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  • Articles  (35)
  • Microbial biomass  (35)
  • Springer  (35)
  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (35)
  • 1996  (35)
  • Geosciences  (35)
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  • Articles  (35)
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  • Springer  (35)
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  • 2020-2023
  • 1995-1999  (35)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extractability of labelled microbial biomass N by electro-ultrafiltration and CaCl2 extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil drying ; Extractable organic N ; 15N isotope dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory soil incubation and a pot experiment with ryegrass were carried out in order to examine the extractability of microbial biomass N by using either 10-mM CaCl2 extraction or the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method. The aim of the experiment was to test the hypothesis whether the organic N (Norg) extracted by EUF or CaCl2 from dried soil samples represents a part of the microbial biomass. For the laboratory incubation a 15N-labelled Escherichia coli suspension was mixed with the soil. For the pot experiment a suspension of 15N-labelled bacteria was applied which had previously been isolated from the soil used. Soil samples of both treatments, with and without applied bacterial suspension, were extracted by EUF and CaCl2. The extractability of applied microbial biomass was estimated from the difference in extractable Norg between the two treatments. In addition, the N isotopic composition in the upper plant matter, in the soil, and in organic and inorganic N fractions of EUF and CaCl2 extracts was analysed. Both experiments showed that the applied microbial biomass was highly accessible to mineralization and thus represented potentially mineralizable N. However, this mineralizable N was not extractable by CaCl2 or by the EUF method. It was, therefore, concluded that the organic N released on soil drying and which was thus extractable was derived from the non-biomass soil organic matter. The result suggests that both extraction methods may provide a suitable index for mineralizable N only in cases where the decomposable organic substrates are derived mainly from sources other than the living soil biota.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335960
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous defoliation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) and associated changes in the composition and activity of the microbial population of an upland grassland soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Defoliation ; Microbial biomass ; Microbial populations ; Dehydrogenase activity ; Respiration ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Upland grassland ; Upland soil ; Pseudomonas spp.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A microcosm study was conducted to investigate the effect of continuous plant defoliation on the composition and activity of microbial populations in the rhizosphere of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens). Continuous defoliation of ryegrass and clover resulted in significant (P〈0.01) increases in soil microbial biomass, although whilst increases were measured from day 2 in soil sown with clover significant increases were only seen from day 21 in soil sown with ryegrass. These increases were paralleled, from day 10 onwards, by increases in the numbers of culturable bacteria. Numbers of Pseudomonas spp. also increased in the later stages of the study. No influence on culturable fungal populations was detected. Whilst shifts in the composition of the microbial populations were measured in response to defoliation there was little effect on microbial activity. No changes in either dehydrogenase activity or microbial respiration in the rhizosphere of ryegrass or clover were measured in response to defoliation, but both dehydrogenase activity and microbial respiration were greater in ryegrass than clover when values over the whole study were combined. Continuous defoliation resulted in significant (P〈0.001) reductions in the root dry weight of ryegrass and clover, of the order 19% and 16%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420220
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships between microbial biomass and dissipation of 2,4-D and dicamba in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 106-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words 2 ; 4-D ; Dicamba ; Microbial biomass ; Wetland ; Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate relationships between microbial biomass and the dissipation of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid) and dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) in soil. We hypothesized that the size of the microbial biomass should be a strong predictor of the pesticide degradation capacity of a particular soil. Soils with a high microbial biomass should have relatively high levels of general microbial activity and should support a diversity of degradation pathways. In this study, we quantified the degradation of 2,4-D and dicamba in a range of soils with different concentrations of microbial biomass. The herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba were added to similar soils collected from five different land use types (home lawn, cornfield, upland hardwood forest, wetland forest, and aquifer material) and incubated for 80 days under laboratory conditions. Herbicide residue and microbial biomass (C and N) analyses were performed 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 days following herbicide application. Microbial biomass-C and -N and soil organic matter content were positively correlated with dissipation of 2,4-D and dicamba. The results suggest that there are relationships between the size of the soil microbial biomass and the herbicide degradation capacity of an ecosystem. These relationships may be useful for developing approaches for evaluating and predicting the fate of pesticides in different ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420229
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ergosterol and microbial biomass relationship in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 299-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Fungal biomass ; Ergosterol ; Fumigation extraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ergosterol and microbial biomass C were measured in 26 arable, 16 grassland and 30 forest soils. The ergosterol content ranged from 0.75 to 12.94 μg g-1 soil. The geometric mean ergosterol content of grassland and forest soils was around 5.5 μg g-1, that of the arable soils 2.14 μg g-1. The ergosterol was significantly correlated with biomass C in the entire group of soils, but not in the subgroups of grassland and forest soils. The geometric mean of the ergosterol: microbial biomass C ratio was 6.0 mg g-1, increasing in the order grassland (5.1), arable land (5.4) and woodland (7.2). The ergosterol:microbial biomass C ratio had a strong negative relationship with the decreasing cation exchange capacity and soil pH, indicating that the fungal part of the total microbial biomass in soils increased when the buffer capacity decreased. The average ergosterol concentration calculated from literature data was 5.1 mg g-1 fungal dry weight. Assuming that fungi contain 46% C, the conversion factor from micrograms ergosterol to micrograms fungal biomass C is 90. For soil samples, neither saponification of the extract nor the more effective direct saponification during extraction seems to be really necessary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334573
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen availability to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic sources on sandy and clayey soil surfaces in a greenhouse pot study (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N transformations ; Crop residues ; Soil texture ; Soil aggregation ; Microbial pool ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were15N-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater 15N was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater 15N recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass 15N was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass 15N but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass 15N with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334903
