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  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,344)
  • Organic Chemistry  (1,186)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (714)
  • Geophysics  (469)
  • 1995-1999  (2,999)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1998  (1,197)
  • 1997  (1,802)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,999)
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  • 1
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    Developments in Petrophysics (1997)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Keywords: Petrophysik ; Geophysics ; Petroleum - Geology ; Petroleum engineering ; Rocks
    Description / Table of Contents: P. D. Jackson, D. G. Gunn, R. C. Flint, D. Beamish, P. I. Meldrum, M. A. Lovell, P. K. Harvey, and A. Peyton: A non-contacting resistivity imaging method for characterizing whole round core while in its liner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:1-10, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.01 --- D. J. Prosser, A. Hurst, and M. R. Wilson: One-man-operable probe permeameters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:11-18, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.02 --- S. R. McDougall, A. B. Dixit, and K. S. Sorbie: Network analogues of wettability at the pore scale / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:19-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.03 --- S. Pugliese and N. Petford: Pore-structure visualization in microdioritic enclaves / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:37-46, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.04 --- Paul B. Basan, Ben D. Lowden, Peter R. Whattler, and John J. Attard: Pore-size data in petrophysics: a perspective on the measurement of pore geometry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:47-67, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.05 --- M. S. King, A. Shakeel, and N. A. Chaudhry: Acoustic wave propagation and permeability in sandstones with systems of aligned cracks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:69-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.06 --- Shiyu Xu, Just Doorenbos, Sue Raikes, and Roy White: A simple but powerful model for simulating elastic wave velocities in clastic Silicate rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:87-105, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.07 --- T. Apuani, M. S. King, C. Butenuth, and M. H. De Freitas: Measurements of the relationship between Sonic wave velocities and tensile strength in Anisotropic rock / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:107-119, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.08 --- C. McCann, J. Sothcott, and S. B. Assefa: Prediction of petrophysical properties from seismic quality factor measurements / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:121-130, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.09 --- Y. F. Sun and D. Goldberg: Estimation of aspect-ratio changes with pressure from seismic velocities / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:131-139, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.10 --- P. K. Harvey, M. A. Lovell, J. C. Lofts, P. A. Pezard, and J. F. Bristow: Petrophysical estimation from downhole Mineralogy logs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:141-157, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.11 --- Paul F. Worthington: Petrophysical estimation of permeability as a function of scale / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:159-168, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.12 --- C. A. Gonçalves, P. K. Harvey, and M. A. Lovell: Prediction of petrophysical parameter logs using a multilayer backpropagation neural network / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:169-180, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.13 --- Brian P. Moss: The partitioning of petrophysical data: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:181-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.14 --- A. Revil, P. A. Pezard, and M. Darot: Electrical conductivity, spontaneous potential and ionic diffusion in porous media / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:253-275, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.15 --- Brígida Ramati P. Da Rocha and Tarek M. Habashy: Fractal Geometry, porosity and complex resistivity: from rough pore interfaces to hand specimens / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:277-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.16 --- Brígida Ramati P. Da Rocha and Tarek M. Habashy: Fractal Geometry, porosity and complex resistivity: from hand specimen to field data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:287-297, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.17 --- M. Ben Clennell: Tortuosity: a guide through the maze / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:299-344, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.18 --- J. C. Lofts, J. Bedford, H. Boulton, J. A. van Doorn, and P. Jeffreys: Feature recognition and the interpretation of images acquired from horizontal wellbores / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:345-365, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.19 --- D. Goldberg and Y. F. Sun: Scattering attenuation as a function of depth in the Upper Oceanic Crust / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:367-375, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.20 --- N. Passas, C. Butenuth, and M. H. De Freitas: An application of the Moiré Method to a study of local strains during rock failure in tension / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 122:377-388, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.122.01.21
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 393 Seiten) , Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten
    ISBN: 1897799810
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/122/1
    Language: English
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    Electron density distribution in the magnetosphere (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Eight months of differential potential measurements from the POLAR satellite were used to study the electron density distribution in the magnetosphere and its dependence on the level of geomagnetic activity identified by the Kp index. The differential potential measurement is directly proportional to the electron density, and this technique can be used for detecting fast electron density variation in low-density plasmas with a good accuracy. The inner magnetospheric regions are particularly investigated in this study. The cusp is found to be denser during low Km, and it moves equator-ward with increasing Km. The plasmapause is quite asymmetric, as expected. In particular, on the nightside, the plasmapause is compressed closer to the earth with increasing Kp. While the density gradients at the dayside plasmapause are usually not very steep, they can be quite large at other time sectors. A particularly pronounced sharpening of the plasmapause occurs at the dusk sector with increasing Kp. The density in the region between the dayside plasmapause and magnetopause is relatively high during all Kp levels; the average densities are several electrons per cubic meter. During disturbed periods, the density in the near-earth plasma sheet near midnight increases and becomes higher than the densities towards the flanks of the plasma sheet.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the 31st ESALB Symposium on Correlated Phenomena at the Sun, in the Heliosphere and in Geospace; 53-58; ESA-SP-415
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    LASE measurements of aerosols and water vapor during TARFOX (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The TARFOX (Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment) intensive field campaign was designed to reduce uncertainties in estimates of the effects of anthropogenic aerosols on climate by measuring direct radiative effects and the optical, physical, and chemical properties of aerosols [1]. TARFOX was conducted off the East Coast of the United States between July 10-31, 1996. Ground, aircraft, and satellite-based sensors measured the sensitivity of radiative fields at various atmospheric levels to aerosol optical properties (i.e., optical thickness, phase function, single-scattering albedo) and to the vertical profile of aerosols. The LASE (Lidar Atmospheric Sensing Experiment) instrument, which was flown on the NASA ER-2 aircraft, measured vertical profiles of total scattering ratio and water vapor during a series of 9 flights. These profiles were used in real-time to help direct the other aircraft to the appropriate altitudes for intensive sampling of aerosol layers. We have subsequently used the LASE aerosol data to derive aerosol backscattering and extinction profiles. Using these aerosol extinction profiles, we derived estimates of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and compared these with measurements of AOT from both ground and airborne sun photometers and derived from the ATSR-2 (Along Track and Scanning Radiometer 2) sensor on ERS-2 (European Remote Sensing Satellite-2). We also used the water vapor mixing ratio profiles measured simultaneously by LASE to derive precipitable water vapor and compare these to ground based measurements.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; 11-14; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT1
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    Comparison of plasma probes in the lower ionosphere (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The instrumentation and the observations performed by four identically instrumented sounding rockets, designed to investigate the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, are reported. The four sounding rockets were launched from the Brazilian equatorial range Alcantara in August 1994. The instruments were capable of determining ion and electron densities. The results of data processing showed discrepancies hitherto unnoticed by other experiments.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: ; 381-386
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    Detection of Polar Stratospheric Clouds Using AVHRR Imagery (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: In recent years, the role of PSCs in the ozone depletion process has become better understood. PSCs provide the surfaces upon which heterogeneous reactions take place that affect the gas phase partitioning between active and reservoir chlorine and nitrogen species. Present methods of PSC detection include in situ measurements by lidar and various satellite-borne instruments such as the Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II) on the Nimbus 7 spacecraft, which produced PSC measurements from 1978 to 1994 and several instruments onboard the Upper Atmospheric Research Satellite (UARS) such as the Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) which provided measurements for 1991-1993. All of the PSC-detection methods devised so far have been hampered by incomplete sampling of the places and times in which PSCs are likely to form. There is a need to understand the climatology of PSCS, in particular the timing of their onset and duration, their vertical distribution, geographic extent, annual variability and responses to volcanic aerosol forcing. Poole and Pitts [1994] assembled a PSC climatology based on SAM II data, but this climatology is incomplete, as it is limited to the edge of the polar night due to the limitations of the solar occultation scan geometry. The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) five- channel sensors onboard the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have been collecting data over the polar regions continuously since 1979. These operational satellites provide unmatched coverage in space and time of both polar regions, but were not designed for the detection of optically-thin PSCS. However, the AVHRR data archive would be an invaluable source for the construction of a long-term climatology of PSCs if techniques can be developed and tested to detect PSCs in AVHRR data. In the last few years, the members of our group at San Francisco State University and NASA Ames Research Center have been engaged in the development of various PSC detection methods using AVHRR data. There is strong evidence that a subset of PSCS, those that are optically thick, can be readily identified in the AVHRR data set. Our group has also made significant progress in the identification of optically thinner PSCs using a variety of techniques.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Validation of Saharan Dust Layer Characteristics with Lidar Observations (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Lidar backscattering profiles available from the LITE data set have been used to estimate the optical depths of the Saharan dust layer over West Africa and E. Atlantic regions, in the context of validating the 3-D conceptual model of the Saharan dust plume proposed by Karyampudi and Carlson. The aerosol extinction profiles and optical depths were retrieved from LITE using the Fernald et al. (1972) method. An extinction-to-backscattering ratio, S(sub a), of 25 was selected for optical depth calculations. The spatial analysis of total column and Saharan dust layer optical depths show higher optical depths over W. Africa that decrease westward over E. Atlantic. The higher optical depths over W. Africa, in general, are associated with heavy dust being raised from the surface in dust source regions. Rapid depletion of these heavy dust particles, perhaps due to sedimentation, appear to decrease the dust loading within the dust layer as the plume leaves the west African continent. Higher optical depths are generally confined to the southern edge of the dust layer, where the middle level jet appears to transport the heavy dust concentrations that tend to mix downward from vertical mixing associated with the strong vertical shears underneath the middle jet. Thus, LITE measurements although, in general, validate the Saharan dust plume conceptual model, show maximum values of optical depths near the southern edge of the dust plume over the E. Atlantic region instead of near the center of the dust plume as described in the conceptual model.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; Part 2; 685-690; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT2
