerned about the measurement and management of their various risk factors.
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  • 19
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Describes statistical methods applied to three or more sample groups. Discusses analysis of variance in parametric forms and the requirement for experimental design control before its application.
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  • 20
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 105-106 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Notes the increasing expectations of passengers with regard to in-flight meals, tracing the development of in-flight meals from the 1920s up to the present day. Considers innovations such as Lufthansa's introduction of a gate buffet service for passengers, and lists the factors the airlines need to bear in mind such as: passenger specification, e.g. ethnic origin, effects of delay on loading meals on to the aircraft and balance of the menu in terms of dietary requirements, etc.
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  • 21
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 96-100 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Escherichia coli 0157 is responsible for an emerging enteric disease which became a growing public health concern in 1996 with major outbreaks in Japan and Scotland. Unfortunately, the more common haemorrhagic colitis can at times develop into the haemolytic uraemic syndrome with associated renal disease which can lead to fatalities. It is now apparent that few bacterial cells are needed to spread infection and that cross-contamination is therefore a significant problem. Although there are national programmes to investigate E. coli 0157 infection and gain new information on epidemiology, handwashing is seen as a very simple but effective approach to prevent transmission from contaminated material to food. We need to be made aware of the clinical importance of E. coli infection and how best we can bring it under control.
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  • 22
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    Bingley : Emerald
    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 128-133 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Average intakes of vitamin B6 are equal to, or greater than, reference nutrient intakes and clinical deficiency disease due to inadequate dietary intake is unknown. Although there is little scientific evidence of efficacy, the vitamin is widely recommended for treatment of premenstrual syndrome at levels of 50-100mg/day (compared with reference nutrient intakes of under 2mg/day). At higher levels of intake (over 1,000mg/day), there is clear evidence of nerve damage, and there have been reports of symptoms of nerve damage in people taking between 50-100mg/day.
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  • 23
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 146-151 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Notes that people with food allergies and intolerances may not always receive great sympathy from health professionals. Underlines the importance of treating these problems seriously and sets out definitions of intolerance, allergy and aversion. Outlines a range of disorders such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis where food allergy or intolerance may be implicated, and also looks at a range of foods which seem to cause problems. Lists methods of diagnosis for food allergy and intolerance and concludes that the number of sufferers is increasing.
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  • 24
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 137-140 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: CEFAS, the Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, is responsible for providing the scientific advice required to manage the exploitation of fisheries resources of interest to the UK. Information is collected from fishermen's logbooks and fish markets on the catches and fishing activity of the English and Welsh fleets, and length and age compositions of the more important commercial species are sampled from landings and, where possible, from fish that are discarded at sea. Supporting biological data are collected on surveys conducted by research vessels or chartered commercial boats. For some species' populations, fishery-independent estimates of abundance are also made from egg surveys. These data are combined with those from other countries exploiting common fisheries and used in analytical assessments carried out by international working groups at the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. The results provide the basis for negotiations of each year's total allowable catches at the European Council of Ministers.
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  • 25
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 175-183 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Looks at the problems relating to iodine deficiency disorders and examines in depth the various aspects of iodine, considering its history, properties and sources. Notes the importance of iodine in nutrition and health and focuses on goitre as the most familiar iodine disorder. Considers various methods of assessment and detection of iodine deficiency and outlines geographical areas where iodine deficiency disorders are most prevalent.
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  • 26
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 188-191 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Describes some of the important nutritional issues involved in the development of farming techniques for marine fish. The key phase of larval rearing remains dependent on the use of live foods, but because of problems with the nutritional quality as well as availability of the limited number of suitable organisms their replacement with suitable formulated feeds is a high current priority. Feeding the juvenile stages is less challenging, but there is a need to maximize the utilization of these feeds in order to improve cost effectiveness. An important issue during the on-growing stages, when food demand is high and a major component of production costs, is the need to identify and develop alternative protein sources to fish meal.
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  • 27
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 246-250 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Notes that of 600 carotenoids found in nature, only 40 are regularly consumed by humans. Looks at the biological functions of carotenoids. Reports on studies with regard to the effects on health carotenoid-rich diets.
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  • 28
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 215-217 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Looks at the role of dietary folate for cardiovascular health. Considers the hypothesis that a diet poor in folate may lead to accelerated vascular disease. Also looks at the role of some enzymes with regard to cardiovascular disease.
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  • 29
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 229-232 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Notes that, despite its abundance as an essential trace element in the body, relatively little is known about dietary copper requirements. Looks at factors such as copper metabolisms and minimum dieting requirements. Reports on studies funded by MAFF in this area.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Considers factors relating to bone loss. Looks at the scientific background with regard to calcium and its effects with regard to bone loss. Reports on the aims of a study in this area which will involve factors such as the measurement of bone loss and a thorough nutritional analyses.
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  • 31
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    Nutrition & food science 97 (1997), S. 225-228 
    ISSN: 0034-6659
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Considers the role of selenium as an essential nutrient. Identifies its key function as being an essential component of a wider range of proteins. Looks at some of the problems related to selenium deficiency such as associations with increased incidence of cancer of heart disease. Reports falling selenium intakes in the UK over the last 15-20 years and describes a supplementation trial based in Scotland.