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A biologically based indicator of soil quality (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Crop productivity ; Microbial biomass ; Cash grain ; Conventional farming ; Low-input agriculture ; NH uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil quality indices are attempts to classify soil conditions and to compare these conditions to their historical use. From this information it may be possible to determine which uses of soils are better for the long-range goals of agriculture and society. With many factors involved in the profitable production of safe foodstuffs without significant degradation of the environment and soils, an indicator that represents a broad biological perspective of quality is appropriate. Among a group of biological indicators, the ratio of crop N uptake to mineralized N as determined by microbial respiration plus net mineralized N found over a growing season is an useful indicator of soil quality. An evaluation of the 12-year-old Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Institute Research Center indicated that soils in plots that had been conventionally managed were of lower quality than soil treated with manure or planted with legume-cash grain crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334899
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the influence of phosphate fertilizers on the microbial activity of pasture soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Basal respiration ; Long-term effect ; Metabolic quotient ; Microbial biomass ; Osmotic potential ; Pasture soil ; Phosphate fertilizers ; Substrate-induced respiration (SIR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present work was to examine the effects of phosphate fertilizers on the microbial activity of pasture soils. Various microbial characteristics were measured using soils from an existing long-term phosphate fertilizer field trial and a short-term incubation experiment. The measurements included basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, inhibition of substrate-induced respiration by streptomycin sulphate (fungal activity) and actidione (bacterial activity) and microbial biomass C. The long-term field trials was initiated during 1985 to examine the effectiveness of different sources of phosphate fertilizers (single superphosphate, North Carolina phosphate rock, partially acidulated North Carolina phosphate rock, and diammonium phosphate) on pasture yield. The incubation experiment was conducted for 8 weeks using the same soil and the sources of phosphate fertilizers used in the field trial. In the incubation experiment the fertilizer addition caused an initial decrease in basal and substrate-induced respiration but had no effect on total microbial biomass. The initial decline in basal and substrate-induced respiration with the fertilizer addition was restored within 8 weeks after incubation. In the field experiment the fertilizer addtion had no significant effect on basal respiration but increased substrate-induced respiration and microbial biomass C. The short-term and the long-term effects of phosphate fertilizer addition on the microbial characteristies of the soils are discussed in relation to its effects on pH, salt concentration, and the nutrient status of the soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334905
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of slug (Arion rufus) mucus and cast material addition on microbial biomass, respiration, and nutrient cycling in beech leaf litter (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 80-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Arion rufus ; Slug cast material ; Mucus ; Nutrient leaching ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the effects of slug (Arion rufus L.) mucus and cast material on litter decomposition, nutrient mobilization, and microbial activity in two laboratory experiments: (1) Slug mucus and cast material was added to beech leaf litter (Fagus sylvatica L.), and leaching of N and P and CO2 production in microcosm systems were measured during 77 days of incubation; (2) mucus was added to beech leaf litter, and basal respiration, microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration), specific respiration (qO2), microbial growth ability after C, CN, CP, and CNP amendment, and lag time (time between CNP addition and start of exponential increase in respiration rate) were measured during 120 days of incubation. Leaching of N and P from beech leaf litter was significantly increased in treatments with mucus or faecal material of A. rufus. Following day 3, slug mucus increased nitrification processes. Mucus addition to beech leaf litter also increased basal respiration and microbial biomass significantly. In contrast, specific respiration was not significantly affected by mucus addition, and generally declined until day 60 but then increased until day 120. Nutrient amendments indicated that between days 1 and 30, N was available for microbial growth in litter with mucus but not in control litter. Generally, the lag time in beech leaf litter with added mucus was shorter than in control litter. Lag times generally increased with age, indicating dominance of slow-growing microbial populations at later stages as a consequence of depletion of easily available C resources and nutrients. We conclude that C, N, and P cycling is accelerated by slug activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335822
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged simulated acid rain treatment in the subarctic: Effect on the soil respiration rate and microbial biomass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acid rain ; Coniferous humus ; Ergosterol ; Microbial biomass ; Muramic acid ; Soil respiration ; Subarctic areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Humus chemistry and respiration rate, ATP, ergosterol, and muramic acid concentration as measures of chemical properties, microbial activity, biomass, and indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass were studied in a long-term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. The treatments used in this study were dry control, irrigated control (spring water, pH 6), and two levels of simulated acid rain (pH 4 and pH 3). Originally (1985–1988), simulated acid rain was prepared by adding both H2SO4 and HNO3 (1.9:1 by weight). In 1989 the treatments were modified as follows. In subarea 1 the treatments continued unchanged (H2SO4+HNO3 in rain to pH 4 and pH 3), but in subarea 2 only H2SO4 was applied. The plots were sampled in 1992. The acid application affected humus chemistry by lowering the pH, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation (due to a decrease in Ca and Mg) in the treatment with H2SO4+HNO3 to pH 4 (total proton load over 8 years 2.92 kmol ha–1), whereas the microbial variables were not affected at this proton load, and only the respiration rate decreased by 20% in the strongest simulated acid rain treatment (total proton load 14.9 kmol ha–1). The different ratios of H2SO4+HNO3 in subareas 1 and 2 did not affect the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335811