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  • 7
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    Layering in halocarbons, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and water vapour over mid-latitudes (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The purpose of the balloon flights performed in March 1993 from Aire-sur-Adour (France) was to measure trace gases in the polar vortex during a dynamically active period. These balloon flights revealed coincident layering in long-lived tropospheric source gases. A layer of mid-latitude air, enriched in trace gases, was detected at sampled levels near 15 mbar. High resolution advection models, fine scale distributions of ozone, nitrous oxide, methane, and halocarbons were constructed. The calculations showed how air enriched in trace gases is sampled near 15 mbar when a filament of such air is drawn into the outer portion of the vortex.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: ; 187-192
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    Towards quantifying mesoscale flows in the troposphere using Raman lidar and Sondes (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Water vapor plays an important role in the energetics of the boundary layer processes which in turn play a key role in regulating regional and global climate. It plays a primary role in Earth's hydrological cycle, in radiation balance as a direct absorber of infrared radiation, and in atmospheric circulation as a latent heat energy source, as well as in determining cloud development and atmospheric stability. Water vapor concentration, expressed as a mass mixing ratio (g kg(exp -l)), is conserved in all meteorological processes except condensation and evaporation. This property makes it an ideal choice for studying many of the atmosphere's dynamic features. Raman scattering measurements from lidar also allow retrieval of water vapor mixing ratio profiles at high temporal and vertical resolution. Raman lidars sense water vapor to altitudes not achievable with towers and surface systems, sample the atmosphere at much higher temporal resolution than radiosondes or satellites, and do not require strong vertical gradients or turbulent fluctuations in temperature that is required by acoustic sounders and radars. Analysis of highly-resolved water vapor profiles are used here to characterize two important mesoscale flows: thunderstorm outflows and a cold front passage. The data were obtained at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Site (CART) by the groundbased Department of Energy/Sandia National Laboratories lidar (CART Raman lidar or CARL) and Goddard Space Flight Center Scanning Raman Lidar (SRL). A detailed discussion of the SRL and CARL performance during the IOPs is given by others in this meeting.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; 403-406; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT1
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    Chemistry and dynamics of the lower troposphere over North America and the North Atlantic Ocean in fall 1997 observed using an airborne UV DIAL system (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The NASA Langley Research Center's airborne UV Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) system participated in the Subsonic Assessment, Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX) mission from October 13 to November 12, 1997. The purpose of the mission was to study the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere in and near the North Atlantic flight corridor to better understand this region of the atmosphere and how civilian air travel in the corridor might be affecting the atmospheric chemistry. Bases of operations included NASA Ames, California (37.4 deg N, 122.1 deg W); Bangor, Maine (44.8 deg N, 68.8 deg W); Shannon, Ireland (52.7 deg N, 8.9 deg W); and Lajes, Terceira Island, Azores (38.8 deg N, 27.1 deg W). Since the UV DIAL system observes in the nadir as well as the zenith, aerosol and ozone data were obtained from near the Earth's surface to the lower stratosphere. A number of interesting features were noted relating to both chemistry and dynamics of the troposphere, which are reported here.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; 379-381; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT1
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    Results of the NY-Alesund ozone measurements intercomparison NAOMI (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Worldwide, about ten Differential Absorption Lidars are used for long-term monitoring of stratospheric ozone. These systems are an important component of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change. Although DIALs are self-calibrating in principle, regular intercomparisons with other ozone-lidars, microwave radiometers or ozone-sondes are highly desirable to ensure high data quality at a well known level. The Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change (NDSC) validation policy suggests that such intercomparisons be "blind", meaning all participants submit their data to an impartial referee, without seeing results from the other participants. Here we report on the "blind" intercomparison taking place from January 20th to February 10th 1998 at Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen (78.92 deg N, 11.95 deg E). Participating groups were from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Potsdam, operating the NDSC DIAL system at Ny-Alesund, from the University of Bremen operating the NDSC microwave radiometer for ozone profiling at Ny-Alesund, and the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center group with the "NDSC travelling standard" STROZ-LITE. The first author acted as the impartial referee. Also used for the intercomparison were data from ECC-6A/Vaisala RS80 ozone sondes routinely launched at Ny-Alesund by the AWI group. A 1% KI solution (3 ml) and the 1986 ECC pump correction (1.092 at 5 hPa) are used. The ECC-data were available to all participants during the campaign and thus were not "blind". Table 1 summarizes the expected performance of the instruments participating in the ozone intercomparison reported in this paper.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; 347-350; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT1
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    Gravitational Wave Search with the Clock Mission (1997)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Doppler tracking of distant spacecraft is the only method currently available to search for gravitational waves in the low-frequency (approx. 0.0001-0.1 Hz) band. In this technique the Doppler system measures the relative dimensionless velocity 2(delta)v/c = (delta)f/f(sub o) between the earth and the spacecraft as a function of time, where (delta)f is the frequency perturbation and f(sub o) is the nominal frequency of the radio link. A gravitational wave of amplitude h incident on this system causes small frequency perturbations, of order h in (delta)f/f(sub o), replicated three times in the observed record (Estabrook and Wahlquist 1975). All experiments to date and those planned for the near future involve only 'two-way' Doppler-i.e., uplink signal coherently transponded by the spacecraft with Doppler measured using a frequency standard common to the transmit and receive chains of the ground station. If, as on the proposed Clock Mission, there is an additional frequency standard on the spacecraft and a suitable earth-spacecraft radio system, some noise sources can be isolated and removed from the data (Vessot and Levine 1978). Supposing that the Clock Mission spacecraft is transferred into a suitable interplanetary orbit, I discuss here how the on-board frequency standard could be employed with an all-Ka-band radio system using the very high stability Deep Space Network station DSS 25 being instrumented for Cassini. With this configuration, the Clock Mission could search for gravitational waves at a sensitivity limited by the frequency standards, rather than plasma or tropospheric scintillation effects, whenever the sun-earth-spacecraft angle is greater than 90 degrees.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Proceedings of the Workshop on the Scientific Applications of Clocks in Space; 33-40; NASA/CR-97-112594
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    Textural and Carbon Isotopic Analyses of Modern Carbonate Microbialites: Possible Ancient and Martian Analogs (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Many modem and ancient carbonate deposits around the world have been recognized as microbial buildups or microbialites. Ancient microbialite structures have been divided into two basic categories based on their internal fabric or texture. They include stromatolites which have a predominantly laminated internal fabric and thrombolites which have an open-porous clotted fabric, that lacks laminae. The origin of these two basic microbial fabrics is still being debated in the literature. Understanding the origin and the various microorganisms involved in forming these modem fabrics is the key to the interpretation of similar fabrics in ancient and possibly Martian rocks. Therefore, detailed studies are needed on the microbiological makeup and origin of the fabrics in modem microbialites. Such studies may serve as analogs for ancient and Martian microbialites in the future. The purpose of this study is to examine the textures and carbon isotopic signatures of the following modem microbialites from the Bahamas: 1) a modem subtidal microbialite from Iguana Cay, Bahamas and 2) a modem microbial mat (stromatolite) from a hypersaline pond on Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Lidar Measurements of Tropospheric Wind Profiles with the Double Edge Technique (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Research has established the importance of global tropospheric wind measurements for large scale improvements in numerical weather prediction. In addition, global wind measurements provide data that are fundamental to the understanding and prediction of global climate change. These tasks are closely linked with the goals of the NASA Earth Science Enterprise and Global Climate Change programs. NASA Goddard has been actively involved in the development of direct detection Doppler lidar methods and technologies to meet the wind observing needs of the atmospheric science community. A variety of direct detection Doppler wind lidar measurements have recently been reported indicating the growing interest in this area. Our program at Goddard has concentrated on the development of the edge technique for lidar wind measurements. Implementations of the edge technique using either the aerosol or molecular backscatter for the Doppler wind measurement have been described. The basic principles have been verified in lab and atmospheric lidar wind experiments. The lidar measurements were obtained with an aerosol edge technique lidar operating at 1064 nm. These measurements demonstrated high spatial resolution (22 m) and high velocity sensitivity (rms variances of 0.1 m/s) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The aerosol backscatter is typically high in the PBL and the effects of the molecular backscatter can often be neglected. However, as was discussed in the original edge technique paper, the molecular contribution to the signal is significant above the boundary layer and a correction for the effects of molecular backscatter is required to make wind measurements. In addition, the molecular signal is a dominant source of noise in regions where the molecular to aerosol ratio is large since the energy monitor channel used in the single edge technique measures the sum of the aerosol and molecular signals. To extend the operation of the edge technique into the free troposphere we have developed a variation of the edge technique called the double edge technique. In this paper a ground based aerosol double edge lidar is described and the first measurements of wind profiles in the free troposphere obtained with this lidar will be presented.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Nineteenth International Laser Radar Conference; Part 2; 587-590; NASA/CP-1998-207671/PT2
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    Teaching Soil Science in Primary and Secondary Schools (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2009-05-03