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  • 32
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    Bradford : Emerald
    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: States that sandwiches purchased by customers from an outlet in the centre of Manchester (UK) were analysed and a comparison was made between the actual nutritional status of the sandwiches and customers' perceptions of the same. Customers selected, on average, sandwiches which were below the standard nutrient requirement for energy and non-starch polysaccharide. However, they were adequate on other criteria such as iron and saturated fatty acid. Customers with relatively higher nutritional knowledge were no better at judging the nutritional content of their sandwiches, which suggests that customers generally should benefit from clearly presented, easy to understand, nutritional information.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Notes that the Department of Health has begun approving industry guides for food safety, including one for the catering industry. Suggests that some in the industry fear these new guides may lead to a lowering of standards or be used as a "stick with which enforcement officers will beat them". Addresses concerns and explains the rationale behind the guides and advocates a change in approach to food hygiene, from a basic environmental approach to a goal-based approach of controlling risks. Concludes by stating that the industry guides have a major role in helping to interpret and assist in the regulatory changes and that full involvement of the the various food industry sectors is essential.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Discusses the factors shaping Scottish children's perceptions of vegetables as a means of explaining their low vegetable consumption. Examines the impact that sensory factors, the child's family and eating experiences, and environmental factors (i.e. socio-economic factors/income, culture, eating patterns and advertising) have on children's vegetable consumption. Additionally, makes suggestions for strategies to overcome some of these factors which affect children's low consumption of vegetables.
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  • 35
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    Bradford : Emerald
    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 388-395 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Profiles the development of menu-engineering models and, in particular, the movement supporting the quantification of all costs associated with the production of a menu item. Reports the findings of a study of upscale restaurant menu planners. While all menu planners adopted elements of menu engineering when planning menus, most rejected the opportunity to factor in non-material direct costs as a major component of determining menu content and prices. In particular, individual dish labour cost was not considered an important menu-planning criterion. Dishes which attracted low sales, but which planners felt added interest to the menu, were included on the menu. This supports the view of most advocates of qualitative menu analysis that the profitability of individual dishes on the menu is only one of several important criteria when designing the menu.
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  • 36
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 409-411 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Provides a preface to the two-part paper on "British food retail capital in the USA" reprinted from International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 25, 1997. Updates that two-part paper with an account of Sainsbury's experience with its US food retail businesses in 1997, and reflects on the firm's corporate prospects in the USA.
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  • 37
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Explores the adoption of strategic planning techniques by agribusiness, specifically agricultural co-operatives. Offers implications for policy. A survey was sent to 345 co-operatives listed in the US Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Cooperative Service's Directory of Farmer Cooperatives. Co-operatives have widely adopted many of the sophisticated strategic planning techniques such as environmental analysis, core competences and SWOT analysis.
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  • 38
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 412-426 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Offers an appraisal of the corporate experience and prospects of J. Sainsbury plc in the USA, ten years after its market entry. Focuses on Sainsbury's New England subsidiary, Shaw's, and shows that heavy capital investment, and the determined export of a British model of food retailing, has produced a chain of 119 stores, enjoying rapid growth and impressive improvements in profitability.
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  • 39
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 427-437 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Focuses on Sainsbury's acquisition of 50 per cent of the voting stock (20 per cent of total equity) of Giant Food Inc, the market leader in the Washington DC-Baltimore area. Shows Sainsbury is poised to take full control of Giant (at an estimated cost of approximately $2 billion), is promoting a major expansion of Giant northwards into Philadelphia and is on the verge of becoming one of the top ten firms in a US industry worth $410 billion per annum by 1995.
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  • 40
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 438-446 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The pizza food service market is becoming increasingly polarized, the independent operators are operating in illiberal market conditions. Presents a taxonomy of competition within the food service market, and suggests that the independent operators could become members of a consortia to improve their position. Gives some of the results of a survey of independent operators, which indicates there are mixed feelings concerning membership.
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  • 41
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 447-455 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Examines the Japanese food distribution channel structure with special emphasis on food wholesalers and food retailers. Contrasts these two areas with the comparable US functions. Reviews channel inefficiencies in Japan with attention to historical development, regulations, consumer attitudes and food shopping behaviour, transportation and logistics, transportation alternatives, consolidation and new developments, distribution centres and information processing. Presents key issues for Japanese logistics in the future.
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  • 42
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 3-11 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Examines and compares wine attribute preferences within and between two different Spanish regions, Aragón and Navarra, by means of the weighted least squares approach for conjoint analysis. Uses three attributes in the conjoint design: price, origin and grape vintage year. Among these attributes, Navarra consumers assigned more importance to the origin of the wine, followed by price and grape vintage year. Aragón consumers also considered origin as the most important attribute, followed, in this case, by grape vintage year and price. Comparing the different attribute levels, consumers from Aragón preferred locally produced and cheaper wines, while consumers from Navarra preferred Rioja and more expensive wines. Identifies and characterizes four wine consumer segments. Describes how a market simulation experiment was designed to simulate market shares of three alternative wine profiles.
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  • 43
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 20-26 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Reports research findings on the gendered character of the eating out experience, from a study of eating out in England. Investigates two main areas: food tastes and authority relations within consumer groups. Describes how gender differences in food tastes when eating out are subtle. Shows that food tastes alter according to where the eating is done; food preferences and choices differ when people eat out as opposed to when they eat in. These trends are similar for men and women. Further investigates aspects of eating out decision taking and shows that gendered conduct does exist, but the extent of it varies depending on the composition of the company.
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  • 44
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 12-19 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Reports on studies, which were carried out in two urban schools in the UK, of the nutritional composition of mid-day meals taken by primary schoolchildren. Describes how the nutritional analyses indicated that all of the meals provided an excess of the energy from components such as fat and sugar, whereas some of the meal choices provided a less than adequate supply of minerals and vitamins such as iron, calcium and folate. The meals included hot meat and non-meat dishes and sandwiches. Makes comparisons with standards provided by the Caroline Walker Trust.
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  • 45
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 27-34 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Reports findings from a qualitative study using focus group discussions and individual interviews, about diet and cuisine among family members from a range of South Asian origins in Scotland. Most participants ate British style breakfasts and lunches but evening meals were eclectic in culinary styles. The widest ranges of cereal, pulse and vegetable foodstuffs were associated with South Asian style cuisine, British style cuisine was more likely to be associated with simple or convenience foods. Parents and some young people were very strongly committed to South Asian cuisine.