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial respiration and biomass (substrate-induced respiration) in soils of old-growth and regenerating forests on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Basal respiration ; Metabolic quotient (qCO2) ; Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration (SIR) ; Fumigation-extraction (FE) ; Clear-cutting ; Humus ; Greenhouse effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In studying the basal respiration, microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration, SIR), and metabolic quotient (qCO2) in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don)-western hemlock [(Tsuga heterophylla Raf.) Sarg.] ecosystems (old-growth forests, 3- and 10-year-old plantations) on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, we predicted that (1) soil basal respiration would be reduced by harvesting and burning, reflecting the reduction in microbial biomass and activities; (2) the microbial biomass would be reduced by harvesting and slash-burning, due to the excessive heat of the burning or due to reduced substrate availability; (3) microbial biomass in the plantations would tend to recover to the preharvesting levels with growth of the trees and increased substrate availability; and (4) microbial biomass measured by the SIR method would compare well with that measured by the fumigation-extraction (FE) method. Decaying litter layer (F), woody F (Fw) and humus layer (H) materials were sampled four times in the summer of 1992. The results obtained supported the four predictions. Microbial biomass was reduced in the harvested and slash-burned plots. Both SIR and FE methods provided equally good estimates of microbial biomass in the samples [SIR microbial C (mg g-1)=0.227+0.458 FE microbial C (mg g-1), r=0.63, P=0.0001] and proved suitable for microbial biomass measurements in this strongly acidic soil. Basal respiration was significantly greater in the old-growth forests than in the young plantations (P〈0.05) in both F and H layers, but not in the Fw layer. For the 3- and 10-year-old plantations, there was no difference in basal respiration in F, Fw, and H layers. Basal respiration was related to changes in air temperature, precipitation, and the soil moisture contant at the time of sampling. The qCO2 values were higher in the old-growth stands than in the plantations. Clear-cutting followed by prescribed burning did not increase soil microbial respiration, but CO2 released from slash-burning and that contributed from other sources may be of concern to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336055
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surface cast production by the earthworm Aporrectodea nocturna in a pre-alpine meadow in Switzerland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Aporrectodea nocturna ; Dispersal ; Cast production ; Modelling ; Earthworms ; Soil moisture ; Microbial biomass ; Prealpine meadow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to describe the effects of Aporrectodea nocturna on soil characteristics in a pre-alpine meadow and to support the development of a model of cast production. In the prealpine meadow, increased cast production, first observed about 20 years ago around a newly planted hedge, was recorded to a distance of maximal 170 m from the hedge. Numbers of A. nocturna between 130 and 165 m from the hedge decreased from 164 to 16 individuals m-2. In the same area cast production steadily decreased from about 1.5 kg m-2 week-1 to nil, the plant community structure changed and the microbial biomass decreased, but the root biomass and the moisture content did not change. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that high cast production was not a specific feature of the A. nocturna population nor of the soil in the meadow. Diapause of A. nocturna was terminated in the laboratory during September. A model of cast production potential by the earthworm A. nocturna was established using laboratory determinations of the relationships with body weight, temperature, and water potential. The model was shown to predict cast production in the field given the assumption that the water potential was 0 MPa. According to the model, 81% of surface cast production was by juveniles, and 19% by adults of A. nocturna.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384451
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Farmyard manure ; Long-term experiment ; Michaelis constant ; Microbial biomass ; NPK fertilizers ; Respiratory activity ; Glucose affinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We determined the size, activity, and affinity of the microbial community for glucose in soils from long-term experimental grassland plots. The plots had been treated annually with either farmyard manure, inorganic NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure+inorganic NPK fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 only, or no experimental amendment since 1897. The largest biomass and activity differences were between the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, which was very acid, and the rest, which were nearer neutral. In the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, the biomass C to organic C ratio was small, but overall the community had high respiratory activity per unit of biomass (qCO2) and high overall affinity for glucose (low K m). The effects of the manure treatment were a greater biomass C and a lower overall glucose affinity than in the control plot. In the presence farmyard manure, NPK led to smaller biomass and a lower biomass to organic C ratio while having no significant effect on either glucose K m or qCO2. In the absence of farmyard manure, NPK led to significantly greater glucose affinity but had no significant effect on the biomass, the biomass C to organic C ratio or qCO2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384434
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of management practices on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and cotton yield in Alabama's “Old Rotation” (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil carbon ; Crop rotation ; Legumes ; Cover crop ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil health ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Zea mays ; Trifolium incarnatum ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The “Old Rotation” cotton experiment was designed to aid farm managers in implementing rotation schemes that not only increase yield, but also improve soil quality. Six different crop rotation treatments were imposed since 1896. Rotations were: IA, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown every year without a winter legume and without N fertilization; IB, cotton grown every year with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IC, cotton grown every year without a winter legume and with 134 kg N as NH4NO3 ha-1 year-1; IIA, 2-year cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IIB, 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha-1 year-1 as NH4NO3; and III, 3-year cotton-corn- alternating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation with a winter legume and with 134 g N as NH4NO3 ha-1 year-1. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was the winter legume cover crop. The 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha-1 year-1 (IIB) and the 3-year cotton-corn soybean/rye rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha-1 year-1 (III) had higher amounts of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and crop yield than the other four treatments. The cotton grown every year without a winter legume or N fertilizer (IA) had a lower amount of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and N and cotton seed yield than all other rotations. In 1988 and 1992 cotton seed and legume yield were correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with soil organic matter (r 2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.87). In most months, soil microbial biomass C and N was lower in the cotton grown every year without winter legumes or fertilizer (IA) than the other five rotations. In 1994, microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with seed cotton yield (r 2=0.87 and 0.98, respectively). After 99 years of management the “Old Rotation” cotton experiment indicates that winter legumes increase amounts of both C and N in soil, which ultimately contribute to higher cotton yields. Microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio are poor predictors of annual crop yield but may be an accurate indicator of soil health and a good predictor of long-term crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335906
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of management practices on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and cotton yield in Alabama‘s ’’Old Rotation’ (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil carbon ; Crop rotation ; Legumes ; Cover crop ; Nitrogen fertilization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil health ; Gossypium hirsutum ; Zea mays ; Trifolium ; incarnatum ; Glycine max
