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  • Artikel  (7)
  • Denitrification  (7)
  • Springer  (7)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • International Union of Crystallography
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  • Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
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  • Artikel  (7)
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  • Springer  (7)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists
  • American Meteorological Society
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • International Union of Crystallography
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  • 2000-2004
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Evaluation of the acetylene inhibition method for measuring denitrification in soilless plant culture systems (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 111-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Denitrification ; Acetylene inhibition method ; Nitrous oxide release ; Soilless plant culture ; Root growth ; Cucumis sativus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Denitrification measurements by means of the acetylene inhibition method require a continuous presence of acetylene to block the microbial reduction of N20 to N2. To examine the effect of such steady exposures on the growth of plants, roots of cucumber and tomato seedlings were treated with different acetylene concentrations. Acetylene concentrations of ≥1 vol% in the gas phase, which were necessary for complete inhibition of N2 formation, led to a significant retardation of root growth. This was partly due to trace amounts of ethylene contained in the acetylene gas which could not be removed with the usual prescrubbing through a sulfuric acid train. As a result of the growth impairment, oxygen consumption in the root zone decreased after 4 days of exposure. In order to avoid these side effects, the denitrification measurements in soilless cultures were performed on individual plants over a limited period of 2–3 days. The flow-through chamber method proved to be suitable for determining the gaseous N losses in a closed-loop system. It avoided greater air variations from the environmental conditions (substrate temperature, airflow and plant composition) and excluded errors in measurement caused by injury to roots and spatial variability of denitrification activity in the root medium. For exact estimation of the gaseous N losses, preceding 24-h acetylene fumigation was necessary. Subsequently at least three gas samples had to be taken throughout the day, because the N2O+N2 emissions were subject to a pronounced diurnal variability.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420230
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilised grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of N fertiliser form and environmental conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 252-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Grassland ; Denitrification ; N-fertiliser ; Nitrification ; Nitrous oxide emissions ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The aim was to investigate the effects of different N fertilisers on nitrous oxide (N2O) flux from agricultural grassland, with a view to suggesting fertiliser practices least likely to cause substantial N2O emissions, and to assess the influence of soil and environmental factors on the emissions. Replicate plots on a clay loam grassland were fertilised with ammonium sulphate (AS), urea (U), calcium nitrate (CN), ammonium nitrate (AN), or cattle slurry supplemented with AN on three occasions in each of 2 years. Frequent measurements were made of N2O flux and soil and environmental variables. The loss of N2O-N as a percentage of N fertiliser applied was highest from the supplemented slurry (SS) treatment and U, and lowest from AS. The temporal pattern of losses was different for the different fertilisers and between years. Losses from U were lower than those from AN and CN in the spring, but higher in the summer. The high summer fluxes were associated with high water-filled pore space (WFPS) values. Fluxes also rose steeply with temperature where WFPS or mineral N values were not limiting. Total annual loss was higher in the 2nd year, probably because of the rainfall pattern: the percentage losses were 2.2, 1.4, 1.2, 1.1 and 0.4 from SS, U, AN, CN and AS, respectively. Application of U in the spring and AN twice in the summer in the 2nd year gave an average emission factor of 0.8% – lower than from application of either individual fertiliser. We suggest that similar varied fertilisation practices, modified according to soil and crop type and climatic conditions, might be employed to minimise N2O emissions from agricultural land.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050311
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland and spring barley, following N fertiliser application with and without nitrification inhibitors (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 261-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Grassland ; Spring barley ; Nitrification inhibitor ; Nitrous oxide emission ; Denitrification ; Global warming ; Ozone layer
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) and nitrapyrin on reducing emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers to grassland and spring barley. DCD was applied to grassland with N fertiliser applications in April and August in 1992 and 1993, inhibiting N2O emissions by varying amounts depending on the fertiliser form and the time of application. Over periods of up to 2 months following each application of DCD, emissions of N2O were reduced by 58–78% when applied with urea (U) and 41–65% when applied with ammonium sulphate (AS). Annual emissions (April to March) of N2O were reduced by up to 58% and 56% in 1992–1993 and 1993–1994, respectively. Applying DCD to ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilised grassland did not reduce emissions after the April 1993 fertilisation, but emissions following the August application were reduced. Nitrapyrin was only applied once, with the April fertiliser applications in 1992, reducing N2O emissions over the following 12 months by up to 40% when applied with U. When N fertiliser was applied in June without DCD, the DCD applied in April was still partly effective; N2O emissions were reduced 50%, 60% and 80% as effectively as the emissions following the April applications, for AS in 1993, U in 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992 the persistence of an inhibitory effect was greater for nitrapyrin than for DCD, increasing after the June fertiliser application as overall emissions from U increased. There was no apparent reduction in effectiveness following repeated applications of DCD over the 2 years. N2O emissions from spring barley, measured only in 1993, were lower than from grassland. DCD reduced emissions from applied U by 40% but there was no reduction with AN. The results demonstrate considerable scope for reducing emissions by applying nitrification inhibitors with NH4 + or NH4 +-forming fertilisers; this is especially so for crops such as intensively managed grass where there are several applications of fertiliser nitrogen per season, as the effect of inhibitors applied in April persists until after a second fertiliser application in June.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050312