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  • 46
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 43-49 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Reports the results of a survey which was conducted of 400 self-selecting UK subjects to assess understanding of nutritional terms and concepts. Analyses the results with respect to demographic criteria and finds good overall understanding, but there are some surprising misconceptions and a lack of understanding of recently introduced concepts. States that comprehension was clearly related to familiarity with the terminology employed. Nutritional myths and misconceptions were not widely held, although there were some discrepancies between expert and lay understanding (e.g. cholesterol popularly perceived as a type of saturated fat, and evening primrose oil as a vitamin). Despite some deficiencies in understanding, claims use of food label information in making purchasing decisions was extensive. Examines sources of background knowledge of food and nutrition, and of current fads and scare stories, and presents the results. Studies of nutritional understanding are seen as part of the wider domain of the public understanding of science.
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  • 47
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 63-69 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Aims to identify the extent to which the reactions of the European Commission and Member States may justifiably sit alongside the aims of the single market and the wider objectives of the EC. Examines the reactions of Member States and the EC in effecting a ban on the movement of British beef and allied products within the context of the principles of free movement of goods and powers in relation to the Common Agricultural Policy. Confirms that, while first impressions may suggest the response of the Commission and Member States goes to the foundations of the single market, the protection is not absolute. The beef crisis provides the opportunity to examine the freedoms which form the foundation of the single market and, in particular, to identify the sensible limitations of those freedoms in the light of wider Community objectives.
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  • 48
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 57-62 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Examines the antioxidant activities of a range of hydroxy-substituted phenolic acids by estimating their relative abilities to scavenge the ABTS_+ radical cation generated in the aqueous phase, expressed as the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC value). These common food components have varying reducing abilities, dependent on the positions and extent of hydroxylation of their phenol ring. Reports the research results which suggest that some simple phenolic acids are most effective antioxidants, up to two to three times as active as vitamin C. Their relative abundance in fruits, oils, etc. indicates that they may be highly significant contributors to the overall dietary antioxidant intake. Para-coumaric acid (4-hydroxycinnamic acid) was found to have a TEAC value of 2.2mM (more than twice the antioxidant activity of vitamin C). Ferulic acid (3-methoxy, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid), the active component of oryzanol (rice bran oil) was found to have a TEAC value of 1.9 mM and gallic acid (3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) a TEAC of 3.0mM (i.e. three times the antioxidant activity of vitamin C). Discusses the significance of these and other related compounds as food antioxidants and as non-nutrient antioxidants in the diet.
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  • 49
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 50-56 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Examines UK milk pricing since market deregulation in November 1994. Finds a wide range of milk price contracts on offer, with many processing companies paying prices above those paid by the voluntary farmer co-operatives. Looks at the factors influencing dairy farmers' initial choice of milk supply contract in the months preceding deregulation of the UK dairy sector in November 1994. Finds around 70 per cent of farmers surveyed, slightly above the percentage for all milk producers, signed to supply the voluntary farmers co-operative, Milk Marque. Then surveys farmers to identify those who have switched supply contract during the year, finding little evidence of movement. Attempts to understand the apparent differences between farmers' expectations in their initial contract choice and the market realities they have experienced over that period.
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  • 50
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 80-88 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Time is a multidimensional entity and research into how we allocate our time is still at an early stage of development. Food shopping and meal preparation are two related activities which involve a significant consumption of time. Reports on research into attitudes to time and investigates three different aspects of people's attitudes towards food shopping and preparation: an enjoyment of cooking; and a traditional orientation and a modern (role-sharing) attitude to the linked activities. Identifies two clearly defined groups. No differences between the groups existed on demographic factors such as age, gender, whether the respondent had paid work and housing type. No differences existed in their ownership of time-saving consumer durables. One group clearly saw mealtimes as significant activities and found cooking enjoyable. It did not matter whether the people in this group were time-pressured or not - they chose to allocate time to these activities and they differed in their attitudes to time. A substantial group in society still do see food shopping and meal preparation as important activities. Contends that while such individuals may be subject to modern-day pressures they still appear to organize their time to maintain a traditional perspective. Considers the implications for food retailers and other marketers.
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  • 51
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 89-96 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: "The nation's diet" is a six-year basic social science programme funded by the UK's Economic and Social Research Council, consisting of 16 projects located in universities across England, Scotland and Wales. Explains the overall purpose of this multi-disciplinary programme in social scientific terms as the examination of the processes affecting human food choice. The programme's central concern - "why do people eat what they do?" - is amenable to study using a variety of social scientific research approaches, designs and techniques of data collection and analysis. Illustrates this methodological variety selectively in reporting a few of the programme's early results from three of its projects. The findings confirm that people eat what they do for a multiplicity of reasons in addition to, and sometimes in conflict with, hunger, properties of the food itself or people's own valuation of health and nutrition.
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  • 52
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 97-104 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Reports on an evaluation of the food safety behaviour of 108 consumers conducted using direct observation and temperature measurements. Finds that safe cooking practices were used by the majority of consumers, although more than half of the participants cooked well in advance of consumption and few used any method to speed the cooling of cooked food. Some consumers used potentially unsafe practices such as transporting and storing food at the wrong temperature, holding cooked food at ambient temperature for prolonged periods and inadequate re-heating. Identifies great potential for indirect and direct cross-contamination during the preparation of food. Notes some disparity between observed food safety behaviour and self-reported food handling practices.