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The “Old Rotation” cotton experiment was designed to aid farm managers in implementing rotation schemes that not only increase yield, but also improve soil quality. Six different crop rotation treatments were imposed since 1896. Rotations were: IA, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown every year without a winter legume and without N fertilization; IB, cotton grown every year with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IC, cotton grown every year without a winter legume and with 134 kg N as NH4NO3 ha–1 year–1; IIA, 2-year cotton-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation with a winter legume and without N fertilization; IIB, 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha–1 year–1 as NH4NO3; and III, 3-year cotton-corn- (alternating soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or rye (Secale cereale L.) rotation with a winter legume and with 134g N as NH4NO3 ha–1 year–1. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) was the winter legume cover crop. The 2-year cotton-corn rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha–1 year–1 (IIB) and the 3-year cotton-corn soybean/rye rotation with a winter legume and with 134 kg N ha–1 year–1 (III) had higher amounts of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and crop yield than the other four treatments. The cotton grown every year without a winter legume or N fertilizer (IA) had a lower amount of soil organic matter, soil microbial biomass C and N and cotton seed yield than all other rotations. In 1988 and 1992 cotton seed and legume yield were correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with soil organic matter (r 2 ranged from 0.72 to 0.87). In most months, soil microbial biomass C and N was lower in the cotton grown every year without winter legumes or fertilizer (IA) than the other five rotations. In 1994, microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio correlated in positive, curvilinear relationships with seed cotton yield (r 2=0.87 and 0.98, respectively). After 99 years of management the “Old Rotation” cotton experiment indicates that winter legumes increase amounts of both C and N in soil, which ultimately contribute to higher cotton yields. Microbial biomass C and the Cmic:Corg ratio are poor predictors of annual crop yield but may be an accurate indicator of soil health and a good predictor of long-term crop yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050182
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial respiration and biomass (substrate-induced respiration) in soils of old-growth and regenerating forests on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 145-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Basal respiration ; Metabolic quotient (qCO2) ; Microbial biomass ; Substrate-induced respiration (SIR) ; Fumigation-extraction (FE) ; Clear-cutting ; Humus ; Greenhouse effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In studying the basal respiration, microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration, SIR), and metabolic quotient (qCO2) in western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don)-western hemlock [(Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] ecosystems (old-growth forests, 3- and 10-year-old plantations) on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, we predicted that (1) soil basal respiration would be reduced by harvesting and burning, reflecting the reduction in microbial biomass and activities; (2) the microbial biomass would be reduced by harvesting and slash-burning, due to the excessive heat of the burning or due to reduced substrate availability; (3) microbial biomass in the plantations would tend to recover to the preharvesting levels with growth of the trees and increased substrate availability; and (4) microbial biomass measured by the SIR method would compare well with that measured by the fumigation-extraction (FE) method. Decaying litter layer (F), woody F (Fw) and humus layer (H) materials were sampled four times in the summer of 1992. The results obtained supported the four predictions. Microbial biomass was reduced in the harvested and slash-burned plots. Both SIR and FE methods provided equally good estimates of microbial biomass in the samples [SIR microbial C (mg g–1)=0.227+0.458 FE microbial C (mg g–1), r=0.63, P=0.0001] and proved suitable for microbial biomass measurements in this strongly acidic soil. Basal respiration was significantly greater in the old-growth forests than in the young plantations (P〈〉;0.05) in both F and H layers, but not in the Fw layer. For the 3- and 10-year-old plantations, there was no difference in basal respiration in F, Fw, and H layers. Basal respiration was related to changes in air temperature, precipitation, and the soil moisture contant at the time of sampling. The qCO2 values were higher in the old-growth stands than in the plantations. Clear-cutting followed by prescribed burning did not increase soil microbial respiration, but CO2 released from slash-burning and that contributed from other sources may be of concern to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336055
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  • 16
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    Extractability of labelled microbial biomass N by electro-ultrafiltration and CaCl2 extraction (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 314-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Nitrogen mineralization ; Microbial biomass ; Soil drying ; Extractable organic N ; 15N isotope dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory soil incubation and a pot experiment with ryegrass were carried out in order to examine the extractability of microbial biomass N by using either 10-mM CaCl2 extraction or the electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) method. The aim of the experiment was to test the hypothesis whether the organic N (Norg) extracted by EUF or CaCl2 from dried soil samples represents a part of the microbial biomass. For the laboratory incubation a 15N-labelled Escherichia coli suspension was mixed with the soil. For the pot experiment a suspension of 15N-labelled bacteria was applied which had previously been isolated from the soil used. Soil samples of both treatments, with and without applied bacterial suspension, were extracted by EUF and CaCl2. The extractability of applied microbial biomass was estimated from the difference in extractable Norg between the two treatments. In addition, the N isotopic composition in the upper plant matter, in the soil, and in organic and inorganic N fractions of EUF and CaCl2 extracts was analysed. Both experiments showed that the applied microbial biomass was highly accessible to mineralization and thus represented potentially mineralizable N. However, this mineralizable N was not extractable by CaCl2 or by the EUF method. It was, therefore, concluded that the organic N released on soil drying and which was thus extractable was derived from the non-biomass soil organic matter. The result suggests that both extraction methods may provide a suitable index for mineralizable N only in cases where the decomposable organic substrates are derived mainly from sources other than the living soil biota.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335960
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  • 17
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    The problem of pretreatment and unintentional variations in the fumigation-extraction method for time-course measurements in the field (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Analytical variations ; Root intenference ; Root pre-extraction ; Fumigation-extraction ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A control soil stored at 4°C was analyzed 38 times by fumigation-extraction during a period of 11 months to correct for variations caused by the analytical procedure. The difference in extractable C between fumigated and unfumigated samples oscillated around the average without a positive or negative trend. When data from contemporaneously extracted field samples were corrected with control soil data the variations were lowered. The deviations between corrected and uncorrected biomass C values had maxima of ±12%. Data obtained for seven dates using pre-extraction, wet-sieving, and centrifuging were compared with data obtained by the conventional procedure without any pretreatment. A negative difference from data obtained without pretreatment was found when the soil water content was decreased to 6%. The largest positive difference (+38%) was found in May during the period of highest root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384450
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  • 18