    Description: Earth's thin layer of soil is a fragile resource, made up of minerals, organic materials, air, water, and billions of living organisms. Soils plays a variety of critical roles that sustain life on Earth. If we think about soil, we tend to see it first as the source of most of the food we eat and the fibers we use, such as wood and cotton. Few students realize that soils also provide the key ingredients to many of the medicines (including antibiotics), cosmetics, and dyes that we use. Fewer still understand the importance of soils in integrating, controlling, and regulating the movement of air, water, materials, and energy between the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Because soil sustains life, it offers both a context and a natural laboratory for investigating these interactions. The enclosed poster, which integrates soil profiles with typical landscapes in which soils form, can also help students explore the interrelationships of Earth systems and gain an understanding of our soil resources. The poster, produced jointly by the American Geological Institute and the Soil Science Society of America, aims to increase awareness of the importance of soil, as does the GLOBE (Global Learning and Observations To Benefit the Environment) Program. Vice President Al Gore instituted the GLOBE Program on Earth Day of 1993 to increase environmental awareness of individuals throughout the world, contribute to a better scientific understanding of the Earth, and help all students reach higher levels of achievement in science and mathematics. GLOBE functions as a partnership between scientists, students, and teachers in which scientists design protocols for specific measurements they need for their research that can be performed by K-12 students. Teachers are trained in the GLOBE protocols and teach them to their students. Students make the measurements, enter data via the Internet to a central data archive, and the data becomes available to scientists and the general community. Students benefit by having a "hands-on"experience in science, math, and technology, using their local environment as a learning laboratory, as well as contact with scientists and other students around the world. Soil investigations have become an essential component of GLOBE. The protocols that have been developed so far within the GLOBE program include GPS Location, Atmosphere/Climate, Soil Characterization, Soil Moisture and Temperature, Land Cover/Biometry, Hydrology, and Satellite Image Classification. For the GLOBE Soil Characterization Protocol, students explore the physical. chemical, and morphological properties of the soil at their study site. They are asked to dig a pit or use an auger to about 1 meter at at least 2 sites.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    A Study of Fixed-Order Mixed Norm Designs for a Benchmark Problem in Structural Control (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: This study investigates the use of H2, p-synthesis, and mixed H2/mu methods to construct full-order controllers and optimized controllers of fixed dimensions. The benchmark problem definition is first extended to include uncertainty within the controller bandwidth in the form of parametric uncertainty representative of uncertainty in the natural frequencies of the design model. The sensitivity of H2 design to unmodelled dynamics and parametric uncertainty is evaluated for a range of controller levels of authority. Next, mu-synthesis methods are applied to design full-order compensators that are robust to both unmodelled dynamics and to parametric uncertainty. Finally, a set of mixed H2/mu compensators are designed which are optimized for a fixed compensator dimension. These mixed norm designs recover the H, design performance levels while providing the same levels of robust stability as the u designs. It is shown that designing with the mixed norm approach permits higher levels of controller authority for which the H, designs are destabilizing. The benchmark problem is that of an active tendon system. The controller designs are all based on the use of acceleration feedback.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics (ISSN 0098-8847); Volume 27; 1315-1330
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    Atmos/Atlas 3 Infrared Profile Measurements of Trace Gases in The November 1994 Tropical and Subtropical Upper Troposphere (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: Vertical mixing ratio profiles of four relatively long-lives gases, HCN, C2H2, CO, and C2H6, have been retrieved from 0.01/cm resolution infrared solar occultation spectra recorded between latitudes of 5.3degN and 31.4degN. The observations were obtained by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier transform spectrometer during the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) 3 shuttle flight, 3-12 November 1994. Elevated mixing ratios below the tropopause were measured for these gases during several of the occultations. The positive correlations obtained between the simultaneously measured mixing ratios suggest that the enhancements are likely the result of surface emissions, most likely biomass burning and/or urban industrial activities, followed by common injection via deep convective transport of the gases to the upper troposphere. The elevated levels of HCN may account for at least part of the "missing NO," in the upper troposphere. Comparisons of the observations with values measured during a recent aircraft campaign are presented.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; Volume 60; No. 5; 891-901
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  • 17
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    Modern Uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains: Preliminary Results of an Autonomous GPS Array (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: An autonomous GPS array is being implemented in the Transantarctic Mountains, sponsored by NSF and NASA, for the purpose of measuring uplift resulting from post-glacial rebound (PGR). The rebound of the solid earth due to unloading of ice since the Last Glacial Maximum is expected to dominate the measured uplift for most of West Antarctica, dwarfing the signals due to present-day ice sheet mass balance changes and tectonic motion, as long as mantle viscosity is greater than about 10(exp 20) Pa-s. Predicted uplift patterns have been calculated for a range of model scenarios, which illustrate how the uplift pattern might distinguish between different-sized ice sheets and deglaciation histories as represented by the competing models. The scenarios considered by James and Ivins (1998) include ICE-3G, CLIMAP and a variation of the CLIMAP model by Denton et al. For these models, peak uplift rates occur in the Transantarctic Mountains, and differences between models is often large there. Thus, the Transantarctic Mountains are an ideal place to obtain uplift measurements to constrain deglaciation models.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 18
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    Performance of a Bounce-Averaged Global Model of Super-Thermal Electron Transport in the Earth's Magnetic Field (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In this paper, we report the results of our recent research on the application of a multiprocessor Cray T916 supercomputer in modeling super-thermal electron transport in the earth's magnetic field. In general, this mathematical model requires numerical solution of a system of partial differential equations. The code we use for this model is moderately vectorized. By using Amdahl's Law for vector processors, it can be verified that the code is about 60% vectorized on a Cray computer. Speedup factors on the order of 2.5 were obtained compared to the unvectorized code. In the following sections, we discuss the methodology of improving the code. In addition to our goal of optimizing the code for solution on the Cray computer, we had the goal of scalability in mind. Scalability combines the concepts of portabilty with near-linear speedup. Specifically, a scalable program is one whose performance is portable across many different architectures with differing numbers of processors for many different problem sizes. Though we have access to a Cray at this time, the goal was to also have code which would run well on a variety of architectures.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 19
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    A Lagrangian View of Stratospheric Trace Gas Distributions (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: As a result of photochemistry, some relationship between the stratospheric age-of-air and the amount of tracer contained within an air sample is expected. The existence of such a relationship allows inferences about transport history to be made from observations of chemical tracers. This paper lays down the conceptual foundations for the relationship between age and tracer amount, developed within a Lagrangian framework. In general, the photochemical loss depends not only on the age of the parcel but also on its path. We show that under the "average path approximation" that the path variations are less important than parcel age. The average path approximation then allows us to develop a formal relationship between the age spectrum and the tracer spectrum. Using the relation between the tracer and age spectra, tracer-tracer correlations can be interpreted as resulting from mixing which connects parts of the single path photochemistry curve, which is formed purely from the action of photochemistry on an irreducible parcel. This geometric interpretation of mixing gives rise to constraints on trace gas correlations, and explains why some observations are do not fall on rapid mixing curves. This effect is seen in the ATMOS observations.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 20
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    Choosing Meteorological Input for the Global Modeling Initiative Assessment of High Speed Aircraft (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The Global Modeling Initiative (GMI) science team is developing a three dimensional chemistry and transport model (CTM) to be used in assessment of the atmospheric effects of aviation. Requirements are that this model be documented, be validated against observations, use a realistic atmospheric circulation, and contain numerical transport and photochemical modules representing atmospheric processes. The model must also retain computational efficiency to be tractable to use for multiple scenarios and sensitivity studies. To meet these requirements, a facility model concept was developed in which the different components of the CTM are evaluated separately. The first use of the GMI model will be to evaluate the impact of the exhaust of supersonic aircraft on the stratosphere. The assessment calculations will depend strongly on the wind and temperature fields used by the CTM. Three meteorological data sets for the stratosphere are available to GMI: the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2), the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System (GEOS DAS), and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies general circulation model (GISS). Objective criteria were established by the GMI team to identify the data set which provides the best representation of the stratosphere. Simulations of gases with simple chemical control were chosen to test various aspects of model transport. The three meteorological data sets were evaluated and graded based on their ability to simulate these aspects of stratospheric measurements. This paper describes the criteria used in grading the meteorological fields. The meteorological data set which has the highest score and therefore was selected for GMI is CCM2. This type of objective model evaluation establishes a physical basis for interpretation of differences between models and observations. Further, the method provides a quantitative basis for defining model errors, for discriminating between different models, and for ready re-evaluation of improved models. These in turn will lead to a higher level of confidence in assessment calculations.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 21
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    Multiple Equilibria Associated with Response of the ITCZ to Seasonal SST Forcing (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Supported by numerical experiment results, the abrupt change of the location of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), from the equatorial trough flow regime to the monsoon trough flow regime is interpreted as a subcritical instability. The existence of these multiple quasi-equilibria is due to the balance of two "forces" on the ITCZ: one toward the equator, due to the earth's rotation, has a nonlinear latitudinal dependence; and the other toward the latitude of the sea surface (or ground) temperature peak has a relatively linear latitudinal dependence. This work pivots on the finding that the ITCZ and Hadley circulation can still exist without the pole-to-equator gradient of radiative-convective equilibrium temperature.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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  • 22