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  • 53
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 128-132 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Finds that agricultural co-operatives have not been as sophisticated in their utilization of capital budgeting as a planning and financial management tool as have traditional corporations. Suggests that this may be due to the differences in the organizational objectives of the co-operatives and the for-profit corporations.
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  • 54
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 125-127 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Evaluates the price and fat content of minced beef sold under a variety of labels at six major food retailers as part of a small pilot study to establish whether increased produce price is associated with a leaner product and to establish the variation between products sold under a similar label. Results indicate that the increased price paid for minced beef sold as "steak mince", "lean mince" and "superlean mince" is generally associated with a decrease in fat content. However, identifies huge variation in the fat content of packets of minced beef sold under similar labels. Highlights the implications of these results but further work, in which minced beef would be bought from different stores within each chain and on different days over a period of several months, would be required to establish whether these results were representative.
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  • 55
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 105-113 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Presents the results of recent empirical research on the increasing consumer sensitivity to health issues in Belgium. Focuses on factors that determine consumer behaviour in relation to light products, using both quantitative and qualitative research techniques. In-depth diagnostic interviews are used qualitatively to develop a structured questionnaire, and quantitatively, a mail survey was organized through which the questionnaire was completed by 1,891 households. Analyses the results of the questionnaire by means of the Triandis model to determine behaviour towards light products. Eight components are analysed to explain behaviour: cognitive; affective; moral; social; behavioural control; willingness to change behaviour; facilitating conditions; and habits. Results reveal that dairy products are the most popular of the "light" products, though they do not have a far from "light" image. Behaviour is dominated by a preoccupation with weight control and illness prevention, and is highly influenced also by the household's view. However, the "light" focus on the slim figure is now less appreciated by consumers, while a more dominant role is being allocated to health aspects. From a marketing point of view, a dramatic switch in product development and communication is needed.
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  • 56
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 133-141 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Examines empirically the purchasing behaviour of Shanghai buyers of processed food and beverage products. An average of only 3.66 product items are purchased on each shopping occasion. Explains the value or weight of purchases by various geographic, demographic and behavioural factors, specifically: the distance travelled to the shop (closely related to the frequency of shopping), the gender of shopper, whether the shopping was undertaken on the main shopping day of the week, and income (by far the dominant explanator). However, because of the limited quantities purchased on each shopping occasion, and the low numerical variation in purchases, the question for future research is whether some combination of low value attached to shopping time, logistical limitations, and storage constraints operates to limit the purchases of shoppers. Such research findings would support a decentralized retail strategy for sales maximization.
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  • 57
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 148-153 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: It is well known that the foundations for food choice are laid down in childhood. Poor dietary habits learned in childhood may persist into adult life. The dietary awareness of children is subject to a range of complex interacting forces, for example, peer group pressure, social factors and television advertising. Many investigators have developed innovative methodologies to record these parameters. Reviews, therefore, the methodological issues of studies which have attempted to elicit pre-adolescent attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about food. Finally, makes recommendations about methodological issues that should be considered when studying pre-adolescent children's food choice.
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  • 58
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 142-147 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Duodenal action of rapidly digested carbohydrate can induce an intense satiation shortly after the meal, which conditions down the volume of food eaten in the later part of the meal. In contrast, after a meal rich in spreading fat, separation of fat above the aqueous contents of the stomach is liable to delay the fat's emptying and hence its contact with satiety receptors in the small intestine; eaters are therefore unlikely to learn to eat less of a menu rich in separated fat. Yet the delayed emptying may prolong the period of digestion and absorption of separated fat beyond that for the same amount of fat emulsified or bound in the aqueous phase. Hence, separating fat might better help to delay the rise of appetite for the next meal several hours later. These ideas explain some of the diversity of claims about satiation from fats in foods. Tests illustrate how individuals learn from the post-ingestional effects on appetite of variants of the foods they choose routinely.
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  • 59
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 159-167 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Complaints handling is now a marketing tool for retailers. Intense competition within the food retail sector makes it an area for retailers to gain competitive advantage. However, the commitment to complaints handling through employee training is a largely unexplored area. Describes how an in-depth questionnaire was used to survey UK multiple food retailers regarding the existence of complaints procedures; aspects of training such as prevalence, frequency, hours and methods; and the authority to resolve complaints in relation to employee status. Customer and staff communication, as part of the complaints handling process, was also investigated. Seven retailers took part in the survey and included a cross-section of retailers (including one of the major multiples), based on number of branches. Reports the results, which showed that all the food retailers had some form of training. However, this varied with employee status. Generally, training was not given frequently in a formal manner, but on an ad hoc basis. Authority to resolve complaints appears to lie still with senior staff, although customer and staff communication facilities appear to exist. Argues that complaints handling can be effective only with appropriate staff training at all levels.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 168-176 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Addresses important logistical considerations in the distribution of a seasonal food product. While continued attempts have been made to maintain high levels of customer service within the food industry, the degree of uncertainty in the distribution channel itself often undermines management's efforts to procure adequate stock of product during peak demand season. Develops a stochastic dynamic programming formulation which may serve as a decision-support tool for managers faced with procuring product in a distribution channel in which receipt quantities are probabilistic. Provides numerical results, supporting the intuitive result that expected costs and the length of the required planning horizon are inversely related to the level of uncertainty in the distribution channel.