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    Impact of faunal complexity on microbial biomass and N turnover in field mesocosms from a spruce forest soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 22-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Soil mesofauna ; Soil macrofauna ; Microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; N turnover ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field study using soil mesocosms in an acid spruce forest soil we investigated the effects of mesofauna and macrofauna on microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, and N cycling. Intact soil monoliths were taken from the ground, defaunated by deep-freezing, and wrapped in nets of various mesh-sizes to control re-immigration of different faunal size-classes. The monoliths were then replanted in the field. Three treatments of mesocosms were prepared: (1) with only microbiota, (2) microbiota and mesofauna, and (3) microbiota, mesofauna, and macrofauna (= complex fauna). After 8 months of exposure the mesocosms and the unmanipulated control plots (treatment 4) were destructively sampled. We estimated microbial biomass by substrate-induced respiration and the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. N cycling was measured by monitoring microbial N mineralization, the NH4 + content, and selected amino acids and the activities of protease, urease, and deaminase. The results from the L/F layer showed that the pool of the microbial biomass was not changed by the activity of the mesofauna. However, the mesofauna and macrofauna together enhanced SIR. An increase in microbial N mineralization was only observed in treatment 3 (microbiota + complex fauna). Protease activity and NH4 + content increased in treatments 2 (microbiota + mesofauna) and 3 (microbiota + complex fauna). The complex fauna induced a soil pH increase in treatment 3 as opposed to treatment 1 and the control. This increase was presumably due to excretory NH4 +. Principal component analysis revealed that the complex fauna in treatment 3 caused a significantly higher N turnover per unit of microbial biomass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384428
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of faunal complexity on microbial biomass and N turnover in field mesocosms from a spruce forest soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 22-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil mesofauna ; Soil macrofauna ; Microbial biomass ; Soil enzymes ; N turnover ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a field study using soil mesocosms in an acid spruce forest soil we investigated the effects of mesofauna and macrofauna on microbial biomass, dissolved organic matter, and N cycling. Intact soil monoliths were taken from the ground, defaunated by deep-freezing, and wrapped in nets of various mesh-sizes to control re-immigration of different faunal size-classes. The monoliths were then replanted in the field. Three treatments of mesocosms were prepared: (1) with only microbiota, (2) microbiota and mesofauna, and (3) microbiota, mesofauna, and macrofauna (= complex fauna). After 8 months of exposure the mesocosms and the unmanipulated control plots (treatment 4) were destructively sampled. We estimated microbial biomass by substrate-induced respiration and the chloroform fumigation-extraction method. N cycling was measured by monitoring microbial N mineralization, the NH inf4 sup+ content, and selected amino acids and the activities of protease, urease, and deaminase. The results from the L/F layer showed that the pool of the microbial biomass was not changed by the activity of the mesofauna. However, the mesofauna and macrofauna together enhanced SIR. An increase in microbial N mineralization was only observed in treatment 3 (microbiota + complex fauna). Protease activity and NH inf4 sup+ content increased in treatments 2 (microbiota + mesofauna) and 3 (microbiota + complex fauna). The complex fauna induced a soil pH increase in treatment 3 as opposed to treatment 1 and the control. This increase was presumably due to excretory NH inf4 sup+ . Principal component analysis revealed that the complex fauna in treatment 3 caused a significantly higher N turnover per unit of microbial biomass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384428
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    The problem of pretreatment and unintentional variations in the fumigation-extraction method for time-course measurements in the field (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 167-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Analytical variations ; Root interference ; Root pre-extraction ; Fumigation-extraction ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A control soil stored at 4°C was analyzed 38 times by fumigation-extraction during a period of 11 months to correct for variations caused by the analytical procedure. The difference in extractable C between fumigated and unfumigated samples oscillated around the average without a positive or negative trend. When data from contemporaneously extracted field samples were corrected with control soil data the variations were lowered. The deviations between corrected and uncorrected biomass C values had maxima of ±12%. Data obtained for seven dates using pre-extraction, wet-sieving, and centrifuging were compared with data obtained by the conventional procedure without any pretreatment. A negative difference from data obtained without pretreatment was found when the soil water content was decreased to 6%. The largest positive difference (+38%) was found in May during the period of highest root growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384450
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  • 21
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    Surface cast production by the earthworm Aporrectodea nocturna in a pre-alpine meadow in Switzerland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsAporrectodea nocturna ; Dispersal ; Cast production ; Modelling ; Earthworms ; Soil moisture ; Microbial biomass ; Prealpine meadow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to describe the effects of Aporrectodea nocturna on soil characteristics in a pre-alpine meadow and to support the development of a model of cast production. In the pre-alpine meadow, increased cast production, first observed about 20 years ago around a newly planted hedge, was recorded to a distance of maximal 170 m from the hedge. Numbers of A. nocturna between 130 and 165 m from the hedge decreased from 164 to 16 individuals m–2. In the same area cast production steadily decreased from about 1.5 kg m–2 week–1 to nil, the plant community structure changed and the microbial biomass decreased, but the root biomass and the moisture content did not change. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that high cast production was not a specific feature of the A. nocturna population nor of the soil in the meadow. Diapause of A. nocturna was terminated in the laboratory during September. A model of cast production potential by the earthworm A. nocturna was established using laboratory determinations of the relationships with body weight, temperature, and water potential. The model was shown to predict cast production in the field given the assumption that the water potential was 0 MPa. According to the model, 81% of surface cast production was by juveniles, and 19% by adults of A. nocturna.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384451
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  • 22
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    Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Phospholipid fatty acids ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Sheep-grazing ; Fertiliser ; Lime ; Microbial biomass ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we examined the effect on soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios of withholding fertiliser, lime, and sheep-grazing from reseeded upland grassland. The cessation of fertiliser applications on limed and grazed grassland resulted in a reduction in soil pH from 5.4 to 5.1. The cessation of fertiliser applications and liming on grazed grassland resulted in a fall in pH from 5.4 to 4.7, whereas withholding fertiliser and lime and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. Substrate-induced respiration was reduced in the unfertilised grazed (21%; P〈0.01) and unfertilised ungrazed (36%; P〈0.001) treatments. Bacterial substrate-induced respiration and bacterial fatty acids were unaffected by the treatments. The relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased by 39 and 72% (P〈0.05) in the limed grazed and unfertilised grazed treatments, respectively. Fungal substrate-induced respiration increased in the limed grazed (18%) and unfertilised grazed (65%; P〈0.05) treatments. The ratio of 18:2ω6: bacterial fatty acids was correlated with the ratio of fungal:bacterial substrate-induced respiration (r=0.69; P〈0.001).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382522