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    Atmospheric Solar Heating in Minor Absorption Bands (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Solar radiation is the primary source of energy driving atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Concerned with the huge computing time required for computing radiative transfer in weather and climate models, solar heating in minor absorption bands has often been neglected. The individual contributions of these minor bands to the atmospheric heating is small, but collectively they are not negligible. The solar heating in minor bands includes the absorption due to water vapor in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) spectral region from 14284/cm to 25000/cm, the ozone absorption and Rayleigh scattering in the near infrared, as well as the O2 and CO2 absorption in a number of weak bands. Detailed high spectral- and angular-resolution calculations show that the total effect of these minor absorption is to enhance the atmospheric solar heating by approximately 10%. Depending upon the strength of the absorption and the overlapping among gaseous absorption, different approaches are applied to parameterize these minor absorption. The parameterizations are accurate and require little extra time for computing radiative fluxes. They have been efficiently implemented in the various atmospheric models at NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, including cloud ensemble, mesoscale, and climate models.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
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  • 23
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    Effect of Particle Non-Sphericity on Satellite Monitoring of Drifting Volcanic Ash Clouds (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: Volcanic eruptions loft gases and ash particles into the atmosphere and produce effects that are both short term (aircraft hazards, interference with satellite measurements) and long term (atmospheric chemistry, climate). Large (greater than 0.5mm) ash particles fall out in minutes [Rose et al, 1995], but fine ash particles can remain in the atmosphere for many days. This fine volcanic ash is a hazard to modem jet aircraft because the operating temperatures of jet engines are above the solidus temperature of volcanic ash, and because ash causes abrasion of windows and airframe, and disruption of avionics. At large distances(10(exp 2)-10(exp 4) km or more) from their source, drifting ash clouds are increasingly difficult to distinguish from meteorological clouds, both visually and on radar [Rose et al., 1995]. Satellites above the atmosphere are unique platforms for viewing volcanic clouds on a global basis and measuring their constituents and total mass. Until recently, only polar AVHRR and geostationary GOES instruments could be used to determine characteristics of drifting volcanic ash clouds using the 10-12 micron window [Prata 1989; Wen and Rose 1994; Rose and Schneider 1996]. The NASA Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments aboard the Nimbus-7, Meteor3, ADEOS, and Earth Probe satellites have produced a unique data set of global SO2 volcanic emissions since 1978 (Krueger et al., 1995). Besides SO2, a new technique has been developed which uses the measured spectral contrast of the backscattered radiances in the 330-380nm spectral region (where gaseous absorption is negligible) in conjunction with radiative transfer models to retrieve properties of volcanic ash (Krotkov et al., 1997) and other types of absorbing aerosols (Torres et al., 1998).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer
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  • 24
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    Clear-Sky UV-B trends over Northern Midlatitudes derived from TOMS Low-Reflectivity Footprint Measurements (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: This study investigates the distribution of clear-sky ultraviolet-B (UV-B, wavelengths 290-320 nm) trends in northern midlatitudes using 1979-1991 Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) version 7 low-reflectivity (R〈0.2) total ozone footprint measurements. The incorporation of essentially cloud-free ozone data from TOMS provides a direct method for separating transient cloud effects from anthropogenic and other dynamical factors present in UV-B. This study has also included both National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) microwave sounding unit channel 4 (MSU4) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 500 hPa temperature (T500) fields in our trend models to improve UV-Index (UVI) trend statistics and to investigate the effects of interannual changes in UVI caused by synoptic-scale (horizontal wavelengths 4000-8000 km) and planetary-scale (horizontal wavelengths greater than 8000 km) dynamical events. Clear-sky UVI trends in the northern midlatitudes show large increases (exceeding 10 % per decade) and distinct regional variability especially during winter-spring months which can be attributed to topography and dynamical forcing effects. In the UV-important summer-autumn months, these trends are more uniformly distributed and still statistically significant, although smaller at around +2 to +3 % per decade. Specifically, during April largest increases in midlatitude UVI are seen to extend from near the dateline eastward across North America. In June months largest UVI increases occur over the east Asian continent with values around +5 to +6 % per decade. These increases in UVI over both the Pacific and Asian continent regions persist through summer into Autumn. In the the European sector, statistically significant increases in clear-sky UVI are found over central Europe with values around +2 to +3 % per decade and +8 to +9 % per decade during summer and winter-spring months, respectively. Over the nearby Mediterranean region these seasonal trends are around +2 to +3 and +5 to +6 % per decade.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Results from the 1995 Stratospheric Ozone Profile Intercomparison at Mauna Loa (MLO3) (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: In August 1995 multiple instruments that measure the stratospheric ozone vertical distribution were intercompared at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, under the auspices of the Network for the Detection of Stratospheric Change. The instruments included two UV lidar systems, one from JPL and the other from Goddard Space Flight Center, ECC balloon-sondes, a ground-based microwave instrument, Umkehr measurements, and a new ground-based FTIR instrument. The MLS instrument on the UARS satellite provided correlative profiles of ozone, and there was one close overpass of the SAGE II instrument. The results show that much better consistency among instruments is being achieved than even a few years ago, usually to within the instrument uncertainties. The different measurement techniques in this comparison agree to within +/-10% at almost all altitudes, and in the 20 km to 45 km region most agreed within +/-5%. The results show that the current generation of lidars are capable of accurate measurement of the ozone profile to a maximum altitude of 50 km. SAGE agreed well with both lidar and balloon-sonde down to at least 17 km. The ground-based microwave measurement agreed with other measurements from 22 km to above 50 km. One minor source of disagreement continues to be the pressure-altitude conversion needed to compare a measurement of ozone density versus altitude with a measurement of ozone mixing ratio versus pressure.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Decadal Air-Sea Interaction in the North Atlantic Based on Observations and Modeling Results (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The decadal, 12-14 year, cycle observed in the North Atlantic SST and tide gauge data was examined using the NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, COADS data and an ocean model simulation. Besides this decadal mode, a shorter, subdecadal period of about 8 years exists in tide gauge data north of 40N, in the subpolar SST and in the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and in subpolar winter heat flux values. The decadal cycle is a well separated mode in a singular spectrum analysis (SSA) for a time series of SST EOF mode 1 with a center over the Gulf Stream extension. Tide gauge and SST data are consistent in that both show a significant subdecadal periodicity exclusively in the subpolar gyre, but in subtropics the 12-14 year period is the prominent, but nonstationary, decadal signal. The main finding of this study is that this 12-14 year cycle can be constructed based on the leading mode of the surface heat flux. This connection to the surface heat flux implicates the participation of the thermohaline circulation in the decadal cycle. During the cycle starting from the positive index phase of NAO, SST and oceanic heat content anomalies are created in subtropics due to local heat flux and intensification of the thermohaline circulation. The anomalies advect to the subpolar gyre where they are amplified by local heat flux and are part of the negative feedback of thermohaline circulation on itself. Consequently the oceanic thermohaline circulation slows down and the opposite cycle starts. The oscillatory nature would not be possible without the active atmospheric participation in the cycle, because it provides the unstable interaction through heat flux, without it, the oceanic mode would be damped. This analysis suggests that the two principal modes of heat flux variability, corresponding to patterns similar to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Western Atlantic (WA), are part of the same decadal cycle and an indirect measure of the north-south movement of the storm tracks.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Contrast Between 1992 and 1997 High Latitude Spring Haloe Observations of Lower Stratospheric HCl (1998)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: HCl measurements from HALOE in the northern hemisphere during mid-May 1997 revealed vortex fragments in which the chlorine reservoir partitioning was strongly pushed toward HCl (approx. 90% HCl, approx. 10% ClONO2), similar to partitioning previously observed in the Antarctic vortex region. In contrast, observations of ClONO2 and HCl in the northern polar spring, 1992, and in other years, show these species established the balance typical for gas phase photochemical reactions in this region (approx. 60% HCl, approx. 40% ClONO2). Annually, chlorine reservoirs in the winter lower stratosphere polar vortex are converted to chlorine radicals via heterogeneous reactions on particle surfaces at very cold temperatures (less than about 200 K). As temperatures warm in spring, the heterogeneous processes become insignificant compared with gas phase reactions, and the chlorine reservoirs are reformed. Measurements through the northern winter/spring in 1992 show rapid formation of ClONO2, followed by steady loss of ClONO2 and increasing HCl. Although ClONO2 measurements are not available for 1997, the HCl increase in 1997 is observed to be much more rapid and the eventual HCl mixing ratio is about 50% greater than that of 1992. The observations are examined through comparison with the Goddard three-dimensional chemistry and transport model. This model utilizes winds and temperatures from the Goddard Earth Observing System Data Assimilation System and a complete integration scheme for stratospheric photochemistry. Analysis of the evolution of HCl and ClONO2 shows that the observed difference in the overall rate of HCl formation is explained by the sensitivity of the gas-phase chemistry to the ozone mixing ratio and the temperature. The results show that the model accurately simulates HCl and ClONO2 evolution during these two winters. Model validity is further supported by comparisons with O3 and reactive nitrogen species NO and NO2. This analysis provides a sensitive test of the lower stratospheric chlorine photochemistry, particularly because the analysis considers constituent evolution at a time when the HCl and ClONO2 are far from a photochemical stationary state.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Equatorial Dynamics Observed by Rocket, Radar, and Satellite During the CADRE/MALTED Campaign (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: In August 1994, the Mesospheric and Lower Thermospheric Equatorial Dynamics (MALTED) Program was conducted from the Alcantara rocket site in northeastern Brazil as part of the International Guard Rocket Campaign to study equatorial dynamics, irregularities, and instabilities in the ionosphere. This site was selected because of its proximity to the geographic (2.3 deg S) and magnetic (approx. 0.5 deg S) equators. MALTED was concerned with planetary wave modulation of the diurnal tidal amplitude, which exhibits considerable amplitude variability at equatorial and subtropical latitudes. Our goals were to study this global modulation of the tidal motions where tidal influences on the thermal structure are maximum, to study the interaction of these tidal structures with gravity waves and turbulence at mesopause altitudes, and to gain a better understanding of dynamic influences and variability on the equatorial middle atmosphere. Four (two daytime and two nighttime) identical Nike-Orion payloads designed to investigate small-scale turbulence and irregularities were coordinated with 20 meteorological falling-sphere rockets designed to measure temperature and wind fields during a 10-day period. These in situ measurements were coordinated with observations of global-scale mesospheric motions that were provided by various ground based radars and the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) through the Coupling and Dynamics of Regions Equatorial (CADRE) campaign. The ground-based observatories included the Jicamarca radar observatory near Lima, Peru, and medium frequency (MF) radars in Hawaii, Christmas Island, and Adelaide. Since all four Nike-Orion flights penetrated and overflew the electrojet with apogees near 125 km, these flights provided additional information about the electrodynamics and irregularities in the equatorial ionospheric E region and may provide information on wave coupling between the mesosphere and the electrojet. Simultaneous with these flights, the CUPRI 50-MHz radar (Cornell University) provided local sounding of the electrojet region. A description of the campaign logistics and the measurements performed with the Nike-Orion instrumentation and their implications for turbulence due to gravity waves and tidal instability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) are presented here. From a study of electron density fluctuations measured by rocket probes, we have found evidence for equatorial mesospheric neutral-atmospheric turbulence between 85 and 90 km. Furthermore, falling-sphere data imply that gravity wave breaking was a source for this turbulence. Mean motions and the various planetary, tidal, and gravity wave structures and their coherence and variability are the subjects of a companion paper.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Laboratory for Hydrospheric Processes Research Publications; 139-140