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  • 61
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 177-180 
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    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Discusses the research opportunities brought about by the adoption of category management in the food industry and suggests reasons why category management might be of interest to academics. Reviews contemporary research and proposes a multidisciplinary research agenda which crosses the academic-industrial interface. Suggests four principal research themes: beneficiaries and benefits of category management; the process of organizational change; the management of categories; and the implications of category management adoption. Discusses these themes in the context of research already undertaken and details areas meriting closer investigation.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 181-187 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Presents the results of a postal questionnaire to UK food and drink manufacturers on the costs of compliance with food regulation. In particular, the questionnaire focused on the usefulness of compliance cost assessments - introduced by the Government in 1985 across all government departments as an analytical tool for assessing the regulatory costs to business - as they relate to food businesses. Explains that the questionnaire sought to establish to what extent food companies actually costed the impact of food regulation on their business operations and explored other aspects of food regulation, such as the benefits and constraints. Reports the results which gave some unexpected insights on the costs of compliance with food regulation. For example, the majority of respondents were not aware that the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food carried out compliance cost assessments on food regulation; around two-thirds of the sample found it "difficult" or "very difficult" to identify where compliance costs would affect their company and an even greater proportion (more than three-quarters) said they would have problems quantifying compliance costs. Concludes that the compliance cost assessment, as a tool for helping to analyse the cost of food regulation on businesses, is an inappropriate method for the food sector and the development of new methods should be considered.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 199-206 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Investigates consumer perceptions of "regional foods" in England. Results show understandings of regional foods to be a complex dynamic of interrelated concepts. Regional foods are defined by place and human-related factors. An implicit factor in attitudes towards regional food is the "perceived authenticity" of the various product attributes by the consumer. Regional foods are characterized as "regional products" (high-value, speciality or hand-crafted products) and "regional recipes" (dishes readily associated with home preparation and cooking). Proposes that findings have implications for marketing, in particular product differentiation and communication. Implications are discussed for food producers and retailers, and recommendations are made for future research.
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  • 64
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 207-211 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Implies that a balance of the different essential nutrients is necessary for maintaining health. The eight minerals that are usually analysed are Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Cu, Zn. A comparison of the mineral content of 20 fruits and 20 vegetables grown in the 1930s and the 1980s (published in the UK Government's Composition of Foods tables) shows several marked reductions in mineral content. Shows that there are statistically significant reductions in the levels of Ca, Mg, Cu and Na in vegetables and Mg, Fe, Cu and K in fruit. The only mineral that showed no significant differences over the 50 year period was P. The water content increased significantly and dry matter decreased significantly in fruit. Indicates that a nutritional problem associated with the quality of food has developed over those 50 years. The changes could have been caused by anomalies of measurement or sampling, changes in the food system, changes in the varieties grown or changes in agricultural practice. In conclusion recommends that the causes of the differences in mineral content and their effect on human health be investigated.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 212-219 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Posits that food labelling is one medium by which consumers can acquire knowledge about the food they consider buying. This type of information is becoming increasingly important in a food market where direct contact with the personnel over the counter is declining. Reports the results from a pilot study and a consumer survey including 1050 respondents. Reveals that the majority of consumers read the food labels (often, sometimes or seldom), and that the reading frequency was associated with the degree of uncertainty about the food supply. Additives occupied a far more prominent place in these reading activities, than what could be expected from the respondents' general notions of what constitutes a healthy diet. Discusses these results with regard to consumer apprehension of the presentation of data on the food labels.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 220-232 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Considers the specific contributions of the industry to health promotion and policy making, within the context of Health of the Nation activities and the development of effective nutrition policies for the UK. States that the UK food and drink industry is the largest manufacturing sector in the UK and plays a vital role in the country's economy. Aims to satisfy consumer needs and expectations by supplying a wide variety of wholesome, safe, enjoyable, nutritious and value for money products, all year round, in a way that is responsible both to society and the consumer. Discusses how the Food and Drink Federation (FDF) represents and promotes the industry's common interests by developing and implementing policies and information and education programmes on all key issues. Says FDF believes that it is essential that dietary advice is firmly based on sound, scientific data and that consumers are able to make informed choices from the wide variety of foods that are available to them.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 244-248 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: From the perspective of an image-generating department to the perspective of profitability, the meat department possesses unsurpassed importance within the US grocery store. Surprisingly, the meat department is the subject of relatively little published research. Examines one aspect of the meat department - customer use of the service meat counter vis-à-vis the self-service meat counter. Results indicate that customers' use of the service meat counter appears not to be a simplistic phenomenon. When used, the service meat counter appears to be viewed as a complement to the self-service meat counter, not a replacement. The demographic factors examined did not appear to have the potential to serve as successful segmentation factors as far as use of the service meat counter is concerned.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The food service sector represents almost two fifths of total household expenditure on food and continues to grow at a pace. While the major part of the food service industry remains highly fragmented, the importance of restaurant chains is increasing. Examines procurement policies adopted by chain restaurants using the buygrid model and presents the findings from six case studies. Concludes that restaurant chains have adopted many of the procurement practices introduced by the multiple retailers (centralized buying and distribution) and tend to look for similar characteristics in their suppliers - volume, quality, consistency and competitive prices. The buygrid model was found to be a good predictor of buyer behaviour among restaurant chains.