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
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    Changes in soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios following reductions in the intensity of management of an upland grassland (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 261-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Phospholipid fatty acids ; Substrate-induced respiration ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Sheep-grazing ; Fertiliser ; Lime ; Microbial biomass ; Soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this study we examined the effect on soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios of withholding fertiliser, lime, and sheep-grazing from reseeded upland grassland. The cessation of fertiliser applications on limed and grazed grassland resulted in a reduction in soil pH from 5.4 to 5.1. The cessation of fertiliser applications and liming on grazed grassland resulted in a fall in pH from 5.4 to 4.7, whereas withholding fertiliser and lime and the removal of grazing resulted in a further reduction to pH 4.5. Substrate-induced respiration was reduced in the unfertilised grazed (21%; P〈0.01) and unfertilised ungrazed (36%; P〈0.001) treatments. Bacterial substrate-induced respiration and bacterial fatty acids were unaffected by the treatments. The relative abundance of the fungal fatty acid 18:2ω6 increased by 39 and 72% (P〈0.05) in the limed grazed and unfertilised grazed treatments, respectively. Fungal substrate-induced respiration increased in the limed grazed (18%) and unfertilised grazed (65%; P〈0.05) treatments. The ratio of 18:2ω6: bacterial fatty acids was correlated with the ratio of fungal:bacterial substrate-induced respiration (r=0.69; P〈0.001).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00382522
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  • 24
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    Interactions between 14C-labelled atrazine and the soil microbial biomass in relation to herbicide degradation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Atrazine ; Microbial biomass ; Herbicide degradation ; Basal respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A laboratory incubation experiment was set up to determine the effects of atrazine herbicide on the size and activity of the soil microbial biomass. This experiment was of a factorial design (0, 5, and 50 μg g−1 soil of non-labelled atrazine and 6.6×103 Bq g−1 soil of 14C-labelled atrazine) x (0, 20, and 100 μg g−1 soil of urea-N) x (pasture or arable soil with a previous history of atrazine application). Microbial biomass, measured by substrate-induced respiration and the fumigation-incubation method, basal respiration, incorporation of 14C into the microbial biomass, degradation of atrazine, and 14C remaining in soil were monitored over 81 days. The amount of microbial biomass was unaffected by atrazine although atrazine caused a significant enhancement of CO2 release in the non-fumigated controls. Generally, the amounts of atrazine incorporated into the microbial biomass were negligible, indicating that microbial incorporation of C from atrazine is not an important mechanism of herbicide breakdown. Depending on the type of soil and the rate of atrazine application, 18–65% of atrazine was degraded by the end of the experiment. Although the pasture soil had twice the amount of microbial biomass as the arable soil, and the addition of urea approximately doubled the microbial biomass, this did not significantly enhance the degradation of atrazine. This suggests that degradation of atrazine is largely independent of the size of the microbial biomass and suggests that other factors (e.g., solubility, chemical hydrolysis) regulate atrazine breakdown. A separate experiment conducted to determine total amounts of 14C-labelled atrazine converted into CO2 by pasture and arable soils showed that less than 25% of the added 14C-labelled atrazine was oxidised to 14CO2 during a 15-week period. The rate of degradation was significantly greater in the arable soil at 24%, compared to 18% in the pasture soil. This indicates that soil microbes with previous exposure to atrazine can degrade the applied atrazine at a faster rate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335988
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  • 25
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    Microbial biomass and respiratory activity in soil aggregates of different sizes from three beechwood sites on a basalt hill (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Substrate-induced respiration ; Microbial biomass ; Beech forest ; Soil aggregates ; Aggregate disruption ; Fagus sylvatica
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of aggregates of different sizes on the soil microbial biomass. The distribution of aggregate size classes (〈2, 2–4, 4–10, 〉10 mm) in the upper mineral soil horizon (Ah layer) was very different in three sites (upper, intermediate, lower) in a beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) on a basalt hill (Germany). Aggregates of different sizes (〈2, 2–4, 4–10 mm) contained different amounts of C and N but the C:N ratios were similar. C and N contents were generally higher in smaller aggregates. The maximum initial respiratory response by microorganisms in intact aggregates and in aggregates passed through a 1-mm sieve declined with the aggregate size, but the difference was more pronounced in intact aggregates. Disruption of aggregates generally increased this response, particularly in 4- to 10-mm aggregates in the lower site. Basal respiration differed strongly among sites, but was similar in each of the aggregate size classes. Aggregate size did not significantly affect the specific respiration (μg O2 μg−1 microbial C h−1) nor the microbial: organic C ratio, but these parameters differed among sites. Microbial growth was increased strongly by passing the soil through a 1-mm sieve in each of the aggregate materials. The growth of microorganisms in disrupted aggregates was similar, and the effect of aggregate disruption depended on the growth of microorganisms in intact aggregates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335995
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  • 26
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    Microbial biomass and N transformations in two soils cropped with annual and perennial species (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 239-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Denitrification ; Nitrification ; Nitrate ; Organic C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study was undertaken to determine the effects of different plant species on soil microbial biomass and N transformations in a well drained silty clay loam (Typic Dystrochrept) and a poorly drained clay loam (Typic Humaquept). The crop treatments were faba bean (Vicia faba L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Measurements of microbial biomass C, denitrification capacity, and nitrification capacity were performed periodically in the top 2–10 cm of soil. On most sampling dates, all three parameters were higher under perennial than under annual species. The nitrification capacity was positively affected by the level of N applied to each species (r=0.65** for the silty clay loam and 0.84*** for the clay loam) and not directly by the plant. The differences found in microbial biomass C were significantly correlated with the water-soluble organic C present under each plant species (r=0.74*** for the silty clay loam and 0.90*** for the clay loam), suggesting differences in C deposition in the soil among plant species. In the silty clay loam, the denitrification capacity was positively related to the amount of organic C found under each plant species, while in the clay loam, it was dependent on the amount of N applied to each species. There was less denitrification activity per unit biomass under legume species than under graminease, suggesting that, depending on their composition, root-derived materials may be used differently by soil microbes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334898