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    ATMOS/ATLAS 3 Infrared Profile Measurements of Clouds in the Tropical and Subtropical Upper Troposphere (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: Vertical profiles of infrared cirrus extinction have been derived from tropical and subtropical upper tropospheric solar occultation spectra. The measurements were recorded by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier transform spectrometer during the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Sciences (ATLAS) 3 shuttle flight in November 1994. The presence of large numbers of small ice crystals is inferred from the appearance of broad extinction features in the 8-12 micron region. These features were observed near the tropopause and at lower altitudes. Vertical profiles of the ice extinction (/km) in microwindows at 831, 957, and 1204/cm have been retrieved from the spectra and analyzed with a model for randomly oriented spheroidal ice crystals. An area-equivalent spherical radius of 6 microns is estimated from the smallest ice crystals observed in the 8-12 gm region. Direct penetration of clouds into the lower stratosphere is inferred from observations of cloud extinction extending from the upper troposphere to 50 mbar (20 km altitude). Cloud extinction between 3 and 5 microns shows very little wavelength dependence, at least for the cases observed by the ATMOS instrument in the tropics and subtropics during ATLAS 3.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer; Volume 60; No. 5; 902-919
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    On Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: A statistical description of Earth's broad scale, core-source magnetic field has been developed and tested. The description features an expected, or mean, spatial magnetic power spectrum that is neither "flat" nor "while" at any depth, but is akin to spectra advanced by Stevenson and McLeod. This multipole spectrum describes the magnetic energy range; it is not steep enough for Gubbins' magnetic dissipation range. Natural variations of core multipole powers about their mean values are to be expected over geologic time and are described via trial probability distribution functions that neither require nor prohibit magnetic isotropy. The description is thus applicable to core-source dipole and low degree non-dipole fields despite axial dipole anisotropy. The description is combined with main field models of modem satellite and surface geomagnetic measurements to make testable predictions of: (1) the radius of Earth's core, (2) mean paleomagnetic field intensity, and (3) the mean rates and durations of both dipole power excursions and durable axial dipole reversals. The predicted core radius is 0.7% above the 3480 km seismologic value. The predicted root mean square paleointensity (35.6 mu T) and mean Virtual Axial Dipole Moment (about 6.2 lx 1022 Am(exp 2)) are within the range of various mean paleointensity estimates. The predicted mean rate of dipole power excursions, as defined by an absolute dipole moment 〈20% of the 1980 value, is 9.04/Myr and 14% less than obtained by analysis of a 4 Myr paleointensity record. The predicted mean rate of durable axial dipole reversals (2.26/Myr) is 2.3% more than established by the polarity time-scale for the past 84 Myr. The predicted mean duration of axial dipole reversals (5533 yr) is indistinguishable from an observational value. The accuracy of these predictions demonstrates the power and utility of the description, which is thought to merit further development and testing. It is suggested that strong stable stratification of Earth's uppermost outer core leads to a geologically long interval of no dipole reversals and a very nearly axisymmetric field outside the core. Statistical descriptions of other planetary magnetic fields are outlined.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors
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    Estimating Regional Deformation from a Combination of Space and Terrestrial Geodetic Data (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We discuss an approach for efficiently combining different types of geodetic data to estimate time-dependent motions of stations in a region of active deformation.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geodesy
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    The Arctic Ocean Perennial Ice Zone (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: This study shows that: 1) the NSCAT backscatter fields provide an estimate of the PIZ coverage of the Arctic Ocean; and, 2) the decrease in PIZ area over the winter gives an indication of the PIZ area exported through Fram Strait.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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    Lidar Observations of the Middle Atmospheric Thermal Tides and Comparison with HRDI and GSWM. Part I: Methodology and Winter Observations at Table Mountain (34.4oN) (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The tidal signature in the middle atmospheric thermal structure is investigated using more than 140 hours of nighttime lidar measurements at Table Mountain (34.4 degrees north) during January 1997 and February 1998.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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    Solubilities of Peroxyacetyl Nitrate and Peroxynitrate in Water and Aqueous H(sub 2)SO(sub 4) (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: In addition, the effective Henry's law constant and the associative enthalpy change of solvation of PNA in water are determined to be 39.95 mol kg^-1 atm^-1 and -69.84 kJ mol^-1 at 298.15K, respectively.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Geodetic Observations of the M 5.1 January 29, 1994, Northridge Aftershock (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Geodetic observations of the January 29, 1994 M 5.1 aftershock to the Northridge earthquake are consistent with seismic solutions showing left-lateral oblique slip on a northeast-southwest striking steeply dipping fault.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Geocenter Variations Caused by Atmosphere, Ocean and Surface Groundwater (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The geocenter variations reflect the global scale mass redistribution and the interaction between the solid Earth and the mass load.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Astrometric and Space-Geodetic Observations of Polar Wander (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The terrestrial location of the Earth's rotation pole has been under continuous observation since 1899 when the International Latitude Service (ILS) began conducting optical astrometric measurements of star positions to determine variations in station latitude and hence variations in the location of the rotation pole.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Turbulence in Coronal Mass Ejections (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The magnetic fields measured by the ISEE 3 spacecraft are used to study MHD turbulence within coronal mass ejections (CME's).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal Geophysical Research
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    A Review of Discontinuities (and Alfven Waves) in Interplanetary Space: Ulysses Results (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The Ulysses mission explored for the first time our heliosphere at all latitudes up to +/-80 and therefore has been an ideal mission to study potential gradients in heliolatitude of discontinuity occurrence rates and types.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics
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    Martian Geodesy from Viking, Pathfinder, and Netlander (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Mars Netlander Workshop; Paris; France
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    A North-South Convergent Belt Along the Northern Margin of the Los Angeles Metropolis from Geodes (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geological Society of America; Toronto, Ontario; Canada
    Format: text
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  • 42
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    Lidar Observations of the Middle Atmospheric Thermal Tides and Comparison with HRDI and GSWM. Part II: October Observations at Mauna Loa (19.5 degrees North) (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Using more than 145 hours of nighttime lidar measurements obtained during October 1-16, 1996 and October 2-11, 1997, the tidal signature in the middle atmopheric thermal structure (15-95 km) at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, is investigated.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 43
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    The Causes of Geomagnetic Storms During Solar Maximum (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: One of the oldest mysteries in geomagnetism is the linkage between solar and geomagnetic activity. The 11-year cycles of both the numbers of sunspots and Earth geomagnetic storms were first noted by Sabine (1852).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; United States
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  • 44
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    The Climatological Annual Cycle of Satellite-derived Phytoplankton Pigments in the Alboran Sea: A Physical Interpretation (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The circulation and upwelling processes (coastal and gyre-induced) that control the phytoplankton distribution in the Alboran sea are examined by analyzing monthly climatological patterns of Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) pigment concentrations, sea surface temperatures, winds, and seasonal geostrophic fields.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 45
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    Martian Precession and Rotation from Viking Lander Range Data (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The spatial orientation of the Martian pole of rotation and axial rotation parameters have been determined at midpoint in the Viking epoch (January 1, 1980).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal Geophysical Research Planets
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  • 46
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    Growth of Lower Stratospheric HCl/Cly Since 1993: Observations from Aircraft (ALIAS), Balloon (MarkIV, FIRS-2), Space Shuttle (ATMOS), and Satellite (HALOE) Measurements (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Measurements of HCl in the lower stratosphere (15-21 km) from aircraft, balloon, Space Shuttle, and satellite reveal a growth in its mean abundance relative to that of total inorganic chlorine (Cly) from HCl/Cly = 57(+/-5)% in early 1993 to 75(+/-7)% by the end of 1997.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Hotspot Variability: Perspectives From a Planet with no Plate Motion (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; San Francisco, CA; United States
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  • 48
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    JPL's Approach in Utilizing the Global GPS Ground Network to Support Low-Earth Orbiting Missions (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Towards an Integrated Global Geodetic Observing System; Munich; Germany
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  • 49
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    A Review of Discontinuities (and Alfven Waves) in Interplanetary Space: Ulysses Results (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The Ulysses mission explored for the first time our heliosphere at all latitudes up to +/-80 and therefore has been an ideal mission to study potential gradients in heliolatitude(and radial distance) of discontinuity occurrence rates and types.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Reviews of Geophysics
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  • 50