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  • 69
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 249-262 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Despite the widely acknowledged prognosis that the danger of unrelenting hunger and famine looms large in sub-Saharan Africa and that there is a constant need for donors to provide much required food relief, there is a paucity of literature based on comprehensive empirical work at the household or individual level. Based on data collected across two years and two locations in rural Kenya, attempts to develop further the literature on household food security. Food balances are computed and various approaches to food poverty analysis are employed by setting a very low poverty line to determine the proportion of households whose members would require external food support. Results show that per capita food production is low and varies with rainfall, and food poverty and inequality in distribution are high. A great deal could be done, therefore, in the sphere of livelihood opportunities to enhance household purchasing power and hence effective demand and food distribution.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 263-267 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Describes and assesses the results of a recent survey of research and development managers on the prospects for commercialization in agro-food biotechnology. Arrives at two conclusions. First, in the foreseeable future, most of the major development in agro-food biotechnology will focus on new or improved food processing aids and ingredients rather than food products. Second, clear differences of opinion between key agents involved in developing and applying biotechnology reflect deficiencies in the diffusion of knowledge in this area; in turn, this might affect when, how and what elements of biotechnology are developed and produced. Argues that if the full benefits of biotechnology are to be achieved, policy needs not only to stimulate biotechnology per se, but also encourage greater dialogue, co-operation and collaboration between agents and interests involved in the biotechnology and food provision industries.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 275-282 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Considers the present situation and future challenges of marketing organic food, drawing on experiences in Germany and the UK. Argues that the existing marketing structure in the UK, dominated by the supermarkets, is not effectively meeting demand because of structural incompatibilities between organic farming and supermarketing. In Germany, increasing supply is not reaching the consumer because the prevailing niche marketing structure is unable to deal with large quantities, a situation to which production-oriented rather than market-oriented organic aid schemes have contributed. In both countries, the main challenge lies in broadening the appeal of organic food and establishing a broad consumer base without compromising its identity. In the UK, there is potential for the expansion of small-scale, decentralized marketing outlets, while in Germany greater involvement by supermarkets appears to be appropriate.
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  • 72
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 290-296 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Increasing consumer interest in nutrition has led to an increased interest in nutrition labelling. Finds that over half (58 per cent) of the sample surveyed read nutrition labels. Nutrition labelling was found to have an impact on consumer purchase decisions. Of those consumers who read nutritional labels, 81 per cent use them in their evaluation of food products. Consumers have to deduce information from nutrition labels in their current format. Survey findings reinforce previous work carried out in this area, particularly in the context of consumer categorization of food products as "good" or "bad". For example, consumer avoidance of "negative" nutrients is apparent throughout the survey. The majority of respondents, who read labels, indicated that they search out information on nutrients they wish to avoid. In general, since time allocated to shopping for food products is limited, the format of nutritional labelling needs further consideration and improvement. The concept of nutrition should be incorporated into food companies' marketing strategy.
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  • 73
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Research findings have suggested that today's consumers view nutrition in a positive light. The findings of this survey support such evidence. The majority of consumers consider diet to be a very important component of their lifestyles and regard nutrition as a positive attribute of food products. A high level of awareness of nutrition labelling is evident among consumers, and 58 per cent of respondents use nutrition labels. However, consumers have to deduce information from nutrition labels in their current format. This proves rather difficult as knowledge of a balanced diet is quite low. Therefore, consumers find it difficult to implement current dietary advice through the use of nutrition labels, and only 17 per cent of the sample surveyed use labels for this purpose. Social networks and the "popular" media were found to be the most used sources of nutrition information, the medical profession was seen as a source of "cure" rather than prevention and a negligible percentage of the sample used official government information channels. Concludes that nutrition labels have a role to play; however, the food industry needs to respond to consumer needs and education/information provision needs to be improved.
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  • 74
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: European food manufacturers are switching to pan-European marketing and rationalizing manufacturing operations to achieve economies of scale as margins are squeezed by retailers and brand loyalty wanes. The US multinational CPC International appears to epitomize this trend. However, its focus on manufacturing efficiencies cannot compensate for long-standing marketing inefficiencies. It needs to recognize that although it has a pan-European approach to the Knorr brand name, it cannot expect this brand to achieve sales levels in the UK comparable with those gained on the Continent.
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  • 75
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 325-335 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Describes three approaches to incorporating sustainable development into the agri-food system. Presents the argument that long-term sustainable development demands transformational change, whereas stop-gap sustainable development measures can be introduced on an add-on piecemeal basis. Focuses on how ideology influences organizational design, and compares the current agri-food system with Community Shared Agriculture (CSA) and the Seikatsu Club. Discusses implications for future study.
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  • 76
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 318-324 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Posits that, in recent years, a major food consumption trend in the USA and Canada is that more people are eating more meals outside their homes. It is predicted that this trend will accelerate in the future. As a result, fast-food markets will offer greater growth opportunities for marketers. Presents consumers' perceptions of and preferences for fast-food restaurants in the USA and Canada. The results of this study may have very important implications for developing successful marketing strategies for fast-food restaurants. Findings of the study offer need-oriented marketing strategies for both franchisers and franchisees in the US and Canadian fast-food sectors to enable them to be more competitive in this fast-changing business environment.
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  • 77
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 336-338 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Examines marketing orientation in the organic produce sector. Presents results of a consumer survey which indicate that consumers are confused about the meaning of the term "organic" and that the current mechanisms for labelling organic produce are ineffective. Proposes that producers of organic foods should consider consumer research and strategic marketing planning as mechanisms for sustaining a market which has greater potential than is currently realized. Contends that for this endeavour to be successful, senior management figures in the industry must take the lead and initiate this proposed change in strategy.
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  • 78
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 339-345 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Discusses diets, notably diets aimed at weight reduction, which appear regularly in women's general interest magazines. Recently there has also been an increase in publications aimed at health promotion or slimming, and in the availability of "slimming aids". The efficacy of some of these has been questioned, and concern expressed over the nutritional adequacy of some diets. Investigates the nutritional adequacy of nine diets drawn from a variety of publications. Most diets were aimed at weight loss, but some were promoted as a "new way of life", e.g. food combining. Energy levels supplied by all diets were below current recommendations, thus weight reduction would be the result of low energy intakes. Overall, the nutritional value of the diets was reasonable.The main concern was low iron intakes supplied by the Food Combining for Health diet, where the diet is followed for long periods.
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  • 79
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 346-351 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Describes the main research objectives and reports on some findings from a Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food (MAFF) funded research project on the role of television in food choice, currently in its second year. Begins by outlining the rationale for the study and presents some preliminary analysis of data obtained from a survey of some 200 11-18 year olds.