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Anaerobic reoxidation of Mn2+, Fe2+, S0 and S2– in submerged paddy soils (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Anaerobic reoxidation ; Denitrification ; Iron reduction ; Methane ; Successive reduction ; Sulfur oxidation ; Wetland soil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Anaerobic reoxidation of reduced products in paddy soils was investigated. Ferrous iron (Fe2+) and monosulfide ion (S2–) added to the soil chemically reduced MnO2 to Mn2+, and MnO2 and Fe(OH)3 to Mn2+ and Fe2+, respectively, where Fe2+ and S2– were considered to be oxidized to Fe3+ and S0. Elemental sulfur was oxidized to sulfate by anaerobic incubation with NO3 – MnO2 and Fe(OH)3. A new conceptual model for the reduction processes in submerged paddy soil including the reoxidation processes of reduced products, in which soil heterogeneity in paddy fields was taken into consideration, was proposed based on the results.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050319
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Influence of iron pyrites and dicyandiamide on nitrification and ammonia volatilization from urea applied to loess brown earths (luvisols) (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Ammonia volatilization ; Denitrification ; Dicyandiamide ; Iron pyrites ; Luvisols ; Nitrification ; Urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Laboratory incubation study showed that iron pyrites retarded nitrification of urea-derived ammonium (NH4 +), the effect being greatest at the highest level (10000 mg kg–1 soil). Nitrification inhibition with 10000 mg pyrite kg–1 soil, at the end of 30 days, was 40.3% compared to 55.9% for dicyandiamide (DCD). The inhibitory effect with lower rates of pyrite (100–500 mg kg–1) lasted only up to 9 days. Urea+pyrite treatment was also found to have higher exchangeable NH4 +-N compared to urea alone. DCD-amended soils had the highest NH4 +-N content throughout. Pyrite-treated soils had about 7–86% lower ammonia volatilization losses than urea alone. Total NH3 loss was the most with urea+DCD (7.9% of applied N), about 9% more than with urea alone.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050228
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Denitrification losses from an irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving different fertilizer treatments (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1997), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Acetylene inhibition ; Denitrification ; Farmyard manure ; Irrigated wheat-maize ; Urea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Studies were conducted on denitrification in the plough layer of an irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving different fertilizer treatments. The treatments were: N-100 (urea-N at 100kgha–1year–1), N-200 (urea-N at 200kgha–1year–1), FYM-16 (farmyard manure at 16 tonnes ha–1year–1), FYM-32 (farmyard manure at 32 tonnesha–1year–1) and the control (unfertilized). Averaged across sampling dates during the wheat season, the denitrification rate as measured by the C2H2-inhibition/soil-core incubation method was highest in N-200 (83gNha–1day–1), followed by FYM-32 (60gNha–1day–1, N-100 (51gNha–1day–1), FYM-16 (47gNha–1day–1) and the control (33gNha–1 day–1). During the maize growing season, average denitrification rate was highest in FYM-32 (525gNha–1day–1), followed by FYM-16 (408gNha–1day–1), N-200 (372gNha–1day–1, N-100 (262gNha–1day–1) and the control (203gNha–1day–1). Denitrification loss integrated over the whole vegetation period was at a maximum under FYM-32 (13.9kgNha–1), followed by N-200 (11.8kgNha–1), FYM-16 (10.6kgNha–1) and N-100 (8.0kgNha–1), whereas the minimum was observed for the control (5.8kgNha–1). Under both crops, denitrification was significantly correlated with water-filled pore space and soil NO3 –-N. The best multiple regression models accounted for 52% and 70% of the variability in denitrification under wheat and maize, respectively. Results indicated that denitrification is not an important N loss mechanism in this well-drained, irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving fertilizer inputs in the range of 100–200kgNha–1year–1.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050340
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Mechanistic model for nitrous oxide emission via nitrification and denitrification (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Schlagwort(e): Key words N2O ; Mechanistic model ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Michaelis-Menten kinetics ; Grassland ; Spatial variablity
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Gartenbau, Fischereiwirtschaft, Hauswirtschaft
    Notizen: Abstract Seasonal and annual N2O fluxes from urine-affected pasture were approximated with a mechanistic model based on Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model combined the effects of soil nitrate-N, soil ammonium-N, soil temperature and soil moisture (all from the top 5cm) to calculate N2O emissions from nitrification (F nit ) and denitrification (F den ), with total N2O emission being the sum of the two (F tot =F nit +F den ). Best results were obtained when different kinetic parameters were used for periods of constant soil moisture conditions and after heavy rainfalls when a rapid change of the soil moisture status occurred. Modelled N2O emissions over a year were within the range of uncertainties of measured N2O emissions. Results indicate that the spatial variability of N2O emissions at times when all the model inupt variables were constant may be related to microorganism growth dynamics or enzyme production rates.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050236
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