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    Ammonia Abundance at the Galileo Probe Site Derived from Absorption of its Radio Signal (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The radio signal from the Galileo prove to the orbiter experienced attenuation due to ammonia in Jupiter's atmosphere during the probe descent.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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    Hourly RINEX GPS Data Service is Enabled by a Lightweight, Configurable Data Handling System (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; San Francisco, CA; United States
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    Automated GPS Data Analysis Service (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: GPS Solutions
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  • 53
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    A Comparison of NASA Scatterometer and ECMWF Winds and their Oceanic Response Over the North Atlantic (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Wind taken from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) scatterometer (NSCAT) is compared with the operational analysis from European Center for Medium-Range Forecast (ECMWF) for the entire duration (about 9 months) of the NSCAT mission.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 54
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    A Pair of Forward and Reverse Slow-Mode Shocks Detected by Ulysses at ~5AU (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We report the first finding of a pair of forward and reverse slow-mode shocks in the distant heliosphere using plasma and magnetic field data from the Ulysses spacecraft located at 5.3 AU and 9 degrees South heliolatitude.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 55
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    Variablility of Fram Strait Ice Flux (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: We estimate the winter sea ice export through the Fram Strait using ice motion from satellite passive microwave data. Sea ice motion (October through May)is obtained by tracking the displacement of common features in sequential 85 GHz and 37 GHz brightness temperature fields.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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  • 56
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    The NASDA Global Rain Forest Mapping (GRFM) Project Releases First CD-ROM (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The goal of the Global Rain Forest Mapping project (GRFM) is to acquire continuous, high resolution L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery of the major tropical rain forests of the world using the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite (JERS-1) SAR.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: American Geophysical Union; United States
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  • 57
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    The January 10, 1997 Auroral Hot Spot, Horseshoe Aurora and First Substorm: A CME Loop? (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The purpose of this paper is to study an interplanetary Bs feature ahead of a magnetic cloud and its related auroral and magnetospheric responses.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 58
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    A Combination of EOP Measurements: SPACE97 (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: A combination of Earth orientation measurements has been generated from space-geodetic observations spanning 1976-1997.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Earth Rotation Service Annual Report
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  • 59
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    Combinations of EOP Measurements: COMB97 & POLE97 (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: A Kalman filter has been used to combine independent measurements of the Earth's orientation taken by optical astrometry and the space-geodetic techniques of LLR, SLR, VLBI, and GPS.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: International Earth Rotation Service Annual Report
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  • 60
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    Balloon-based Measurements of the Profile of Downwelling Shortwave Irradiance in the Troposphere (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Using a helium plus reversible fluid balloon system as the observing platform, multiple profiles of shortwave irradiance between 4 and 10 km were recently obtained over the Los Angeles basin.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Annual Variation of the Arabian Sea and South China Sea in Response to Monsoons (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting; Taipei, Taiwan; Republic of China
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  • 62
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    Angular Momentum Exchanges Between the Earth and the Hydrosphere and Consequent Length of Day Variations (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: European Geophysical Society; Nice; France
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  • 63
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    Mesopheric Temparature Inversions Observed in Long-Term Lidar Measurements at Mid- and Low-Latitudes (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Results of an investigation of mesospheric temperature inversion layers using long-term lidar measurements at mid- and low-latitudes are reported. In this paper, new results from different lidar observations of the invasion layers will be presented.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Global Ionospheric TEC Variations During January 10, 1997 Storm (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The ionospheric storm evolution process was monitored during the January 10, 1997 magnetic cloud event, through measurements of the inonospheric total electron content (TEC) from 150 GPS stations. The first significant response of the inonospheric TEC to the geomagnetic storm was at 0300 UT as an auroral/subauroral enhancement around the Alaskan evening sector.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 65
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    Equatorial Diurnal Variations Observed in UARS MLS Temperature during 1991-1994 and Simulated by the CMAM (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: This paper presents a study of the equatorial diurnal tide at 27-55 km based on temperature data from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS).
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal Geophysical Research
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    On the Estimation of Snow Thickness Distributions Over Sea Ice Using the Thermal Dependence of Backscatter (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Our understanding of snow distributions in the polar regions is severly restricted due to the heterogeneity, both in space and time, of this solid precipitate. Processes such as vapor and mass fluxes across the interface are, to a large extent, controlled by the presence and geophysical state of the snow cover on sea ice.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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    Comment on: Polar Plumes and Fine-scale Coronal Structures - On the Interpretation of Coronal Radio Sounding Data by Patzold and Bird (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Radio occultation measurements, which probe electron density over a wide dynamic range with high sensitivity and high spatial and temporal resolution reveal a solar corona permeated by a hierarchy of filamentary structures.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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  • 68
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    Seasonal Behavior of Tropical to Mid-Latitude Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor from UARS MLS (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) is a fundamental importance in understanding earth's atmosphere and climate. Water vapor is the most important greenhouse gas and it is in the upper troposphere that water vapor most strongly influences radiative forcing.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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    Detection, Estimation and Correction of Faraday Rotation in Linearly Polarized SAR Backscatter Signatures (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The effect of Faraday rotation on linearly polarized backscatter measurements from space is addressed.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Radio Science
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  • 70
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    Dual Wavelength Lidar Observation of Tropical High-Altitude Cirrus Clouds During the ALBATROSS 1996 Campaign (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Dual wavelength aerosol lidar observations of tropical high-altitude cirrus clouds were performed during the ALBATROSS 1996 campaign aboard the research vessel POLARSTERN on the Atlantic ocean in October-November 1996.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters
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    Global Ionospheric TEC Perturbations Monitored by the GPS Global Network During Two Northern Hemisphere Winter Storms (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The global evolution of two major ionospheric storms, occurring on November 4, 1993 and November 26, 1994, respectively, is studied using measurements of total electron content (TEC) obtained from a worldwide network of ground-based GPS receivers.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research
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    MISR Radiometric Uncertainty analyses and their Utilization within Geophysical Retrievals (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: The multi-angle Imaging SpecroRadiometer (MISR) instrument is to be launched with the Earth Observing System EOS-AM1 spacecraft in 1998.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Using Quasi-Observational Approach to Estimate Regional Deformation Field (1997)
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Viscoelastic Uplift and Patagonian Glacial Demise: A Numerical Model and Potential Geodetic Observations (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    The Influence of Nontidal Oceanic Current and Density Changes on the Earth's Rotation and Polar Motion (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Geophysics; Melbourne; Australia
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    Earth Rotation: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Earth System Science (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    The International GPS Service in 1997: 5 Years of Practical Experience; 3 years of Official IAG Service (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: Riocentro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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    Earth Rotation Parameters from DSN VLBI: 1997 (1997)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Keywords: Geophysics
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    Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Seventeen months of rainfall data (August 1987-December 1988) from nine satellite rainfall algorithms (Adler, Chang, Kummerow, Prabhakara, Huffman, Spencer, Susskind, and Wu) were analyzed to examine the uncertainty of satellite-derived rainfall estimates. The variability among algorithms, measured as the standard deviation computed from the ensemble of algorithms, shows regions of high algorithm variability tend to coincide with regions of high rain rates. Histograms of pattern correlation (PC) between algorithms suggest a bimodal distribution, with separation at a PC-value of about 0.85. Applying this threshold as a criteria for similarity, our analyses show that algorithms using the same sensor or satellite input tend to be similar, suggesting the dominance of sampling errors in these satellite estimates.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-104606-Vol-12 , NAS 1.15:104606-Vol-12 , Rept-97B00055
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    O2 Herzberg State Reaction with N2: A Possible Source of Stratospheric N2O (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The goal of this one-year investigation was to determine whether N2O is formed in atmospherically significant quantities by the reaction of vibrationally excited levels of the O2((A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +)) state with nitrogen. O2(A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +)) is made throughout the upper stratosphere in considerable amounts by solar photoabsorption, and only a very small reactive yield is necessary for this mechanism to be a major N2O source. By long-term 245-252 nm irradiation of O2/N2 mixtures on- and off-resonance with absorption lines in the O2(A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +) - X3 Sigma(sub g)(sup -)) transition, followed by N2O analysis by frequency-modulated diode laser absorption spectroscopy, we determined an upper limit for the N2O yield of the candidate reaction. This limit, 3 x 10(exp -5), eliminates O2(A3 Sigma(sub u)(sup +)) + N2 as a significant channel for the generation of stratospheric N2O. In further measurements, we established that N2O is stable under our photolysis conditions, showing that the small amounts of ozone generated from the reaction of O2(A) and O2 do not indirectly lead to destruction of N2O.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-204287 , NAS 1.26:204287 , MP-97-034