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    British food journal 99 (1997), S. 352-357 
    ISSN: 0007-070X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: States that social values represent desired end states of being or desirable behaviours such as self-respect, warm relations with others, or excitement. These abstract social cognitions help shape product attitudes and through them guide overt behaviour. Empirical research has supported this theoretical structure of values-attitudes-behaviour, but only for a relatively few high involvement products. A sample of 323 adult women shoppers rated the importance of the nine social values from the list of values; reported their attitudes towards snack foods, convenience foods, and cooking; and described purchase frequencies for a variety of foods. The shoppers' food attitudes were consistently associated with self-reported food purchases. Moreover, ratings of several values were associated with attitudes towards snack foods and use of convenience foods, suggesting that social values may influence buyer behaviour for low as well as high involvement products.
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  • 81
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 5-6 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Describes the basic orbital combustion process X engine and gives the specification of the lubricant required. Sets out the objectives of a programme for the development of a lubricant for the IAPAC two-stroke engine being developed in France and Italy. Also describes ELEVATE, another development engine.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 8-9 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Gives the results of trials conducted in China which show the use of top-grade, low smoke, part synthetic two-stroke oil gives better performance and four times longer engine life than the four-stroke engine oils generally used to lubricate two-stroke engines in China. Sets out existing and proposed international standards for two-stroke engine oils.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 10-12 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Outlines the use of rubber, ceramic, metallic and plastic coatings to protect pump components from corrosion and abrasive wear. Describes in detail the products of two specialist companies in this field and gives examples of their uses.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 13-14 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Uses the case of a continuous-flow travelling oven to illustrate the use of carbon bearings in adverse environments which preclude the use of lubricants. Gives more general information regarding the use of carbon-graphite bearing materials for a variety of applications.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 68-70 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Presents the comparative surface roughness measurement data from a paper on the wear of filled PTFE lip seals in contact with a variety of different surfaces, as reported in a paper from the University of Stuttgart Institute of Machine Elements.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The technical properties of Crambe abyssinica oil prompted the co-operation between a research institute and a lubricant producer to determine some possible industrial applications. The results confirm the special physico-chemical characteristics of crambe oil which, compared with some vegetable or synthetic oils, shows a higher heat removal capability and interesting lubrication characteristics. The research establishes that crambe oil could be a good hydraulic fluid. These findings led to the cultivation of a suitable area with Crambe abyssinica to obtain a sufficient amount of oil for lubricant formulation on a commercial scale.
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  • 87
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 120-126 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The more frequently an engine oil is changed, the more the overhaul life of the engine is extended but with an increase in the cost both of the oil and of the oil drain services. If engine oil is changed less frequently the associated costs will decrease. In order to find the optimum drain interval, it is necessary to establish the relationship between the cost of the oil and oil drain services and the cost of more frequent overhauls. Presents an investigation into the degradation of a proprietary lubricant marketed in Turkey, and the wear rate of a petrol engine driven in urban traffic. Lubricant samples were examined approximately every 2,000km for deterioration of the lubricant and evidence of wear of the engine components. From the experimental results, determines the optimum oil drain period of the engine.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 176-177 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summarizes the results of a recent study of the US industrial lubricants industry. Highlights the negative effect on volume gains that inevitably will occur following the institution of fluid management programmes incorporating recirculation and recycling efforts.
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  • 89
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 178-180 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Defines the four main routes for reclaiming used oils - recovery as fuel; reconditioning on site; oil laundering and re-refining. Places used oil re-refining in its historical context and presents profiles of the (only) two used-oil re-refiners in the UK.
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 283-287 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Discusses the properties of various asbestos-free gasket materials, in particular expanded PTFE. Presents the factors which need to be taken into account when choosing a gasket. Highlights the requirements of gaskets in the automotive industry and the conditions they have to withstand.
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  • 91
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    Industrial lubrication & tribology 49 (1997), S. 288-290 
    ISSN: 0036-8792
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: States that magnetic fluids, in a zero leakage, non-wearing seal, offer an innovative solution to the problems of harmful emissions from rotating process equipment. Discusses the properties and uses of the new GT series of ferrofluids from AP&T Ltd.
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  • 92
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A valve train system which could work in the absence of lubricants could reduce engine oil consumption. Routes to produce such a valve system have been explored, and composites, mostly powder metallurgy (PM) containing solid lubricants, have been tried. The expectation from utilizing these materials, keeping, at least, unchanged the life of engine components, is a reduction in oil consumption and oil fog in the cylinder head and a big environmental benefit. Various sintered materials for three different engine components - valve cap, valve seat and valve guide - have been developed and tested by disk-on-disk and fretting tests, in cold and hot conditions, respectively. Prototype components were produced, and the successful ones were then evaluated by an engine endurance test. The sintered valve cap and guide gave very interesting results in terms of friction coefficient and reduction of environmental pollution. Discusses the tribological characterization and the evaluation of these sintered materials.
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    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 4-7 
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A test procedure was developed to assess the capillary flow wettability of soldersinside a confined geometry. The test geometry comprised two parallel plates with a controlledgap of constant thickness (0.008 cm, 0.018 cm, 0.025 cm and 0.038 cm). Capillaryflow was assessed by: (1) the meniscus or capillary rise of the solder withinthe gap; (2) the extent of void formation in the gap; and (3)the time dependence of the risen solder film. Tests were performed with the lead-freesolders 95Sn-5Sb, 96.5Sn-3.5Ag, and 91.84Sn-3.33Ag-4.83Bi. The capillary rise of the lead-free solders was less than that observed with the 63Sn-37Pb control. Reducing the solder surfacetension and contact angle improved capillary flow. Void formation by the non lead soldersincreased as the gap became smaller. The extent of voiding was determined primarily by the gapsize rather than the wettability parameters (contact angle or surface tension) of theindividual alloys.