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  • 27
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    Assessment of the influence of phosphate fertilizers on the microbial activity of pasture soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 284-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Basal respiration ; Long-term effect ; Metabolic quotient ; Microbial biomass ; Osmotic potential ; Pasture soil ; Phosphate fertilizers ; Substrate-induced respiration (SIR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present work was to examine the effects of phosphate fertilizers on the microbial activity of pasture soils. Various microbial characteristics were measured using soils from an existing long-term phosphate fertilizer field trial and a short-term incubation experiment. The measurements included basal respiration, substrate induced respiration, inhibition of substrate-induced respiration by streptomycin sulphate (fungal activity) and actidione (bacterial activity) and microbial biomass C. The long-term field trials was initiated during 1985 to examine the effectiveness of different sources of phosphate fertilizers (single superphosphate, North Carolina phosphate rock, partially acidulated North Carolina phosphate rock, and diammonium phosphate) on pasture yield. The incubation experiment was conducted for 8 weeks using the same soil and the sources of phosphate fertilizers used in the field trial. In the incubation experiment the fertilizer addition caused an initial decrease in basal and substrate-induced respiration but had no effect on total microbial biomass. The initial decline in basal and substrate-induced respiration with the fertilizer addition was restored within 8 weeks after incubation. In the field experiment the fertilizer addition had no significant effect on basal respiration but increased substrate-induced respiration and microbial biomass C. The short-term and the long-term effects of phosphate fertilizer addition on the microbial characteristics of the soils are discussed in relation to its effects on pH, salt concentration, and the nutrient status of the soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334905
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  • 28
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    Size and activity of soil microbial communities in long-term experimental grassland plots treated with manure and inorganic fertilizers (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 66-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Farmyard manure ; Long-term experiment ; Michaelis constant ; Microbial biomass ; NPK fertilizers ; Respiratory activity ; Glucose affinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We determined the size, activity, and affinity of the microbial community for glucose in soils from long-term experimental grassland plots. The plots had been treated annually with either farmyard manure, inorganic NPK fertilizers, farmyard manure+inorganic NPK fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 only, or no experimental amendment sine 1897. The largest biomass and activity differences were between the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, which was very acid, and the rest, which were nearer neutral. In the (NH4)2SO4-treated soil, the biomass C to organic C ratio was small, but overall the community had high respiratory activity per unit of biomass (qCO2) and high overall affinity for glucose (low K m). The effects of the manure treatment were a greater biomass C and a lower overall glucose affinity than in the control plot. In the presence farmyard manure, NPK led to smaller biomass and a lower biomass to organic C ratio while having no significant effect on either glucose K m or qCO2. In the absence of farmyard manure, NPK led to significantly greater glucose affinity but had no significant effect on the biomass, the biomass C to organic C ratio or qCO2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384434
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  • 29
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    Nitrogen availability to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic sources on sandy and clayey soil surfaces in a greenhouse pot study (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 271-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words15N transformations ; Crop residues ; Soil texture ; Soil aggregation ; Microbial pool ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were 15N-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater 15N was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater 15N recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass 15N was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass 15N but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass 15N with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334903
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  • 30
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    The influence of slug (Arion rufus) mucus and cast material addition on microbial biomass, respiration, and nutrient cycling in beech leaf litter (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 80-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key wordsArion rufus ; Slug cast material ; Mucus ; Nutrient leaching ; Microbial biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the effects of slug (Arion rufus L.) mucus and cast material on litter decomposition, nutrient mobilization, and microbial activity in two laboratory experiments: (1) Slug mucus and cast material was added to beech leaf litter (Fagus sylvatica L.), and leaching of N and P and CO2 production in microcosm systems were measured during 77 days of incubation; (2) mucus was added to beech leaf litter, and basal respiration, microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration), specific respiration (qO2), microbial growth ability after C, CN, CP, and CNP amendment, and lag time (time between CNP addition and start of exponential increase in respiration rate) were measured during 120 days of incubation. Leaching of N and P from beech leaf litter was significantly increased in treatments with mucus or faecal material of A. rufus. Following day 3, slug mucus increased nitrification processes. Mucus addition to beech leaf litter also increased basal respiration and microbial biomass significantly. In contrast, specific respiration was not significantly affected by mucus addition, and generally declined until day 60 but then increased until day 120. Nutrient amendments indicated that between days 1 and 30, N was available for microbial growth in litter with mucus but not in control litter. Generally, the lag time in beech leaf litter with added mucus was shorter than in control litter. Lag times generally increased with age, indicating dominance of slow-growing microbial populations at later stages as a consequence of depletion of easily available C resources and nutrients. We conclude that C, N, and P cycling is accelerated by slug activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335822
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Prolonged simulated acid rain treatment in the subarctic: Effect on the soil respiration rate and microbial biomass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Acid rain ; Coniferous humus ; Ergosterol ; Microbial biomass ; Muramic acid ; Soil respiration ; Subarctic areas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Humus chemistry and respiration rate, ATP, ergosterol, and muramic acid concentration as measures of chemical properties, microbial activity, biomass, and indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass were studied in a long-term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. The treatments used in this study were dry control, irrigated control (spring water, pH 6), and two levels of simulated acid rain (pH 4 and pH 3). Originally (1985–1988), simulated acid rain was prepared by adding both H2SO4 and HNO3 (1.9:1 by weight). In 1989 the treatments were modified as follows. In subarea 1 the treatments continued unchanged (H2SO4+HNO3 in rain to pH 4 and pH 3), but in subarea 2 only H2SO4 was applied. The plots were sampled in 1992. The acid application affected humus chemistry by lowering the pH, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation (due to a decrease in Ca and Mg) in the treatment with H2SO4+HNO3 to pH 4 (total proton load over 8 years 2.92 kmol ha-1), whereas the microbial variables were not affected at this proton load, and only the respiration rate decreased by 20% in the strongest simulated acid rain treatment (total proton load 14.9 kmol ha-1). The different ratios of H2SO4+HNO3 in subareas 1 and 2 did not affect the results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335811