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    Measurement and Analysis of Atmospheric Spectral Optical Depths with NASA Ames Airborne Sunphotometers During TARFOX and ACE-2 (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: In accordance with the scope of work of this contract, the following tasks were undertaken and completed during the course of the contract: (1) Participation in the design and development of the 14-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-14), including the development and implementation of Visual Basic software for real-time data processing and display and post-acquisition data reduction and analysis. (2) Operation of the six-channel Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6) aboard the University of Washington C-131A during TARFOX and in-field analysis and presentation of data acquired with the AATS-6. (3) Post-mission analysis of data acquired during TARFOX with the AATS-6 and the AATS-14. (4) Pre-TARFOX calibration of the AATS-6 at Mauna Loa Observatory in May 1996, and post-TARFOX calibration of the AATS-6 and AATS- 14 at Zugspitze, Germany in October 1996, including analyses of all data sets. (5) Analysis of AATS-14 airborne calibration data acquired on 17 November 1996 during a late afternoon Pelican flight over the central California coast. (6) Operational training, instrument preparation, field coordination, and analysis of shipboard measurements of aerosol optical depth with the AATS-6 during ACE-2. (7) Coordination of data acquisition with the AATS-14 aboard the Pelican during ACE-2 and in-field preliminary data analysis and presentation. (8) Calibration of the AATS-6 and AATS-14 in April/May 1997 at Mauna Loa prior to ACE-2, and post-mission calibration of the AATS-6 at Mauna Loa in August 1997.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206708 , NAS 1.26:206708
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    The Link Between UV Extinction and Infrared Cirrus (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Low resolution spectra from the International Ultraviolet Explorer satellite were used to derive ultraviolet extinction curves for stars in four clusters away from the galactic plane. The extinction in three of the clusters is very similar to the general interstellar curve defined by Seaton. Stars in the fourth region, near the Rho Ophiuci dark cloud, have extinction curves that are characterized by a small "linear" term component. The star BD +36 deg 781 is unique amongst the 20 stars observed in that it shows evidence for extinction by diamond grains near 1700 angstroms. We used data from the final release of the IRAS Sky Survey Atlas (ISSA) to determine the 60 micron to 100 micron intensity ratio for the infrared cirrus. The ISSA data, which have been corrected for zodiacal light, gave intensity ratios that are more robust and self-consistent than for other data sets that we used. When the infrared and ultraviolet data are combined, we see a general trend for low values of the ultraviolet "linear term" (al) to correlate with high values of 60 micron/100 micron ratio. This implies that, in regions where the average dust temperature is hotter (high 60 micron/100 micron ratio), there is a relative absence of the small silicate grains that are responsible for the ultraviolet linear term. However, the new data do not bear out our earlier contention that the 60 micron and 100 micron emissions are poorly correlated spatially in regions where the 60 micron/100 micron ratio is low. Only NGC 1647 shows this result. It may be that the different dust types are particularly poorly mixed in this area.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-205677 , NAS 1.26:205677
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    Understanding the Latitude Structure of Nitric Oxide in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The goal of the proposed work was to understand the latitude structure of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The problem was portrayed by a clear difference between predictions of the nitric oxide distribution from chemical/dynamical models and data from observations made by the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SMEE) in the early to mid eighties. The data exhibits a flat latitude structure of NO, the models tend to produce at equatorial maximum. The first task was to use the UARS-HALOE data to confirm the SME observations. The purpose of this first phase was to verify the UARS-NO structure is consistent with the SME data. The next task was to determine the cause of the discrepancy between modeled and observed nitric oxide latitude structure. The result from the final phase indicated that the latitude structure in the Photo-Electron (PE) production rate was the most important.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206778 , NAS 1.26:206778
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    Geophysical Characterization of Some Terranes and the Geophysical Modeling of Candidate Suture Zones (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Indian participation in this project was terminated during the last year by a sudden withdrawal of support by the Department of Science and Technology, India, to the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Bombay. As a result, significant changes in the project focus had to be undertaken. Much of the work carried out at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale during the first year of the project anticipated the Indian participation and included development of computer programs to be used on gravity and magnetic data from the Indian subcontinent and preparations for fieldwork, tutorials, and workshops in India. Despite these setbacks, which were beyond our control, a number of significant tasks have been accomplished during the project period. These include: (1) Completion of digitization of the regional Bouguer gravity anomaly map of India and the regional ground total intensity magnetic anomaly map of India at an overdetermined spacing of 0.05 degrees. (2) We investigated and assessed the limitations of the Euler method using environmental examples because detailed aeromagnetic maps of parts of India were not available for interpretation by this method. (3) We also undertook an assessment of a suture zone between the Nyaza Craton (Archean) and the Mozambique Belt (Pan African) in the Kenya Rift, Africa, using gravity anomalies and the lithospheric seismological models. (4) We studied Magsat and high-altitude (approx. 4 km) aeromagnetic data over Canada.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206382 , NAS 1.26:206382
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    Results of the REFLEX (Return Flux Experiment) Flight Mission (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The numerous problems occurring in this first flight of the REFLEX experiment, both in the spacecraft and with the instrument package, seriously constrained the acquisition and analysis of data and severely limited the interpretation of the data that were obtained. Of these, the ambient helium measurements appear to be the most promising. They are summarized and discussed in Appendix A. Further analyses could be attempted to establish the correct values for the energy centers as they varied during the mission. In addition, an extensive laboratory recalibration on a high-speed beam system could in principle provide corrections to be used in analyzing and interpreting the returned data set. The unknown malfunction which generated the energy drift needs to be understood and corrected before the REFLEX experiment is reflown; some hardware modification, or at least retuning, is likely to be required.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206328 , NAS 1.26:206328
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    Tether-Based Investigation of the Ionosphere and Lower Thermosphere Concept Definition Study Report (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Understanding the plasma and atmosphere around the Earth in the lower altitude regions of the mesosphere, lower thermosphere, and ionosphere is important in the global electric system. An upper atmosphere tether has been proposed to NASA that would collect much-needed data to further our knowledge of the regions. The mission is proposed as a shuttle experiment that would lower a tethered probe into certain regions of Earth's atmosphere, collecting data over a 6-day period. This report is a summary of the results of a concept definition study to design engineering system that will achieve the scientific objectives of this mission.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-108543 , NAS 1.15:108543
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    Spherical Harmonics Analysis of the ECMWF Global Wind Fields at the 10-Meter Height Level During 1985: A Collection of Figures Illustrating Results (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Half-daily global wind speeds in the east-west (u) and north-south (v) directions at the 10-meter height level were obtained from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) data set of global analyses. The data set covered the period 1985 January to 1995 January. A spherical harmonic expansion to degree and order 50 was used to perform harmonic analysis of the east-west (u) and north-south (v) velocity field components. The resulting wind field is displayed, as well as the residual of the fit, at a particular time. The contribution of particular coefficients is shown. The time variability of the coefficients up to degree and order 3 is presented. Corresponding power spectrum plots are given. Time series analyses were applied also to the power associated with degrees 0-10; the results are included.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-104648 , NAS 1.15:104648 , Rept-97B00064
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    Chemical Kinetics and Photochemical Data for Use in Stratospheric Modeling (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This is the twelfth in a series of evaluated sets of rate constants and photochemical cross sections compiled by the NASA Panel for Data Evaluation. The primary application of the data is in the modeling of stratospheric processes, with special emphasis on the ozone layer and its possible perturbation by anthropogenic and natural phenomena.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-112606 , JPL-Publ-97-4 , NAS 1.26:112606
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    Geopotential Error Analysis from Satellite Gradiometer and Global Positioning System Observables on Parallel Architecture (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The recovery of a high resolution geopotential from satellite gradiometer observations motivates the examination of high performance computational techniques. The primary subject matter addresses specifically the use of satellite gradiometer and GPS observations to form and invert the normal matrix associated with a large degree and order geopotential solution. Memory resident and out-of-core parallel linear algebra techniques along with data parallel batch algorithms form the foundation of the least squares application structure. A secondary topic includes the adoption of object oriented programming techniques to enhance modularity and reusability of code. Applications implementing the parallel and object oriented methods successfully calculate the degree variance for a degree and order 110 geopotential solution on 32 processors of the Cray T3E. The memory resident gradiometer application exhibits an overall application performance of 5.4 Gflops, and the out-of-core linear solver exhibits an overall performance of 2.4 Gflops. The combination solution derived from a sun synchronous gradiometer orbit produce average geoid height variances of 17 millimeters.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-205884 , NAS 1.26:205884 , CSR-97-5
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    Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A detailed description of the development of the tangent linear model (TLM) and its adjoint model of the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert moisture parameterization package used in the NASA GEOS-1 C-Grid GCM (Version 5.2) is presented. The notational conventions used in the TLM and its adjoint codes are described in detail.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/TM-97-104606/Vol-11 , Rept-97B00053/Vol-11 , NAS 1.15:104606/Vol-11
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    Year 2015 Aircraft Emission Scenario for Scheduled Air Traffic (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report describes the development of a three-dimensional scenario of aircraft fuel burn and emissions (fuel burned, NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons)for projected year 2015 scheduled air traffic. These emission inventories are available for use by atmospheric scientists conducting the Atmospheric Effects of Aviation Project (AEAP) modeling studies. Fuel burned and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx as NO2), carbon monoxides, and hydrocarbons have been calculated on a 1 degree latitude x 1 degree longitude x 1 kilometer altitude grid and delivered to NASA as electronic files.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-1998-207638 , NAS 1.26:207638