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    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 4-7 
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Since establishing a low volume, high reliability surface mount technology(SMT) facility, a number of problems have been overcome as part of the learningexperience. The tailoring of processes for a flexible assembly area brought to light a number ofissues that traditional SMT facilities do not face. This paper describes the many processesoptimised by the SMT facility team in becoming an on-time, high reliability producer. The topics include the development of design standards, forming, tinning, stencil printing, andcomponent placement. Several producibility enhancements are also described in acase-study of a solder mask evaluation project. The paper describes the many processimprovements implemented over the past few years.
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    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 11-12 
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The electronics industry seems to be under slightly less pressure, at present, to move to lead-freesolders. Nevertheless, many companies are interested in switching to comply with initiativesaimed at reducing the use of toxic materials such as lead. At the same time, these and othercompanies are hoping to use the improved properties of many lead-free solders toincrease solder joint reliability. While lead-free solders can indeed giveimproved properties in the proper system, using them with lead-containing materials canactually give poorer properties and uncertain reliability. It is important to understand thesematerials' interactions as thoroughly as possible before introducing new soldercompositions. To illustrate this point, some case histories will be presented, along with a generaldiscussion of how solders and substrates can and do interact.
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    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The most commonly used solder for electricalinterconnects in electronic packages is the near eutectic 60Sn-40Pb alloy. This alloy hasa number of processing advantages(suitable melting point of 183°C and good wettingbehaviour). However, under conditions of cyclic strain and temperature(thermomechanical fatigue) the microstructure of this alloy undergoes aheterogeneous coarsening and failure process that makes the prediction of solder joint lifetimecomplex. A finite element simulation methodology to predict solder joint mechanical behaviour,that includes microstructural evolution, has been developed. The mechanical constitutivebehaviour was incorporated into the time-dependent internal state variable viscoplasticmodel through experimental creep tests. The microstructural evolution is incorporated through aseries of mathematical relations that describe mass flow in a temperature/strainenvironment. The model has been found to simulate observed thermomechanical fatiguebehaviour in solder joints.
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  • 97
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    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 9-13 
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Detailed studies to characterise the coarsening behaviour of eutecticSn-Ag and near-eutectic Sn-Pb-Ag solder joints were carriedout on samples reflow soldered and solidified at various cooling rates. Light and scanningelectron microscopy as well as EDS were used to study the microstructural evolution, whilemicrohardness measurements were used to monitor the change in the mechanical properties.Samples consisting of copper substrates and solder paste were reflow soldered about 30 °Cabove their melting points and then solidified at cooling rates ranging from furnace cooling torates associated with water quenching. Analysis of some of these samples showed that increasingthe cooling rate increased the quantity (volume fraction) of primarySn-dendrites, decreased the (EQ) intermetallic phase in the bulk solder, andresulted in finer microstructures with higher hardness. The microstructural evaluation involvedcharacterisation of bulk intermetallica and dendrite/eutectic ratios. Subsequent isothermalannealing of these reflow soldered joints at 125 °C for times between 0.25 h and 8 daysresulted in an initially fairly rapid decrease in hardness to a given level for each alloy and eachcooling rate.
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    Soldering & surface mount technology 9 (1997), S. 58-60 
    ISSN: 0954-0911
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The objective of this paper is to point out the limitations and ròles of DNP (distance to neutral point) on predicting the solder-joint thermal-fatigue life of area-array assemblies.
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  • 99
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    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 10-22 
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: To clarify the principles and mechanisms of water vapour transfer by diffusion in waterproof breathable fabrics for clothing, experiments using a simple glass dish were carried out under steady state conditions with and without a temperature gradient in the climatic chamber. It was found that both vapour pressure and natural convection within the air gap affect water vapour transfer. The rates of water vapour transfer are ranked microfibre fabrics, cotton ventiles, PTFE-laminated fabrics, poromeric polyurethane laminated fabrics, hydrophilic laminated fabrics, and polyurethane-coated fabrics. In the presence of a temperature gradient, condensation was also found to be a major factor, especially at air temperatures below 0°C. Condensation occurred the least on the inner surface of PTFE-laminated fabrics followed by cotton ventiles, microfibre fabrics, hydrophilic-laminated fabrics, poromeric polyurethane-laminated fabrics, and polyurethane coated fabrics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bingley : Emerald
    International journal of clothing science & technology 9 (1997), S. 45-61 
    ISSN: 0955-6222
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Protective clothing should ideally provide maximum comfort and protection for the wearer. The design and fit of a garment are factors which can affect both the protective aspects of a garment as well as its comfort. Proper garment fit depends on the relationship of the size of the garment compared with the size of the wearer. Garment ease (where the garment is larger than the wearer) should allow for comfort and mobility; both too much or too little ease can result in a garment that is uncomfortable and restrictive to movement. The purpose of this study was to explore a research technique to isolate the effects of garment ease in one area of a garment while ease in all other garment areas was controlled, and to determine a design that would maximize wearer mobility. Using five male subjects, protective overalls with differing amounts and garment location of crotch ease were evaluated for their effects on mobility and wearer acceptance. Range of motion measurements for selected joints were evaluated using a Leighton Flexometer. Subjects completed a subjective evaluation scale after performing an exercise protocol while wearing the overalls. Results indicated that a specific amount of ease in the crotch length of overalls may be appropriate. Additionally, an overall design that had all needed crotch ease in the back waist area of the garment may be desirable over the more conventional method of adding ease evenly between the front and back sections of the garment. The methodology used in this study provides a means of evaluating not only the potential for design variations in protective clothing, but provides a means to evaluate the dynamic aspects of fit of clothing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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