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Activity and biomass of soil microorganisms at different depths (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 38-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Depth profile ; Fumigation-extraction method ; Soil organic matter ; Dormant population
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We measured microbial biomass C and soil organic C in soils from one grassland and two arable sites at depths of between 0 and 90 cm. The microbial biomass C content decreased from a maximum of 1147 (0–10 cm layer) to 24 μg g-1 soil (70–90 cm layer) at the grassland site, from 178 (acidic site) and 264 μg g-1 soil (neutral site) at 10–20 cm to values of between 13 and 12 μg g-1 soil (70–90 cm layer) at the two arable sites. No significant depth gradient was observed within the plough layer (0–30 cm depth) for biomass C and soil organic C contents. In general, the microbial biomass C to soil organic C ratio decreased with depth from a maximum of between 1.4 and 2.6% to a minimum of between 0.5 and 0.7% at 70–90 cm in the three soils. Over a 24-week incubation period at 25°C, we examined the survival of microbial biomass in our three soils at depths of between 0 and 90 cm without external substrate. At the end of the incubation experiment, the contents of microbial biomass C at 0–30 cm were significantly lower than the initial values. At depths of between 30 and 90 cm, the microbial biomass C content showed no significant decline in any of the four soils and remained constant up to the end of the experiment. On average, 5.8% of soil organic C was mineralized at 0–30 cm in the three soils and 4.8% at 30–90 cm. Generally, the metabolic quotient qCO2 values increased with depth and were especially large at 70–90 cm in depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335816
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; N mineralization ; Agroecosystems ; Soil structure ; Microbial biomass ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Aporrectodea tuberculata ; Soil cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata) on the rate of net N mineralization was studied, both in soil columns with intact soil structure (partly influenced by past earthworm activity) and in columns with sieved soil. Soil columns were collected from a well drained silt loam soil, and before the experiment all earthworms present were removed. Next, either new earthworms (at the rate of five earthworms per 1200 cm3, which was only slightly higher than field numbers and biomass) were added or they were left out. At five points in time, the columns were analyzed for NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and microbial biomass in separate samples from the upper and lower layers of the columns. N mineralization was estimated from these measurements. The total C and N content and the microbial biomass in the upper 5 cm of the intact soil columns was higher than in the lower layer. In the homogenized columns, the C and N content and the microbial biomass were equally divided over both layers. In all columns, the concentration of NH 4 + was small at the start of the experiment and decreased over time. No earthworm effects on extractable NH 4 + were observed. However, when earthworms were present, the concentration of NO 3 − increased in both intact and homogenized cores. The microbial biomass content did not change significantly with time in any of the treatments. In both intact and homogenized soil, N mineralization increased when earthworms were present. Without earthworms, both type of cores mineralized comparable amounts of N, which indicates that mainly direct and indirect biological effects are responsible for the increase in mineralization in the presence of earthworms. The results of this study indicate that earthworm activity can result in considerable amounts of N being mineralized, up to 90 kg N ha−1 year−1, at the density used in this experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335819
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A biologically based indicator of soil quality (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 245-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Crop productivity ; Microbial biomass ; Cash grain ; Conventional farming ; Low-input agriculture ; NH uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil quality indices are attempts to classify soil conditions and to compare these conditions to their historical use. From this information it may be possible to determine which uses of soils are better for the long-range goals of agriculture and society. With many factors involved in the profitable production of safe foodstuffs without significant degradation of the environment and soils, an indicator that represents a broad biological perspective of quality is appropriate. Among a group of biological indicators, the ratio of crop N uptake to mineralized N as determined by microbial respiration plus net mineralized N found over a growing season is an useful indicator of soil quality. An evaluation of the 12-year-old Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Institute Research Center indicated that soils in plots that had been conventionally managed were of lower quality than soil treated with manure or planted with legume-cash grain crops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334899
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of earthworms on nitrogen mineralization (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworms ; N mineralization ; Agroecosystems ; Soil structure ; Microbial biomass ; Lumbricus terrestris ; Aporrectodea tuberculata ; Soil cores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris and Aporrectodea tuberculata) on the rate of net N mineralization was studied, both in soil columns with intact soil structure (partly influenced by past earthworm activity) and in columns with sieved soil. Soil columns were collected from a well drained silt loam soil, and before the experiment all earthworms present were removed. Next, either new earthworms (at the rate of five earthworms per 1200 cm3, which was only slightly higher than field numbers and biomass) were added or they were left out. At five points in time, the columns were analyzed for NH4 +, NO3 –, and microbial biomass in separate samples from the upper and lower layers of the columns. N mineralization was estimated from these measurements. The total C and N content and the microbial biomass in the upper 5 cm of the intact soil columns was higher than in the lower layer. In the homogenized columns, the C and N content and the microbial biomass were equally divided over both layers. In all columns, the concentration of NH4 + was small at the start of the experiment and decreased over time. No earthworm effects on extractable NH4 + were observed. However, when earthworms were present, the concentration of NO3 – increased in both intact and homogenized cores. The microbial biomass content did not change significantly with time in any of the treatments. In both intact and homogenized soil, N mineralization increased when earthworms were present. Without earthworms, both type of cores mineralized comparable amounts of N, which indicates that mainly direct and indirect biological effects are responsible for the increase in mineralization in the presence of earthworms. The results of this study indicate that earthworm activity can result in considerable amounts of N being mineralized, up to 90 kg N ha–1 year–1, at the density used in this experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335819
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