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    Aircraft Emission Scenarios Projected in Year 2015 for the NASA Technology Concept Aircraft (TCA) High Speed Civil Transport (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This report describes the development of a three-dimensional database of aircraft fuel burn and emissions (fuel burned, NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons) from projected fleets of high speed civil transports (HSCTs) on a universal airline network. Inventories for 500 and 1000 HSCT fleets, as well as the concurrent subsonic fleets, were calculated. The HSCT scenarios are calculated using the NASA technology concept airplane (TCA) and update an earlier report. These emissions inventories are available for use by atmospheric scientists conducting the Atmospheric Effects of Stratospheric Aircraft (AESA) modeling studies. Fuel burned and emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx as NO2), carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons have been calculated on a 1 degree latitude x 1 degree longitude x 1 kilometer pressure altitude grid and delivered to NASA as electronic files.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-1998-207635 , NAS 1.26:207635
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    Military, Charter, Unreported Domestic Traffic and General Aviation 1976, 1984, 1992, and 2015 Emission Scenarios (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The report describes development of databases estimating aircraft engine exhaust emissions for the years 1976 and 1984 from global operations of Military, Charter, historic Soviet and Chinese, Unreported Domestic traffic, and General Aviation (GA). These databases were developed under the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Advanced Subsonic Assessment (AST). McDonnell Douglas Corporation's (MDC), now part of the Boeing Company has previously estimated engine exhaust emissions' databases for the baseline year of 1992 and a 2015 forecast year scenario. Since their original creation, (Ward, 1994 and Metwally, 1995) revised technology algorithms have been developed. Additionally, GA databases have been created and all past NIDC emission inventories have been updated to reflect the new technology algorithms. Revised data (Baughcum, 1996 and Baughcum, 1997) for the scheduled inventories have been used in this report to provide a comparison of the total aviation emission forecasts from various components. Global results of two historic years (1976 and 1984), a baseline year (1992) and a forecast year (2015) are presented. Since engine emissions are directly related to fuel usage, an overview of individual aviation annual global fuel use for each inventory component is also given in this report.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-1998-207639 , NAS 1.26:207639 , CRAD-9402-TR-4164
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    Observational and Modeling Studies of Radiative, Chemical, and Dynamical Interactions in the Earth''s Atmosphere (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A 3-dimensional model was developed to support mechanistic studies. The model solves the global primitive equations in isentropic coordinates, which directly characterize diabatic processes forcing the Brewer-Dobson circulation of the middle atmosphere. It's numerical formulation is based on Hough harmonics, which partition horizontal motion into its rotational and divergent components. These computational features, along with others, enable 3D integrations to be performed practically on RISC computer architecture, on which they can be iterated to support mechanistic studies. The model conserves potential vorticity quite accurately under adiabatic conditions. Forced by observed tropospheric structure, in which integrations are anchored, the model generates a diabatic circulation that is consistent with satellite observations of tracer behavior and diabatic cooling rates. The model includes a basic but fairly complete treatment of gas-phase photochemistry that represents some 20 chemical species and 50 governing reactions with diurnally-varying shortwave absorption. The model thus provides a reliable framework to study transport and underlying diabatic processes, which can then be compared against chemical and dynamical structure observed and in GCM integrations. Integrations with the Langley GCM were performed to diagnose feedback between simulated convection and the tropical circulation. These were studied in relation to tropospheric properties controlling moisture convergence and environmental conditions supporting deep convection, for comparison against mechanistic integrations of wave CISK that successfully reproduce the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) of the tropical circulation. These comparisons were aimed at identifying and ultimately improving aspects of the convective simulation, with the objective of recovering a successful simulation of the MJO in the Langley GCM, behavior that should be important to budgets of upper-tropospheric water vapor and chemical species.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-1998-207057 , NAS 1.26:207057
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    Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Data Assimilation Office (DAO) at Goddard Space Flight Center and the National Center for Environmental Prediction and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) have produced multi-year global assimilations of historical data employing fixed analysis systems. These "reanalysis" products are ideally suited for studying short-term climatic variations. The availability of multiple reanalysis products also provides the opportunity to examine the uncertainty in the reanalysis data. The purpose of this document is to provide an updated estimate of seasonal and interannual variability based on the DAO and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses for the 15-year period 1980-1995. Intercomparisons of the seasonal means and their interannual variations are presented for a variety of prognostic and diagnostic fields. In addition, atmospheric potential predictability is re-examined employing selected DAO reanalysis variables.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/TM-97-104606/Vol-13 , NAS 1.15:104606-Vol-13 , Rept-97A00357-Vol-13
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    Infrared Radiative Forcing and Atmospheric Lifetimes of Trace Species Based on Observations from UARS (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Observations from instruments on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) have been used to constrain calculations of infrared radiative forcing by CH4, CCl2F2 and N2O, and to determine lifetimes Of CCl2F2 and N2O- Radiative forcing is calculated as a change in net infrared flux at the tropopause that results from an increase in trace gas amount from pre-industrial (1750) to contemporary (1992) times. Latitudinal and seasonal variations are considered explicitly, using distributions of trace gases and temperature in the stratosphere from UARS measurements and seasonally averaged cloud statistics from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project. Top-of-atmosphere fluxes calculated for the contemporary period are in good agreement with satellite measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. Globally averaged values of the radiative forcing are 0.536, 0.125, and 0.108 W m-2 for CH4, CCl2F2, and N2O, respectively. The largest forcing occurs near subtropical latitudes during summer, predominantly as a result of the combination of cloud-free skies and a high, cold tropopause. Clouds are found to play a significant role in regulating infrared forcing, reducing the magnitude of the forcing by 30-40% compared to the case of clear skies. The vertical profile of CCl2F2 is important in determining its radiative forcing; use of a height-independent mixing ratio in the stratosphere leads to an over prediction of the forcing by 10%. The impact of stratospheric profiles on radiative forcing by CH4 and N2O is less than 2%. UARS-based distributions of CCl2F2 and N2O are used also to determine global destruction rates and instantaneous lifetimes of these gases. Rates of photolytic destruction in the stratosphere are calculated using solar ultraviolet irradiances measured on UARS and a line-by-line model of absorption in the oxygen Schumann-Runge bands. Lifetimes are 114 +/- 22 and 118 +/- 25 years for CCl2F2 and N2O, respectively.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-97-206692 , NAS 1.26:206692
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    The Effect of Enhanced Diabatic Heating on Stratospheric Circulation (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objective of this research focuses on the stratospheric dynamical response to the increase in aerosol loading and subsequent enhanced diabatic heating resulting from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The Langley research Center three dimensional general circulation model and modifications made to that model for this study are described (addition of hydrogen fluoride tracer and diabatic heating enhancement). Unperturbed hydrogen fluoride distribution is compared to the hydrogen fluoride distribution measured by HALOE. A comparison of control and perturbed model runs is presented.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-TM-112536 , NAS 1.15:112536
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    A Laboratory Study on the Phase Transition for Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles (1997)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The nucleation and growth of different phases of simulated polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles were investigated in the laboratory. Solutions and mixtures of solutions at concentrations 1 to 5 m (molality) of ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, sodium chloride, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid were supercooled to prescribed temperatures below their equilibrium melting point. These solutions were contained in small diameter glass tubing of volumes ranging from 2.6 to 0.04 ml. Samples were nucleated by insertion of an ice crystal, or in some cases by a liquid nitrogen cooled wire. Crystallization velocities were determined by timing the crystal growth front passages along the glass tubing. Solution mixtures containing aircraft exhaust (soot) were also examined. Crystallization rates increased as deltaT2, where deltaT is the supercooling for weak solutions (2 m or less). The higher concentrated solutions (greater than 3 m) showed rates significantly less than deltaT2. This reduced rate suggested an onset of a glass phase. Results were applied to the nucleation of highly concentrated solutions at various stages of polar stratospheric cloud development within the polar stratosphere.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA-CR-198056 , NAS 1.26:198056 , H-2147
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    Rocket/Radar Investigation of Lower Ionospheric Electrodynamics Associated with Intense Midlatitude Sporadic-E Layers (1998)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Sporadic layers, which appear in the region from 100 km to 120 km are thought to be formed by convergent Pedersen drifts induced by altitude gradients in the zonal neutral wind. In this altitude region NO+ and 02+ are the major ions produced by photoionization and charge exchange of atmospheric and ionospheric species. The relative composition of atmospheric ions and meteoric ions in sporadic layers is important in determining their persistence, the time scales for formation, and the electrical conductivity of the layers. This rocket investigation will include a diagnosis of the neutral wind field and the electric field distribution. Coupled with ion composition measurements we will be able to expose the relevant formation mechanisms and the electrodynamic consequences of their existence. A rocket trajectory has been chosen to provide substantial horizontal sampling of the layer properties and knowledge of the horizontal gradients in composition and density are essential to determine the polarization electric fields that may be associated with ionospheric layers. The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) is responsible for designing, building, and operating the ion mass spectrometers included on these rockets. The following provides a summary of the UTD accomplishments in the second year of the project as well as a description of the plans for the third year's activities. The UTD mass spectrometer acronym has been coined as PRIMS for Puerto Rico Ion Mass Spectrometer.
    Keywords: Geophysics
    Type: NASA/CR-1998-208171 , NAS 1.26:208171
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    A Comparison of TOPEX/Poseidon TDRESS-based Operational Orbit Determination Results with the Precision Orbit Ephemeris (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-08
    Description: Since its' launch on August 10, 1992, the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite hs successfully observed the earth's ocean circulation using a combination of precision orbit determination (POD) and dual-frequency radar altimetry.
    Keywords: Geophysics
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